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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Saturday AM 2-5-2022
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00:13 okay, yesterday we ended up I'm talking about the west of Shetland
00:22 , ex frontier exploration effort, how it took to get it under development
00:26 of course we have that this uh good slide showing both when the discovery
00:36 was was drilled and also um when first came under production so really Is
00:45 is a really well documented, a example of how long it can
00:48 two taxi. Mhm Jill is described well and then also um get it
00:56 production. But before that even there's rounds and there's licensing rounds require a
01:03 of geotechnical work and just playing hard gathering on the part of the people
01:12 the exploration department to assemble a really bid to put in for evaluation.
01:21 most of the bidding rounds in most have very stringent and well defined rules
01:30 how the bids um need to be . They list a lot of the
01:36 questions they want answered. And and many years ago it seems uh even
01:48 I started doing this, some of things were done by leaders of
01:54 like a king of one particular awarded all the offshore acreage to one
02:01 oil company and just excluded everybody um 11 can never know, but
02:08 would assume that that when something like happens there was there was some money
02:13 under the table and in my workings with oil companies, I don't know
02:21 I was high enough to know how that was done behind the scenes at
02:26 of the companies that I work for guess is they tried not to do
02:30 and they worked very hard not to that in some countries. Um,
02:35 for forbade that you do something like . So by and large, the
02:42 it should be now. And for the most part I would guess
02:45 very well controlled and so acquisition of is a really, it's a
02:54 uh, it can be a can worms. Uh, but at
03:00 or I guess at best it's a of work and a lot of good
03:05 work and it also stimulates the use geoscience technology, which is good for
03:14 that's, that's studying as a petroleum or engineer or geophysics. So,
03:24 the best example I can give you the one that I worked with in
03:30 licensing rounds in offshore Norway and I partially involved with ones in the UK
03:37 they were certainly rigorous and, and laid out. One of the things
03:47 , you know, when you're acquiring , it helps that you get there
03:51 people realize anything is there. And reason for that is if you're sort
03:57 the first one in an area and kind of hard to find areas,
04:00 there are still areas, believe it not that are there untouched and wide
04:05 . If you're the first one that some kind of inkling of an idea
04:11 there might be hi prospectively and everybody is missing that fact. And typically
04:17 can get in early and get get pretty good acreage in a relatively cheaper
04:23 than you would have expect. You , uh, some of the licensing
04:28 I worked on in the gulf of , mhm, Many years ago were
04:35 , very expensive. There were $120 dollars Blocks back with $120 million.
04:44 would have been worth probably $500 million now. It was, it was
04:50 least equivalent to the sum of $1 , I would guess. And
04:56 and the price of wells were a cheaper to back then, but you
05:00 want to get in there ahead of . When I was working with Amoco
05:04 Colombia. They, They managed to 99.9 Million acres. And whenever I
05:13 in committee meetings, I would always 100 million because I can't see any
05:17 in saying 99.9, but everybody was , very sensitive about that.
05:23 my guess is that other 10th of million acres of, I belong to
05:33 that didn't want anybody to know about . I don't know. It
05:35 it was, it was just really how people reacted when I said 100
05:39 all the time. And uh, , in that case, a Mako
05:43 in really, really early, nobody a clue what was there, except
05:49 BP and for some reason Amoco the they put on this particular area,
05:58 was very frustrating for some of us the technical groups because we knew they
06:02 , they were drilling in the wrong because we could look at a map
06:05 figure it out ourselves. They drilled an area that was pretty much no
06:11 at all, looking for cretaceous and they drilled into it, it was
06:17 paleozoic and in many places, even it's sedimentary rocks, we consider that
06:24 in this area in most cases, terms of petroleum, it is.
06:32 , but anyway, we were unsuccessful and we had to back out
06:36 the horrible thing is, is the land men and women did a
06:41 job of getting a huge chunk of acreage for a really good deal.
06:49 uh, and the people, we on that botched it. So one
06:53 the most critical things, I think is having land folks that know how
06:58 get acreage with a strategy that kind um helps you be successful. And
07:06 used to get the biggest spread of at any point in time. They
07:11 , because they always knew that if they missed the target with a
07:17 of acreage, there must be another on there somewhere. And uh,
07:21 a little, a few dry holes a lot of technical effort, you
07:26 normally find it before most people realize a, there's a gold mine
07:31 But as it turns out, there a gold mine, they're in,
07:35 , Amico uh, sold the acreage farmed out the acreage to two BP
07:43 BP drilled a billion barrel field, would say within less than six months
07:48 they knew where it was, we where it was. But the people
07:52 got put in charge didn't know where was. And it was a
07:56 that was a real shame and it , it was a really eyesore for
08:03 company when that happened. And probably reason why our ceo thought that we
08:09 to merge with BP. Um, they didn't talk to the people I
08:15 directly with and, and the people I knew that I knew that there
08:20 a problem with what we were So it's really critical again, to
08:24 big acreages. There's places in the , especially in the, in
08:30 in the Rockies, in around Denver . Uh, that America got a
08:36 of acreage early on in this same and places where no one had been
08:40 in the, in a lot of uh, legacy and uh, bread
08:46 butter wells were producing oil and gas of there for a long time and
08:50 still are for whoever owns that Now the least bonuses and royalties of
08:57 are going to be cheaper where no is producing. Um, you often
09:04 asked to build and own at least of the infrastructure that goes in
09:08 There's all sorts of different types of , most of course will have some
09:17 of upfront bonus you have to pay then you have to pay a certain
09:21 of royalty on everything that you And that normally is straightforward. I
09:29 I mentioned earlier that in china, we started producing the luau field,
09:35 time we figured out a way to more oil out of the ground,
09:38 increase the lifting taxes. So it for Amoco, it became a no
09:45 , which is why we farmed it and, and got a pretty good
09:48 for for that, but we just make a penny. And even though
09:56 found probably the biggest oil field out ever. And so, you
10:03 that kind of thing happens, but , it's pretty rare. Normally.
10:07 people have fixed rates and stick to once they're signed and you don't have
10:12 worry about that kind of now. , and the same goes for china
10:18 , uh, usually there's good deals and, and uh, and the
10:23 , but I haven't drilled anything offshore these days. So I don't
10:27 and the same is true for all other countries that I worked and things
10:32 could have improved or gotten worse than , any one of them anyway.
10:38 , a lot of the things that ask you to do. Yes.
10:43 Okay two commit to a lot of and of course there's a lot of
10:51 in the department to do. So you have to you really have to
10:56 an evaluation as fast as you can sometimes people will start working on they'll
11:03 years in advance, maybe 23 that licensing round is coming up and they
11:09 a team together to start working on right away. And eventually though you
11:13 to come up with countries that are picky about it really expect this financial
11:21 in terms of that bonus, they a technical bid which you basically show
11:29 them, you show the countries ah geology groups, sort of what your
11:39 knowledge and skill is of the area then uh and then there's also a
11:44 of, how many wells are you to drill? So for example in
11:50 places it's it's focused on a financial and uh the dollar amount is is
11:55 wins it. That's the way it in the US but in other countries
12:01 and I think to there it really kind of displays their insight in this
12:11 sort of things, some of them are worried about your technical bit.
12:16 other words if you come in and say you're gonna drop a bunch of
12:23 on the table, that's great but somebody else comes in drops a fair
12:28 of money on that table, even little bit less and the technical uh
12:36 of what you think is going to . There sounds really good. The
12:41 in Norway would consider that a very advantage because if they're gonna of basically
12:50 there there um their country's property to , if they know that you're going
12:56 do a really good job trying to that particular acreage, then they're more
13:03 to give you the bid than somebody . That's put a big lump of
13:08 on the table because in their all companies and it's not wrong,
13:13 oil companies, they're putting these bids lots of money and they have lenders
13:20 and they also, you know, can put money on the table,
13:23 what they would look for is a that could show that they were going
13:28 um develop and produce that acreage in more technically inclined and obviously better way
13:39 getting more and more oil and more more money under the ground for another
13:44 that's very important is a drilling And that that normally is you have
13:49 drill one, well, two three wells, whatever. Um some
13:57 you have to drill one well to given formation, that's what I had
14:00 do in the, the Caspian they had a target formation and they
14:08 to prove that they had drilled below and that's why I sat the wells
14:11 make sure that we drill through the before they they start traveling. And
14:17 drilling bid ah has an impact on local economy because you usually have to
14:24 local people to work on the There's, there's an awful lot
14:28 depending on the country and depending on kind of folks they have trained on
14:33 or in that country, there may more outside consultants working on the rigs
14:41 the Caspian sea. A lot of people operating all the drilling equipment and
14:51 by and large, some of the jobs that you would do on the
14:54 were being done by Azeris and things mud loggers. We had a team
14:59 the UK and a team from Italy would switch on and off. And
15:05 there there probably uh moderately trained geologist you know, maybe with a,
15:15 a bachelor's degree in geology and maybe science rather than that and, and
15:24 that it, that part of the bid kind of brings in a little
15:29 of money to the local economy and on the, the skill sets of
15:33 people there, it would bring in also to, to those folks as
15:39 . And, and of course there's in the country and all that sort
15:43 thing. So it could bring a of money to countries, depending on
15:46 many wells you have to drill and , in the United States and a
15:50 of the offshore gulf of Mexico, lot of places you had to drill
15:57 at least one well within a certain of time and if you found something
16:01 you had a little bit of time you had to drill a second
16:04 So it's all very well timed it changes from year to year and
16:08 to bid. So, so I tell you exactly what one is right
16:11 because I haven't done a licensing thank goodness in a long time.
16:15 uh, and it is a lot work when, when I was in
16:20 working on, I think it was 13th or the 14th licensing round.
16:27 had, We worked literally worked 22 a day during the summer because they
16:36 always have the bid near the end the summer because they knew everybody could
16:41 working because the sun would be out the whole day and you go
16:47 eat, shower, sleep an hour come back and that was pretty trying
16:56 , and off and oftentimes, you , these are gonna be, these
16:59 almost always sealed bids and uh except the exception where where people are doing
17:05 kind of procedure, but most of are that way and then of course
17:09 have to commit a lot of you have to commit a lot of
17:13 skills, you have to actually put assemble teams together to do this and
17:19 teams will request technical support from either or or technical groups within a larger
17:28 . And so it's it's a it's huge effort and it's done less and
17:33 these days just because of the way demand situation is right now. But
17:40 do still think it's going to it's to turn around and we're gonna be
17:43 not too long from now looking at lot of acreage in the industry.
17:49 not because we want to burn hydrocarbons because we have to until we get
17:54 and more alternate capacity not only capacity actual real production going on. And
18:05 as a note um the wind died in texas and so I think the
18:12 got to the point where it's been a big load and overnight the son
18:16 off as well. And so we through the evening with gas fired generation
18:25 you get that bid the team that's on it and the companies are pressured
18:29 perform and and get actually make make successful exploration effort and drill a discovery
18:43 one of the things that they used lats and the launch launches to divide
18:50 grids up and the U. In many cases will subdivide it.
18:55 just a real quick thing when I a young man and in elementary school
19:01 remember there was an article in my Reader, we used to have I
19:06 know if they have anything like that in elementary school but it gave us
19:13 little kids um, some international news one of the things they talked about
19:19 back in the would have been in , In the late 50s I guess
19:26 I'm as you know, I'm almost years old. Anyway they talked about
19:32 boundaries and these boundaries were put together some pretty critical math and of course
19:41 then we didn't have computers. So were doing this all with a team
19:45 mathematicians sitting in an office somewhere. but a lot of how far you
19:51 out had to do with with the of shore line that you had relative
19:56 the country across here. You can that Belgian, I can't even see
20:01 boundary for Belgian. I don't even if there is when France kind of
20:04 way up in here. This may drawn wrong but but my guess is
20:11 have, I can't even see where acreage is. It just seems like
20:14 all France and wide open and and may not be anything perspective down here
20:21 because most of the stuff we looked , you get the paleozoic down here
20:24 it kind of runs out of things but nevertheless up here and in the
20:31 and gas rich north sea and viking up here. Uh these boundaries were
20:40 on the amount of shore line you and and it actually ah considered all
20:49 little bays and whatnot as as like like this might have been counted.
20:55 not sure what the cut off And it's probably hard to find out
21:00 happened way back then. But they ways of giving you more offshore acreage
21:07 you had more coastline. And uh so you can see here in Germany
21:16 a lot of little ins and outs bays and stuff around here, but
21:20 can see they really got hammered. has a lot more bays and some
21:25 and they got a really good uh in here. And the Netherlands of
21:30 got a really good wedge. And time I look at this, I
21:34 that's a little bit of punishment that handed to Germany for World War
21:39 And I guess that makes sense as . And uh let's hope we don't
21:45 anything like this again. But it was very uh difficult to sort
21:51 out mathematically. But one of the interesting things is if this line had
21:57 moved over a matter of 10 miles would would have missed a lot of
22:04 in terms of oil and gas And uh the UK would have practically
22:10 what they were able to get. this where these lines were drawn were
22:13 to every one of the countries around North Sea. And one of the
22:20 that I think is important is it you, the company's always want to
22:25 bigger acreage. But if you're, you're a landowner of this much
22:30 the smaller bits of acreage you divvy , the more, the more likely
22:40 gonna have like a tiny little. example, if you were to give
22:44 this whole block in Norway and say only have to drill one,
22:49 that's not going to bring you as activity as if you subdivide these things
22:53 a bunch of little blocks And have bunch of companies committing to drill
22:58 Well, uh you're gonna have, going to have more dry holes,
23:02 you're probably going to have more discovery , especially in this area. That
23:06 so petroliferos to begin with with the clay, one of the best source
23:12 on the planet. Okay, and you can see kind of what it
23:17 like now. Um it would have nice to see what's out here by
23:28 of Shetland. But nevertheless we have you can see here there's very,
23:36 small blocks in here that were drilled developed and and when you zoom in
23:43 something like this on a real map uh not just an image, you
23:48 be able to see some of these squares are actually subdivided into even
23:53 blocks. And here is basically, is going up into the Norwegian sea
24:04 here. But this is the central through here, the south viking
24:09 And then the north viking robin and this one goes up and These lat
24:16 to find things were subdivided into 12 Norway. So they were they were
24:21 than the subdivisions in um in the . And at some, some points
24:29 time, they actually were, we're out blocks this size like number seven
24:34 number eight, but eventually they started them back and making them smaller.
24:39 kind of happened pretty quickly, which helps activity. But in the
24:43 the blocks are even smaller than And and consequently you can see this
24:51 line of where discoveries were you just a few miles in this direction
24:57 that border and you can see it much encapsulates a huge Good 80% of
25:04 production is really close to that The UK is as well, but
25:09 it's over here, it's almost as the people that were trying to figure
25:14 out actually knew where the oil and was already and they were trying to
25:19 in half with Norway in the but that would have been what anybody
25:27 . But but it ended up being way. And when you get to
25:32 gulf of Mexico are blocks are really into Little three square mile blocks.
25:40 that in itself uh has created, think a lot of activity on our
25:46 shelf. Just because we have these bits of acreage that we at least
25:54 at a time. And having said some of the fields South Marsh Island
25:58 28, for example, which I upon for examples many times already,
26:04 , is, I'm pretty sure it's , it was and I'm pretty sure
26:09 still is the single most productive single field, three sq mi across.
26:16 of the offshore blocks are bigger. I think that was to the deeper
26:21 blocks down into the, on the stuff are bigger just because the price
26:29 operating out there is bigger. And they were trying to entice people to
26:33 up these bigger lots now in many in, I was in charge of
26:41 in charge of the development of another , Eugene Island and uh, 3
26:47 I think, or 3 30. uh, that field was, You
26:52 , probably six or 7 different blocks it wasn't producing much more than South
27:01 Island all by its South Marcel and 28 all by itself. Okay.
27:09 , something that happens a lot of and farm outs and they talked about
27:16 a little bit in your book And um, this is kind of
27:22 interesting activity. And uh, if , for example, picks up one
27:28 these blocks in, they really think can't get any more out of
27:33 but they think they can make it lucrative to somebody else. They try
27:36 farm it out to them and the that would put a bid on that
27:43 win it would would be the farming . So sometimes as long as these
27:48 least is are still active, people farm them out and form them
27:51 And this can be pretty exciting. of activity to if for example,
27:59 was came up with some bright spots stuff and they saw some seismic data
28:05 I could see could image the seismic such a way that nobody else could
28:09 it. Uh They might want to farm in as bad as they could
28:13 the other companies having trouble finding anything they didn't know what to do.
28:18 uh I did work on a field like that. S so at the
28:23 Had South Tim earlier 53, they to dry dry wells there and we
28:30 in with the mobile, had some good at the time imaging that was
28:37 better than most in terms of what call bright spots back then. And
28:42 could actually see where the structure And it turns out S.
28:45 Actually drilled in the saddle of the With two antique lines, one coming
28:51 from the west and one coming in the east. And when I got
28:56 of that, I drilled two, wells on the two noses of the
29:02 line. We had two noses of antique line, one coming from the
29:06 , one coming from the west. esos, two wells were in the
29:12 of that. But we saw production , were able to tie the production
29:15 the sand stones in there. And first two wells we drilled,
29:18 which I proposed were mm hmm. guess the number three and 4 in
29:28 we, we actually hit reservoirs there , it was a gas field and
29:33 actually hit the gas. Guess Our contact Within five ft. And
29:38 was pretty unheard of using seismic back . Now. Now you can do
29:43 sort of thing in this kind of a little bit more frequently. But
29:46 in the, in the late it was a rare thing to be
29:50 to Pick a gas water contact within ft. But that's what we
29:56 And again, these, you technological advantages or what Make one company
30:02 value and another one can't see And that's why it was a real
30:06 with the Columbia acreage. A lot folks at american knew that was good
30:12 , but the team, they put it just did a horrible job.
30:19 tell anybody. I said that. . Another thing is sometimes when companies
30:26 stressed, stressed, stressed for cash stuff like that, they may
30:31 they don't have enough people to work a block that they got and they
30:35 basically farm it out or they have lot of infrastructure somewhere else and they
30:41 to farm into acreage around where they infrastructure and farm out bakeries where they
30:47 , where they don't have as much in the game and that kind of
30:51 and but again this being a little smarter about something is what would make
30:57 want to farm in. And normally you really think you have something good
31:03 , you're not going to farm it and then of course there's always going
31:10 be a team put on, they these sessions where you get to go
31:13 at data and based on a lot the training I had at mobile when
31:19 was doing uh farming's which, you , someone was farming it out and
31:27 would go and act as though we going to farm in because of what
31:33 learned as a developmental geologist. I a lot of ways to, to
31:38 on my feet and data that I had less than an hour to
31:43 at. I was able to evaluate quickly and also being a scientist and
31:52 sort of in academia at the I also was able to communicate with
31:59 of the technical groups and get a more information. Then a regular exploration
32:05 would be able to get and I I had a boss, one thing
32:11 the government of Germany had done a of work in Myanmar and we had
32:17 team of expirationist go over there and they barely got to see anything but
32:26 German Geological Survey had one volume and one copy of it, of a
32:32 year study on the oil and gas offshore an onshore Myanmar. And they
32:41 us borrow it because my boss was friend of of one of the most
32:48 german paleontologist at the time. His was Willie Ziegler and he was the
32:54 of the sinking Bergh Museum. Uh so which was a really famous,
33:00 still a famous museum around the And so we were able to get
33:03 lot of data that a lot of companies couldn't get just because of relationships
33:09 that. And they actually let us the book and and mail it back
33:15 him when we got done with So it was, it was
33:19 it blew the minds out of our of our exploration team that we were
33:24 to do that. We did something to that in Australia. In Western
33:28 . The technical groups sometimes have more an academic relationship with some of these
33:34 agencies and, and we're able to our hands on data that's sort of
33:43 , but not easily acquire a ble it's not like it's top secret stuff
33:47 anything because the governments usually will allow to purchase data and that sort of
33:53 . But in this case they were were allowing us to to see things
34:00 just because they could trust us to things and not and not lose
34:07 They trusted us to look at it share information with him when we found
34:11 something that would be valuable to Okay, so when when when you
34:18 in there you get that acreage, know, before you do it,
34:23 already, you've already started looking for kinds of things. And so in
34:27 exploration, a lot of these things are helping us find, you
34:35 geophysicist thinks that direct hydrocarbon indicator is , you know, like a flat
34:43 or or a bird's eye or or high, very high amplitude event.
34:49 like that. Things with Avio are useful um in a lot of
34:56 but onshore texas and the Iowa, it's the king. And of course
35:02 the gulf of Mexico a when I exploring that area, they didn't euzebio
35:10 . But now they do. And and they're finding a lot of foiling
35:13 that people have missed, which is good thing. But other things are
35:18 and mud volcanoes. These things we gas hydrate mounds and uh also bottom
35:25 reflectors, which is another seismic then chimneys of course you see in
35:32 but normally if you have a gas somewhere above there, you've got a
35:36 seat and and so there's there's a of geological and geophysical things that help
35:43 get an idea that there's going to hydrocarbons there. And of course the
35:48 we look for these things is because , if these things exist then from
35:53 surface, we know there must be source rock that has been generating oil
35:59 gas or these things wouldn't be And this is just a a
36:07 a little diagram about seeps and how work. And this is just showing
36:12 that sometimes uh, faults can be or were directors of the direction in
36:18 it goes. For example, this kind of shielding it and maybe the
36:22 coming around here. And so the can be barriers. But there
36:26 there are faults that have been known to dilate and move and allow the
36:32 of fluids from time to time and you see. And we'll talk about
36:37 and more detail and up in the section, but a lot of oil
36:45 gas fields leak. A lot more people back when I started out then
36:50 realized now a lot of people are aware of this and and more
36:57 more people are being converted to understanding these impermeable things sometimes will leak
37:06 And a lot of it has to with the height of this hydrocarbon column
37:10 the buoyancy, the force of buoyancy this surface increases, has this hydrocarbon
37:18 increases. So, uh, these will fill to a point in the
37:23 of buoyancy force of buoyancy overcomes some the capillary pressures that you see in
37:32 seals and they were able to escape in a gas or liquid form.
37:43 uh this is just showing you some the things you look look for.
37:48 this is just an example of of thin pinch out of sand trap trap
37:54 , but very fast seepage because obviously may be some ah lack of a
38:04 seal here just because of the way is tilted and and you've got other
38:12 with here. Again, the highly structure, it's a, it's usually
38:18 small area. This one happens to a good seal over top of
38:22 and this one has a pretty good over top of it. But
38:26 as this fills in and gets charged that that hydrocarbon column gets vertically higher
38:35 pressure. The buoyancy of that hydrocarbon increases increases until it pops like a
38:41 and you have a fracture or some the, a lot of the seals
38:46 we know are fairly tight actually Okay, here's another example, this
38:55 a mud volcano from Azerbaijan. In , there's a lot of them all
38:59 there and the, the famous burning come from one locality. Mhm.
39:06 you have mud bubbling up in these and with the mud comes natural gas
39:13 I think some places you even will uh significant amount of oil coming
39:18 But most of the mud volcanoes I've and know about our predominantly natural gas
39:22 up and these things occur on the Delta. In a lot of places
39:31 Pro delta shales and whatnot get covered the sand stones they get buried
39:39 and you have biogenic gas generated and starts coming up like this. And
39:44 of these things get lit and they for a while and these marsh areas
39:49 have have a little methane burning volcanoes last for a couple of days a
40:00 . It depends on how consistent it in terms of leaking this stuff up
40:04 the subsurface. Here's a, a large one that you can see from
40:09 helicopter that's a helicopter wheel there and can see the trees around it.
40:15 think I mentioned to you there are types of dye appearance structures that are
40:21 to find. But in one particular in one of the Indonesian islands,
40:27 would fly at tree level and see higher. Mm hmm. Then all
40:32 trees around and they'd fly over there see either a di appearance structure from
40:38 or something like a large mud volcano kind of indicate where there might be
40:44 significant reserves in the subsurface. And such in the, in the gulf
40:52 Mexico here in the they they have limps that pop up in these
41:00 It's showing you where they are. other words, the sands building out
41:03 top of it, it varies the and the mud is fluid and less
41:08 and so it tries to get up the sandstone. So you have these
41:11 die appears. And I remember when I was in college reading about
41:16 lumps, I thought they were something size of my thumb and they're not
41:21 lumps of mud on the beach rolling on the beach. There are these
41:25 things that pop up out of the and out of the water in some
41:30 . And here here's one such feature uh uh I've had a nice helicopter
41:41 trip over the Mississippi and, and a there are mud lumps that actually
41:49 up the distributor very mouth bar and sub aerial exposure and that sub aerial
41:58 . Um actually as it pops wave energy works on it and it
42:07 up a little bit more, you another terrace and it pops up a
42:10 bit more and there's another terrace and I have a 35 millimeter slide with
42:16 lot of those pictures, but I have it to show you uh in
42:21 class, but it looks something like . But instead of, you
42:25 one bench like that, you might multiple benches as these things pop up
42:31 of the ground. Ah they actually little islands off of South Pass and
42:39 they're they're not just little lumps They're like mud islands. But the
42:45 of the day, they're mud volcanoes up. Then of course, if
42:50 have seepage from underneath from a gas or a gas deposit and it's in
43:00 water and we have high pressure cold , you can get um class rates
43:11 form and, and all sorts of . And these gas hydrates mounds are
43:18 of, of subsurface sources that are and bleeding into the, into the
43:30 . And then sometimes you see these simulating reflectors which are sort of a
43:39 , but you're going through some of layers that, that have the guests
43:43 it causes these things to happen. uh, in as such, you
43:53 , we don't actually have a structure this, but we, we can
43:57 there's class rates in the sedimentary rocks of this kind of imaging that we
44:02 . So it's called A Bs are bottom simulating reflector. I mentioned some
44:10 this before and I think I might shown this to you. But but
44:15 key is the gas chimney and here can see the formation is sort of
44:23 , you know, you get the events on top of the, on
44:27 of some of these things here, energy return energy is being pretty much
44:33 . So you see this thing that like a chimney here, you you're
44:36 a good reflector out of the here's a good reflector out of the
44:39 , but inside where the gas is up, it's very difficult to image
44:45 that. And the North Sea, a there's a number of gas
44:51 especially over the chalk deposits because they're almost always leaking natural gas. So
44:58 why O. B. S. bottom sensors were used to share waves
45:04 be able to see through it an some of these formations. And of
45:09 , that unit right there is this . And you can, excuse
45:15 this unit right here, and you see that it's it's a it's suppressed
45:20 of the the unit up here suppressed well because of the Mhm. The
45:29 gas reduces the density, the two travel time slows down and two way
45:34 time is less than it images as in the rock record. And so
45:40 was corrected for that. But with where you could see it directly and
45:45 would be able to see this formation up like this and you and all
45:53 other formations in here. And with RBS, you'd also be able with
45:57 waves, you'd be able to see through this and see the formation.
46:04 . And uh here's a an amplitude here. Uh This sort of in
46:13 middle of of lesser amplitudes. And turns out that wood was a it's
46:20 the primo Triassic and that was a indicator of natural gas and in different
46:28 these responses are going to be Um so, experience in an area
46:33 geophysics and various geophysical tools become really and uh and also that that has
46:43 lot to do with um these kinds things are going to be, are
46:51 to image a little bit different and different processing and different tools in different
46:55 , depending on the types of mythologies type of liquids. Making these contrasts
47:02 allow you to see a high amplitude . Okay, sedimentary basins.
47:09 we looked at this real quick earlier and of course we talked about extension
47:17 collision or compression allows and strike slip . I'm just going to show some
47:22 examples of extension basins because I've worked them and just kind of show you
47:31 of the types of us reservoir types distributions and false patterns that that kind
47:41 Yes, excited as exploration is, in the frontier system. And of
47:46 , we've already looked at these, , I won't go through that when
47:50 get to basins formed by extension, plate motions. Uh, we have
47:56 things that we often call rift basins have if they grow of a rift
48:02 . So successfully develops an ocean system on either side of it, you're
48:09 to have passive margins and oftentimes the tonic sags are based on some older
48:16 system underneath, that part of the . And certainly a lot of them
48:22 like that. There are basins all the east coast that failed rifts of
48:27 Triassic and ones in the, the southeast Georgia and Damon. And
48:35 there's also one offshore south Carolina, not offshore offshore and onshore in south
48:41 , which actually created some of the displacement that they created. One of
48:46 most powerful earthquakes in the United States charleston. So they're all kind of
48:54 to, to a rifting situation. the rift basins per se are ones
49:01 are still very much dominated by that uh, topography that would have existed
49:12 , from the beginning of the rifting less of what happens as you as
49:17 rift spreads in the, and the starts to thermally contract and, and
49:23 in. But of course in a basin like the North Sea. You
49:26 see the steps of this process, it's not as expansive as, as
49:30 the the east coast of the United or the east coast of brazil versus
49:36 west coast of Africa. And this is just showing you, and
49:43 example, the Mississippi River is related one of these failed riffs. And
49:50 , there's a bunch of them up New England and of course there's some
49:54 here which aren't even on the map these are often called the locations because
50:02 failed rifts, they become drainage points draining basins, a lot of the
50:08 rivers are related to them. And can see that there and uh,
50:15 savannah river being one of them. probably the cooper River to a certain
50:23 south Carolina. But the, the key is, is that many
50:28 these things are much older and there's on top of them and they
50:34 mm hmm, will become Protonix And then of course up towards
50:40 there's, there's some more from, a different rifting event. Okay.
50:47 so one of the key places, came from, some research and I
50:55 to some extent, yeah, there's Rosenthal's name there. To some
51:00 this was funded by Amoco and in , I actually sent Bruce Rosendahl big
51:10 one time and he yelled at me said it wasn't enough money. They
51:14 twice as much. Um, his skills were not very, uh
51:21 We're not very good, but I to tell the vice president that they
51:25 happy with with big chunk of We just gave him that was at
51:32 University. He moved to uh, in florida after that. Anyway,
51:38 I was trying to tell you earlier , we have as these riffs start
51:45 this is like Tanganyika, but we some stuff we funded in lake turkana
51:50 , which kind of showed the same where, where you get the rifts
51:54 to, to be offset like this kind of like alternating ramps and as
52:00 starts to spread, it becomes more defined with, with the rift tilted
52:07 blocks on one side, and rift on the other side separated by uh
52:13 part of the mantle that's it's essentially quite, but almost coming to the
52:19 at that point. And this is one of those ramps looked like.
52:26 the reason I bring this up is this is sort of the rift phase
52:30 this looks like a chunk in the the North sea, the scales a
52:35 bit smaller uh and some features but than others. But you can see
52:41 you have a growth fault actually where occurs. And these are going to
52:46 obviously pre rift sediments here. But here you're getting drifting drifting sediments.
52:54 is part of the repeating sequences and sequences where you see these wedge shaped
53:01 popping up. And you should recall the North sea examples, I was
53:06 you look exactly like this and when get things like this, uh this
53:14 just kind of showing you uh with half Robbins uh look like in the
53:22 of sand bodies that can be And you can have these uh sort
53:26 shallow deltas over here on on this has turned around a little bit,
53:35 on this side you're going to have shallower delta's forming out here. Over
53:40 , You're going to have because of break here. Not only you're going
53:44 be getting more accommodation space, but gonna have um this is gonna be
53:49 many cases uplifted and there are pretty ranges on either side of many of
53:55 rift valleys. And so when it up, that's the block, the
54:03 , the foot wall block that that's up and this has dropped down becomes
54:08 huge source of sediment. And this these little coarsening upward sequence here,
54:16 fan deltas and barriers coming coming out into into that ancient lake. And
54:23 that lake fills in or dries up little bit, you'll get flu viel
54:28 on here, so you can get lakes and deltas and over here you
54:34 fan deltas coming in in the brace in the North sea are very much
54:39 these. So, uh one of reasons why I'm showing you this is
54:44 the actual type of basin and the the basin develops and it starts out
54:49 these half Robbins, creates these growth that create accommodation space at the same
54:59 . They are creating a source of that's close by. Mhm. Consequently
55:04 may get immature sediments unless the okay rifting uh rocks that pop up or
55:16 down are comprised of sedimentary rocks themselves they may be a little bit more
55:21 to begin with before they start bleeding into the reservoir area where the reservoir
55:27 going to be uh form right here of course in here, you're going
55:31 , it's going to be inoculated with when it's dry, it's going to
55:37 flood plains and lakes and ponds in meandering streams, which this shows
55:46 And but it could also be these deltas coming into the side and it
55:51 be rich lancastrian shales at some point it's when it's a large lake like
55:55 Tanganyika now and Lake turkana here is passive margin post rift in West
56:05 And of course, that ocean was . So, so you're going to
56:08 more features than you would see. sort of the confined example of the
56:14 Sea, which would be clearly considered rift basin, as opposed to just
56:20 a it's it's it's confined, it spread out enough, so it doesn't
56:27 the level of being passive margin. of course, here you can see
56:31 there's some features that suggest thermal cooling subsidence. And this is a here
56:40 it's kind of hard to see But this stippled area in here is
56:47 the assault was the new book. 2021 book has a different section to
56:55 you. But I thought this one a little bit more detail, which
56:58 why I've left this one in. you have salt. So you've got
57:02 got fault blocks, but here's the blocks here. But this is the
57:08 margin. And you've got things kind sliding like in the gulf of Mexico
57:13 towards the ocean. You've got rotational blocks and some of these would create
57:18 at times of of submergence in lime would grow on those peaks and would
57:26 of keep up with the rise in level. So there's a lot of
57:32 buildups on these peaks like here and and here and here. But these
57:39 rotated fault blocks that were post rift and you can see they're kind of
57:46 and and gravity driven. And of this rift edge too, to the
57:53 there is going to be subsiding through , which is kind of adding to
57:58 and of course it's vertically exaggerated. the the angles are much greater than
58:03 are in reality. But ah but , you get the idea that um
58:09 know, we're looking at the North , we're looking at stuff kind of
58:12 this with a smaller set of sediments across here through time. Whereas
58:20 you had an ocean for him and up and there was a lot of
58:25 on that margin and sediments have filled and you had a well developed continental
58:32 and here more thermal cooling obviously is this, this tilt, which is
58:39 than some reality, but it's creating fault blocks and extension down into the
58:46 where you're getting more riff like which is post rift, it kind
58:52 looks like this type of faulty, these are relatively competent blocks that are
58:57 sliding. These are uh these are competent blocks rather than aren't sliding.
59:02 are relatively competent blocks that are faulting sliding on on top of this salt
59:08 . It was formed when the lake up enough for ocean water to get
59:13 and it's sealed off and evaporated, opened up again. So you can
59:17 multiple salt events in some of these of of systems. And of course
59:22 gulf of Mexico had a phase like as well. Okay, so the
59:29 of all of this, the, subsidence uplift sediment supply barrel history and
59:34 history have a lot to do So not only the sediments and strategic
59:40 , but also the sequence photography and . Um and you can have a
59:50 of these different types of forces going creating different types of subsidence and uplift
59:59 in the North Sea which is which rift basin ah had some see if
60:07 have a slide here too. You this, I'll get to this.
60:10 here you're looking at the rocks A lot of what we drill for
60:15 and gas and some some of the in the lower Jurassic and Triassic permian
60:22 . But in the middle of this this was like a dumbbell structure back
60:32 in the uh Jurassic and there was there was a dome here and Robin
60:39 the middle and because there was a and in the middle, you're getting
60:43 here. But lower Jurassic sediments were deposited inside. They're so there's normally
60:52 the way, you know, it's dumb is because there was Triassic and
60:55 there was all this lower cretaceous uh me, lower Jurassic deposited on it
61:00 middle Jurassic further out. So the get this kind of uplift like this
61:07 there's an exposure, but there was little bit of a drop in in
61:10 middle that got some lower Jurassic in . So you have ring ring Triassic
61:17 a little pocket of lower Jurassic in because of a fault block. And
61:21 you come out of here, the of of that dome uh with the
61:29 , you're seeing the younger sediments, sort of, we've been, you
61:34 , we're getting younger and younger rocks . So we're going to see that
61:37 it gets peanut planed off because it eroded. You're gonna see the Triassic
61:43 the middle of the lower Jurassic and the middle Jurassic. But like I
61:47 , there was a Robin in the of where the Triassic sub crop and
61:54 and got eroded and it was able preserve some ah lower Jurassic in the
62:03 and that of course, always due the thermal dome ng of when the
62:09 itself was actually active in the So you had all these sediments on
62:16 of it, it got uplifted, got eroded. There was a little
62:19 in the middle and some mint lower was preserved. And so at the
62:25 of these things send rift, you a high um high elevation happened due
62:34 the thermal eat an expansion and the that comes up to create this rip
62:43 then it starts to it stops, starts to cool and it falls down
62:48 this. Of course if it was and stayed active, it wouldn't drop
62:51 quite this fast and and then post . The thermal cooling takes a
62:57 But a lot of this has to with with the with the uplift stretching
63:03 intentional features that are formed where the drop down because you're stretching the
63:10 And so this is what the rift or c looks like. And
63:15 we're seeing things kind of like the grob and thing that we saw in
63:20 Lake Tanganyika here. But you start with faulted pre rift sediments like
63:27 these are part of the rift blocks that are forming. But here again
63:32 can see what would have been a Robin right there at the middle of
63:36 rift where where the rifting is starting in Lake Tanganyika and Lake turkana.
63:46 this is uh thermal Domingo pre rift here and there'd be erosion there.
63:53 um you had in the central round had these Jurassic, lower Jurassic rocks
64:01 whatnot up here and they got eroded . You know, you can see
64:04 gone. You know, they're all along here. Mhm. So they
64:09 they're all up in that area and was a little drop in the middle
64:13 you got that lower Jurassic up in . But pre rift, there's thermal
64:18 them during the rift. You had extension in this direction, in this
64:24 , in the braking and this and kind of falling down into into that
64:30 the uh magma movement ceased and then on, uh it drops down and
64:41 you get you get this, you these deposits over here uh and further
64:49 in here. It's not shown in diagram, but I've shown you one
64:53 . Whereas as the, the dome here, thermal dome starts to cool
64:58 contract, You start to see more a wedge shape sedimentary environment in here
65:08 the end of the basins history. . And here again is this is
65:16 seismic strata graphic mile. So it into everything. Mm hmm. Uh
65:22 , this is like in the in center of that rift where you have
65:26 half Robin. And here's a place an example of the brace sands coming
65:32 which I showed you in our model you the development of actual rivers and
65:40 like that. And also these fan deltas over here on the steep side
65:47 you've got the pre rift stuff being aggressively into here and then over here
65:56 you have retro grading shelf coastal on . But you would have had also
66:03 some point in time you would have deltas, low profile deltas rather than
66:09 higher profile fan deltas depositing on the of the of the of the football
66:17 the, excuse me on the hanging block and on the football block over
66:22 you have the brace hands. And I guess it's unfortunate that the first
66:29 I showed you looked like this in Tanganyika and then I showed you Sort
66:34 a three D rendition of of something to this when it was reversed the
66:41 way. So it's uh again these come across here, the apron
66:48 fan deltas will occur on the foot block. And this is the hanging
66:54 block because there it is right If I walked through there in a
66:57 that would be the hanging wall and are shallower um relief over here and
67:04 get the big bigger lake deltas or this point in time it would have
67:10 oceanic deltas or a marine coastal deltas . Okay, and here is looking
67:23 one of those confined riffs that the robin has has spread a lot farther
67:29 the north sea. And uh and it's kind of considered passive margin.
67:38 again you can see pre rift sediments that get faulted and rotate during the
67:46 rip and then you have a cretaceous group infill and then you have this
67:52 post rift in fill up here which is getting broader and more developed and
67:59 course you can see there's there's more in this area through time because this
68:06 still high and over here there's another and that thermal cooling ah allows it
68:13 spread out. Now when you when get a really large ocean, it's
68:16 quite that way because you start getting development of a lot of sands like
68:22 that you can see right here that pro grading out into this part of
68:27 basin and you'd see the same thing the other side. And as
68:34 ah early on in the rift these highs become essentially mountain ranges
68:42 And and of course as they start get buried, there's still high features
68:47 could could support some carbonate deposition and deposits in the marine setting. The
68:57 of Mexico is a whole different can worms. And this was the view
69:02 the gulf of Mexico for many big basin that starts to to sag
69:09 this. There was the salt when rift first opened up, salt was
69:16 in there and then you have this load and sag and so a lot
69:22 it's based on just loading and of some of that did happen but the
69:28 modern thing, this is by Barbara who co authored a paper with myself
69:36 another student that worked on a capstone some of this data and here you
69:42 see uh the original salt mass at bottom and uh, it's, it's
69:48 different from this simple picture down but this is a passive margin and
69:54 can see a lot of what you uh in the west african when it's
69:59 from over here. But here you see a similar kind of thing where
70:03 have a lot of these wrist blocks rifting rift faults, rifting and syn
70:12 features down here. And then on of that, in the passive margin
70:20 , you start to have further dip, rotation sliding on some of
70:25 jalapenos salt beds that are up at level. You know, we used
70:30 think all the salt was here and was all tied to a dome like
70:36 . But later on we realized a of this escape uh, and actually
70:44 to a certain level. And and course the load has been squeezing it
70:48 pushing it out, causing it to up and and the salt disappears.
70:52 then you have suture in places, a lot a lot of salt wells
70:58 the salt was and it's, it's the strategic afi is actually welding back
71:05 without the salt in it. And it's a lot more complicated than then
71:13 , this model here where the assaults to the the original salt and
71:23 one of the things that is really is this burial history analysis and,
71:35 one of the reasons this is important history of this. You can imagine
71:40 we look at something here to try figure out how long it took sediments
71:45 these layers, two to be deposited buried. And with the geothermal history
71:55 of these layers in the pressures. the temperatures and the pressures, the
72:02 of cooking of anything that could be source rock in here as it gets
72:07 . Uh, you know, how we figure out a way to determine
72:12 the sections that we're looking at like have been buried deep enough and long
72:17 to generate oil and gas. And , and so, uh, what
72:25 I did was quickly go through, , just some examples of rift
72:32 all basins and passive margins. Just kind of give you an idea of
72:37 couple of things when you can see the structure in here. Uh,
72:43 a lot of potential fault cult surfaces could be parts of traps,
72:50 could help seal certain traps, but could help develop structures that would form
72:55 that might have a seal on top it on one side and with the
72:58 way closure instead of just four way . So the faulting is really significant
73:03 terms of prospectively and and trapped Ah, uh, the fact that
73:19 are separate types of sand and shale uh provide the opportunity for reservoir rocks
73:28 ceiling rocks to be formed. And course this all fits sequence photography because
73:33 can see here these are this is composite sequence of the sin rip And
73:39 are sequences within it. 1, , 3, 4. And
73:46 you know, this, this faulting structural traps and defaulting the uplift on
73:55 flanks. The uplift on the flanks these sources of sand stones. And
74:06 is the nature of this growth fault here allows the accumulation of a lot
74:12 inter collated reservoirs and source rocks and rocks. So the basin and the
74:19 of the basin itself is creating uh petroleum systems. And so one of
74:25 keys again is it's going to you know, the source rock.
74:31 if we have sales and whatnot and they're organic rich enough and they have
74:36 right carriages, are we going to able to generate oil from them or
74:39 oil have been generated over the burial of this thick sequence we see here
74:45 in the other places where we drill oil and gas. And so that's
74:50 the burial history is all about. it's kind of a back stripping
74:55 Ah it doesn't assume compaction or but some of what we do now
75:01 modeling can actually add that into And uh after that initial back stripping
75:09 uh, and a lot of that done. And the key is you
75:13 to determine where the oil window is um the critical elements of course are
75:19 to be the timing of maturation or the residents within the oil window,
75:27 depth of burial where the thermal levels high enough to two to actually cook
75:36 oil and altered into alter the carriages a solid to an oil but not
75:43 them down and turn them all into . And so the type of origins
75:56 actually to the quality of the source . But also you need to know
75:59 the total amount of it. You have great quality intelligence, but if
76:03 don't have enough docs, then it's you don't always know how much you're
76:09 to get out of it. And a lot of ways to get these
76:12 and generate them. If you have exhumed on the surface that hasn't been
76:16 deep enough And get some of the elements like the S one S,
76:20 , s. three numbers to figure what type of generation you're going to
76:25 . But here's a burial model. don't know if Andre basada showed you
76:31 like this, but I suspect he . And this is just showing you
76:40 the type of display back in I guess in the early 80s companies
76:46 around the world. Ah we're putting a basin map various basin maps all
76:54 the world. I don't see them often. And, and of course
77:01 , when a couple of fellas from PG, we're trying to do super
77:04 . I mentioned this thing and they totally unaware of it uh that that
77:09 had happened. But most of the oil companies built these global maps of
77:14 the bases in the world to try catalog of montage of the types of
77:21 deposits and structures and traps and uh rocks and reservoirs and seals All around
77:32 world. And they had like 220 on some of these maps. And
77:39 one of the things that they also is a subsidence curve. So people
77:44 understand uh in what parts of the , you might have source rocks from
77:50 things if you looked at a burial and tied it to a well.
77:55 uh and so that's what, that's they did all over the globe.
78:02 what this is showing us is the way it's modeled the Aisa Therms
78:08 show us that here, we've got , you know, up around
78:14 It doesn't say it on here, somewhere around 100 uh degrees centigrade even
78:19 that in this, in the clay and heather formation is not quite
78:25 good as as the Cambridge, which way up here. But somewhere here
78:32 the window, you can see that kIM ridges is in that window,
78:36 in there. So it could have generating Close to generating some oil here
78:41 110. See areas. So you some somewhere around boiling the solid carriage
78:51 start to start to generate little bit and in a little bit of So
78:57 have this soil window kind of over and you can see ah through
79:05 This isn't a cross section, This this point right here was all the
79:10 up here at the surface at some in time. And this was at
79:14 surface at some point in time. uh and so as it's buried,
79:21 goes through this and this is the through time is getting very deeper and
79:27 and deeper and deeper. And so , it's getting buried into these ice
79:32 therapy. Okay, so here's the therm up here, it was cool
79:38 here, That formation is hot and , this is another, you
79:44 it's, it's a two dimensional But you're adding a third dimension in
79:49 of the temperature profile. Ah This have been the temperature profile back in
79:55 Jurassic. This is a temperature uh present day in that area.
80:03 that's basically what you're seeing. let me ask you a question um
80:09 huh If I was to tell you oil window was and it's different for
80:14 type of courage to say. I you it was 80 degrees centigrade to
80:20 C. Um what would the heather , which is a, which is
80:27 minor source rock. They're a relative the Cambridge clay. But is this
80:32 to be mature now or not? even better question is, when did
80:39 enter the oil window? What, , how many millions of years ago
80:44 the heather enter the oil with? say, let's just make an even
80:49 off of 100 is the number we're for And you come across here and
80:58 this and it comes all the way to here. But you can see
81:03 heather at the top of the heathers . The heather entered the oil window
81:12 Around 150 million years ago because this where the top of the heather is
81:18 we go through time, which it's just a big drop at the
81:26 come over here right now. it's getting to being overcooked right
81:36 uh the key is, is the of, of maturation was 150 million
81:41 ago and sometime after that. So that sense we're going to be looking
81:49 reservoirs and traps to have been charged this, that we're somewhere ah around
81:58 upper Jurassic and uh and middle And so that's how that helps us
82:09 . But now we look at the clay in this area. When did
82:14 Cambridge play the top of the Cambridge get there. It would have been
82:23 down like this Say the onset is 80, but really good. About
82:29 million years. That would have been would be about here. So generation
82:35 started around 50 million years ago. we're going to be looking for traps
82:40 the past. There were we're um available to catch oil and gas.
82:46 other words, if the traps not at that time, it's not going
82:49 catch the oil and gas. Ah there's no trap while all this generation
82:55 going on, uh maybe up to million years ago, then there was
83:02 reservoir to be charged. If the the reservoirs are formed in the
83:11 the oil and gas has probably already . If they were formed back here
83:18 the lower Jurassic uh uh Doyle would would have passed by them too.
83:29 the key of the sweet, sweet of oil generation for this Cambridge would
83:36 been somewhere around 50 million years old continue on to the recent. So
83:42 this case, there's no problem. the case of the heather, there
83:46 have been a problem ah In terms you're you're well past the oil window
83:53 you get down into here. So of these younger things might not uh
83:58 anything but gas coming from the heather ? If the traps are formed during
84:02 period of time? Does everybody see ? Mhm. Is anybody out
84:47 Yes, sir. Yeah, every losing, Huh. Okay. How
84:54 if we take a break since it's uh it's been an hour and a
84:59 almost. So we'll take um Maybe 15 minute break right now. So
85:11 Let's let's come back at 9:15. , Excuse Me. And can you
85:20 the recording? Can you see my ? Yes. Okay, so we
85:36 here and and of course, what going through now is some of the
85:41 that uh you know, x frontier geologists are paying a lot of attention
85:47 and uh because the burial history of basin, you know, I just
85:52 you real quickly again, some more of rifting in passive margins. Trying
86:01 show you how those petroleum system elements actually built in the process of the
86:06 of those particular basins. And of , the features of the basins themselves
86:13 very dependent upon the type of basin but also the development through time of
86:21 basin. And one of these critical is burial of sediments and burial of
86:26 rocks. And that's why uh these curves uh turned out to be pretty
86:36 when, You know, when when tell you things happened back in the
86:41 , it's like before that, people unaware of this kind of technology.
86:46 , it was really a big deal it came out. And and almost
86:49 company put a lot a lot of into getting a rough idea of all
86:55 this. And one of the first that uh they wrote off their list
87:01 things to look at was the East because of the thin sedimentary wedge that
87:05 there. But we're going to be at some examples and explain why some
87:10 that's changed now as as we get this. And this is uh
87:16 just showing you the burial history and are the strata graphic units that will
87:22 in the next slide. And here's one and here's the other one.
87:29 it's kind of showing you where some these units, there could have been
87:34 source rocks were through time. And victor night reflect its profile with the
87:44 numbers plotted against it, against the profile in this area. So if
87:51 get cuttings and stuff, we can of validate what we see in our
87:56 . And I also use that to us understand uh what the profile is
88:02 one point in time. And then that, we can back strip that
88:07 section to figure out if I get of all of this section right
88:11 How deep was this, all the back then, you know, all
88:15 way back in time. Uh This up here and all the way back
88:19 time. This was up there and that's what it is, that's the
88:22 stripping part. Um because when these were deposited down here and in all
88:29 diagrams they were at the surface, now they're buried. And so we
88:35 the layers back on one at a to come up with these profiles.
88:43 . In another side of geochemistry of and two of you just had geochemistry
88:50 so your experts in this but and mentioned this before for pollen coloration,
88:57 also Dina flagpole, it's basically share same ah color code system just about
89:08 you see uh you see the Dina in the marine settings. And and
89:14 see uh spores and pollens also in lot of Deltek settings and the Caspian
89:19 . They come all the way across Caspian sea. Ah as as someone
89:24 training and bios photography, I always a hard time working with spores and
89:28 in terms of of anything. Uh real solid because because they float around
89:36 the air forever. And uh if rock gets eroded like a sedimentary rock
89:41 has so many gets eroded. These can be released and the wind can
89:46 them back up in the atmosphere and them for literally millions of years.
89:51 um the people that work with these have a really tough task of,
89:57 separating sometimes in situ from from stuff reworked and and and it's very difficult
90:05 to work with. So one of of the things that really works well
90:10 that was archaeological things or wherever animals eating things because oftentimes the fecal pellets
90:21 leave behind, we'll give you a clue as to what type of sport
90:27 pollen we're in their diet and even consumed so that it can be useful
90:34 , you know, uh you when this campfire was burned and they
90:38 eating here. This is this is , what they were eating and this
90:41 what the environment was like. But than that, it's very difficult.
90:45 veteran, it reflect. Ints of you're looking um at the Karajan that's
90:52 structured and fully like in and it's its reflectivity shines. They have these
91:02 microscopes to measure this and uh and a very bright light to get the
91:09 values off of it. And of the more reflect, the more it's
91:14 cooked, the more it's been the more reflective it is. Um
91:18 don't know if you've ever seen coal your life. But if you if
91:23 get say a cretaceous cole that hasn't buried that hard versus a good
91:30 acidic call from say something from the part of the United States with an
91:35 from the Appalachians you can see. . The cretaceous ones more maddie in
91:44 , in the coal that comes from Appalachians can be polished and it shines
91:49 like a mirror. It's, it's incredible and by the way and throws
91:55 really burns. Well, my, wife's father was a coal inspector for
92:02 Department of Energy and he had given a cube of coal And that was
92:10 on all six sides and it must have gotten some moisture and it
92:17 to break up. So we we it in a fireplace one time and
92:21 thing burned for a long time. . And uh so when, when
92:27 see somebody in an engine throwing coal into the the fire chamber there for
92:37 boiler, uh you know, and just pouring it in there. You
92:42 that it's got to be really hot one block of coal kept kept our
92:46 warm for probably a couple of It was amazing how much heat came
92:50 that anthracite. And just another uh I had a wonderful vacation in
92:59 about, it was night would have 2018. And uh we, we
93:07 on museum trains that have actually been in a lot of films including the
93:16 Express, but they were, most them were steam powered, but we
93:21 do some, there's a lot of diesel engines now and everything, but
93:27 , we actually were able to ride the engine and and watch the fireman
93:31 one case, just pouring, just of basic, basically a big,
93:39 almost have to be there to believe , but there's a, there's a
93:43 and a and a shovel man and doorman opens the door heat comes pouring
93:47 of there, they throw in a of coal, he shuts the door
93:51 the door shut and then he turns and gets cold and and the door
93:56 open more than I think it's closed they're just constantly shoveling that coal in
94:02 . Anyway, uh again, the of course can be calculated total organic
94:10 , you can do that from, cuttings, but it's always best to
94:14 cores. And again, the best that a geochemist would like to do
94:20 uh let's get to an outcrop that's and as, as you've seen in
94:28 rift systems and these extension, all , there's a lot of fault block
94:32 and uplift. And quite often there's , a lot of what gets buried
94:37 becomes source rock off into the basin be exposed. A lot of
94:45 in West africa and also brazil, lot of what's down in the base
94:51 then under the salt, the lake are actually exposed in places as outcrops
94:58 and, and like the Point North for example, is one of them
95:04 the west coast and I never can Portuguese names because, because they're
95:14 they're often spelled exactly like they are , in spanish, but they're pronounced
95:20 if it was french and it's a tough tough language for me to get
95:25 hands around, but, but there formations in brazil that are were drilled
95:31 shallow wells along the coast. And also um some outcrops that actually are
95:38 underneath the shelf in some of the blocks that you get on those passive
95:45 and develop into huge sources for the on in the cretaceous traps above
95:54 Okay, so here we have another is fingerprinting of oils for reservoir
96:01 I mentioned this earlier and you've had course in this. But but
96:06 the the height of these spikes in spikes that you see have to do
96:12 the hydrocarbon chains. And the number the number of course is the number
96:19 Carbon atoms in the chain. And then there's different twist with branches and
96:24 kind of thing. So there will like a. 27 a.
96:26 and And here you have a 28 . And and usually the the more
96:35 they are, they pop up down and as you're cooking them through time
96:40 come out and that's how they're able do this gas chromatograph. And these
96:46 the stages of a kind of pointed out on the Van Kremlin chart.
96:56 early on it's dia genesis. And course you're also gonna get biogenic guests
97:01 out. Then you get to Cata . And this is this is where
97:08 , you know, somewhere in this is where your window is I like
97:11 think somewhere around 100 C, uh just an easy number the boiling
97:18 Uh, somewhere before boiling and somewhere boiling urine oil. And uh and
97:24 makes it real easy. So 212°F. a good number. And and then
97:30 you get too much higher temperatures, course you get meta genesis and it
97:35 breaking, breaking a lot of these down into into into gas. They
97:47 , they break the long longer chains compounds back down into more volatile type
97:52 and it ends up being guest. you're actually actually changing the the composition
97:57 the soil. And here's that Ben chart showing you the dia genesis cata
98:05 and meta genesis. And here is , this is victor night data plotted
98:13 an oil window and depth in the And here this 1 um I
98:23 I think I know exactly have it down and may be up here
98:26 but This one is generating pretty But if you recall somewhere around um
98:35 is in feet. So um somewhere this depth right here, ah 5000
98:44 6000 ft or 2.5 to 3 something like that. Um you'll start
98:53 see a lot of silica cement ation . So halfway into the oil
99:01 you're going to start seeing prostitutes So charging early on in this phase
99:09 is a good thing to have happened once the oil gets into that formation
99:13 the porosity, it pretty much arrests motion of the silica fluids and the
99:21 for silica segmentation and other types of destruction of ferocity through uh various pathogenic
99:34 and things that form inside the pore . And here's the type to chart
99:41 showing you um starts at about two on this one. But you know
99:47 right here is kind of the sweet of it. And and you can
99:53 here over 100 over boiling down to . Then this this is another one
100:02 showed you this earlier. I believe is this is 1 um for um
100:14 probably a type three Karajan and I have it marked on here. I
100:19 I'd put it on here. It's behind. Let's see. Yeah,
100:34 gas prototype. Yeah. I couldn't it because you're, the panel of
100:39 beautiful faces was right there. And um and again here shows a
100:46 of biogenic gas and I think there's significant amount of biogenic gas in
100:51 And there's even some ah glacial deposits in, I believe it's michigan somewhere
101:02 around there where there's biogenic gas in deposits that people actually have figured out
101:08 to produce with very, very shallow , you know, a few 100
101:12 into some into some marines and Mhm. And this again is where
101:30 onset of courts segmentation occurs. And don't know if I showed you this
101:36 , but this is where you're getting lot of sedimentation. One of the
101:42 you have to remember and the reason semente shin does occur up here is
101:47 the silicon doesn't get soluble and the has to get soluble to to be
101:51 around and then precipitate, get concentrated precipitate. So it has a lot
101:56 do also with dissolution of the silica the type of silica that's normally
102:03 And this would be the kind that would see in a dia Tamara radial
102:07 . Some biogenic silica tends to be more solid soluble than what you would
102:14 in courts for example. But courts can get altered as well, but
102:18 less likely and it takes a little longer for that to happen a little
102:24 hotter. And uh so this is temperature and depth of of major precipitation
102:32 on as an exploration of this is uh you know, for figuring out
102:38 your ferocity curve is gonna look like you get to hear might might start
102:43 problems again if if you get up here somewhere in here and early in
102:53 early phases of generation, You know you can see probably somewhere around 80
102:57 100 ah if you can get in or charging of the reservoir somewhere up
103:07 here before you get down here, won't lose that. The possibility of
103:15 cement ation is much reduced of course nothing if if you charge that poor
103:22 with hydrocarbon and here's here's just showing something again related to burial history.
103:33 it's not just the carriages that we about. But a lot of mechanical
103:40 goes on early on. I think probably depending on the rocket could be
103:46 . Certainly in some of the chalks are that are held up with grain
103:55 of these little mm hmm, very chocolate grains ah might not do this
104:04 on because it's been charged and it's fluid supported. And if the fluid
104:09 pushed out through pressure migration of migration the fluids out of it, you
104:15 get more compassion later. But in , a lot of this happens and
104:18 the continental shelves around the world that worked on, I've noticed that the
104:22 accumulation rate, mm hmm. Somewhere . If it's sort of a relatively
104:30 deposition somewhere around the lower Miocene, a big, big jump in
104:37 So, you get to a certain depth and compaction really takes hold.
104:42 everything below that point typically is much compacted, much denser and would actually
104:50 definitely higher velocities. And here is granular pressure solution going on. And
104:59 can see that kind of relates you know, we go back this
105:04 and meters and that's in temperature. Again, it's the oil window is
105:15 to be start out somewhere around here 6000 ft and if you go back
105:22 this one, here's kilometers on this , let's see temperature. Here's here's
105:35 . Yeah, So somewhere around three 4 km, somewhere in here is
105:45 a lot of stuff happens. Here's semente shin that kind of agrees with
105:49 that chart right there and all of cement and here, of course it
105:55 oil generation all above that, which not totally the case and here's gas
106:01 after that. So if you can this charge to come in before this
106:07 to happen, you have a better of preserving the porosity and the
106:15 Okay, so just to sum up quickly, uh, the question
106:23 Um, so in the carbonate are we going to have the same
106:26 with the court documents? No, not. But that's why um,
106:34 , if you have, if you to have spirituals and stuff like that
106:38 diatoms, you could ah, but carbonate settings you're gonna have less silica
106:46 worry about in general, which, is pretty obvious, but you don't
106:51 to worry about this dolomite segmentation and course, yeah, but, but
106:58 also in a cal cal civics that's Dolomites cement. They don't show
107:05 here is six um, calcite cement early on, uh, like yesterday
107:14 tomorrow. And, and then, , as well as it is,
107:19 moves through a system, it can a big impact on that. And
107:23 course, uh you have an issue dissolution for for for some of these
107:30 . But but once, once you enough calcium carbonate moving freely in the
107:37 , you can have a lot of cement. So that would be a
107:39 issue with carbonates, the dolomite and segmentation. Okay, so with source
107:52 these are sort of the key X exploration efforts. Remember you haven't drilled
107:58 well yet and you're not about to a well and you haven't gotten a
108:01 of seismic yet. You may be with stuff around the base and like
108:05 outcrops around the the perimeter of the rather than inside the basin. You
108:12 at the basin types to get an of the arrangement of the structures and
108:16 strategic graffiti where sediments are going to in to create ah the reservoir
108:27 the coarse grained reservoir rocks in the the fine grained sediments, it impacts
108:33 impacts and the development of that basic the composition of the sediments inside of
108:39 . And uh and so uh basin can have a big control over the
108:45 source for the reservoir rocks, this structural history, all the traps,
108:52 or not you're going to get Everything is tied into can be tied
108:57 to what basin type it is. um and of course, you can
109:04 you saw there was a sequence, to graphic model of the pre rift
109:09 the post rift and so we can looking at strata, graphic architecture in
109:14 sense of how it's controlled by the type and the evolution of that basin
109:20 . And uh and I showed you that might not have been clear while
109:24 was showing it to you, but was trying to follow you through all
109:29 steps of of the information we need evaluate to decide whether a basin or
109:35 is perspective and if it has a to generate hydrocarbons and trapped hydrocarbons.
109:45 so as we're going to start looking the case histories now and as we're
109:48 at these there, I'm not going go into great detail, but I'm
109:54 going to give you some of the elements of what was important or challenging
110:00 these particular uh frontier exploration areas and in some cases I have an update
110:08 there's several examples and, and you'll as I start to show.
110:58 Okay, your book has a lot good examples. So uh reading this
111:03 of the book would be useful for at a lot of examples around the
111:08 . These are some examples that that actually uh have have worked on in
111:14 capacities in different phases and stages of the frontier experience exploration effort and
111:23 going to try not to say much my role, but try to get
111:27 through the elements of this. And , so again, I just,
111:34 just went over that. So we're for here is the petroleum system and
111:38 is going to be the first thing we're going to be looking at.
111:41 so as we go through this, I just summed up after doing the
111:49 exploration, uh, overview of what on in that step. Uh,
111:56 are all the things again that we're to be looking for and I'm not
111:59 to read them out because you've seen , but again, uh, we're
112:04 for porous and permeable sands and The carbonates of their porous and
112:08 It's usually secondary. Quite often it's , but there are some reservoirs that
112:14 primary porosity. Um, we're looking that regional seals, the potential for
112:22 seals and quite often there are good and uh, the good,
112:31 the best ceiling shells might often be worst ones that you might want to
112:35 into on for unconventional is just because good seals are plastic in nature and
112:40 brutal. And um, I I don't know if this was in
112:48 old book, but there was one the email and it was very un
112:54 , but it was the first one the, in the chapter on
112:58 but you might want to look at , but the three that I'm going
113:00 go through over are south china sea structure, East coast of the US
113:07 deep water offshore Mexico, which is the gulf of Mexico. And there's
113:18 very important things about this for the example and I'll try to get this
113:27 for the first example, one of most, one of the largest
113:33 there are multiple concerns, but one the largest concerns was they knew where
113:38 kitchens were. They thought they knew a reservoir was, when, when
113:43 first considered this structure. But there a long, long distance by which
113:54 would have to take place and migration long distances can cause problems. And
113:59 we start looking at exploration, I'll you some examples, but at the
114:04 of the day, things work out the east coast again, it has
114:09 do with um, the primary issue , his source rocks, but the
114:17 coast is such a thin veneer you imagine on the coastal plain on the
114:22 Coast, it's such a thin veneer of sediments that, you know,
114:27 nothing has been buried deep enough for enough to turn into a source
114:31 In a lot of the early east exploration, I was focused on land
114:39 , and they, they drilled some wells in the outer banks of north
114:43 to kind of get out into the a little bit and this is still
114:48 thin veneer. But when you get little bit farther off, it becomes
114:52 than a veneer because it's a passive . And some of the Cosby wells
114:59 were later drilled some of the, continental outer shelf test wells, we're
115:10 , we're actually drilled into sentiments just the age of the Cambridge clay,
115:15 and over in the North Sea and of the other deposits that have been
115:22 up to the north offshore Canada. so the possibility based on what we
115:30 now is, is fairly high that are some mature rocks in deep water
115:36 depths. We might not have considered in the, In the 60s and
115:43 as as worthwhile targets because we didn't the capability. And then in
115:48 this one, it's, it's sort deeper than what we know is deep
115:53 . And so the big issue here uh, we see all the systems
116:00 we can sort out the burial depth image these Laramie garage, any turbine
116:07 that are being produced closer to but some massive ones in areas farther
116:13 into the gulf of Mexico than where drilling right now and deeper.
116:20 and there are features that look like would be a multi billion barrel oilfields
116:26 these, if, if we had technology to drill. So as I
116:36 , the major concern for the luau is this one, the distance of
116:43 . Another one was, there was structural Massey and they were concerned as
116:50 whether or not it was all Was it sedimentary or was it igneous
116:56 a sedimentary cover and uh I guess was igneous with a sedimentary cover a
117:03 . Some of the massive that they fault blocks from a failed riff out
117:08 have have popped up and and but top of them are or sediments and
117:16 they did some gravity magnetic works to that out this one. Uh I
117:24 a little bit of involvement in And then and then the other question
117:30 what was the reservoir? And they have some wells nearby that were very
117:37 . It was drilled primarily on the that it was a large structure.
117:41 looks like a really large structure. could they could grab analogs from nearby
117:47 that weren't very successful on smaller structures had the same sort of sequence that
117:53 thought they saw there. But when started out the seismic was not all
117:58 good. And two fellas, Willis Andheri christian. Uh Dallas Tyrell was
118:06 geologist and harry christian was a geophysicist he was kind of a really good
118:15 interpreting two D. Seismic when imaging that great. He could see in
118:22 in a two d. seismic What most of us today would need
118:27 good three d. volume to be to interpret but he could interpret it
118:33 Even in the poorly image two stuff that was available at the
118:37 And Willis Cheryl was a very, was a brilliant geologist and he was
118:46 , you could just name a country he would tell you what the petroliferos
118:50 were in that country and he knew , he knew the subsidence profile and
118:56 in those basins and that's what a of the classic frontier exploration was
119:05 You had people that have been done everything and had a lot of
119:08 figured out. But here was the area that an Amoco had. That's
119:13 the discovery well was here is Hung kong and Guangzhou. And mm hmm
119:25 think it's funny that the transliteration for was Canton. But uh when the
119:30 made up names for china, they do a very good job in terms
119:36 how to pronounce it in english, and Peking is a little bit closer
119:43 still uh I think we could have up with a transliteration that that sounded
119:49 Beijing. Anyway, that aside um this is the area where it
119:58 Uh and when the committee meeting, time I mentioned that china was very
120:04 and people laughed at me because of it's very big. But it's the
120:10 rocks that are down here actually follow the coast all the way up here
120:17 the Bohai base and of course there's uplifted blocks in here. But But
120:21 a thing called the 3rd Suha Taji that's one of the best local restaurant
120:28 source rocks in this part of the . That's the custom source rock with
120:35 high T. O. C. . And and properties similar to
120:41 And of course if you go up little bit farther somewhere around in here
120:45 taking and there's cretaceous lake basins in that are very prolific too. So
120:52 really wasn't speaking of this, I speaking of this enormous coastline with a
120:59 of a failed rift features along it these big lake basins which are very
121:09 in terms of oil reserves for Anyway here it is you can see
121:14 was some little smaller things found around area of the Amoco Well and this
121:21 the The Luau 11 1 a Well right on the top of the
121:29 here you can see is the The m, we got a foundation core
121:35 here and it was In about 300 of water. The people like to
121:42 this line because this is usually the of the continental shelf and the
121:46 But in the south china sea that is a little bit farther offshore and
121:51 a little deeper. And uh so foundation course that we got of of
121:57 sediments which the Oil company wasn't that in. It was a 66 in
122:05 incredible core. I think it went went it went into down to the
122:12 Miocene and almost into the lower But all the, all that part
122:19 the Miocene, the Pleistocene and the to see micro fossil recovery in there
122:24 just absolutely amazing because it was relatively then all of this area up here
122:30 the time and deeper than most continental around the world. So you had
122:36 deeper water, a more stable, water setting for these sediments to
122:44 It still seemed to have a lot energy and food resources for the animals
122:50 plants that bloomed and grew out Okay, so the, so that's
122:58 of the situation uh nearby, you've a well there and some of these
123:03 over here, uh quite a few away, mm hmm. And um
123:17 , mm hmm. We've had I guess this is important to two
123:23 barrels in place. And the initial on that well was ah 2800 barrels
123:33 oil per day from one will. , so we had previous wells in
123:42 area above the source. They were anti clients. And uh, these
123:47 all anti clients, but the kitchen's here. So all of these had
123:53 long um migration issues. So it overlay the kitchen area. Ah one
124:04 the things that worked out here there was limited degradation of the viscous
124:09 oils ah ah when you have limited , but in this case it's long
124:18 migration, it tends to degrade the , making the oil a lot
124:23 And so this was, this was the real problem here, we didn't
124:29 this situation where we had that situation that's what we had to worry
124:34 And I said I wasn't gonna do , but my role is into explaining
124:41 important this source rock was and how shouldn't ignore it even if it has
124:49 go through long migration. Ah But problem is there's a lot of times
124:53 this happens it does get thicker if gets thicker, you know, remember
124:57 in deeper water here, Not 200 or 60 m, but we're in
125:01 m. And so it would require jacket ng to pull thicker oil up
125:07 maybe some heating to be able to this oil from the subsurface and just
125:14 part from uh you know, down the ground it's going to be much
125:18 . But as we pull it up had to keep it, keep it
125:21 all the way to to not stop in the pipes. This is
125:27 And here is uh something the here's fourth member of Suha Taji formation.
125:36 had a good, it had a good marine like source rock Uh somewhere
125:41 the order of 2-3 percent T. . C. But when you get
125:46 the third Suha Taji member, you into. Uh huh. Something
125:54 that's like the Uintah basin or the more In West Africa is really
126:00 Lancastrian 20 20-plus 2 26% to And extremely type one, Karajan's very
126:08 rich and and then they're called lip . And and one of the things
126:15 that I did contribute to this was lake group that I was in.
126:19 determined that the transition from this so transitional, they thought this was marine
126:27 into brackish, which made the fourth Saha gee something because it was brackish
126:33 then it went into freshwater. But was actually uh a saline enriched lake
126:46 because the runoff in that area ah prone to providing an over abundance of
126:53 and by carbonates to pull out the from the system and keep the phosphorus
127:00 the system as a large gigantic lake when it was being deposited. And
127:06 and the productivity was real high. we see in eastern brazil, western
127:13 , the U. N. To in the Green River basin. And
127:18 up in the cretaceous stuff in the basin which is also this same rock
127:26 all around the world. It's that lakes that formed them had this type
127:33 uh preponderance in the hydro chemistry of saline solutions since it was a saline
127:39 . Mm hmm. Yes, probably , if not always was Meramec
127:44 So it wasn't overturning annually, like lot of lakes tooth with thermal overturn
127:50 and so whenever the ah buy photo to the bottom, they would be
127:56 for a long time. So you , you're not losing phosphorus to appetite
128:01 you were only losing the phosphorus that in the living material that created the
128:05 in the first place. And here have the actual massive here, the
128:14 massif. And and these are the points, but but here is ah
128:24 one. But here is the the kitchen's are all here,
128:29 there's you three, there's you two there's you won and this of course
128:33 the one we were hoping hoping to some oil from. So a lot
128:37 times I may, I haven't shown to you yet, but a lot
128:44 times the oil concentration is not very away from the kitchen, like you
128:49 have reservoirs above this this feature and right around the perimeter but not a
128:56 away from it. And these colors not very obvious. But I put
129:06 Hs on on the highs and so you could see them. And this
129:14 , here's a high, here's a , here's a high and this is
129:17 hello and alone and yeah, that's little too, sorry, low,
129:26 and okay, here's kind of what looked like in one of the kitchens
129:34 uh, they had the religion and , this was the, the Sahara
129:46 and it included the source rock in on top of it, MS Aji
129:51 was in here but also the Sahara four And other things that could generate
129:57 . But the Sahara Aji three was one that was near the top and
130:00 real big generator. And there was a legacy mean sandstone that went across
130:05 top and here is the, the veneer or the limestone where we could
130:13 had reservoir porosity formed during several exposure buggy ferocity and so that's kind of
130:23 the system was. But to get here all the way over to there
130:27 a long distance and here's what was in some of the other, some
130:35 the other highs, this one was dry hole and dry hole but they
130:39 drilled into the mass seat here. got through the legacy. Mean they
130:44 some shows in the conduit, this mean conglomerate, which is what this
130:50 , which is out washed from the of the Himalayan mountains, incredible amount
130:57 outpouring from far away into the southeast south china sea and up here you
131:07 get some paleo gene. So they able to see source rock in here
131:12 but it was very limited and there some shows in the kitchen but but
131:18 very small features and they didn't get production and it's important to note there's
131:26 limestone on top of the source So here is where the, the
131:34 is, this is the massive, is looking to the southeast and the
131:39 . So it's kind of looking this . So you're kind of looking across
131:46 structure and here it is. And is that show Joe one Basin and
132:00 oil is basically had to migrate out here and find that conduit and travel
132:05 dip all the way over to here it's more than 50 km of transport
132:12 here to get to here. And there could have been, this is
132:17 is the axis of the structure but there could have been some off
132:22 this direction that could have fed to too. But we figured that this
132:25 basically where it was coming from. the H Z 33-11 and I don't
132:33 I have that show. And let's if it's on here now, but
132:40 can see that's halfway between between the rock and and the reservoir and it
132:47 have a lot in it, which really kind of a scary thing.
132:52 here's a projection of it into the and basically what we figured was
132:57 And of course they're just showing the paleo gene. But I can tell
133:01 again that the so how is she member of the CIA Haji formation is
133:08 near the top. And so it's into this conduit which is bringing uh
133:14 oil migrating oil up in this direction to what we were hoping was they
133:22 build up that had buggy ferocity from reoccurring exposures to the surface and meteoric
133:33 to create buggy parasol. Okay, is the, well in general,
133:43 gamma log, the resistive. you can see there's some resistive Itty
133:47 , not much anywhere else in the world stands out and uh uh,
133:55 is 1200 m to almost 1300 So it's so it's close to Probably
134:02 m of pay. And down here that well, you go through the
134:08 down here, is that conduit, going to be feeding it not from
134:17 base but from the sides laterally coming . And you've got the top of
134:27 carbonate of course had some aerial exposure buggy ferocity developed and here's what it
134:34 like. All that brown stuff is , ah, very viscous With Custer
134:40 oil from the third member of this formation. Here's what the ferocity looks
134:49 . There's a lot of buggy and skeletal ferocity. And so you've got
134:57 these big bugs going on in And so obviously there was some burial
135:03 here and this is sort of a hmm, b Bird's eye view of
135:10 it might have looked like at the where you might have been getting carbonates
135:15 here and and they'd cement up and they'd be buried for a while and
135:21 they raise up and get some subdural and buggy porosity in the very top
135:26 it. And it happened to be . Which was another lucky thing.
135:33 here is this this is the they made the bid on this song
135:40 this was in the mid mid 19 . And the thing is is,
135:50 know, a lot of times we these large structures and we don't think
135:53 of them. And I showed you older, an older seismic line from
136:00 that that had a big structure like , that was flat when they corrected
136:06 for mhm velocities. It became a obvious structure that it is in this
136:15 D seismic line here. But but see that a lot and when you
136:18 these big things, uh you you're hoping there's going to be something
136:24 it. But you don't know. here you can see it's two
136:27 So this thing is Is over two across. And you can also see
136:37 ah this isn't that clear? But can can see pro gradation of this
136:43 out into the basin in this And when you get better stuff,
136:47 can also see there's some on lapping on, not just down, lapping
136:52 also on land and that's supplying sequence afi principles by the way. And
137:00 significance of lap out. Okay. so from that entire feature um here
137:10 , the thing that we saw ah one km. So again, it's
137:16 almost, it's more than two that whole reservoir that we got
137:23 the oil on the top of the is in green here. And that's
137:26 part that cut the buggy ferocity. this is the conduit coming from way
137:31 into the kitchen, coming all the up here, coming up to this
137:35 and charging this way and this ends being the carbonate build up with the
137:45 and, and ice APAC map of . This is a structure map,
137:49 , here's the ice APAC map of and showing you how big it
137:58 And here you can see the structure a little bit different uh, from
138:02 big, long, flat thing, you, when you get some better
138:05 and stuff. But here with three seismic. Eventually we were able to
138:12 out uh, the high porosity zones the low porosity zones, so that
138:17 could better perfect perforate this thing when produced it. And uh,
138:23 um, after 20 for development that model got a little bit
138:27 There's something about more data, you from a few reservoirs to a lot
138:31 reservoirs, especially in carbonates because it's to see without real data.
138:40 and so here's, here's a little in here that has forced this is
138:45 very complicated in here, the way interconnected, but you end up with
138:50 lot of different zones to produce. again, here's 1250 Almost looks like
138:57 prophecies in this case is even thicker 100 m. And but the net
139:04 probably Less than 100 m. But can see it's very big area,
139:11 thick oil deposit. And one of things that worked out for this is
139:26 while this uh oil was migrating. . Normally what happens is there's a
139:33 of density separation of these oils so starts to the volatiles might get out
139:41 . And but we knew there was was bacteria in here uh even if
139:46 temperatures at close to three, 3000 three kilometers. But it turns out
139:55 bacteria is bio bio degradation of this at a point in time before it
140:04 buried this deep. Now as usual migrating here and charging this. The
140:11 bacteria actually um broke down some of larger hydrocarbon chains and made it less
140:20 was a P. I. 19 , which is pretty discus, but
140:24 was less viscous than typical oils of density because of the bio degradation.
140:32 unusual bio degradation that made it flow little bit better through here. And
140:36 pour point, if I remember was around 55°F. So for all the
140:42 in oil, that's a pretty low point and it needed to be jacketed
140:49 a little bit without too much And they were able to produce what
140:55 normally be uh heavy oil that was to produce was a lot easier to
141:02 than it would have been. And course they did. A lot
141:06 once, once I got to the , a lot of technologies started flying
141:09 this direction ah when when they presented data and their rationale for drilling
141:19 uh didn't it didn't win any, big people jumping up and down saying
141:25 is a great idea. But once were able to get better seismic and
141:32 then later on three D seismic. just like what happened with the chalk
141:37 where we figured out there's more oil than what you have in this
141:42 Then they started throwing a lot of and they were able to get a
141:45 of, so make a long story , the worst fear was abated because
141:55 early on in the migration and the of that field, which was well
142:00 the present day would have actually made very viscous oil less viscous and made
142:09 flow a lot better and it made fill in charge. All that buggy
142:13 at the top of that limestone? . Any questions on that one.
142:19 , Sir. one question. um, what's the potential for unconventional
142:24 the result? 10123 sacks. So they currently looking for unconventional in
142:31 The source rocks? The sources Um let me go back here all
142:44 way back um, to this map here That the Sahara Aji three
142:51 is all through basins and here in in here. And you know,
142:56 don't know what the technological challenges to and um uh fracking in the,
143:07 the marine setting, but certainly I you can do long reach and horizontal
143:12 in it, but I don't, don't think they've started doing that
143:16 The Bohai basin, especially right up here, but it's right here behind
143:22 , right in here. This they've a lot of production coming out of
143:27 . There's production around around some on offshore and there's places in this area
143:36 their pinnacle reefs of permian, not erosion, all remnants of, of
143:45 limestone sticking up in the air all here during a period of time.
143:51 they were buried in here and then with Lucas, marine shales and they're
143:55 out of those things and they're very reservoirs and again, the source rock
144:01 this case is all around those It's unusual that you get an ear
144:05 oil charging of Haley seen rock, you know the beautiful pictures in different
144:11 of china where they have the erosion remnants of these big paleozoic limestone sticking
144:18 in the air ah like something a made almost with trees covering it.
144:24 of those things were drowned and buried this base and and covered up with
144:28 clustering shales and so make a long short, There's a lot of conventional
144:35 still going on in that, but question is a really good one and
144:39 don't know the answer to it. don't know if they've started looking,
144:42 at some point in time they certainly probably produce an awful lot out of
144:49 . There may also be challenges again the customer in oils, highly viscous
144:56 in oils, in uh, in from the lateral. But, but
145:01 normally, uh, you know the things go, I would think that
145:06 there could be a way if we to produce hydrocarbons, ah, say
145:11 at the rate or half the rate what we're doing right now, we're
145:13 eventually going to need, need to that. And, and hopefully at
145:17 point in time we'll still be able take advantage of hydrocarbons when we start
145:24 the C. 02 that were burning it's still a very efficient fuel to
145:30 and use. Yeah. And Mcdonald's , the thing that I always think
145:49 is places exactly like that. Exactly what you brought up. They're all
145:53 the world and nobody's doing anything So there's a lot of frontier,
145:56 think still still out there in a of these places where we haven't,
146:03 haven't even considered it yet in many and there, this one would probably
146:09 technological challenges, but I don't think would be challenges that couldn't be overcome
146:15 clever engineering. Okay, the next is the Atlantico CS and and I
146:24 a little bit involved in this because my dissertation was on the strategic afi
146:32 this part of the world ah Including the cretaceous tertiary boundary 20 miles in
146:38 little place. But a consulting company G. M. I.
146:44 O. Which no longer exists, popped up because this license sale was
146:54 was created and there were some areas were open for sale or drilling has
147:05 done with five discoveries and all that of thing from From 76 to 83
147:12 the past that a lot of people even know about but but you know
147:20 don't they weren't really that successful mostly in this this sector. And one
147:26 the things about producing hydrocarbons from what would you think would be good
147:32 producing hydrocarbons along here? You know lot of our hydrocarbons in the
147:51 S. Were produced over here in , lion's share of it. And
147:55 course there's some stuff now up in Appalachians related to horizontal drilling and fracking
148:06 some over in this direction but way to the Dakotas but there's other little
148:12 of things in here but why would be good to discover oil and gas
148:17 this coastline. It's easier access to overseas. That's one that's one possibility
148:29 the point I was getting trying to that. It is is um this
148:34 where the population is and this is a large amount of Mhm hydrocarbon fuel
148:39 used and you know anytime you don't to transport the raw material farther,
148:47 also don't have to transport the Produced things. You know, a
148:53 of the gasoline and stuff that arrives gets shipped and not just through
148:59 but you know, you do have trucking, but all the refineries are
149:04 here, but a lot of the that are made from what comes out
149:08 those refineries is in a whole series different types of pipelines that come up
149:13 and and supply this. And and um a lot of the based fuels
149:19 that's the sort of thing. Uh get transported through pipelines and again,
149:25 are some refineries in this area that very small and I don't know if
149:31 they even do much hydrocarbon, but there are places here where their hydro
149:36 plants, they could develop some small large refineries within their grounds to help
149:45 some of this. So that infrastructure , this is a really good place
149:50 separates instead of having to ship it the way from texas or from Saudi
149:55 , you've got it right here with market is for now. Uh and
150:00 question is how long that's gonna But it is for anyway, this
150:04 the first license that brought up was up and the nominations were going to
150:12 uh Dubai Naruing lease would be no than 2011 nominations came up by
150:21 This is one of the things that was nominated. This little block offshore
150:27 . I grew up as a, a kid in Virginia beach Virginia and
150:32 was a lifeguard here and I thought would be really good if this opened
150:36 and I could get a consulting job there and I know all the strategic
150:40 ah, but it didn't happen. a 2.9 million acres. Pretty good
150:48 . The mm s estimated 130 million of oil. And uh, even
150:55 this area. And what we're thinking these days at 1.14 TCF of natural
151:01 would be a pretty good thing there keep to do that fuel that we
151:08 sort of the mid fuel or the holdover fuel, the methane, which
151:13 , which is has a lower carbon than any of our other energy sources
151:18 are made out of hydrocarbons. And so that would have been a good
151:27 . And here's some more of the that I'll let you go ahead and
151:31 . But which administration do you think this happen? Was it Bush?
151:44 , the Obama administration is actually what is who approved. They were thinking
151:50 it before then. But the Obama actually approved that this would go
151:56 And uh, so in spite of folks say about the oil industry
152:01 and uh, that particular party at point at that point in time,
152:09 was no need for additional hydrocarbons and was approved. And um, but
152:18 really bothers me is that what's remembered that when the BP blowout happened,
152:28 was an industry mistake. And, of course the, no matter who
152:34 in power at the time, I they would have done the same thing
152:38 11 critical safety things were overridden. so I think it would have,
152:46 a prompted any administration, whether it democratic or republican to review it.
152:53 the real fault in the shutdown. a lot of the activity offshore really
153:01 through the actions of, of one . And, and that's very unfortunate
153:07 that company. And, and the industry, sometimes I think it's important
153:12 understand that we have difficult politics, sometimes the, the people that we
153:18 are holding it up aren't holding it and it's likewise, uh, when
153:23 opens up a little bit of oil couple of 100,000 barrels a day when
153:29 adding millions of barrels a day to output in texas. Saudi Arabia is
153:38 for flooding the market while we're flooding on a much grander scale back in
153:43 and the rest of the areas. I think, you know, those
153:49 of perspectives are important to remember um, the government can work with
153:54 or they can work against you. if you if you try to work
153:57 the government, no matter whether it's United States or any other part of
154:01 world, uh, you know, trying to be good citizens as as
154:06 explorers is really important. And some the, the political animosity that we're
154:14 with right now was generated by that out and not something that was already
154:20 to happen. Okay, so here have, ah, look at this
154:28 , here is the Carolina platform Mm hmm. And you've got the
154:33 plateau down here, Here's south north Carolina Virginia. You can see
154:39 outline of north Carolina very faintly in in the outer banks. So they
154:45 kind of getting out off onto the the edge of the, the continental
154:52 there, which, which puts some wells test wells in. But you
154:56 see here there's a number of test up here and in this area and
155:04 were test wells all through here. few in there. And I'm going
155:09 look at this, I'm pretty sure is continental outer shelf test will.
155:16 , so here's sort of the shelf out here. Then there's a
155:20 the blake plateau. And then this is the real, the real
155:24 break way out here. But normally pick it it At 200 m and
155:31 , and this would be sort of start of the slope going down into
155:36 the abyssal plain way out here and here though, you've got sort of
155:41 shelf sitting on top of the blake , which is an unusual structural feature
155:46 a continental shelf. And lots of in this area of course. And
155:54 the water is not too terribly deep uh but lots of good sediments underneath
156:00 . And here's some of the wells , along the coasts that were
156:08 north Carolina is up here. I see there's another that's charleston there,
156:14 there's some wells that were drilled along as well. And I worked on
156:19 test, well that was drilled just of savannah here, which is what
156:24 dot is okay. And anyway, this particular cost G went well.
156:32 right here, you can see that actually gets into Devonian basement. And
156:37 you've got Valon genie in and the indians near the base of the
156:44 And and so if you come over and look look at this, doesn't
156:53 everything that the GG one got This is down to Tyrone E.
156:56 , which is just this section right . Uh they've got these, but
157:02 have other wells that got down to center main. Ian as well.
157:06 cost G well though actually got deeper that. So that's that was a
157:12 , this is a really important And and then if you look at
157:18 cost be too this one's this one's because that one gets all the way
157:25 to the Tiffany in and what sits the telephone. Ian anybody know the
157:37 underneath the Tiffany in. I don't people shuffling through their books or anything
157:53 try to find an answer. You were quiet as a mouse. Of
157:58 , you probably had your microphones turned while you were taking the test.
158:03 . You probably didn't because I might said something. Nobody has any idea
158:10 underneath the telephone. Ian it's a an exciting answer. If you know
158:16 answer, I want to take a . How about if I give you
158:27 clue, would you guess if I you a clue what's the most significant
158:34 Rock in the North Sea? The clay? Yeah. And make that
158:47 like a stage or an age. know, excuse me now let's start
159:04 a k the kim the kim The kim Origen is underneath the Tiffany
159:17 and some people don't get as excited it as I do because I've worked
159:22 in the east coast and and over europe and I've looked at strata,
159:27 sections in the Technion realm and also boreal realm, which is the North
159:32 . And we're talking about environmental But in the boreal realm um you
159:41 a thing at the top here instead calling it to phone in which is
159:44 tv in name. The Volga region Russia is about down to here.
159:51 the kim Origen and Cambridge clay actually earlier in some of the cooler
159:58 And uh this is at least This wouldn't be boreal here and I'm
160:05 it was probably temperate. I'd have look at plate reconstructions but I I
160:12 think this was tough in. So is a good chance that some of
160:17 shells are seeing in here might be or tipping the top of the Cambridge
160:24 . This isn't the whole Tiffany in if you were to look at the
160:29 phony in in France half of that in the lower half of that Tiffany
160:34 an age would be Cambridge clay in North sea. And so the Tim
160:42 actually the top of the Cambridge inn a boundary related to the Vulcan and
160:46 top related to the telephone Ian. it's um I'm not sure why,
160:55 very few people understand the significance of strata, graphic boundary in terms of
161:02 geography and also source rocks. And it's really important because ah of
161:09 you know, I couldn't publish a working for an oil company but I
161:12 it the kim, you guys aren't to sell this, but the Cambridge
161:15 one would be below the Volga and Cambridge in two would be below the
161:19 ian and there was a lot of oil producing oil, shale, oil
161:25 TSC rich shale in the Cambridge Cambridge unit and likewise in the Cambridge
161:33 But again, it's at the top it, it's younger than you would
161:36 it to be. And uh and that's uh that makes this fact that
161:42 penetrated the Tiffany in really exciting to . Uh and uh look at what
161:48 depth is, it's over, it's 4.5 kilometers deep. So we've definitely
161:54 enough heat flow going on down there uh and pressure to help generate oil
162:00 gas. Now, one of the they didn't have this company, I
162:07 looking at, You know, for one of these things that I go
162:11 , I have probably another 50 slides the end of this that I never
162:15 , you, but but there's um a lot more ah wells and the
162:26 I'm going to show you in this quick overview as it as it
162:31 And here are some of the marker that are going to be on this
162:37 thing. And there's, I don't if I have the slide with all
162:41 wells or not because it looks like going to jump right into the fence
162:44 , but there's a lot of wells here and there's a lot of uh
162:48 D. Seismic out here that was . And Even though we don't have
162:53 three d. volume. We do the ability now to plot Defense Diagrams
163:01 two d. Seismic, especially when crosses left, right and center.
163:05 not the same thing as a three . Volume. But you can create
163:08 three D. Model and that's what me did. Uh G.
163:13 I. G. O. Did some special software that they developed.
163:18 anyway here you can see some seismic uh you got two D. Data
163:25 you're trying to turn it into three . Data and it's not a
163:30 Uh you know, with receivers picking signals from this way and this way
163:37 or as Mitchell where they're getting it , you know, like pointing at
163:42 over here might pick it up from there there there. So you're getting
163:45 different angles, you know that kind thing. But Anyway, they came
163:50 with this model using two D. and uh here are some of the
163:55 the faults that they've modeled in three . And these are the tops.
164:01 I showed you on this, we we don't get so much into the
164:08 but here we've got the green, red and the brown and the the
164:15 of the drastic where that Tiffany in would be here. I don't show
164:20 the mid Jurassic but the Cambridge clay going to be right in here.
164:25 so really important point ah This area written off because the veneer of sediments
164:32 the coastal plain and on the shallow uh was probably this age or
164:43 But now we know we have sediments water depths that we can drill that
164:49 uh the Cambridge. And now if is the source rock, the key
164:56 if there's no deposits of source rock , you don't have it. But
164:59 you have deposits of source rock here this interval between the top of the
165:05 and the mid Jurassic, then you have traps in between that could collect
165:12 that's generated from this. And of there are fault pathways for that oil
165:17 migrate. In addition, probably to deposition, all pathways like we saw
165:24 the luau structure. And um so they've kind of written it in the
165:32 clay from the cost be too well remember the cost be too well right
165:42 sitting in the Tiffany in and my feeling is if they drill just a
165:49 bit deeper and I don't know why stopped. But if they were able
165:52 drill a little bit deeper, they have hit Cambridge play the equivalent to
165:56 Cambridge play in the North Sea. so here's kind of um summary of
166:09 . Um April 20th 2010, the well blowout occurred and May 7th the
166:18 was suspended. And and then there a moratorium on drilling until 2012.
166:25 then of course we had the similar but what's happening recently is more concern
166:31 climate change and and global warming, I think is is an important thing
166:36 evaluate. And anyway, that's the of that. And then this is
166:45 3rd 1. Any any questions over particular thing. I think it's uh
166:54 know, in terms of a frontier , this is this is pretty much
166:57 open and there's potential reservoir rocks out and traps that could be producing oil
167:05 generated down in this section right That has not been penetrated yet.
167:12 one more test well, could do . So would the cost to drill
167:17 be similar to the cost in gulf Mexico with having to do the huge
167:23 and all of that or would it a little bit cheaper? Well,
167:29 you would do in the first place you would you would use drill ships
167:33 the Glomar. Uh they're not it's the glomar, well ships anymore but
167:39 have drill ships that are actually, think there's still one at uh texas
167:47 texas A and M they don't look these kind of targets. But but
167:51 industry has drill ships like that that go to places and drill these these
167:57 water wells in terms of the test without setting a platform or anything.
168:03 if you if you get out there you find production then you're going to
168:07 to get platforms, I don't think are, I don't think the water
168:10 here is quite as deep as the of the gulf of Mexico. Once
168:15 , you're going to have to figure what type of reservoir the flow
168:20 how many, how many straws you you need in terms of how big
168:24 is going to be. I could that they might want to build some
168:32 good sized platforms that would, would the hydrocarbons a little bit before shipping
168:38 onshore. But that's kind of out the realm of what I do.
168:43 again, that's a very important And as geologists, we should always
168:47 thinking about that. But to one of the biggest environmental threats
168:53 is if you ever had a spill there, you would, you would
168:56 a lot of negative publicity for And there are hurricanes out there.
169:05 , it's not quite as dramatic as gulf of Mexico is sometimes, but
169:10 the recent past, some of the big hurricanes have run up the hurricane
169:15 run up up the eastern seaboard Uh Oftentimes missing Bermuda and definitely would
169:23 this area in terms of a major . But but there is the possibility
169:30 you could get some major hurricanes up and that would be of some
169:38 But again, these platforms are not proof as we've seen. But the
169:46 engineer they are and the better balance are when they get hit, the
169:50 likely they're gonna survive and not topple anything like that. And I'm not
169:57 . But I believe one of the of the platforms that were built over
170:03 field that America had discovered by BP um I forget the name of it
170:10 was on was not balanced properly when hurricane hit and they had trouble with
170:15 one. So those those are some the concerns. Mhm. But right
170:25 before doing something like that I would about the demand that that's going to
170:32 . That would require us to do like this. Ah But you know
170:38 you if you get one of these reservoirs and it's easy to produce the
170:43 rates would be really high and could the production of 2030 40 50 horizontal
170:51 if not more. So there could an economical and an efficiency benefit from
171:00 tapping into something like this. Okay here is another one in um just
171:09 show you that people look in places world. Um Andrew Hartwig at
171:16 It's Hartwig. Uh I don't remember I was the 2nd, 3rd or
171:22 think I was the 4th Arthur actually Jim Pendleton whose plate tectonics guy we
171:29 him on the committee. And Barbara who's popped up in a couple of
171:35 things who's a professor at U. . A. Research professor there in
171:41 I think in their B. G. Part of the B.
171:43 . G. Or geophysics research Institute . And this is this is the
171:53 that you t had for for a time and they didn't have time to
171:59 on it. And Andrew Hartwig who his Bachelor's at U. T.
172:03 . Was able to get ahold of and work with it with also with
172:07 Geophysical where he had a job and was able to uh reprocess it.
172:15 Let me just check here. But could be saying something wrong, but
172:20 pretty sure he tried a number of re processing in the reverse time migration
172:29 turned out to be one that made easiest to image and therefore interprets.
172:33 you went from something that looked like to something that looks like that and
172:39 and of course Jim Pindell got involved it because you could see these these
172:45 fault blocks over here in the rift of the base. And then of
172:50 some of these and this is pre . And there's this is kind of
172:55 completely different continental margin. I don't to go into the details but this
172:59 a different type of continental margin from continental margin anywhere else in the
173:03 So Jim Pindell was really excited about particularly this feature right here. And
173:10 things that are looks like they're pre rift and and so here you have
173:22 the basement and uh and then a of strata, graphic layers here and
173:28 some kind of funky looking features in that will kind of focus on.
173:35 uh here we have the Karlovy in middle Jurassic salt and uh and then
173:48 have, you can't see it, here is sort of where the kim
173:52 age stuff is out there and of you're going to get source rocks and
173:57 sort of stuff. And here's the top of the Tiffany in. And
174:02 that that cost me too well, actually right about here, where where
174:09 got something we're interested in, this a much thicker section, it's much
174:13 and much thicker. And uh here's top of the cretaceous. We assume
174:21 lot of this is tied back to up on this shelf because of course
174:29 had this line that came, you , all the way some of these
174:32 will let me go back to Yeah. Right here he has this
174:37 that we're looking at. But then has other had other lines from this
174:42 database that were in his capstone project he used to actually tie into
174:49 A typical capstone student wouldn't be able do this, but but Andrew was
174:55 to do it because his company was on it and providing technical support.
175:01 the University of texas Geophysical Institute was able to provide some support, technical
175:09 in it as well. And so here we have the full strata graphic
175:16 here and here's coming back up on sure what he was doing was looking
175:22 things that might be um, different that people weren't aware of. And
175:29 is probably deeper than anyone's drilled. in deeper water but deeper section.
175:37 because a lot of our targets are here, these carbonates down here in
175:41 cretaceous underneath ah this is that gelatinous here and underneath that salt wing,
175:53 a lot of traps under here and noticed that there might be carbon and
175:58 all traps in here. And of there's a lot of drilling going on
176:03 around, right in front of this around the edge of of this unlocked
176:07 this salt mass here come farther He was seeing things here on
176:13 on the lyra meid related deposits. from the burger space in and
176:21 logos based rather and um, in wilcox age stuff and, and then
176:31 seeing um, all these other potential along here. And so all of
176:37 are trying to identify some what got excited was the mm hmm, the
176:46 along here because there's, there's some things to this age sand unit
176:52 that are huge turbinate deposit, look huge turbine turbine deposits from the signature
176:59 here you can see them here a bit further out and uh,
177:04 here's the, the stuff that was here, we've got some smaller
177:09 but a little bit deeper into ah you know, this, the
177:15 fee here is not um has been really well, but here's the Eocene
177:21 this line is supposed to be the liest scene, but but there is
177:27 part of the Wilcox which used to considered all the essence is in the
177:31 seen here. So these are police turbo, right. A parent millicent
177:37 which are, have some definitely high events going on through here, which
177:45 uh in my mind something that would worthwhile looking at, except that the
177:49 depth is over Well over 5000 ft . Okay. Um so um in
178:02 area we know there's going to be rock. We know there's all sorts
178:06 traps. But most of these he's identifying are deeper than the drill
178:11 are going right now. He did on the first one, identify some
178:19 relate to production that's coming out underneath salt overhang near the um near the
178:29 coast closer anyway and in the edge that hangover of salt. And uh
178:37 those things have all been reached. a lot of these things like
178:40 this right now is unreachable with current and there's definitely things down here that
178:48 like they could be hydrocarbon deposits and different places further in this direction,
178:55 that direction. But again, the that really gets me excited is this
179:00 . And one of the reasons is there's a right where that's happening.
179:07 a chicano beck basin, which I've in. It's like a huge incised
179:13 , the dump sediment out here, about the same time as the age
179:19 these sediments are thought to be. , we know that there is a
179:23 of sand, There's a seismic signature looks like turbinate deposits and we're getting
179:29 amplitude that indicate that there could be . So here, here are like
179:41 main concerns that we've talked about. uh, what's one of the things
179:48 I want you to remember? Because often make this a test question.
179:53 was it about the luau structure that made it, that made it
180:01 challenge from the beginning, there's a of things. The long migration routes
180:09 the source to the limestone um Okay, that's, that's definitely one
180:15 the most significant ones. Would would you also say the technology early
180:22 was pretty limited, definitely. And yet skilled geologists and geophysicists like
180:31 figured it out. To me it miraculous. And I remember when the
180:39 first came in. I'm like, , you're kidding this. And,
180:47 then, uh, what else about luau structure was a little bit
180:55 The viscosity of the oil and getting up out of the ground. And
181:03 , and that's, that's exactly it the teeny, I don't know if
181:08 it pushed him over the edge or . But the teeny contribution that that
181:12 team made was that we pointed out that the TRC's of that lipid rich
181:21 Aji three source rock is so The chances of something good happening were
181:28 high. And you can imagine if have three toc s it's a crappy
181:36 and you're trying to get it to that far. That's a whole different
181:40 from something that's practically um well 26% uh you know, has a has
181:51 much greater chance of just by chance some charge out of that particular source
181:59 . And that was a very small I played. And I you never
182:04 in these, I wasn't in the decision meeting, but after I left
182:09 , somebody that worked on it said that had a big impact, but
182:12 have no idea if that's true or . Anyway. Uh the Virginia lease
182:17 , what was the big challenge But um due to the BP oil
182:25 , um the Obama administration had to the listen the sylvus. So
182:32 so I think the best way to it is there was a political political
182:37 . And but prior to that political , the thing that brought it all
182:44 was the fact that the veneer of on the atlantic coastal plain passive margin
182:51 that the sedimentary wedge is relatively thin we all know that we have to
182:56 a significant thickness of sediments and depth sediments to get that heat flow in
183:02 in the for temperatures up so that can actually mhm. Cause that Karajan
183:12 turn into liquid hydrocarbons. And and that was one of the biggest challenges
183:20 . And not knowing not knowing that was a good probability of Cambridge age
183:27 which by the way, even in Caspian sea, there's rocks that are
183:32 a that are good source rocks. in an offshore western Australia there are
183:38 aged sediments that are good source So it's a it's a it's a
183:43 highly productive ah period of time in history. So almost anywhere you drill
183:50 , you can get something that's underneath Tiffany in aged strata or the
183:57 you're gonna run into stuff. There's production in Russia that obviously has kim
184:05 . Okay, so so the thickness the sedimentary wedge was one of the
184:11 concerns technology. The lack of good data. If if they were to
184:18 a survey off their environmental licenses would pretty uh hefty and well thought
184:25 And but it would it would it take some grand scale seismic surveys to
184:34 develop this area because very little has done. You can see they did
184:38 lot of two D seismic to go there with three d. seismic rigs
184:43 would be a big upfront cost. something everybody has been trying to reduce
184:49 by going into ah producing unconventional and what the the deepwater gulf of
184:58 the biggest risk there, what would be? And and and for this
185:10 kind of focused on what I think the most perspective thing to me is
185:13 those, it says Wilcox turbine I showed you the the huge,
185:20 a huge uh turbo tight fan there um why why is why, what
185:32 was the one risk factor that I out there? The folks of sediments
185:41 a lot of sediments on reducing diluting toc context in the show.
185:47 now the, I get where you're from, but there was um but
185:53 source rock is below that and the , the source rock would would be
185:58 that. Like it is in a of places in the gulf of Mexico
186:02 everywhere. Um So you've got you've got this prominent and prevalent source
186:10 . You have, you have an , huge incised valley draining into
186:18 which rather than diluting the source it would be over top of the
186:22 rock, creating a reservoir rock in form of massive turbo night deposits.
186:28 another hydrocarbon indicator that those higher I'm not going to tell you for
186:34 that we figured out it was a an official D. H.
186:39 But I can tell you that it like its hydrocarbon bearing. So a
186:46 of a lot of everything's checked you can see that there was structure
186:49 it. And so the biggest risk actually almost the only risk right now
186:57 the technology to be able to drill water that's as deep as that and
187:02 a deep well in there and it be possible to actually calculate what the
187:10 weights would have to be. And may be outside of our ability to
187:14 even even our in our best case right now just from the amounts of
187:21 that we have to deal with getting at that depth. But I haven't
187:26 that calculation. So technology and being to reach it with a were they
187:33 well not only a production but an will even to survive the the depth
187:39 what our depth in the in the of the section that would have to
187:42 penetrated. Okay with that we'll take lunch break and uh since we're at
187:52 Can we all be back at about ? Yes. Yes sir. Any
188:00 to that? Because I think if object, you've already been out voted
188:08
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