| 00:00 | uh they don't make enough sand stones be of any interest. So, |
|
| 00:09 | what I want to do is continue lecture on composition and look at the |
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| 00:15 | that control the composition mainly of sand a little bit about shoes. Uh |
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| 00:30 | , we're looking at source area transportation, deposition environment and die |
|
| 00:36 | So we'll go through each of those let's begin with the source area in |
|
| 00:41 | role of tectonics and controlling the santa. Bill Dickinson did some really |
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| 00:50 | work on looking at sandstone. Patrol in the context of plate tectonics. |
|
| 00:58 | what he did is he distract three tectonic settings. One is a continental |
|
| 01:03 | province that would be basically deeply Getting into older basement material, a |
|
| 01:10 | origin uh shown here like foreland basin form sediments, volcanic I relieve coming |
|
| 01:18 | and then um lastly a magmatic art you're looking at the volcanic plutonic drops |
|
| 01:25 | get high relief. And what he with that is that you could define |
|
| 01:32 | Q FL diagrams uh fields in which from these various tectonic provinces have been |
|
| 01:43 | . And you can further look say in a uh our area and see |
|
| 01:51 | the composition would vary from, let's uh very uh sports four under dissected |
|
| 02:00 | changing into that sector is you move that field. So there are sub |
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| 02:06 | within it. The other thing you'll is that he's got different uh in |
|
| 02:12 | . Uh So depending on the purpose your interpretation. Uh huh. You |
|
| 02:19 | fuck total course on on one the mono crystalline courts another. So |
|
| 02:26 | it says is that when your point , you need to have a lot |
|
| 02:30 | different categories so that you can mix match depending on the QF. L |
|
| 02:36 | that you interest to them now. , this particular model has has really |
|
| 02:42 | the norm in the last 50 years . And uh, the immediately people |
|
| 02:49 | to find exceptions and so like any model is began to be modified. |
|
| 02:54 | , for example, the question was , there are more tectonic sources settings |
|
| 02:59 | these three. Uh, there are and and mixing of sources. |
|
| 03:05 | what if anything is the role of , uh, deposition environment and also |
|
| 03:12 | ignores areas in which there carbonate grains . So people began to make |
|
| 03:20 | This is just an example of one they began to look at different tectonic |
|
| 03:26 | to see how that might uh affect uh, where they fall. People |
|
| 03:35 | to use other provenance criteria, looking zircons but we and I should add |
|
| 03:43 | this the use of circus. Now paleo geographic reconstruction source is pretty much |
|
| 03:51 | norm. This is getting more and to be what you do. The |
|
| 03:57 | of course is this is restricted to laps doctor Lappin here in our department |
|
| 04:04 | that. But unless you send yourself , it's a somewhat a technologically |
|
| 04:14 | So we still rely on flint county in other techniques. So here's another |
|
| 04:22 | reconstruction showing how the paleo geography has uh reconstructed using the market. And |
|
| 04:31 | reason that point this out is it to give us a broader way of |
|
| 04:38 | at the source area with respect to . Okay, now, going back |
|
| 04:45 | Dickinson a second criticism was climate? it a factor? So people began |
|
| 04:52 | look at uh different uh huh areas had similar tectonic settings with different |
|
| 05:00 | And so what we found is that just for example, within this |
|
| 05:07 | wow, I read in the Samsung they vary from given to culinary, |
|
| 05:16 | they all fell within the same technomic . So what you're looking at is |
|
| 05:22 | gradient and it's on addict you over playing off to a tectonic lee |
|
| 05:31 | clusters. And there's been several works work done on that Texan is um |
|
| 05:39 | the broad strokes of the sandstone mineralogical . Climate provides a super indeed superimposed |
|
| 05:45 | . Fundamental differences in tectonic settings are erased even over periods of long tropical |
|
| 05:54 | . So we see climate does have factor. Absolutely. But the tectonic |
|
| 06:01 | is still there. Now let's look little more why and how climate leaves |
|
| 06:06 | impact print. And that is by . And when we talk about |
|
| 06:11 | that is of course distinct from mass , which is the removal by gravity |
|
| 06:18 | erosion, which is the removal by agents. And when we talk about |
|
| 06:24 | , we can subdivide weathering into mechanical , which is the physical breakdown of |
|
| 06:32 | uh and chemical weapons, which is decomposition. The key here, of |
|
| 06:37 | , is that mechanical weathering? You change the composition. You just change |
|
| 06:41 | songs with chemical weathering. You change composition as well. And so as |
|
| 06:47 | look back home, we talked about , you can envision different climatic settings |
|
| 06:52 | which different types of weathering and weathering will dominate when you look at the |
|
| 06:59 | weathering, they're just different ways of things up. And I'm not going |
|
| 07:04 | get into that except to remind, know, change in composition. And |
|
| 07:09 | going to be dominated in areas Mechanical weathering occurs everyone. And he |
|
| 07:16 | that uh it is often over printed chemical one. So, where we |
|
| 07:22 | about areas that are dominated by chemical whether by mechanical weather and like |
|
| 07:28 | What we're really saying is there's an that's the void of chemicals. So |
|
| 07:33 | stripped away that chemical weathering over print left behind that underlying mechanic. |
|
| 07:44 | The chemical processes solution, hydration, analysis, speculation. These are all |
|
| 07:51 | on which we change the composition. not going to look at all |
|
| 07:56 | And I just briefly visited couple dissolution easy enough. Uh Somebody said, |
|
| 08:02 | does the calcite cement come from? , basically it comes from the dissolution |
|
| 08:07 | calcite into calcium carbonate water. And re precipitation the question here might |
|
| 08:15 | where does the asset come from that that limestone or that calcite and when |
|
| 08:20 | comes from carbonic acid carbonic acid, turns out is a result of respiratory |
|
| 08:29 | of bacteria in the soil for us the co two content of the soil |
|
| 08:37 | . And therefore the carbonic acid potential be up to 1000 times greater in |
|
| 08:44 | soil than in the atmosphere. So little buggers that are turning things up |
|
| 08:50 | soldiers are also creating a lot of for assets. So a lot of |
|
| 08:56 | assets that we see for both dissolution hide analysis are coming from this soil |
|
| 09:04 | . I need to say in areas there's not a lot of bio litter |
|
| 09:08 | not a lot of biomass going You're not gonna get those asses |
|
| 09:15 | Again, a common process. We look at our basic minerals particularly are |
|
| 09:21 | basic minerals when they're oxidized and leave in iron oxide like oh, |
|
| 09:28 | And again that's where our iron cement from. Uh When we oxidize this |
|
| 09:35 | basically put a ferrous iron into And 52 plus That empty two plus |
|
| 09:43 | mobile so it is dissolvable in water it's going to move with the water |
|
| 09:49 | from the weather source in the grill until first time as it comes oxidized |
|
| 09:55 | forms ferric acid which is F. . Three plus at that point it |
|
| 10:00 | and then we have iron oxide So what we look at there is |
|
| 10:06 | dissolution under reducing conditions and the oxidation re precipitation under oxidizing conditions. |
|
| 10:15 | Uh so the although the may think will provide us with our arms, |
|
| 10:22 | or not, that's a man. really the hydraulic Asus of belt |
|
| 10:29 | That is the dominant process for decomposing sandstone. So basically we go |
|
| 10:39 | that's it. And especially potassium fells and we break it down. We |
|
| 10:46 | the potassium by hydraulic system and we behind the cable tonight. Yeah. |
|
| 10:53 | if we do that enough, that if we have enough chemical weathering going |
|
| 10:59 | uh it's the intensity of the chemical , whether it's not we that pale |
|
| 11:06 | I will buy a hydrologist become hip push. And so basically that's going |
|
| 11:13 | be a box. So we see this transition and if you recall the |
|
| 11:20 | products in the temperate versus the equatorial regions when weathering products were shown as |
|
| 11:28 | enough. So that's about as far potassium feldspar is going to go in |
|
| 11:33 | climate like ours. Okay. Um the other hand, head down to |
|
| 11:38 | amazon and forget it tonight. Uh might be some deep down but the |
|
| 11:44 | that's most intensely weather has gone to hydroxide. And so get going back |
|
| 11:50 | this notice below, there is modern line or snake type. So what |
|
| 12:00 | looking at is we move up this of weather is increasing degree of operation |
|
| 12:08 | also. So we go from non to whether Yeah, snack type table |
|
| 12:17 | I Your iron aluminum hydroxide tax. of the things to remind yourself is |
|
| 12:25 | plays are not formed by the precipitation . They are typically the result of |
|
| 12:32 | . So when we talk about plays play formation, they are typically the |
|
| 12:37 | of some type of chemical weathering We have several groups. We've got |
|
| 12:42 | snake types. All right. You're uh some are chlorides are major bridge |
|
| 12:53 | types, calcium, sodium lights or . Uh You begin to see how |
|
| 13:00 | might vary depending on the extent to those items have been stripped. And |
|
| 13:05 | could look at the source by looking a little bit of silver. |
|
| 13:12 | you're only going to get a play chemical operations like this and that is |
|
| 13:19 | to be microclimate. Micro's glad to later. Uh Irritate attempt. So |
|
| 13:28 | , you want to start you or or you might go to hide snap |
|
| 13:36 | . Uh that in turn select types okay. This particular one line in |
|
| 13:46 | ox, that's what I should But you can go and take different |
|
| 13:51 | to have in all cases we're looking is that change in clay composition with |
|
| 14:01 | intensive alterations. So for example, can look at this micro fine so |
|
| 14:10 | in the micro fine is relatively and the goes far. Uh huh Really |
|
| 14:20 | pretty bad. A lot of beginning alter sea to land. I genesis |
|
| 14:27 | uh the uh one of the clays this point maybe smack title for. |
|
| 14:34 | . And now the point here is to plastic places same die genetic history |
|
| 14:41 | different degrees of alteration. Not all spars are created equal and they don't |
|
| 14:48 | weather or alter equally. The potassium parts are your chemically most stable. |
|
| 14:56 | , sodium slices sucks calcium plays it well. So what you find is |
|
| 15:05 | if you look at the rock potassium feldspar should be more abundant and |
|
| 15:13 | weather. And glad you putz basically looking at the difference in chemical stability |
|
| 15:20 | in sense, you're looking at the weathering stability goldsmiths weathering series, uh |
|
| 15:30 | is the inverse of Bowen's precipitation. . So we've got the first to |
|
| 15:38 | all these calcium as you go Guillotine body type I like as in |
|
| 15:49 | sports. Uh We see these are least stable. These are the most |
|
| 15:56 | . Now, it's a common assumption the reason they are least stable is |
|
| 16:02 | they formed under the highest temperature. , the temperature differential between formation and |
|
| 16:08 | present is greatest. It turns That has nothing to do with why |
|
| 16:13 | were the real reason has to do the number of silicon oxygen tetra hydro |
|
| 16:19 | are bound together. These are largely , separate, very easy to break |
|
| 16:25 | isolates. And he they're not even . But tell me get down the |
|
| 16:31 | , every single still a content to is so valiantly bound with every |
|
| 16:37 | So it's very difficult to chemically break off. So we're looking at is |
|
| 16:42 | the stability of the silicates. Heat be broken up by chemical weather. |
|
| 16:48 | we can extend that and look at only basically hydraulic Asus of silica, |
|
| 16:57 | silicates, but look at some other as well. For example, anybody |
|
| 17:03 | even less stable because they're the weathering dissolution. Let's go all we have |
|
| 17:12 | , aluminum and iron out there. are the end product of the alteration |
|
| 17:19 | , place stay here. The more than the films we say. |
|
| 17:27 | the place are less stable than the am an aluminum hydroxide that they were |
|
| 17:36 | in. So yes, a little of all questions. So if you |
|
| 17:43 | at uh settlements on mars red, ? So that's all the iron oxide |
|
| 17:50 | the regulators. So whether uh yes uh there certainly was Contra Gin in |
|
| 17:59 | actor at one they are not Well, there is oxygen in the |
|
| 18:08 | the silica event too. And there was both chemical, there clearly was |
|
| 18:14 | weapons and wow. But the process are just uh this crazy. It |
|
| 18:22 | like that would be super mature sediment well the thing is uh mars is |
|
| 18:31 | by mechanical. Oh yeah, okay. So what we've done |
|
| 18:37 | we have taken the Philippines and with spurs other minerals of different origins and |
|
| 18:51 | . Can you go oh this solution operation place containing our losses, all |
|
| 19:02 | down to they are not set So when we see this these are |
|
| 19:09 | things we're looking at. Uh this Dominic chemical one because that's the only |
|
| 19:15 | that changes composition. Uh huh. trains are going to generate silica. |
|
| 19:22 | we'll fell far goals and all these weathering of any silicon minimal is going |
|
| 19:28 | generate themselves in addition fell far to so part and uh calcium. Uh |
|
| 19:39 | potassium for all of these things. council, you can see how the |
|
| 19:48 | the dissolved ions in solution or being from the composition of soda and non |
|
| 19:59 | minutes. Very uh Chemical weapons. can subdivide climate based on temperature |
|
| 20:09 | Uh We tend to live in some eric in the different selva is the |
|
| 20:18 | they use here uh or um Uh Hi temperature high precipitation. Uh |
|
| 20:31 | could also look at how the different of weathering processes are tied to the |
|
| 20:41 | . You can look at this at leisure. But the point is that |
|
| 20:46 | clearly have a strong relationship and weathering weathering products and climate. Now one |
|
| 20:53 | we also need to remind ourselves that begins in the sort and so is |
|
| 21:00 | some here with the organic letter uh overruns where that carbonic acid is |
|
| 21:09 | It is used or dissolved altered by that that would arise where we have |
|
| 21:22 | approval of those sites and then we re precipitation of some of those sci |
|
| 21:28 | horizon and then finally all operations. song here is basically the source area |
|
| 21:36 | the total dissolved lights. So some it is re precipitated to the |
|
| 21:43 | Much of it is removed via groundwater eventually to be re precipitated some |
|
| 21:52 | Okay, so that's basically the story that we've been talking about now. |
|
| 22:02 | a reminder that in the unit temper right up here you pretty much destroy |
|
| 22:13 | whether pretending that it's not, I it down loaded with uh, you're |
|
| 22:21 | minerals, you're trying to they are gone too. They all, it's |
|
| 22:35 | visuals like uh blue blue place. Yeah, sports. Come on. |
|
| 22:51 | , unfortunate place. Uh, now they're all new leader, basically the |
|
| 23:01 | density greek system uh, mainly box don't have any of your racial here |
|
| 23:12 | got everything laugh and you got re Reese precipitation. I love your calcified |
|
| 23:22 | quality from Calgary. Uh, so that never really, you know, |
|
| 23:32 | all kinds, the few dissolved are dominated by mechanical weather. Never really |
|
| 23:40 | leached out of the sort. So pretty much gonna uh, ever a |
|
| 23:48 | of the calcified especially because it's highly . Uh, it's basically sort of |
|
| 23:58 | in solution is flushed out in in region. So one thing we see |
|
| 24:05 | that the depth to the quality layer with precipitation. So as it rains |
|
| 24:14 | the depth it's lesson lower and lower , higher concentration until finally is flushed |
|
| 24:22 | with increasing precipitation. Remember that that's the Edwards and blood rose. There |
|
| 24:34 | a glitch, you had to be to make the roads and there were |
|
| 24:37 | ton of fossils in that coming. why would there be fossils in a |
|
| 24:41 | now that I'm thinking about It is . Well, one of the things |
|
| 24:45 | happened, I don't want to answer specific question but if you look at |
|
| 24:51 | lime stones and again, now I'm into Davies this morning. Uh |
|
| 24:56 | The fossils are often re crystallized. have a different composition. So for |
|
| 25:03 | , you've seen the real war me weathered limestone. What you're doing |
|
| 25:09 | You're weathering out dissolving out the barrel but not the original material so that |
|
| 25:15 | is differential chemical weathering of different components the limestone. And so one of |
|
| 25:22 | things you do see is that the fossils depending on what they are stein |
|
| 25:29 | hormones or whatever uh can be just enough so that they're not as all |
|
| 25:38 | our is the matrix. Okay. huh, humid tropical like us but |
|
| 25:47 | settlement Neil Clayton, you're playing there be resolve word, we're gonna be |
|
| 25:56 | in whatever your sources are, sources are peter's, Excuse me? You're |
|
| 26:04 | get courts here in temperate uh this be like amazon. Uh here we |
|
| 26:15 | have courts in the amazon even. , we have micah someplace again, |
|
| 26:26 | we have here is the more soluble of the So good. Now here |
|
| 26:36 | where you started so far, ultimately our post is etcetera or and maybe |
|
| 26:45 | definition of place, but basically uh a lot of total dissolved solids. |
|
| 26:54 | we look at this something here, is all talking about earlier and increased |
|
| 27:01 | going from semiarid grasslands. Uh temperate , forest received the first of all |
|
| 27:11 | organic layers increases. It gets to calcium. Carbonate is a reasonable beach |
|
| 27:21 | . Is the fingers of the housing naked. Now, finally you begin |
|
| 27:28 | flush out. So this is what call a closed system or in an |
|
| 27:33 | system with respect to grant groundwater never it into just time. Infiltrates here |
|
| 27:49 | flushed. So we automate completely removed you basically place yep. Uh and |
|
| 28:01 | an old classifications, uh we still about alcohol, soils and the closest |
|
| 28:09 | soils, acid soil health system. you can envision that transition with increasing |
|
| 28:17 | as we go from well, quite south texas to E sexist, we |
|
| 28:28 | think of course air knives is something has gone through multiple cycles. Reworking |
|
| 28:34 | that you've been progressively removing everything. the most stable courts. Well, |
|
| 28:40 | turns out though in areas of really weather like up here. Uh you |
|
| 28:49 | actually have in this area here, may have chemically weather everything but the |
|
| 28:58 | are not. But it turns out happens a little differently than you might |
|
| 29:04 | . Uh This is a study looking progressively older sentence within a system. |
|
| 29:13 | so you look at the the actress , this was the youngest of the |
|
| 29:18 | aggressively over to. Uh huh. that finally, this is the second |
|
| 29:27 | in paris. Now, now this all a man. During the last |
|
| 29:35 | years, the drainage area has changed between san timonium press there and and |
|
| 29:42 | weather changes but they said that during policy, what what changed and so |
|
| 29:50 | you're looking at is the effect of , the younger set up and then |
|
| 29:59 | these tariffs ends whether most and so can assume they started out as the |
|
| 30:06 | composition. Yes, this pretty What you see and you know the |
|
| 30:17 | , let's see young gets, he it, the youngest Saturdays down here |
|
| 30:22 | reports as you go progressively older going all the world Hendrix bars, you |
|
| 30:33 | dressed in your sports performance support because you're doing is moving about far and |
|
| 30:42 | realistic and you're removing them by NC it literally it just sat there long |
|
| 30:51 | they're weathering not only in the source but in France is created this first |
|
| 31:00 | or it's Aaron uh Okay now transportation definitional environment are also factors in both |
|
| 31:09 | texture. The operations side starting tradition or extraction sediments made by |
|
| 31:20 | Uh Chemical Corporation um abrasion basically decreased size with distance, selective transport. |
|
| 31:33 | the course material is left behind final sentiment, addition and extraction. Um |
|
| 31:43 | deposition and our edition of tributaries coming will mix composition. This is in |
|
| 31:51 | sediment mixing like this on the beach do see a downstream decrease and the |
|
| 32:01 | and also around this of material in lab in in the field. |
|
| 32:11 | well if you look at the Rhine , Mississippi kenji's uh you look at |
|
| 32:17 | two to a 40% reduction and the right sir signs production now up to |
|
| 32:32 | . So this is certainly one of things. But what difference does it |
|
| 32:36 | if you're just reducing sites? well it turns out that composition varies |
|
| 32:44 | and we'll see how that is a . The other thing we do see |
|
| 32:49 | an increase of sorting associated with a in great. So this is just |
|
| 32:54 | more than a system. A logical to the transportation of sand down |
|
| 33:02 | Yeah, now one of the big though is not socks surround this. |
|
| 33:08 | the super mature sentiment is rounded, turns out that there is virtually no |
|
| 33:18 | of sand in route almost. Um and the reason for that is that |
|
| 33:27 | is a water buffer where if you around the same, eliminate that buffalo |
|
| 33:37 | more grain degree in contact the way do that is put it in the |
|
| 33:43 | . So it turns out here here around tracking the sand time. Uh |
|
| 33:50 | a river. Yeah, yes, material transport along the beach, no |
|
| 34:02 | in around us. Now we're beginning see an increase in around this when |
|
| 34:08 | pick up the only interest. So would suggest that if you had something |
|
| 34:14 | delta like the Mississippi river that's shooting sand and then getting positive rapidly. |
|
| 34:20 | that seems immature. Yeah, I ? T um sure. Well it |
|
| 34:26 | implies has got more than 5% Okay, so we're going to be |
|
| 34:33 | , but there'll be anger even on beach now I'm gonna be well sorted |
|
| 34:40 | one of the things that beach action is to winnow deposits and give you |
|
| 34:45 | better sorted. But because of that buffer it doesn't make it any better |
|
| 34:51 | it. Yeah. So what you to know is if you want to |
|
| 34:55 | around us uh with a river it a saturday place environment, anything finder |
|
| 35:05 | about one millimeter one millimeter is the between force and very closing, you |
|
| 35:12 | can't wrap okay on the beach, get a little bit because there is |
|
| 35:17 | back to back that will go down about me kid, but if you |
|
| 35:23 | to really round all the sand, audience process. So how do you |
|
| 35:30 | river sounds that are all around the stones because there are big. |
|
| 35:36 | if you set stones, I'm sending than half a meter. Oh |
|
| 35:44 | what this says is effective up to one. It's ineffective below. |
|
| 35:50 | Yeah, large stones. Yeah. we get well rounded, uh, |
|
| 35:59 | , even coarse sand, but you're going to get well rounded medium to |
|
| 36:04 | . Okay, so where do you that record? This is typical of |
|
| 36:08 | of the protests from some of the or what's maronites his it's been rounded |
|
| 36:15 | a healing process then mean it was last in an aeolian setting. Could |
|
| 36:22 | been reworked but its rounding records and . Okay, so if you |
|
| 36:31 | you have rubble that comes from a , especially weather and then you end |
|
| 36:36 | getting these river stones that are well that the process is going from a |
|
| 36:42 | stone to a river stone. Is producing sand that's poorly grounded the whole |
|
| 36:49 | ? Yeah, Well it depends. mean eventually to the when you, |
|
| 36:55 | you take a large block that's made through mass wasting and then you begin |
|
| 37:01 | erode. Buy a mobile process, assume that process walk. Okay, |
|
| 37:07 | you're chipping off pieces of stone. you've got angular fragments coming off of |
|
| 37:12 | . That process is beginning to change shape of the larger kabul and in |
|
| 37:18 | creating angular smaller fragments. Those fragments now also in transit. And so |
|
| 37:27 | being rounded and decreased in size as by abrasion. But at some point |
|
| 37:35 | get so small and the same river about a millimeter that they can no |
|
| 37:42 | be rounded because their size relative to viscosity and the water between us prevents |
|
| 37:49 | whole lot of abrasion because it's abrasion causing not only direction size but the |
|
| 37:56 | this as well. And so at point the part of gets too small |
|
| 38:02 | be abraded for degree upgraded effectively. that's where the transition to a very |
|
| 38:09 | viscosity fluid air allows you to continue rounding two Very fine great son. |
|
| 38:18 | , okay. Now another change in that occurs. They should go downstream |
|
| 38:23 | change in the ratio of certain types minerals. For example, the present |
|
| 38:29 | to decrease. That's because tragically is mechanically durable when the non play education |
|
| 38:43 | in poly crystalline course, that's because crystalline ports is mechanically less durable than |
|
| 38:49 | crystal reports. Foley. It'd lyrics because Foley, it'd lipsticks are less |
|
| 38:56 | durable than non foliate lipsticks. So see a change in composition because of |
|
| 39:02 | differential mechanical durability of different members. also chemical durability. Although uh the |
|
| 39:14 | in transit is uh less of an except in very human settings like the |
|
| 39:23 | . So here we see that, three decrease in the amazon river Uh |
|
| 39:29 | in 3%, of course from Yeah. Now there's two factors, |
|
| 39:36 | more, maybe three, 21 years you speak to whether you can |
|
| 39:45 | well, we're getting these sediments as go down the system and exposed to |
|
| 39:52 | weather longer and longer periods and therefore more portrait. The other problem find |
|
| 40:01 | other issue is uh alteration of composition tributaries. A lot of the change |
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| 40:13 | composition amazon as we know from. , train is increasing contribution of the |
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| 40:29 | areas where the court is preferentially being . So you've got the Andes coming |
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| 40:36 | on seven but the tributaries are coming from the shield area which is dominated |
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| 40:43 | very thick with. Okay, so got tributaries coming in adding ports and |
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| 40:52 | got institute weathering increasing the preferential preservation . So both of these things are |
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| 41:02 | , it's right. The road of amazon into a chemically and mechanically more |
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| 41:12 | . Uh Is it safe to say most courts and courts brains that you |
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| 41:17 | encounter reassure our primary meaning that they from the weathering of an igneous or |
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| 41:24 | rock and not a previous handsome. . No, you can't say that |
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| 41:31 | they are more likely to be driving previous and some than fell as far |
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| 41:35 | brothers because they're so durable. They're to be recycled. We get we |
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| 41:40 | a lot of recycled courts. The is how do you know that with |
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| 41:46 | . It's easier because you can trace back to its original composition or other |
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| 41:51 | age and source. But we see that was derived someplace deposited in a |
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| 42:05 | setting and then re eroded and re . So this is a common announced |
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| 42:11 | that's one of the complications of trying interpret composition and source area is |
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| 42:20 | Um The other thing I want to out if you took the stand of |
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| 42:24 | individual point bar for example. So know everything is the same environmental |
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| 42:33 | climate tectonics and then you said it at the composition that as a function |
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| 42:42 | great size and a lot of these the Ufl diagram. It looked like |
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| 42:47 | settings. The coarse grains said great portion has a lot of rock |
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| 42:56 | I have a medium range stand, mostly ports and cell phone. These |
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| 43:04 | two very different positions. That's one the reasons why is you have a |
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| 43:10 | in brain downstream, You have a of composition. You're like more towards |
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| 43:18 | same. But that's also if you're a point count, your plotting your |
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| 43:26 | . Fl diagram and you want to it with Dick consent or somebody else |
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| 43:33 | want to use Sanchez on this Yes those parts were based on medium |
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| 43:40 | sanity. The reason they were based for example is that the conversation varies |
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| 43:48 | at the same city with course Green very finally it's the effect of grain |
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| 43:59 | . Uh And this is again just show that, hang on. The |
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| 44:02 | size, you get a different percent practice courts and fell spars. And |
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| 44:09 | the importance of keeping a uh constant size for your comparisons. Yeah. |
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| 44:20 | let's assume for checking. We started here in the Andes and further soon |
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| 44:31 | really area exists temperate but especially sitting uh as we go down the system |
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| 44:42 | mechanical weather is dominant. Yeah, not going to change it that much |
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| 44:52 | transit, assuming that the effects of isn't too great. On the other |
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| 44:57 | , hot music that in the 3rd will come out as a sports |
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| 45:03 | And that's what we saw as we at amazon Q. F. |
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| 45:07 | Diagram progressive against ST So the chemical is dominated here. So let's look |
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| 45:18 | the end. He specifically with rapid and transportation and get some therapy with |
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| 45:28 | Yeah. On a ship, which the lower weapon route capitation. You |
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| 45:35 | some marcOS reason there is a shield more uh fell static frenetic and metamorphic |
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| 45:45 | . The Andes has more make her headache. Okay? But again, |
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| 45:53 | little operation because of the rapid That's in 2030. On the other |
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| 46:01 | , assault with that study in seat lessen the burden temporary storage. A |
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| 46:07 | more weather time question you're semi with slower motion transportation city in the soil |
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| 46:21 | percent. So if you look at amazon basin. Just as an |
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| 46:29 | you see how you might start to might end up with three different products |
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| 46:41 | on the relative mixing in those So there's the sediment source from the |
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| 46:49 | shield are likely to be more mature . Well, they're going to be |
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| 46:58 | states. Yeah, the differences will more fantastic. I mean more fell |
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| 47:06 | here. More rock friends here. . And the reason is this more |
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| 47:17 | ? Are there implications for di Yeah, because again, if you |
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| 47:24 | to bury these and we'll talk about , the subject, their nights will |
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| 47:30 | differently and some are posters will all or Absolutely. Now, if you |
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| 47:40 | to figure out what kind was, you assist if you wanted a climatic |
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| 47:49 | that set preserved in your sense. first thing you like to have red |
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| 47:59 | course. Brain walked. Yes, the easiest 1 to present. See |
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| 48:08 | you'd like to have it transporting the the small disks because they don't meet |
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| 48:14 | disks. We have a potential Mhm. That position about river. |
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| 48:22 | huh nei genesis. Early segmentation to you. So what you're looking for |
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| 48:32 | areas where mm transportation, deposition environment die genesis are not altering the health |
|
| 48:43 | . So we've gotten sets up. . Al with red, the sample |
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| 48:50 | with we got a sense for how alters transportation and talk to you in |
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| 48:58 | deposition environment. Not just but what's the climatic sink. So let's look |
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| 49:06 | the last two factors deposition environment basically how much reworking of mechanically. Let's |
|
| 49:15 | sit complaints. So if you look one basin include your process and using |
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| 49:23 | , what average you have 24% off are having in the delta mount bar |
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| 49:30 | get into an area of 8%. you're looking at is the degree of |
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| 49:37 | . When you think about a it really spends most of his time |
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| 49:42 | around to be transported around 11% sits a point bar Maybe every few years |
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| 49:49 | moves down to borrow two. And it. You think of the |
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| 49:54 | it's constantly in motion. And so rock frightens which are mechanically less |
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| 50:01 | tend to be preferentially removed. yes, you know, why is |
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| 50:08 | shelf inboard barrier island? Uh, , it can be thought of as |
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| 50:15 | a differential. The shelf here, really, we're looking at two different |
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| 50:20 | settings. A delta going off into shelf and a barrier island. So |
|
| 50:26 | just rank that here. Uh, show running the change, I was |
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| 50:33 | in Monterey Bay and I'm trying to out how to tell the source of |
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| 50:37 | area. All right, the drop . The thing is the marine |
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| 50:45 | there was a fair amount of There was some distinction, but what |
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| 50:51 | found was that if I just look the there was plenty of self, |
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| 50:59 | flu ville deposits are going to be depositions environments that best represent the source |
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| 51:10 | . Once you get into the more of a coastal setting, you begin |
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| 51:17 | lose that signature. So what So 15% decrease opera, 10% decrease |
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| 51:25 | so far as one of the systems . So everything basically emerging towards what |
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| 51:34 | can change that is the process by of senate changing in Mexico. Say |
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| 51:41 | again. This is no, it's California. Uh huh. Yeah. |
|
| 51:48 | if you look at that transition studio , you see A tremendous decrease in |
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| 51:58 | 3rd floor. So composition is significantly . My deposition work that in turn |
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| 52:11 | changes the potential for da genetic change routes a flu of Iraq in the |
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| 52:18 | system is a barrier island rock. be da genetically altered different paths with |
|
| 52:29 | same burial history. Uh, I'm skip these acceptance out giving you these |
|
| 52:37 | the book. The general trend has to go either away from or beyond |
|
| 52:44 | graphic framework analysis and looking at other that we know is a major and |
|
| 52:51 | elements. The net result is that a serious doubt as point within point |
|
| 53:02 | is the best way. Um, what we also see when you deal |
|
| 53:09 | use statistical analysis this analysis, large elements. Uh, it says |
|
| 53:17 | you can discriminate bluegill friendship only because sources you can tell if Louisville from |
|
| 53:26 | only, but only because the flu source. The only method. So |
|
| 53:33 | says is alluvial sand preserves and then your source area in this case. |
|
| 53:38 | whether England was period well this study basically the first thing you need to |
|
| 53:47 | is to screen for variability, unrelated , including weathering and identities and brains |
|
| 53:54 | some sort. Mhm. So all things that can impact provenance, they're |
|
| 54:03 | take those into account books. Finally, it's unlikely I would argue |
|
| 54:12 | impossible that a globally applicable set of can identify sediment source. You know |
|
| 54:21 | you need to do. Work it for yourself. Well, when you're |
|
| 54:27 | with a source to sink story, the story you're focusing. That is |
|
| 54:32 | say no, everybody else's work. realized that what they found may not |
|
| 54:36 | able to yourself. Okay, so thing I'll get into this die |
|
| 54:44 | We basically look at processes that reduce and granular process every second year. |
|
| 54:51 | trump uh compassion three patients replacement. are the processes that tend to go |
|
| 55:04 | uh indigenous system. So the first you'll notice that pressure solution of |
|
| 55:13 | So that's going to be resulting. something else is doing in action. |
|
| 55:21 | have deformation. Uh, the more grains, the ones that are more |
|
| 55:28 | uh squeeze. So here's the Let's have that green and squeeze between |
|
| 55:40 | the two port struggles. That's what mean like certain he can't is basically |
|
| 55:48 | loss. I mean, it's basically plastic slow uh, this is dr |
|
| 55:56 | , right? It's decreasing the ferocity , well studio matrix, we looked |
|
| 56:09 | this a highly altered flash plays versus altered. Uh, this is basically |
|
| 56:15 | to so this is another type of . The alteration of a father. |
|
| 56:26 | got the precipitation of calcite cement, is that early The loss of primary |
|
| 56:34 | . What you would like to see with depth and time the dissolution this |
|
| 56:41 | the creation of 2nd image ferocity. will not happen of course, Is |
|
| 56:48 | 1st Senate court cement will kill prostate . Yeah, by interestingly enough, |
|
| 56:55 | you want to do, prevent what performing. You can't do it, |
|
| 57:03 | nature can and nature can do it having to play Cody If you |
|
| 57:10 | I'm sorry if you cook ports was yellow, that clay prevents the silica |
|
| 57:19 | waters from precipitating the court because the cement grows an obstacle continuity with the |
|
| 57:27 | green so that clay forms a buffer we'll talk about situations in which that |
|
| 57:37 | is more likely. The four therefore ports, cement later on trip |
|
| 57:46 | Uh, total replacement section and all night. Okay. Uh, we're |
|
| 57:53 | to have this solution of fell So this is secondary philosophy in here |
|
| 58:04 | . We've got we Yes, he in. Okay. Uh, we |
|
| 58:15 | a lot of secondary ferocity that's occurring this zone here. Here's that play |
|
| 58:25 | that was completely round head. If plate coating has been around the completely |
|
| 58:33 | the courts might have prevented Samantha has here. So if we just like |
|
| 58:43 | practice lift the loss of thunder off . Look at the different lipsticks have |
|
| 58:54 | for the same death. Let's So 10% or honesty watch richard from |
|
| 59:04 | that's in part because self part especially X. Mechanically list. They just |
|
| 59:14 | Now I talked about the effects of coding. This is the only potential |
|
| 59:23 | of uh it's a regular. Oh see. Yeah, started by over |
|
| 59:34 | . They get about this point About m and then Mhm. If it's |
|
| 59:45 | cement it sports. Uh huh. uninhibited, continues to go there. |
|
| 59:55 | . That picture is so important to part time. But what these percentages |
|
| 60:03 | cysts, clay coating And 50% There's no logic. Yeah but look |
|
| 60:14 | happens when you got completely things pretty drops on and accept some up there |
|
| 60:30 | it doesn't take a lot of uncoated to allow the precipitation and growth. |
|
| 60:37 | , what's the next So we'll look why is it that some brains are |
|
| 60:45 | coated with clay and somewhat This is place. 30% other types of grains |
|
| 60:53 | just he smokes it evidence with courts it does affect other brains as well |
|
| 61:01 | it's a little more complicated than that different types of planning are different in |
|
| 61:09 | ability to fit flow and permeability. the the impact is most evident with |
|
| 61:24 | description. Just ask questions. I maybe showing you the answer, although |
|
| 61:32 | question was, what's the most important cheer way philosophy already answered segmentation. |
|
| 61:39 | I guess the question now is why do you suppose imitation is the |
|
| 61:43 | important control on here? Way Because it controls the Virginia, |
|
| 61:53 | And in particular remember sure, shear , it's not just rigidity in |
|
| 61:58 | but it's the interstitial fluids. The fluid do you greater share waves |
|
| 62:11 | Less fluid fashions, how do you the fluid in a no. By |
|
| 62:19 | up the floors with semen. So you've done is you decrease of percent |
|
| 62:29 | . Quite easy. So the point that di genesis impacts the seismic profits |
|
| 62:40 | the petro physical properties. Watch to variety of ways. So for sheer |
|
| 62:48 | to match most important. But other like shape and sorting, that's |
|
| 62:56 | saturated sections least important. So let's by looking at my genesis. Uh |
|
| 63:05 | . Uh but of a pirate draw Murdoch and we go from something that |
|
| 63:12 | period I cold front philosophy Over 87%. Something very low porosity. |
|
| 63:21 | as we look at the ferocity Uh huh Hard, hard very |
|
| 63:29 | What is that? Glass to eight not two or less for the sandstone |
|
| 63:39 | more. Listen, let's exam soon prostate decreases with depth is about the |
|
| 63:49 | as mud rocks until at some point gets lower and that's the effective |
|
| 63:57 | One of the problems revealing blood rocks the size. Of course here is |
|
| 64:04 | 50 my own this is support. take another area here. Let's blow |
|
| 64:13 | up and this is the micro porosity shit. Really, really cold. |
|
| 64:23 | . So size is huge. Discrepancy the size of the board. In |
|
| 64:31 | types of mud rocks Over 80% of your less than 10. Now, |
|
| 64:38 | this is of course the first problem may have certain percent porosity because very |
|
| 64:45 | horse. It's also hard to deny sam selling across here. Uh these |
|
| 64:53 | for members. Why uh microscope used get into tight sandstone. Yes. |
|
| 65:07 | . Begin to share. You're really at very different types of measured |
|
| 65:15 | Yes. The types of port we talk about opulence. Uh, |
|
| 65:26 | for opulent, that next rain. good play. Act like a grain |
|
| 65:31 | sand. Often all over the middle the here for awesome mechanics across the |
|
| 65:40 | pellets, uh fossil fragments etcetera. each of these is a different type |
|
| 65:47 | ferocity within a shape. Yeah. also mentioned that if I recall lasers |
|
| 66:01 | call asia classification, respect yourself more exclaims. We know that the shell |
|
| 66:11 | again I used term shale and quotes there's an art to drop. Uh |
|
| 66:20 | But it also could be just a bit, depending on politicians. If |
|
| 66:27 | predominantly play, I'm gonna speak up court, let's take out. So |
|
| 66:40 | can actually think of a partners. , what and what it says is |
|
| 66:50 | Shells with more than 6% for church are much more grip. Why is |
|
| 66:55 | important? They respond better to well . You want to be able to |
|
| 67:02 | the wrong, not bending and so want it to not be deducted, |
|
| 67:08 | is to say you want it not , which more holistically. Okay, |
|
| 67:18 | by that chart, the Woodford would the most perspective. 3rd the wood |
|
| 67:23 | would be the most perspective for artificial . Uh, there are other |
|
| 67:28 | playing that, what you're saying is these in here in this area would |
|
| 67:36 | all things. Yeah, exactly. projects. Where's the horn river? |
|
| 67:52 | , Marcellus, Lady Marcellus, we some areas that are too my in |
|
| 68:01 | . So going to get back they just expand. Yeah, So |
|
| 68:06 | one of the issues that we had our area. Uh huh. |
|
| 68:13 | And notice marcellus all violence and in , what would have shown its complications |
|
| 68:22 | that even within the same unit, is an example, you get a |
|
| 68:27 | variation conversation. And so what might practical here is not here based on |
|
| 68:34 | changes in the composition components, why changes are variants of the story. |
|
| 68:41 | you can tell me, but it , it certainly is important. |
|
| 68:48 | you can read this. Okay. , so anyway, these, this |
|
| 68:54 | a kind of a storyline of dodge processes, not of sand stones and |
|
| 69:00 | showed earlier, but mud rocks, particular ones, Wolf, Middle Permian |
|
| 69:09 | . Okay. Uh, so we still somewhat in the embassy of understanding |
|
| 69:20 | , how composition uh, mud rocks affected by origin and genetic processes. |
|
| 69:30 | still working on the deposition processes. mud rocks, realizing that in many |
|
| 69:36 | it's actually traction load is rippled bed . Uh, so, uh, |
|
| 69:43 | rocks are yet to be told store I'm going to be largely ignored in |
|
| 69:52 | of the need to understand. there's just not enough gray sounds lefty |
|
| 69:58 | spend the time. I need to ships. So we're gonna stop here |
|
| 70:03 | we're going to end the recording and , 950, we'll get back at |
|
| 70:10 | . There are doughnuts. Uh, you. |
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