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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture08
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00:00 questions. So the way we're gonna questions a little bit different, I'm
00:03 gonna have to talk a little find a break, and then I'll
00:06 for questions which will probably slow things a little bit. Here.
00:11 I've I'm sorry. I'm still trying find all my on my windows because
00:17 only have one device here. what we're gonna do today first,
00:23 , I hope everyone I saw that posted the video regarding the grades and
00:28 distribution and stuff, and at the of class, if you wanted to
00:31 what asked me questions about that, happy to take it. But what
00:34 wanna do, just kind of start here is I just want to introduce
00:38 concept of how to use that reading . Um, that's that's kind of
00:43 first step. And then from we're gonna go jump into the
00:46 We're gonna be looking at how the system is protected, and we'll look
00:50 the organization of the autonomic nervous But this is a picture of what
00:56 looking at is a picture of that assignment list and and, you
01:00 a lot of you kind of just of look at it and go,
01:02 , what pages do I have to ? And then you kind of get
01:05 those pages and stuff. But what want to do is I want to
01:07 out something about this because I could just given you the pages, the
01:10 on the page number, but you'll . But I give you a lot
01:13 than that. And part of that those are the titles of the sections
01:18 subsections that you're gonna be reading. they're also, um, really kind
01:25 the learning objectives of the course. so I want to kind of point
01:28 this one right here, this first the CNS consists of the town
01:32 etcetera, etcetera. And if you at that one particular one, if
01:36 go and you look at the you'll see that that is actually what
01:41 lecture waas. And so when you confused trying to figure out what it
01:45 I'm trying to learn, one of things that you can do is you
01:47 go and use this reading list as guide to figure out what it is
01:53 need to know. And this is . Just in general. You
01:56 when you're assigned of reading assignment, , look at what those sections.
02:01 sections are. They tell you what is that you need to know.
02:05 not just a Siris of of you know, there's actual organization to
02:11 . And if you learn how to or understand organization, it will
02:15 You kind of figure out how to this information. All right, So
02:21 you're sitting there struggling, going I know how to study, I am
02:25 confused. I am completely lost. don't know what it is I'm doing
02:28 this class. This is a starting , all right? The organization is
02:33 there for you. You just have access it. All right, so
02:37 number one. Now what we're gonna for the rest of class,
02:42 I'll pause here for a second. gonna have to again forgive me.
02:45 gotta jump between multiple women. Are any questions about the guide real
02:50 Yes or no? No. All . I like this. All
02:57 So what we're gonna do once again we're going Thio. Look at this
03:04 of the nervous system. And so had talked about central nervous system.
03:08 introduced ourselves to the peripheral nervous And what I want to point out
03:11 is a question about nerves. All , nerves and neurons are not the
03:16 thing, all right, although you'll the language sometimes being used like,
03:20 know, nervous tissue or you'll hear fibers, right. But really,
03:25 a a nerve is is simply a of no relax ions. And what
03:31 doing is they're thes axons, either to or from the central nervous
03:39 All right, so you can think it like this. Nerves are specific
03:42 the pianist peripheral nervous system, and you'll have your acts on so you
03:48 see the acts on there and you see that it's wrapped with Schwann
03:53 So it's gonna expedite or speed the rate of which, uh,
03:58 potential travel up and down. you won't always have Schwann cells,
04:02 you know typically they'll be there. not always there, but, you
04:06 , for a grand majority of our our neurons, they are nerves.
04:11 exists. And then what you're gonna is you're going to isolate that neuron
04:17 acts on with connective tissue. In words, what you want to do
04:22 you want to make sure that the neuron that acts on is not affecting
04:32 behavior or activity of the ones that next to it. So put it
04:36 way. Imagine you have two wires insulation. Alright, if you put
04:41 two wires together right next to one , then the ions that are being
04:45 back and forth the electrical current is to jump back and forth between those
04:51 wires. And so what we do we insulate wires with usually,
04:56 rubber, and that prevents the signal jumping between the two. And that's
05:02 the connective tissue does and you can there's kind of this organization to
05:06 We have the individual neuron, all , or I keep saying, you're
05:11 , but I want you to think terms of the acts on all
05:13 so it's the individual acts on, it's wrapped by its connective tissue that
05:18 tissues called the Indo Nouri. and then you get a bunch of
05:22 and you wrap them together and that tissues refer to as the para
05:27 Um, the collective group of these called fast ical. So little tiny
05:32 . And then you take a bunch these little fast coles and you group
05:35 together and you wrap them around again connective tissue. And that's EP in
05:41 , all right? And so you see the prefix just kind of tells
05:44 what level you're at, all And so this is when you see
05:48 , you just need to think about this a nervous simply a bunch of
05:51 on that have been wrapped up and traveling between these two points. Now
05:58 might see cell bodies. We mentioned already in our previous election when we're
06:03 at the root ganglia. All so in the peripheral nervous system,
06:08 might see neuron is come together, they will be bundles where the cell
06:13 are and the actions are leaving as where we see these bundles. This
06:17 what we first has a ganglia, right? And so we looked at
06:22 particular one that is dorsal root ganglia has those a parent neurons neurons.
06:26 traveling from the periphery into the spinal . But this will see in just
06:31 moment is not the only ganglia that actually found Now. Nerves themselves are
06:35 be classified for either their structure, functions. So in terms of
06:39 where do they arrive? Do they from the cranium? In other
06:44 do they extend from the brain, do they extend from the spinal
06:47 And that's where those two names come cranial or spinal nerve? That's the
06:51 distinction. Is that where they originate in terms of structure? And then
06:56 other thing we could do is we look at it. It's okay.
06:58 sort of fibers are being carried inside nerve? If it's all sensory,
07:03 we refer to the nervous being a nerve. If it's all motor,
07:07 we refer to as being motor. typically we have mixed ones, and
07:12 we'll have. Um, some nerves have both the sensory and the motor
07:17 Now to be clear here. When see that, remember sensory neurons can
07:22 transmit sensory information. Motor neurons, , transmit motor. So when you're
07:28 that it's a mixed nerve. That you have both sensory neurons and both
07:33 neurons. It's not that the neuron could do both. That's kind of
07:37 , important fact. All right, if we go back and we start
07:42 in terms of our organization, remember had our spinal cord. Sorry.
07:46 art is terrible. We had our , Let's and our roots came together
07:52 formed a nerve. All right, it goes from the spinal cord.
07:55 got root. Let's to root, to nerve. And what happens is
07:59 the nerve the spinal nerve branches in different ways. All right. And
08:05 What you're getting in these branches are are called Raymond. Now, there
08:11 these three. Raymond, we're not be looking at all three of
08:14 We're going to see one that's called rain, my community, and a
08:17 bit later, when we look at autonomic nervous system, but then you
08:21 what is called the anterior. I have just done this backwards, and
08:24 the posterior that should have been post . That should have been the
08:27 My community, Conte's so that That's a C. That's a p
08:33 , So generally speaking, that posterior my, they innovate the skin and
08:37 muscles of the back. So it's of easy, Ray my the interior
08:41 my they're the ones that give rise the name nerves of the body.
08:45 what happens is, is that the , my come together and they collect
08:52 these structures called plexus is so again kind of going through it. You
08:59 your spinal cord, your route. to the root root forms, a
09:03 nerve. Then you get the My and it's the interior Ramos that
09:09 to the plexus, all right, from the plexus should get crisscrossing of
09:16 . So it's kind of like a interchange where fibers crisscross. And this
09:21 for, uh, information to have means to get back to the spinal
09:28 . So, for example, if damage this, that doesn't mean that's
09:32 end of all and sensory information. into the body, they may actually
09:37 another pathway through which they can All right, in a way,
09:41 can think about this is like how you get you can think of the
09:45 way you get from your house to university or vice versa. And what
09:48 if there's flooding like today? Is another way to get to your
09:52 Or is there another way to get the university? And the answer should
09:54 yes, and so it's kind of same thing. Same way. It's
09:57 way to divert some of the signal different paths so that information and still
10:03 it to the point between the two . Now, ultimately, what's going
10:07 rise out of the plexus are your nerves? And so that's what this
10:11 showing you. So that's kind of general organization of the peripheral nervous
10:16 Right? We go route. Let's root, root spinal nerve and tear
10:20 to plexus plexus too. The the nerves and just thio let you know
10:29 plexus could be very, very complicated has its own terminology within it.
10:34 because this is an anatomy class, not gonna worry about that so
10:38 And then these spinal nerves end up to different parts of the body.
10:41 can see here this is the organization the spinal cord, and you can
10:45 what this is trying to show you the areas where the, uh,
10:50 neurons go. And so there's this this organization that matches the organization of
10:58 body or your body organ is organized matches. What's your spinal cord looks
11:03 . So these are what are called derma tones. And so the Dermot
11:06 in this particular case, when you dermatologic refers to sensory input from the
11:12 and you can see Oh, if am touching this part of my
11:16 it's gonna be sending information to t right here. If I'm touching the
11:22 of my leg, that information is sent through the sacral nerve roughly at
11:27 one. Since my handwriting is All right, so you can see
11:32 There's a distinct organization, and this true throughout the entire nervous system is
11:38 it's highly highly organized with the way body is organized. All right,
11:44 there is some overlap, Alright? that different regions have, uh,
11:51 kind of overlapped just because of the that we described how the But how
11:55 have the plexus and the nerves coming of it. So I'm gonna pause
12:00 does this stuff make sense with regard the nerves? I want to
12:13 All right. Kyle was giving me thumbs up. I like the thumbs
12:17 and explain. Ray, My Okay, So what a rama simply
12:21 is just a criss crossing of the fibers from Oh, excuse me.
12:26 a plexus. The Ramos is simply the nerves of the spinal nerve
12:30 So there are three, um three splits. So if you are
12:37 , if you count the spinal nerve say, Okay, I'm moving away
12:39 the spinal cord. You have three . You have what is called the
12:42 Ramus goes to the back in the of the back. You have the
12:47 arraignments, which makes up all the nerves of the body for the most
12:50 . And then you have this other that's called the Rain. My community
12:53 , which is important for the autonomic , is so you just think of
12:56 just a division of the spinal nerve different areas. That's an easy way
13:01 think about it. And then it's anti ramos that then crisscrosses,
13:06 in the plexus, so you'll have the anti Ramos from C one of
13:10 anti aromas from sea to the anti from C three. They're all intermingling
13:16 . And again, I'm just going show you what? The picture?
13:19 I think the picture is a little easier to see this. Um,
13:22 that you have to memorize it. , so let me just take the
13:26 . Right, So you can see . Here's C one our Sorry,
13:30 five c 67 c eight there's t , and you can see these orange
13:36 represent the anti a ramos from those nerves. And then you can see
13:42 they start crossing, and then they . And then they split again.
13:47 this particular case, down here, can see that they crisscrossed and split
13:51 so on and so forth. So Ramos is simply that portion of the
13:56 nerve that will ultimately enter into a and become the name nerves of the
14:04 . All right, eso The question , Are there any Are there three
14:10 my for each region. The spinal ? Yes. So the ramos is
14:14 , the spinal nerve is one. for each one of those foreigners.
14:18 going to split Posterior Ramus. All , that goes to the back in
14:23 skin, All right. And you , on the slide, it
14:26 It's not named or shown here. ? The second one is the anterior
14:31 . Alright. That's what we're seeing the pictures. The third one is
14:34 the Remote Community Counties, and it's shown in this picture. We're gonna
14:37 with that later. So the three my our post here and here and
14:41 community Conte's. Yes. All we're ready to move on. Going
14:51 . Going twice. All right, we are. So next question we
14:59 to answer is how does the brain itself? All right. And it
15:05 so in a couple of different All right. The first way is
15:09 it uses bone on. We don't to talk about bone because,
15:13 I think you're all familiar with You have a skull and vertebrae vertebral
15:18 that basically covers and protects that. right, so we don't even worry
15:22 that. What I want to talk is I want to talk about cerebral
15:26 fluid first. All right? And we're also going to see is that
15:30 these layers what are called the which kind of separates the bone from
15:35 tissue. And the last thing we're talk about is gonna be what is
15:40 the blood brain barrier. So with to cerebral spinal fluid, all
15:45 it is a fluid that is made a structure called the core oId
15:50 In our little cartoon here, you see that it's been, uh,
15:55 coded to kind of match blood. , it's kind of a very vascular
16:00 . It's in close opposition to blood . And so you have a Siris
16:05 EP Endemol cells, which are type glial cell, um that are near
16:10 , uh, where the blood thes vessels use. Calculators come near and
16:15 able to take materials out of the and make the cerebral spinal fluid from
16:20 structure. Now, how you make , it's very, very specified because
16:26 cerebral spinal fluid has to have a characteristic to help it do its
16:31 which is one regulate the blood extra fluid or excuse me, brain B
16:38 for brain here. Brain extra cellular . Uh, by directly mixing
16:43 providing nutrients and taking waste away. to understand where this is, we
16:48 to kind of understand what we're looking . So we have in the
16:52 these ventricles, and so I want to think very early on underdevelopment.
16:56 are a tube, right? Just a worm. That's how you started
17:00 . And then what happens is is the course of your development, your
17:04 starts bending and twisting. And in so, it actually bends and twists
17:09 too. And so the ventricles are of that tube that you started off
17:15 . All right, so it's a compartment, but you can see here
17:19 we have these structures, so these are actually internal to the brain.
17:23 right. And there's four ventricles. right. We have two lateral
17:30 We have what is called the third , and then what is called the
17:34 ventricle. Alright. And so if look at this picture, I mean
17:38 picture that we saw previously, A bit better, but this is the
17:41 sort of thing. So here's your laterals. You can see that they're
17:44 within the either hemisphere of the Um, and so rather than
17:50 you could refer to one of the and one of them right lateral
17:54 But collectively, just lateral ventricles. connected to one another. You can
18:00 up here is that connection, and both going down into that third
18:06 All right, so there you can it. But where I put the
18:09 crisscross, that's where they're kind of together. All right, These
18:14 uh, channels coming in is referred as the inter ventricular. Sorry,
18:19 ventricular for Raymond. For Raymond. you don't know, your terminology means
18:24 . So inter between the ventricle hole it goes into the third ventricle,
18:29 is found with the Diane Cephalon. when we looked at that picture of
18:33 thalamus, the hypothalamus, it's right , uh, in the middle of
18:38 that stuff and from there in that that third ventricle, so you can
18:42 there it is structurally and it's very thin. It then goes down
18:48 the fourth ventricle. That passage to fourth ventricle, which is easy to
18:52 right there is what is referred to the cerebral aqueduct again how very clever
18:59 them to name that. Basically water from the fourth venture. Cole.
19:05 is where we connect to the surrounding , space that surrounds the brain.
19:12 right, so the fourth ventricle is . The brain's damaged between the ponds
19:16 the cerebellum on, but actually has exits. When we're trying to see
19:21 we can see this on the you can see there's one on this
19:23 over there. One outside over Then there's one. Uh oh.
19:29 . Right. They're very hard to , so there's three exits, so
19:33 have to lateral or medium. But you're not going is not just exiting
19:37 . What we have is we have space, a compartment that completely surrounds
19:42 brain, all right. And so we're doing is we're opening up to
19:47 compartment, so the fluid is basically all the ventricles and either exiting out
19:54 those apertures into that space, or traveling down what is called the central
20:02 of the spinal cord. And at very base of the Central Canal,
20:06 now opening up into this space. again, this space is what is
20:10 the subarachnoid space, and we'll get that in a couple slides. All
20:15 , so we're gonna pause with the spinal fluid for just a moment and
20:19 we can understand structurally what we're looking . Alright, So in our cartoon
20:24 , this is your brain tissue out outside the green, you know,
20:29 adhered to the green. That would your skull. All right,
20:34 I want you to get a sense how soft your brain tissue actually
20:38 All right, if you were to and take butter out of the refrigerator
20:43 let it sit on the counter for little while, you know, probably
20:46 30 minutes to an hour, and put your finger on it, your
20:50 would sink right into the butter. . That is how soft the brain
20:55 is. If you've ever been in lab like anatomy lab and play with
20:59 tissue, that tissue has been It's very, very tough.
21:04 and and you know, it's held a place that has been pickled.
21:07 used, um, you know, like formalin to set the tissue.
21:14 you can imagine with my heart brain my buttery soft, my or my
21:19 school, my buttery soft brain that need some protection between them and this
21:24 what the meninges do. Alright, meninges is a plural, the singular
21:29 of meninges Esma niks. But you'll never, ever see that so working
21:34 the outside to the inside the outermost and that's what's green. And our
21:39 here is called the Dura Matter. again, you want to see what
21:43 is like. Go into your find yourself a, uh, a
21:49 gallon Ziploc bag, and that's kind the thickness and the toughness that it
21:53 . It's burying elastic. It's pretty and it's and it's tough and it
21:58 as this outer layer, and there's two layers of this. Alright,
22:03 can kind of see here there's another and an inner layer, and there
22:07 certain places where these two layers separate other and what you where you see
22:12 separation? This is called a dural and they serve as a blood sign
22:18 kind of like a vein. are very large. Vein is really
22:21 you wanna look at that and so blood that is leaving from the capital
22:27 , um, into the veins and away from the brain are gonna empty
22:31 this dural Sinus and then ultimately join with the vein or exit as a
22:36 as it returns back to the All right, now the other thing
22:40 this does, as you can see , here's another structure that kind of
22:45 into that space. And that's part the Iraq. No matter what,
22:48 get two interesting. All right, spinal fluid is taken. Remember,
22:53 making several spinal fluid from the The FN Dimel cells take nutrients from
22:58 blood, and then it pumps. makes the cerebral spinal fluid.
23:01 the cerebral spinal fluid is gonna be back to the blood via these little
23:07 . Alright, so that's what we're at. Is that little penetration?
23:11 that penetration is called a granule Alright, smaller ones are referred to
23:17 the ally. All right, so those were the two structures and so
23:23 spinal would be pushing through them. part of the Iraq noid matter.
23:26 right, So, um, if have a blood vessel like you see
23:32 here those blood vessels are outside of is called the blood brain barrier,
23:38 we'll get to in just a So outermost layer two layers is the
23:42 matter. Underlying that is the Iraq matter. When you see the word
23:45 annoyed, you think? Probably spiders I do. And the reason they
23:48 the Iraq annoyed matter is because underlying Iraq annoyed matter is what is called
23:53 sub Iraq noid space. All so that's what all this yellow space
23:58 . The little brown line is the , no matter. All right,
24:03 then on the other side of that space is the next structure, which
24:07 called the P A matter. so all this yellow in here represents
24:12 spinal fluid. And what holds the annoyed matter in position relative to the
24:17 matter are these little tiny, tissues. These little extensions from the
24:24 noid matter. All right, and what you're seeing here is they're trying
24:27 show you these tra bic you lie are basically holding, so you can
24:34 you fill up the space with cerebral fluid, and it's tries to push
24:38 two things away. And so that's keeping them there, preventing that from
24:43 . Alright, so cerebral spinal fluid the subarachnoid space is being pushed out
24:48 the dura. So coming back, now looking at the PM matter.
24:53 PM matter is the thinnest layer. one nearest the actual nervous tissue.
25:01 , it actually has underlying it a of tissue called the glia Limit
25:07 And really, what the Glia LTD's that this is the PM matter what
25:11 have. I have Astra sites that their, um, feet up right
25:18 to it. And so what you up with is this kind of layer
25:24 the actual connective tissue, plus a of Astro sites that collectively are referred
25:30 as the Well, um, the limitations is really this portion of
25:35 right? That's what underlies that PM , all right? And so what
25:40 have now is just kind of, , thickening of that layer now.
25:44 , you could take three Iraq noid . So this thing right here,
25:48 layer right there and those were referred as left him and Ng's on.
25:51 what sandwiches or or holds or bounds subarachnoid space. So what we have
25:59 is we basically defined a barrier between bones and the nervous tissue, but
26:04 only doesn't serve as a barrier between bones of the nervous tissue. These
26:08 also serve as a barrier to other getting into the nervous tissue. All
26:15 , so the dura matter, the annoyed matter. The subarachnoid space in
26:19 P a matter along with the glee hands creates a physical barrier with the
26:25 environment. So outside environments outside of central nervous system. Now we're coming
26:31 to cerebral spinal fluid. We're gonna of put it all together here.
26:34 right, So the cerebral spinal fluid have about 125 150 mils of
26:40 and your body produces four times So think of a soda can write
26:45 soda can hold roughly. Actually, even a soda can. It would
26:50 a a 16 ounce bottle. So you go buy a 16 ounce bottle
26:54 of of a drink, that's roughly medals. But you Onley hold about
26:59 quarter of that, um, in space. So what you find in
27:04 ventricles. What's found out here in subarachnoid space is Onley equal to about
27:13 250. So you basically recycle four the volume of cerebral spinal fluid than
27:22 body actually can hold. So you're recycling it four times a day.
27:27 so that's what the EPA Donald cells doing. It's basically located here and
27:35 . Right? Um, this is The structures that are responsible for producing
27:43 we call the core oId plexus are for producing cerebrospinal fluid. You,
27:49 . From the lateral ventricles to the ventricle from the third ventricle to the
27:53 ventricle from the fourth ventricle, you exit out via the lateral or the
27:59 apertures, or you exit out down the central canal, and then once
28:07 exit out, you're now in the space, and then the flow is
28:11 up towards where these granule ations they're be located. And so the fluid
28:16 you took out is returning, took from the blood, is returning back
28:20 the blood. That's the whole This is all accomplished primarily because you're
28:27 this stuff and that creates pressure to the fluid forward to this location.
28:34 ? And then you have cilia, air sitting on top of the upend
28:38 sell that kind of push it and just your general posture and the pull
28:43 gravity helps move the fluid around. that's how the fluid flows. We
28:51 it was the F nd most These are specialized form of of,
28:59 , glial cells. What they do they play the role of producing this
29:05 . If we're looking a little bit , we can see now. So
29:08 represents your ventricles. It's terrible There you go. So that's your
29:13 and third ventricle right there is what trying toe show you. It's
29:17 look right here and these core oId where this is located. This is
29:24 it looks like. And so here can see the upend. Deimel cells
29:27 the surface of the cord plexus, underneath the karate plexus are the little
29:32 blood vessels called capillaries. And so is flowing out of the capital.
29:38 . The, um fn Deimel cells and choose what it is that it
29:43 , and it transported out into that and that ventricle contains now cerebral spinal
29:53 . Now, in this area, we have are very leaky capital
29:58 Now, we haven't talked about the lecture, so you're gonna have to
30:02 bear me forth with me for a . All right? Throughout your
30:06 Capital Aries are generally leaky. that's how material moves back and forth
30:11 the blood and your tissue. So a general rule throughout the entire
30:16 The exception to that rule is primarily the nervous system here. These capital
30:21 are more or less sealed to prevent from moving back and forth from the
30:26 into the surrounding brain tissue. You to regulate that? So you don't
30:32 these leaky capital Aries? Instead, have thes cap. Hillary's here to
30:38 you to do this type of Now, how we make it really
30:43 it is gonna be dependent upon the nervous system. It appears that the
30:47 system appears to inhibit the production of . So the idea you could imagine
30:51 is that as I'm exerting myself, basically slowing down how I present a
30:58 , um, cerebral spinal fluid. don't wanna produce too much while I'm
31:02 myself. So it just basically reverses on the type of activity that I'm
31:09 . We're almost done with this, then we'll try to answer some
31:13 This is not a chart for you remember or memorized. I throw this
31:17 here to just show you. So , we are making CSF from
31:23 all right? And so there is comparison between the two. This is
31:26 your plasma has in it. This what the CSF has in it.
31:29 so if you look at that, very, very similar to one
31:33 with some exceptions, which I've just here. And what I'm just trying
31:37 show you is that there is a . And so the unique characters to
31:42 CSF are governed by what the brain . And that's why you include mawr
31:48 or exclude mawr of whatever is on list. Do not memorize it.
31:54 not gonna ask you what the difference the potassium levels are or the amino
31:59 levels and so on, so So last thing about the the cerebral
32:07 fluid in the space, um in the brain is I really like
32:12 picture. This, I believe, from your textbook. And what it
32:15 you is, um really the relationship the cells and how dense the brain
32:22 is. All right. And so blue you can see here they have
32:26 it with the A s A s for Astra site, then stands for
32:31 a X you can see there stands Exxon's on DSO on and so on
32:37 so on. And so what? doing the essence for Soma. So
32:40 part of the cell body on What this is trying to show you
32:45 Look how close everything is. There's real space. Everything is densely packed
32:50 here. And so this extra cellular , remember, there is extra cellular
32:55 surrounding all cells is found in those itsy bitsy, teeny tiny spaces between
33:01 the cells. So that's where this so you can imagine it doesn't make
33:07 a lot of the brain and so can imagine anything that I do to
33:12 changes in the CCF can have a effect with how the brain works.
33:18 what's interesting is that your CCF actually , depending upon the concentration of the
33:23 changes with how much neural activity you're when you are active, your cells
33:29 of swell up, so it increases amount of easy F. But when
33:32 sleep your brain, your yourselves kind shrink down as they become inactive and
33:38 you actually produce more more fluid. it's this e C F. All
33:45 , there's brainy CF. That's how cells get their nutrients and materials.
33:51 right, so you can imagine if trying to feed my cells. You
33:55 , I have to have a way that nutrient to get there to that
34:00 , so it's very, very So that's why it's very highly
34:05 Alright, so how cells talk to other is primarily through the e c
34:09 . This is true in the brain the CSF, which we find in
34:14 several rock noise space can diffuse. here's your Iraq matter. Here's your
34:19 a matter. There's the glial This is CSF. This is B
34:25 C F. So you can imagine is communication between those two spaces.
34:36 , so what you do to this a profound effect on that, and
34:40 versa. I'm gonna pause. We'll you guys asking questions. E.
34:46 was kind of running through all The big picture here, if you're
34:50 getting the big picture, is that have a fluid that is made in
34:55 brain that allows us to change the or change the materials of the
34:59 uh, the brain. Extra cellular . All right, so bcf is
35:06 extra cellular fluid. Iman. And you can imagine why abbreviate all these
35:11 CSF is cerebral spinal fluid. It's too long to write on a slide
35:15 and over again. So brain, cellular fluid. So it's just it's
35:20 localizing. The c F to the is you're welcome. Any other questions
35:35 ? Don't don't understand the difference. mean, yes and okay. Seems
35:45 , Well, so remember, wherever have barriers, right that you're creating
35:51 , and so we have here is have a compartment of nervous tissue that
35:55 very little space. That's the Okay, serial spinal fluid is being
36:01 in completely surrounds the brain. Now has multiple functions, one of which
36:07 to to communicate in past materials back forth between the bcf. But one
36:12 the other functions of the cerebral spinal is literally to serve as kind of
36:18 , uh, like a brake You know, it basically fills up
36:21 space so your brain doesn't rattle rattle in the cranial cavity. Right?
36:27 you can imagine I've got bone. I'm gonna do this on the slide
36:35 mhm, um, I have my , then right up next to
36:43 adhered to it. That would be dura matter and then adhered right up
36:48 to that Is the Iraq annoyed Then I actually have a space which
36:53 to try to represent like that that's with CSF. And then I have
36:58 P a matter, right? And I have my Clio limit tins.
37:04 then underlying that this is now my tissue. So there's my nervous
37:09 And so if I have a force hits my skull, right, so
37:15 my skull, right. That's what bone represents. Then it's not going
37:19 cause my brain to rattle up and . That's not gonna happen. The
37:24 serves as a shock absorber for So That's one reason why we have
37:29 there, right? But at a level, the other reason we have
37:33 there is so that we can make stuff because you can imagine this is
37:38 up with lots and lots of cells a terrible job during cells. So
37:43 my cells, right? And they're their, uh, undergoing their normal
37:48 activity, which means that they're exchanging and forth between those two environment.
37:53 so the surrounding environment, it's depleted materials. Well, I can take
37:59 and add materials in through the I don't have to wait for
38:04 The other thing I could do is could get rid of waste fairly easily
38:06 do so. So the reason we a CSF is that we have an
38:12 where materials can pass back and forth do that kind of makes sense.
38:22 , you know, now again, , these things came about over
38:26 you know? So having this protective became unique. So let me show
38:32 what the next step is, what next generation is. All right.
38:35 another way that the brain protects itself what is called the blood brain
38:41 Alright. And so here the blood barrier is simply a barrier between the
38:47 vessels and the blood, right? where the blood is and the brain
38:51 cellular fluid. And so how do How do we separate out these two
38:55 ? Well, we've talked about In very first lecture, we said
38:58 we have an extra cellular fluid compartment made up of interstitial fluid and made
39:04 of plasma and the very between those things where the cap Hillary walls.
39:08 we have easy exchange between those two . Alright, so the blood brain
39:14 serves as a way to inhibit that exchange. In other words, what
39:20 doing now is we're creating what is to as an anatomical barrier between those
39:25 points. So all the nutrients that need all the ways that you need
39:29 get rid of all the communication between brain and the rest of the body
39:33 vice versa, that is chemical is be done through the brain are sure
39:39 through the bloodstream, not through the through the bloodstream. It's not gonna
39:42 done through necessarily through neurons, but want to ensure that the brain
39:50 because it's so important, doesn't get . With that, we're gonna
39:54 highly regulated. All right, that's the whole purpose of the blood brain
39:58 and you can kind of see in picture what it kind of looks
40:00 right. So here's our cap Right there, there capillary wall,
40:05 at the feeling of the capital, . And then what we have here
40:09 we take Astra sites and we wrap those capital areas so that we create
40:13 secondary layer that inhibits the free flow materials between those two environments. All
40:20 , so when I say we have anatomical barrier were literally describing this
40:25 All right, so this is a good picture to demonstrate this. What
40:28 normal Kappler looks like You can see this represents to, um to
40:34 maybe one cell with the whole through . Right. And look, there's
40:39 , gaping holes. And so when have big, giant, gaping holes
40:43 that, materials of various sizes can rather easily. They just moved down
40:48 concentration, radiant, right there, driven by force out of into down
40:54 path of least resistance. All And so you can imagine there's really
40:59 easy exchange that's going on, but an anatomical barrier. Look what I've
41:04 . Now. Not only do I up those gaps, all right,
41:09 is a signal that actually causes that happen from the Astra sites. The
41:13 sites now serve as a secondary All right, so if I'm a
41:18 that needs to get here, I've a pass through the wall of the
41:22 . I've got a pass through a membrane which probably didn't exist before in
41:26 normal systemic capillary. And then I to have the right receptors located on
41:31 Astra sites that then decide whether or they're going to pick it up and
41:36 it to the other side. All , so this is the anatomical barrier
41:42 the blood brain barrier represents. Got junctions and capital areas that are now
41:48 , so it's no longer leaky. have this basement membrane or basil
41:52 and then you have Astra sites. then not only do you have
41:56 but remember, if I'm water there's a physiological barrier. I have
42:01 have the right receptors. And this what this larger picture is trying to
42:04 you. It's like, Look, I am. This is my
42:07 enough helium. Okay, I can all the transport I want, but
42:11 I get over here, I better the right carriers to move me into
42:16 cell and then back out into the cellular fluid that surrounds the century.
42:23 know, in the brain, extra fluid is really one of the things
42:26 be B e c f over Right? So if I'm water
42:32 you know, I have to have character characters, right? If I'm
42:37 soluble, nothing is going to stop now. I usually pause here for
42:43 second. I tell you a story occurred a long time ago, I
42:47 I mentioned already to you guys. was the peak of the week
42:50 Already mentioned that one elections back may nt is a neuro transmitter.
43:02 Um, so about the time you were probably eight years old or
43:09 when the intended first came out, , there was a contest called P
43:15 I call people the way you can this up. This happened in
43:18 It was the year that Nintendo Wii came out on DSO. What happened
43:23 is they had a drink, a bunch of water. And the contestants
43:27 had to hold their P to see long make the last last person have
43:31 gets with weak. And there was smaller petite woman who was in the
43:36 and she drank her gallon of water that water basically had to defuse itself
43:42 her entire body. And then ultimately diffused because the blood brain barrier doesn't
43:48 the flow of water diffused into the system because it had thio equally distribute
43:53 out following the rules that we laid in that first unit. And
43:57 in essence, her neurons couldn't fire because you diluted out all the,
44:03 , the ions, basically the study the potassium that she needed to get
44:06 action potentials. And so basically, parts of her brain that regulated her
44:11 and heart rate failed because the Duran's firing and so she basically died because
44:18 drowned in the flood of her own . All right, when you take
44:25 for your brain, right? So you are doing something that's gonna mess
44:29 the neural chemistry in order for it get there, you need to have
44:33 proper receptor to pass you along. your water soluble or the likelier
44:38 they're the better choice for pharmacy. design is to create something that's lipid
44:44 that will work its way into the room. Leave easily, all
44:48 because you follow the rules of, know, physiology. Water needs transporters
44:56 get across the cells. Lipids do . All right, so with that
45:03 mind, knowing that you have these brain barriers, there are some regions
45:09 don't have the blood brain barrier. right, So, for example,
45:12 hypothalamus you know, it needs to out what's going on the body.
45:15 it needs to have access to the so that it can determine what needs
45:19 . So it sits outside of the brain barrier. Now, these structures
45:24 kind of sit outside the blood brain are what are referred to circum
45:28 which means found around the ventricles. that's why they're mean. All
45:33 so you got the Peniel gland, pituitary. They also play a role
45:37 , uh, producing hormones or releasing there outside. But this is my
45:42 one to mention the class of the center. Most likely way that you're
45:46 get poisoned in your life is not being victimized. In other words,
45:51 not gonna be invented aimed by a snake or a frog. Typically,
45:56 you do is you put something into mouth that's poisonous. That then works
46:01 way in your body and kills right? And so your brain your
46:06 stem. There's a center called the center that's looking for things that shouldn't
46:10 there. And when something binds to receptors in that region, it's
46:14 Okay, we must have put something our body. We aurally. So
46:18 need to vomit that poison out of body. And so that's why it's
46:24 you're always throwing up when you're kind feeling sick. It's the vomiting center
46:28 basically there to ensure that poisonous ingestion kill you, and so that gives
46:35 outside as well. And then we mentioned the Cory plexus being outside the
46:40 the, um, the BBB because has to produce the cerebral spinal
46:47 So we protect ourselves before he started on economic nervous system and all
46:52 we protect ourselves with the blood brain , right? We protect ourselves with
46:58 spinal fluid being made as kind of shock absorbent, but also way to
47:03 materials. Right? And we have 33 meninges dura direct on matter and
47:08 PM matter. So with that, gonna pause for a second and look
47:12 any questions that you guys might have I take a sip of water.
47:22 guys must be anxious to go outside play in the water. Don't blame
47:29 . Looks like it's getting cloudy in neighborhood again. So maybe storms
47:32 Uh, yeah, let's see Alex says I have a question.
47:38 limits. I wouldn't need to carry trans verse. Um, so,
47:42 speaking, yes, but the idea that it can incorporate self in the
47:46 membrane, and then it there are cellular carriers that can help it migrate
47:52 . So, typically speaking, anything that's lipid soluble can work its
47:57 through, um, you know, easily, as opposed to being dependent
48:03 transporters. to move between compartments. that's really kind of the idea.
48:13 . Alex Not getting a response? , let's see here. Uh,
48:29 . So in the context of blackberry , No. So think of something
48:32 a steroid. Alright? Steroids needs want to think about all right,
48:36 the steroid while while it needs to carried or to be to be,
48:42 , less, uh, problematic in watery environment which would be inside the
48:48 , it's gonna bind up to other . But one of things that a
48:51 can do is it can mask itself hide itself within a plasma membrane also
48:56 the vesicles wall as well. It just needs to find a lipid
49:02 . That's what it's gonna prefer to in. But if you want to
49:06 it quickly, you have carriers. a molecule, for example, called
49:10 S t a r. Steroid. , I cannot remember what it is
49:15 now. The top my head but and it binds up and helps move
49:20 around cells, you know, So the steroid or anything, that's a
49:26 . Once it's finding its way into lipid, it can literally leapt from
49:31 toe lipid, you know, So you can basically go one so
49:35 next. Because once you migrate out that lipid environment, you're like,
49:39 don't wanna be here, so you jump into the next lipid environment.
49:43 when you're really close like that, very easy for lipid side material.
49:47 , move around. There you Excellent. Yeah. All right,
49:58 move on, then. And let's about the autonomic nervous system, which
50:01 not that hard, actually. I , there are aspects of it that
50:04 could be pretty pretty complicated. But you understand that there are some simple
50:09 to follow once you learn the rules everything kind of falls into place.
50:13 the autonomic nervous system basically is responsible regulating those things which you cannot voluntarily
50:20 . And I know that's kind of backwards definition, but it's an easy
50:23 to think about it. Right. we're talking about cardiac muscles, smooth
50:26 , lands and anything that secretes, know? So, secretary apathy,
50:31 . All right. So you can't your heart beat faster or slower.
50:34 responding to your environment. You can't your digestive system move faster. It
50:41 does relative to the input that it's . And so what we say.
50:46 , we've always said there's just too. That's what we refer to
50:49 a sympathetic and the parasympathetic. But recently we've separated out what is called
50:55 Interior, which is responsible for the of the G I tract. All
51:00 . And so here in the G tract and the interior, this is
51:03 I'm gonna mention about it. So is the extent of it. It's
51:07 the, uh a fair neurons, inter neurons in the motor neurons.
51:11 you can imagine if the text chemicals and it will actually start its own
51:19 . In other words, telling the neurons what to do independent of the
51:24 nervous system. In other words, if you eat a piece of
51:29 your stomach doesn't have to tell the I have steak. Can I go
51:33 and start digesting it now it does independently, but there is control also
51:39 the sympathetic and parasympathetic. So this why it was initially thought that way
51:44 it was, you know, two and then once you they saw that
51:47 independently. That's why they set it . And but there is still communication
51:54 the sympathetic between the central nervous system the interior. All right, so
51:59 other two divisions air sympathetic and parasympathetic air structures that have found both in
52:04 central nervous system and the personal nervous . Right. So the central nervous
52:09 , this would would be where processing occurring, the peripheral your primarily dealing
52:14 with pathways to and from something. of your viscera. Your viscera are
52:21 guts. This is what we're all right? And so one of
52:25 things that we're gonna see, what that really kind of stands out is
52:28 unique structural thing. Is that to E Farrant portion has two neurons in
52:34 pathway. All right, we'll see in the next slide, but in
52:38 put into perspective in the somatic nervous . All right, so in the
52:43 neurons, you only have one. you have a neuron that leaves from
52:48 spinal cord, travels down to your it is that you're innovating. It's
52:52 one neuron. When you're dealing with nervous system, you leave the spinal
52:57 and then you you synapse with another that then travels to the destination.
53:04 that's one of the key anatomical features his to neuron chain and generally
53:11 but not always, because it wouldn't biology if it was always. But
53:14 speaking, the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are opposed to the
53:22 . All right, so if the up regulates something parasympathetic down regulates,
53:28 99% of the time it's sympathetic, regulates and parasympathetic up regulates notice.
53:34 not. One is gas, and is break is that they oppose one
53:39 in whatever system that you're looking I'm gonna see what we got
53:43 So the question from Jonah's is the on Lee PNS? Yes, because
53:48 will Onley. ITT's considered independent in viscera of the gut, so it's
53:53 innovate your digestive system, which is of the central nervous system. All
54:03 , so here's our first thing. said the auto nerve pathway consists of
54:06 neuron chains. All right, so the central nervous system, this is
54:11 you're going to see the initial So this is neuron number one.
54:14 refers to you refer to it as pre ganglia Nick Neuron, because what
54:19 doing is you're going to a That's basically a bunch of cell bodies
54:26 the neurons that air coming in, acts on from the neurons that are
54:30 Leon. Then the neurons that leave ganglion are referred to as being post
54:35 army. All right, so this true for both sympathetic and parasympathetic
54:41 I presume. It's also true for enteric, but we never hear about
54:46 any further than what we just like this. Like I said,
54:49 interior was kind of set apart within last couple of years. All
54:54 so that's during that Z. That's number one. All right,
55:02 the sympathetic anatomy is rather complicated. , Parasympathetic is rather easy. But
55:10 we're gonna see is we're gonna put two side by side. We're gonna
55:13 All right, So the pre gangly fibers remember, we have those two
55:17 . The pre ganglia nick fibers are be found within the spinal cord between
55:24 one and L three. So they're within the thumb bar and and the
55:29 and lumbar regions of the spinal and then you exit out the
55:33 Eventually. Remember, we said that nervous system and s is in the
55:38 horn. Remember, if we draw out and do our little butterfly
55:42 we had those until things we said here in the lateral horns, that's
55:49 those fibers originate. So there's a Gangel Janek fibers, and I remember
55:53 always exit out through the ventral Right? So this entering through the
55:59 exit out through the ventral. So pre gang Janek fibers originate in the
56:04 horn exit out through the ventral, they're going to someplace outside of the
56:12 cord. All right, they're going what is referred to as a
56:18 Now there are different ganglia. All , we have this large structure that
56:23 just outside. It's just a few outside the spinal cord, all
56:28 and this is called the sympathetic It's a Siris of of ganglia,
56:34 a line on the outside so you kind of see these ganglia and it
56:41 is kind of large structure. When saw the incumbent slide seat seat.
56:46 right, so that would be the trunk and the way that you get
56:50 , that is via those one of ray mind. So remember we said
56:54 spinal nerve exits and it goes one do splits, and then it does
56:59 third split. So there's the posterior goes to the back. Here's the
57:03 that forms all the nerves, And then we have this thing called
57:07 community. Conte's alright, we'll see this looks in the next slide.
57:12 so you're exiting out to go to big giant ganglia. And it's here
57:17 this ganglia where the pre ganglia nick typically, um um um innovates the
57:26 gangly Janek fiber. Now, there some really weird rules. We're going
57:30 see these in just seconds. Like said, sympathetic is the most
57:33 So glad I get phone calls. , and it's one of those fake
57:41 where they copy your own phone Anyway, sorry about that. All
57:53 . Anyway, eso What we have is we are leaving. The lateral
57:58 is presenting a pre gangling on fiber we're going to this, um,
58:05 sympathetic trunk. Now, this is of a better representation of this.
58:09 so you can kind of see Here's a spinal nerve. The spinal
58:13 hasn't its's saying, Look, I'm split this way. I'm gonna split
58:17 way. And this represents the third . You can see it right
58:21 You can see it right there. that third splintering my community Contes.
58:25 there's actually two split. So that split all right? And really what
58:30 is is one is an indoor one an outdoor. Alright, The indoor
58:34 what we refer to as the wife . All right? The white Ramos
58:39 carrying the pregame genomic fibers in to ganglia. Alright, So here,
58:47 is representing the ganglia. This entire is referred to as the gangly,
58:51 sympathetic trunk. All right, so is moving in. All right,
59:00 gray is sending the fibers out. right. Now it's called white because
59:08 have pre gangland fibers that are primarily with milon. So you get these
59:13 signals gray because they lack milon so don't have all that white to
59:19 So that's where the two names come . Now here's the complicated. All
59:25 ? It's not as complicated you think just different? All right, So
59:29 the easy one. You can see . I'm starting my lateral horn.
59:33 go out through the ventral route. joined up with the nerve, And
59:37 from that nerve, I go in the white, and then I can
59:43 with a post gang Janek fiber in ganglia and I exit out through the
59:49 and I keep traveling down the spinal . All right, that's pretty
59:53 All right. So fairly, fairly . Um, now, the word
60:00 we're using from our text is para ganglia. All right, so here
60:05 the, um um are should be a ventricular. Excuse me, pere
60:11 . Uh, terrible. So pair vertebral. All right, write it
60:16 so that you can see it. vertebral. All right, so that's
60:25 we're doing. These air in the trunk. That's easy. Number one
60:30 synapse out. The second thing I do using that same starting points,
60:36 could go in. But instead of at that level, I can travel
60:42 or I can travel down to another of vertebral gangland where Aiken synapse and
60:48 I exit out through the Gray Raymond . Conte's all right. That's number
60:56 . The third one is where it weird. All right, The third
60:59 says I'm gonna go in. But of going up or down or synapse
61:03 , I'm gonna use a back door I'm gonna travel out to a different
61:09 . Alright? This gangly is referred as the pre vertebral ganglia. All
61:14 ? And so it's off to the someplace, someplace further on. So
61:20 I'm not synapse ing within the pair vertebral. I'm moving onward to the
61:25 vertebral. And so to see, of a better view of this.
61:28 gonna come back. We're gonna look this particular particular image. All
61:34 so here we can see. All . There's our para vertebra role over
61:42 . Being represented by the things that circling are the Previti rules.
61:48 So the pair of vertebral is We the superior cervical gaining them because we're
61:53 in through t one and so And what we do is we go
61:59 , right? So here is a cervical gangland right over there. That's
62:04 medical middle cervical. There's the inferior ganglion. Right? So the way
62:09 get there is I moved up that using a sample or example. Number
62:16 . Right. That's how I got . Similarly, down over here,
62:19 can see I'm coming out through l . And then down I go to
62:26 the sympathetic chain that's associate with this , Nick nerves. All right,
62:31 again, what am I doing? air those air further down. All
62:36 . So those would be examples of up or traveling down, and then
62:42 other things just kind of pass on . Just so we describe going in
62:46 the white, out through the gray the same level, the pre
62:52 There's three of them that you should aware of, But again, it
62:56 demonstrates this idea. Um, we straight on through, straight on,
63:02 , straight on through, over and again. We're going to have celiac
63:06 superior Mesen. Terek. I'm That's superior. Peasant. There's the
63:11 medicine, Terry. All right, . What out of mhm? They
63:18 Arenal Ingla want to circle there? celiac superior Mesen Terek inferior Messan
63:28 And you can see all I'm doing I'm going to a gangling that's further
63:31 the road before I go on That's where my where I am.
63:36 , that's where my gangling on and eyes connecting the pre ganglia Nick in
63:41 post ganglia Nick fibers. Now, again, I just want to show
63:45 it's organization. If you look at the sympathetic trunk works the highest
63:51 we're going to the highest points in body. The lowest fibers are going
63:54 the lowest parts of the body in of the viscera. So there is
63:58 organization that goes with them. So you went back a slide and looked
64:02 , what are they innovating? They're trying to show you. And here
64:06 we're dealing primarily with the viscera of gut, you can see if you
64:10 these, you can see I start the top and work my way down
64:13 to the duodenum. Then from here the Guatemalan on down, and then
64:18 , from down here, it's basically lower portions of the digestive tract as
64:24 as the renal system. So take from all of this. The big
64:30 is a little bit more complicated in of organization. Pre gangling fibers originate
64:37 T 12 l three. The pregame fiber travels out to a ganglia that's
64:44 be either in sympathetic trunk or out to the pre vertebral ganglia. All
64:53 , that's the key. Take then. You should know, at
64:56 by name what the three are and of the general things that they're gonna
65:01 doing. Higher Lower Middle Harris sympathetic . Our anatomy is so much
65:09 All right, so the fibers originate or two areas. It's either gonna
65:14 in the the cranial regions or it's be in the sacred regions. So
65:20 head or but versus your back is you can kind of think about it
65:25 . Organization is the same way you see here. It's from I down
65:28 genitals, right? The highest ones . Well, uh, with the
65:35 of the optic nerve, basically It's also the olfactory nerve basing begin
65:41 the brain stem. And so what doing is we're dealing primarily with the
65:45 nerves. For parasympathetic, the big nerve you should know is the vagus
65:50 . Always always know the vagus It's basically everything right. You can
65:55 here basically from your lungs and heart through your guts. All right.
66:03 then download the sacral give rise to parasympathetic splaining nerves. What would be
66:08 genitals? Your reproductive system? and, uh, you know,
66:14 bladder, your renal system. So different are their ganglia. Yes.
66:22 right. But the ganglia are typically , located either on, so you
66:28 see on or next to the tissue you're innovating. All right, So
66:35 that means is that there's some some that we're just gonna kind of look
66:39 here. And just second that we do some comparison. This is just
66:42 of show you where these cranial nerves in the brain stem. Please don't
66:47 this. It z not helpful, does show you where these nuclear are
66:54 . All right, um, so regard to the fibers, remember,
67:01 we're dealing with sympathetic, sympathetic and , there are gonna be autonomic a
67:06 fibers that were sensory input. All . Your are detecting sensory information so
67:12 you can get an una gnomic Now, I need to make a
67:16 here that I think is important autonomic not mean automatic. If I hit
67:21 need and I get that the knee reflex that is not an autonomic
67:26 That's a somatic response. Not a response is something you cannot control or
67:31 at the level of the central nervous . It's being regulated outside of your
67:38 responsiveness. All right, So, example, I have no see sectors
67:44 located within my gut. I have see scepters and other sorts of receptors
67:48 are located in my heart, all , and so they respond to various
67:53 of stimuli. But when you get information sent in, you may actually
67:59 a a sensation that your brain recognizes being found within a certain Dermot on
68:07 is what is referred to as a pain. And so you're probably familiar
68:12 , like the heart when you feel . If your heart is you're undergoing
68:16 heart attack and your heart is constricted going through tetanus, you get the
68:22 of pain, not where your heart , but basically up and down your
68:27 . And the reason for that is it appears to be that there is
68:30 shared ascending track. And so that's you have a perception of the
68:35 Not so much as, um, using a a somatic pathway. All
68:44 , so there are a fair fibers . You don't need to memorize this
68:47 . This just kind of shows. usually ask the question in the actual
68:52 . Anyone ever had appendicitis. Where it hurt? I had. It
68:55 on the sixth grade, and it like my whole side was gonna explode
68:59 there. And so what did they ? Is they help paid around the
69:02 , and it's like, You it feels like someone stabbing you with
69:06 hot swords, and it's like, , yeah, you got appendicitis if
69:10 had it. You know what I'm about again? This is just to
69:16 what the enteric is. It's found within the peripheral nervous system. There
69:20 actually two nerve plexus that are associated it. There's a sub mucosal in
69:25 Mayan Terek, right? So what doing is it's getting input from the
69:31 so your Vegas system can control. we look at digestion a little bit
69:35 , we'll see this in, in greater detail. The impact that
69:40 can have on regulating this. But it responds to local stimuli, and
69:47 controls its own activity. Doesn't require from the N s via the vagus
69:58 . So coming back to the N and just kind of putting things into
70:01 here, I like to put the in the break here just because it
70:04 you to see how these two systems or less oppose one another. All
70:09 , what we refer to this system is dual reciprocal innovation. All
70:14 Now, the hazard here is to of sympathetic, always being an activator
70:20 thinking of parasympathetic always as an inhibitor . That's where the problem comes.
70:25 I don't like using, I should break appropriately. Um um, so
70:32 give myself a minus one there. , what we're trying to say here
70:38 that these two systems oppose one another terms of their activity. So,
70:43 example, with sympathetic dominance, you're with fighter flight, and so you're
70:47 to deal with what we refer to the e so that stressors that are
70:52 emergencies or exertion or exercise your That type of activity is going to
71:00 have a need to increase activity like rate and blood pressure and respiratory
71:06 But at the same time, it as a negative regulator of state.
71:11 example, Digestion para sympathetic, on other hand, deals primarily with general
71:17 . So it's what we refer to rest and digest response. And so
71:22 normal circumstance when you're resting it might the digestive rate or when you eating
71:27 , your digestive activity that increase. see, this is where we say
71:31 acting like a gas pedal. so whereas on digestion sympathetic is acting
71:37 a brake, Parasympathetic is acting as gas pedal to push that process.
71:43 when you're talking about your heart rate exercise, sympathetic would be acting as
71:47 gas pedal, whereas parasympathetic serves as brake to slow down heart rate.
71:54 , so this is why we say two systems are antagonistic to one
71:59 There are some exceptions to this but I might make him a little
72:04 later here in a second. But the most part, I want you
72:08 kind of keep that in mind. again, it's easy to try to
72:13 everything. But I think the easiest to do when you're trying to memorize
72:17 is find the one thing that stands as being different and then recognizing that
72:21 the others are the same. And if you guys remember Sesame Street way
72:25 when we got these little charts of of these things is not like the
72:29 . And so if you use this you have pre versus Post, this
72:32 be pre sympathy or pre ganglia. Post, gangly Janek and the Sympathetic
72:37 parasympathetic. And so, within these , what we're asking is what type
72:42 neurotransmitter Dupri sympathetic and post sympathetic pre post ganglion our post sympathetic Anglo Janek
72:50 produced. And so the answer to is that all sympathetic, right?
72:56 both pre and post released a Seattle right? All sympathetic posts are
73:04 Leah. Five released See the calling parasympathetic post gangly Onyx released to seal
73:11 coleene. And then here's the weird is that sympathetic post ganglia fibers from
73:17 skin and the blood vessels. This is the exception, right? So
73:22 Onley one that's different. Our post get sympathetic nor e post gangling
73:29 Sympathetic fibers release Nori. All They're agin ergic now. How'd
73:36 I remember this? Well, a Ervik comes from adrenaline. And when
73:44 am scared or angry or whatnot, system that dominates is sympathetic. That's
73:52 Nori. And so this is the transmitter. So the neuron Zehr named
73:59 There is the names for the neuro they synthesize. And that's what they're
74:03 what this is trying to show So see the Colleen, the
74:07 Colleen Norepinephrine calling. Now, let's in terms of receptors. Noticed that
74:15 have shifted down. So this is post Gangel Janek cell. That's the
74:20 sell. This is the target All right? So if the sympathetic
74:26 pregame it receives our sins since I the Colleen, then the type of
74:32 I need tohave is in acetylcholine Right? So it's a colon
74:39 That's easier. Way to get So this is a colon ergic.
74:45 is a colon ergic. This is adrianne ergic receptor. Now what type
74:51 receptors? Specifically. All right. we have two types of what are
74:55 to as an academic or muscular nick IQ fibers alright are responsive to nicotine
75:01 . Their name must guarantee car responsive bind up a toxin from from a
75:07 . That's why they're called muscular All right, so this is
75:13 Nick, That is nicotine, that is muscular Rennick And then with
75:19 to Adrianne urge ICS. Well, on what you're looking at, you
75:23 different classes. Alright, there, and Betas. And then you have
75:27 ones and altitudes, Beta ones, threes. There's actually even beta twos
75:32 we break them down and I don't ask this question of what's inhibitory.
75:37 exciting story? It is kind of to know that they're all metal.
75:41 trophic. Now I know we're in wind down mode. You guys were
75:45 . I'm tired of talking. So me just kind of show you this
75:48 little bit here. This is a , simple way to do the
75:52 Alright, where are things? And it's just parasympathetic were sympathetic. We've
75:57 seen this cranial versus sacral for parasympathetic versus lumbar. So those were for
76:03 pre ganglia nick fibers, where the while we said parasympathetic are right there
76:07 to the target. Whereas the sympathetic near the spinal cord. Right.
76:11 would be that pair of vertebral. uh, palm what's your type of
76:18 ? Well, parasympathetic, we have few fibers. And so what ends
76:22 happening is you're innovating. Very specific . So you get very localized responses
76:28 . You have more widespread innovation, you get larger responses. But we
76:33 get what is called mass activation. what we're doing is we're gonna support
76:38 through the release of norepinephrine into our system. Not as a neurotransmitter but
76:46 as a hormone. The last little here is in terms of length and
76:53 of these fibers. So again, regard to the pre gangly Tomic
76:59 Well, remember, we're going way to the organs. So those air
77:02 , we only have to go right to the pair of vertebral sympathetic,
77:08 um, trunk. So those fibers be short? And then the converse
77:13 gonna be true for the post angle fibers. And then, as I
77:17 , we have for parasympathetic in terms branching. There's very few branches,
77:23 you can see this an example. . There's no branches. And so
77:27 only innovating a couple of post gangly fibers. Whereas when you're dealing with
77:33 sympathetic, this is why we get of a more widespread responses. We
77:36 lots and lots of branches, so means downstream the post ganglion fibers.
77:42 got lots of that. And then terms of my own nation, you
77:46 just kind of look at the pictures , pre gangling fibers, you get
77:49 Nation. So yes and yes, the fibers? Not so much.
77:57 it's a nice little chart that you kind of create. So the last
78:02 bit here, this is it. do we control all this stuff?
78:05 , the ultimate or the highest level control is the hypothalamus, right in
78:10 hypothalamus. This is where you're integrating about what's going on the body,
78:15 you send that information out through the stem in the spinal cord via the
78:20 sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Uh, ganglia of the nuclei that are found
78:28 the brain stone. All right, , having said that, you know
78:33 don't have any cortical control. I , you can't tell the brain can't
78:39 the hypothalamus what to do. But that does mean is that there is
78:43 cortex above that can respond to that . So, for example, when
78:49 watching a scary movie, your heart could go up right. And you're
78:54 that cause you're responding to what you're . But if you start telling
78:59 Oh, this is just a it's not that big of a
79:03 You know, you could basically control responsiveness to that particular stimuli. All
79:10 , that's an easy way to do . Or I can tell you the
79:12 now of what I usually tell students class. You're leaving the library.
79:17 two o'clock in the morning because you're awesome. Study. But you cut
79:20 way out in the furthest parking what's in on campus? And as
79:26 walking to that parking lot in the , you start crossing. You
79:30 you start hearing the crunching of your and then you hear crunching behind you
79:35 gonna happen, right? Well, know, because you've seen enough scary
79:39 , you never turn around because that's sure way to die. So what
79:42 do is you start walking a little faster. And then the steps behind
79:47 start walking faster. And so what's happen? Your heart rate goes
79:51 your breathing goes up, your blood goes up and you're now getting
79:56 You're getting ready for what's gonna You're gonna either fight whatever is gonna
80:01 you or you're going to run. you may actually curl into a ball
80:06 start crying and say, Please don't me. One of those three things
80:09 really gonna happen. Eventually, the reaches out and grabs you on your
80:14 , all right? And you turn ready for that. And it's your
80:18 that you've been studying with. All , so now all of a
80:21 now your system is your heart's going . You're going nut, you
80:26 But it's not a dangerous situation. do you do? Well, this
80:31 where the parasympathetic comes into play. recognizes the situation. Now your cortex
80:38 . And so what that does. allows for you to quickly return the
80:42 back to normal. All right. way, you can think about this
80:45 you're driving in a car down 45 Galveston doing 75 miles an hour.
80:50 do you stop if you have no ? How do you stop? Will
80:53 take your foot off the gas and eventually coast to a stop. But
80:57 takes too long. So that's why put a break in. And so
81:01 sympathetic in this particular instance is acting the gas pedal to get you ready
81:06 the fight or flight, the parasympathetic you back down to normal so that
81:11 not wasting energy or fuel. That's because the cortex is allowing you to
81:18 what's going on in your environment. that's where I'm gonna stop today.
81:23 gonna allow you guys start asking and if you need to go,
81:27 . But we're done. So ask . So Riva asked for the third
81:45 of sympathetic nervous system. Is there change in the sympathetic Trump like the
81:49 switching in a different trunk? so not it's a little bit
81:53 which is, I try to avoid for this particular class because it's there's
81:58 for these types of pathways. you can actually synapse and actually leave
82:04 through that pathway as well. So idea here is that typically what you
82:09 is your passing down and through and to get to the pair of
82:14 Our sorry, the pre vertebral. the goal is just It's just how
82:19 body kind of design itself over So it's not so much a rule
82:23 well. Um, I'm gonna have switch down to another trunk. Or
82:26 I just come out the same The idea is is that I'm either
82:30 ing in the trunk that I'm going go into. That's number one.
82:35 go up or down, and then or the third is is I passed
82:40 the trunks to the pre vertebral. , so that third pass was just
82:44 through the trunks. Notice we're not . Do I have to? Can
82:47 go up? Where can I go ? Because that is possible. We're
82:50 not talking about the specifics, all ? I hope that's helpful. And
82:59 , the goal here is to understand it's it's complicated. Um, John
83:05 asking about the writing assignment says your should be mostly from after. That
83:09 post 2010. That means 2011 2012 on and so on. In other
83:13 , you're supposed to be looking at that isn't in the text books at
83:17 point, right? The idea is have a deeper or better understanding of
83:22 going on. So the older your is, the more likely that it's
83:28 under. It's understood the newer it the least understood. It is generally
83:35 , and that's what you're shooting is you. I want you to
83:38 to me the complexities that we've been in more recent years. So after
83:46 is post 2010. Can't change that you to see a post 22.
83:53 that mean you can't use stuff prior 2010? No, it just means
83:58 you know a good paper is gonna significantly more articles from Andi. I'm
84:04 making up a number like 2015 through . All right, but you may
84:08 working on a subject where a lot work hasn't been done, and so
84:13 may actually have to dip further Yeah, So join There might be
84:18 that you wanna look at that are on what Not that will kind of
84:22 you a general understanding. But the thing that a paper could do is
84:28 it will not only show you what, where the research is being
84:31 , but it allows you to go and see whether or not they interpreted
84:35 results correctly. That's that's kind of important thing. It's the. The
84:40 here is that secondary literature is not accurate. Sometimes they make mistakes.
84:47 misinterpret. So your job is really kind of go back and look at
84:50 original papers that maybe in these reviews you're looking at and actually saying,
84:57 , what they said was this this what's really going on versus what these
85:02 said, you know? So you'll all the time. I mean,
85:05 as an example. You know, is good for you. Then the
85:09 week. Wine is bad for you next week. Wine is good for
85:12 . It's like, Well, I really know. So go back and
85:14 at the original source and see what actually saying, and then you interpret
85:19 that data actually means or what they're to tell you. That's kind of
85:23 goal, the help and to actually little bit. Yes, it's just
85:37 the basics you're gonna find in your . It's the groundbreaking new research that's
85:42 to be primarily your body. The is to answer the questions.
85:55 for example, if you went into textbook right now, you'd probably be
85:58 to find a general answer to your , all right, but it's far
86:03 complex or detailed than that. That's I'm trying to get you to do
86:06 figure out the details. That's that's of the key. Any other
86:20 Only once. Yeah, Going All right, Yes, The George
86:32 should be as direct as possible. should always be direct in and you're
86:37 , all right, So if you beat around the Bush, it's It's
86:42 be very difficult for your reader to what you're trying to get across,
86:46 that really means you're trying to hide , whether you're trying to hide an
86:50 fact, or it could be that just don't you're trying to hide that
86:53 don't understand some. So when you're out a mechanism, try to make
86:58 as clear as possible. You know say, for example, item A
87:03 molecule A is responsible for turning on B molecule B, you know,
87:10 an inhibitor, a molecule C. when molecule a gets up regulated,
87:16 down regulating molecule C. So it keep it simple and basic, so
87:22 you can better understand for yourself, also for your readers, not get
87:26 in the mechanism. Yes, and is true. So Georgia,
87:32 And so you'll need to look on and decide whether or not some of
87:36 mechanisms are important to include. You say, for example, Wow,
87:41 this other mechanism that seems to run , but it's not directly responsible for
87:46 looking at. So you may mention and say that might be something that
87:49 to be looked at under, you , investigated further or something like,
87:54 don't need to hit every single solitary . What you need to do is
87:58 need to make a coherent or tell coherent story, right? So leaving
88:03 important stuff is bad. Hitting everything equally as bad because you'll make it
88:09 confusing anyone else. All right, , happy hour starts in about an
88:30 and a half in most places. you can get out of your house
88:33 aren't worried about getting stuck someplace, out and have some fun, you
88:38 , right? No. You're all go study. I know. All
88:42 , You guys have a great I'm gonna go ahead and kill
88:45 Um um, we will see you Thursday. Hopefully, I will be
88:50 class again, but in the event something like this gets canceled, we'll
88:54 do it online. Like like so really kind of theory. Easy way
88:58 do it. So All right. hitting the stop cord, and we're
89:05 to
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