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GEOL6381/4382 Introduction to Petroleum Geology - Van-7
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00:43 Yeah. Here we go. Um, so we'll talk about this
00:54 little bit later, but another thing geologists use a lot is outcrop
01:01 And one of the reasons is because crop data, um, can
01:08 uh, very useful in the fact this is in the you went to
01:14 . And here you have fault blocks have rotated up and lift it
01:20 And in the between them, you these valleys filling in. So presumably
01:26 rocks that air here that these ledges are very highly organic rich whole section
01:34 very organic rich, but the the along here, up to 24% T
01:39 . C. And these same rocks are buried deeper in, um in
01:47 basin underneath this plane. This floodplain developed where the fault blocks did not
01:54 up. And of course, these higher. These were higher when it
02:10 the tectonic activity happened, but they eroded in, uh, building a
02:15 of sentiments in here. So over years, similar rocks to this are
02:20 deeper and buried deeper and rocks that actually strata graphically under this level.
02:27 , look a lot like this. what you see when there's an exclamation
02:33 rocks and we have tectonic activity is you can see rocks that may be
02:40 deep within the basin in in some , mature deep enough to be
02:47 You can see them right at the . Eso. That's another reason why
02:52 spent a lot of time looking at because quite often it gives them a
02:57 to what's in the subsurface. of course, you look on a
03:01 plain. Uh, the farther up deposition Leah PDIP. You go on
03:07 coastal plain, the older the outcropping will be. And as if you
03:13 from, say, Austin, to Galveston, you'll be walking on
03:19 younger strata that air covered maybe by . But where there is an
03:24 you'll see the strata that get younger younger as you as you march towards
03:28 sea, because the layers air progressively late on top of one another.
03:35 , there's a lot of places in around the North Sea, including
03:41 But Svalbard, where there is outcrops the Jurassic and Cretaceous beds,
03:49 that actually reflect a lot of the in the North Viking and South Viking
03:56 that they're actually producing and exploring for . So outcrop work is in addition
04:02 core sidewalk cores. Outcrops can also us a very good view into of
04:11 what's in the subsurface. For these rocks. They're going to be
04:14 deeply in this this alluvial plain here we have developing on top of it
04:22 , of course, thes There were appear up in the sky that have
04:28 and fill this in. Okay, thing that we look at those whether
04:34 from cuttings or core or an Actually, we look for a lot
04:39 things like the provenance, which we've about a little bit. The deposition
04:45 and reservoir equality and, of really important thing is cement and grain
04:52 . And here's just unexamined of a section. Um, and this
05:00 uh, we have chloride coating on bio type grain here, and you
05:07 see some of the bio type breaking , which could be creating more of
05:14 clay. Fill around some of the if you in places where it's
05:21 proceeded further and so you see some these, uh, so that's the
05:27 plays in the poor space. And this is taking a Prasit E.
05:32 where there's a poor throat, it be damaging the permeability. And being
05:38 to look at this scale, of , allows us to understand the true
05:43 going on in the reservoir in a idea with the truth static geologic model
05:51 of our reservoir. Even though when doing reservoir assimilation, we may not
05:57 able to scale down to this This this helps us better understand.
06:03 are average porosity and permeability over, , something the size of a simulation
06:11 needs to be, uh, reduced and averaged a little bit lower when
06:16 have a lot of rocks that have like this going on. So gives
06:19 a perspective of the fine detail that have to help account for what we're
06:25 to get into the average detail ah, cell that we use
06:31 an imaginary mathematical cell that we used do assimilation or whether it's a dynamic
06:39 or a static geologic model. And again, we can look at it
06:44 cm's scanning electron micro grafts and can here that we have some larger
06:52 but we've got a lot of chloride filling in the Prasit e all through
06:58 . Um Ah, When you start in your ferocity with with a lot
07:03 chloride plates, that, of is going to really damage your permeability
07:08 your overall ferocity. And again, isn't a micro scale compared to actually
07:14 nano scale compared thio a cell in simulation or a geological static model,
07:21 would be a bigger a smaller But this kind of detail helps us
07:29 . Uh, why the variables that looking at in terms of processing permeability
07:33 other things change from one well to next? Uh, because there may
07:37 more damaging effects in some areas and damaging effects in other areas. And
07:43 we have a good idea what's happening one well to the next weaken actually
07:49 out and map out these traits a bit better in the static model,
07:53 will contribute to a better dynamic simulation in a reservoir characterization study.
08:00 okay, here is something. This ECM with the DS, and this
08:08 transmission SCM rather than scanning electron, , microscope. This is a transmission
08:16 and ECM scope. But usually when looking at thin sections like this,
08:21 do like transmission scope. And and , there's, uh, tools attached
08:29 these machines that allow us to dio on the elements that air in
08:36 which helps us identify mineral compositions a bit better. And when we have
08:43 going on, um, for here we're seeing some things like court
08:50 , dolomite. You're getting K felled . Um, you know the brittleness
08:58 we have not courts, but biogenic , ah is going to increase,
09:07 , with this kind of composition and going to decrease with this kind of
09:11 . Other words. If we have plastic clay, minerals, perhaps some
09:15 the feldspar zehr breaking down into clay , and that's going to make
09:21 uh, less brittle and that will to the D shale and of
09:25 of the B show goes up. it's less brittle. But if we're
09:29 at things that increase the brittleness, looking for carbonate minerals like that Dola
09:36 and and also biogenic courts. This a court's grain that probably is not
09:43 and and so And the reason why courts eyes important is because that's that
09:54 of courts. Eyes much more uh, dissolved has a lower temperature
10:03 pressure for soluble ity, uh, start out like Die Atom's and some
10:10 . Solicit. Uh, so that's fragile it's. Instead of Dinah,
10:15 , it's Elissa, fragile. It's other things that have been sponge pickles
10:20 be another thing. It could contribute thes courts, um, ENTs that
10:26 easily, uh, put into solution it's biogenic versus if it's a tribal
10:36 . Okay, so again, the of the perspective that geologists have goes
10:42 the broad, the broad scale all the way down to find scale
10:48 and scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis all sorts of things that very fine
10:55 to help come come in with a good, high quality understanding of reservoir
11:03 . Another thing that the geochemist And I think most of you just
11:12 two semesters ago had geochemistry with Dr who's ah, lot of fun.
11:18 , since I haven't heard anybody make noises, can anybody hear me?
11:24 . Way okay, because right I think, um, I just
11:29 to myself for 20 minutes here. , I'm glad to hear from
11:36 but a lot of the tools that look for are these total organic carbon
11:43 , uh and that's that's really But in other words, if you
11:48 have a lot of organics, there's no point in looking at Iraq.
11:53 this is really at the frontier scale the expiration scale or level and
12:01 uh, exploitation and production and It becomes really important to understand what
12:11 geochemist can contribute to help us understand total story of what's going on.
12:16 the primary thing that we always look is, uh, do we have
12:21 organic productivity? If we do, it been matured? And if we
12:27 get our hands on material, the question we want to know is what
12:31 of Karajan's we have because certain types carriages, in other words, this
12:36 carriage in quality or propensity to turn hydrocarbons and eso. These three things
12:43 really important no matter where we because just imagine, uh, we
12:49 a seismic line. We can see of really good structures and looks like
12:55 got all sorts of prospects and traps things. But if we can't,
13:01 can't show where the hydrocarbons air coming to charge those reservoirs or or source
13:09 rocks that we can look for. , that could charge them. And
13:14 migration pathways and the timing of the pathways become can become very important to
13:21 if the migration, if the maximum of migration occurs before a trap is
13:27 , that trap won't be there to most of the oil. And,
13:31 , and sometimes there's never a trap him so on. You also have
13:36 have and be able to explain potential when you dio any type of prospect
13:45 or frontier analysis off where you should looking and focusing your energy and your
13:52 acquisition. So these things are very . And, of course, if
13:58 have Dr Posadas class, hey really this to you in considerable detail.
14:04 I think one of the interesting things you do get oils out of out
14:10 a reservoir on. You can kind get a good handle not only on
14:15 one prospect of block that you might in, But anything else around it
14:20 you exploit that that particularly defined petroleum , Uh, in terms of the
14:28 on the source. Once you figure what's charged in one spot, you
14:32 a pretty good idea in sort of fairway. What is going to be
14:38 around you as you look for more traps and drill in different places and
14:45 acquired different data sets or excuse access to different acreage. Okay.
14:52 here is, uh, just one the just one example of,
15:02 two different oils with slightly different but totally different responses in the gas
15:10 But it helps fingerprint, uh, abundant you can see here. Here's
15:15 a and this 1 27 a 27 . And here's another 27 B over
15:22 . I'm not sure if that's I what it's showing you is there's a
15:28 going on between here, here and in this oil. In other
15:33 we've got all of this going on this oil. It's not existed in
15:37 well, so you can see that really different compositions in these oils and
15:45 one of these eyes telling you, , different hydrocarbon. Uh, in
15:52 words, this would be a C and, uh, but there's different
15:56 morphs of these things, and so there's different forms off hydrocarbon molecules that
16:02 have 27 carbons but not be arranged same way or shape the same
16:07 Or they may have slightly different, , additional elements in them besides
16:13 um, hydrogen. And so you see here that this one is very
16:20 from that one. So it's kind like a fingerprint. You can tell
16:23 fingerprints, uh, far apart from other. And there's also certain hydrocarbons
16:30 can be identified in this, which , uh, very indicative of non
16:35 systems that come from, ah, of Type one type Karajan and from
16:42 organisms that create that battery caucus I creates, um, certain compounds
16:48 usually occur in non Marine systems, it's something that's analogous form that's been
16:52 a long time. And so usually can get, uh, different,
17:00 , hydrocarbon compounds from that that will you this low Castro, nor Marine
17:07 nature and again that can help you out with the actual pathways, especially
17:12 you had a a situation where you have a marine source and a and
17:16 non marine source. And a lot the areas in China, even the
17:21 China Sea, uh, are charged lackluster in oils even though you're sitting
17:27 offshore, Uh, in a in environment where oftentimes you might expect that
17:33 see some marine oil charging, But don't. Okay? One of the
17:39 about maturation is that it starts pretty right away. Dia Genesis is what
17:49 near the surface. Uh, uh, and also as you get
17:54 down, one thing that you want see in a burial process is you
17:58 to see, uh, things being in an toxic situation. Which is
18:03 the saline, uh, lake model a good one for that. Because
18:08 saline lake models become mayor Mick Tick they don't mix. In other
18:14 the water doesn't overturn and the water overturn. Oxygen can't get to the
18:18 , and you get these density layered that are set up that air very
18:23 to overturn that allow the Karajan's on lower levels and on the surface of
18:29 lake for floors, especially their large to be deposited in an anaerobic.
18:37 we're very dis aerobic setting So they be oxidized by, uh,
18:48 uh, utilizing um bacteria, but , uh, sulfur bacteria. And
18:57 type of bacteria has actually has a chance of of coming into play when
19:04 , uh when it's a calcium enriched pathway versus a bicarbonate enrich lake pathway
19:11 So it's another. Another reason why sodium bicarb lake waters are much better
19:19 developing a source rock. We get little bit deeper, we go to
19:23 Genesis, and then as it goes , we get thio meta genesis where
19:28 starting to actually ah, break You're starting to metamorphose owes metamorphose some
19:34 the rocks you're actually breaking down, , the carriage and splitting the compounds
19:41 generating mostly gas instead of up in , we'd be developing a good sweet
19:48 hydrocarbons of different sizes. But as start to heat it up more and
19:53 , you get less and less of lights and and you also start cracking
19:59 some of the heavier compounds into into molecules and you end up with a
20:06 of gas. And here's kind of is kind of how it happens
20:10 Here, we're these things here. talking about the types of things in
20:21 off types of carriages. In other , the quality of the Karajan's with
20:27 to being able to generate oil and . And, of course, we
20:32 see down here an earth night. do you think is this? This
20:38 prime primarily going to turn into er gas is. But what kind
20:45 hydrocarbon deposit is gonna have a lot this low quality coal? Right.
20:52 what about this? What would this have? Mostly Yeah, Yeah,
21:03 guys. The victory. The It's gonna be mostly gas, but
21:07 also probably get some grades of cold here, right? And what about
21:18 about, uh, type two? oil. Okay. The type
21:28 Okay, Type two is, often, uh, what we see
21:36 the marine setting. And you get and pollen because they blow from offshore
21:43 they fly around the world, practically of them, and end up in
21:48 ocean. And then you have other that produce, uh, these outer
21:55 around there, their cellular structure that be turned into these this x
22:03 And, uh, of course, it matures, it turns into oil
22:08 then gas. And then the type is and, uh, these air
22:16 amorphous, unstructured, out all These algo masses are like Dina flatulence
22:24 things like that that have a lot structure to their outer membrane. And
22:31 course, this is these air higher plants, Not not Dina, fragile
22:37 or allergy. But these air these like woody type type things here.
22:43 , uh, you're going to uh, call coming out of
22:46 But you'll see some gas and, , in here you'll get oil and
22:52 . And when it comes to lift , um, it is it's it
22:59 so oil prone that usually when you to this point right here, there's
23:02 much left to turn into gas. what's left Will And, uh,
23:08 Lippard rich stuff is like battery caucus I and other allergies that a run
23:14 unstructured, unstructured membranes. Mhm, they they're almost like little blobs of
23:23 . And literally, they actually have globular is in them. And another
23:31 oily, even when there, even they're alive, much less going through
23:37 Genesis. But when they go to Genesis, a lot of the membranes
23:42 , the material that's in there turns oil. And you actually, uh
23:48 , look at slides and see, , some of them turning into to
23:52 liquid form and then, uh, ex signs for Dina flag. Let's
23:58 here. You can actually see Dinah . Let's that get buried in the
24:03 record. When they get in the window, you can actually see these
24:07 of filaments to come off of them this. Like little corkscrews come right
24:13 the X signs and it z oil expelled from its been matured. And
24:18 turning, turning into oil. And called patrol IQ filaments. And of
24:24 , they'll break down. Even They get cooked, But right when
24:27 get near this this boundary here, can actually see these things that show
24:31 exactly where oil is coming from. spite of the fact that lay people
24:37 often, I think that there's still about the source of oil.
24:43 this shows that we understand in a of ways where all these oil's air
24:49 from and what what seems to be on this chart? From what you
24:56 about, um, what forms oil , um, and say material that
25:06 with the public? What, what of things have you heard about?
25:12 of oil and gas in terms What type of type of creatures are
25:18 source of oil and gas? Heard classic. You know it's coming out
25:25 the mantle or there's it's a Produced, uh, I forgot.
25:30 what the process is, but I've that take on it. Okay,
25:33 , that's a That's a really, that's a far stretch one and a
25:37 actually drilled a well to prove And it's like almost anything else.
25:43 , you could go to Galveston Island probably find gold in the sand,
25:47 you're not gonna find a lot of . And, uh, and the
25:52 is true when you when you get a lot of igneous rocks, of
25:56 , organic material is going to come of it, but it's gonna be
25:58 diluted in those rocks. It, , you know, if you think
26:03 it's important enough that a lake has super rich source rock versus a continental
26:13 because lakes, even the big are smaller than a shelf.
26:18 in the the size of the source . Rich beds need eyes gonna be
26:25 in a lake system. And here think about the need for that toe
26:30 in a lake system. Just imagine you think about the whole globe where
26:35 that organic compound is coming from. other words, there's no concentrator
26:39 of all that organic material, and concentrates that organic material is our living
26:47 . But what I was trying to is but our most of these living
26:55 how would we broadly classify these living ? Muscles? Yeah, well,
27:02 course they're dead. And of they're dead living things. But once
27:08 things. But, um, what of once living things are they?
27:15 be in plankton. Okay, But a broad sense, how would we
27:21 them? Michael Bacteria. Okay. micro bacteria gets becomes Ah, little
27:30 with what I'm trying to point But in general, plants and bacteria
27:37 , are basically what makes up a amount of that source rock quite often
27:45 you see things written in the newspaper , uh, you know, even
27:52 some science books I've read for high and whatnot will tell you that it
27:57 from, um, dead plants and . And so what's missing here?
28:06 missing in this list? I know . Exactly. Now it's not
28:15 And it's probably likely, uh, the reptiles, uh, as they're
28:22 will turn into oil. But in of the vast sum and the concentrated
28:30 of organic material, for the most , are going to come from,
28:34 , all of these small things, sports pollen on. Of course,
28:38 spores air coming from fungi. uh and you've got this, Uh
28:45 , you know, these algae which we used to call plants,
28:49 in some cases, not all of , but many of them we now
28:53 , um, some form of micro . And, you know, there
29:00 is a class of bacteria that's very from these. And, uh,
29:05 and large, it's all coming from like things, and not and not
29:11 animal like things. Okay. And think that's important to remember. And
29:19 when someone mentions to you that you , we don't know exactly where it
29:23 from, This shows you that not do we know where it comes
29:27 but we know that it creates thes Karajan's of different types and qualities on
29:34 come from very specific things. And is plant. This is plant.
29:39 is plant parts and some microbiota. this is our bacteria. This is
29:44 lot of micro bacteria on a lot the other things that are that are
29:50 small. You can even get, , Dia Tom's actually, in some
29:57 , in lakes and also in the environment, particularly in cooler waters,
30:01 create an awful lot of of Okay. And then, of
30:09 when it gets cooked enough, it starts to crack and meta genesis down
30:13 gas. Okay, so here's the window, and this is a question
30:18 like to ask students, and you all know this, but I'm having
30:26 seeing the top of my slide because got stuff to just pop down in
30:32 of it. But here we can , uh, the bitter night reflect
30:39 over here. And, of here's one, and that's often
30:47 uh, somewhere around the oil Depends on what company looks at it
30:52 what areas air working in. But you can see we start getting oil
30:58 somewhere around 0.5 bitter night reflections somewhere 3000 ft. And and also,
31:11 , we go into the guests window. When we get down around
31:15 ft. Now, this has a to do. The preponderance of the
31:21 of it of, um, carriage that we have it's going to change
31:26 this oil window actually is. And that's one thing that can happen,
31:32 , back in the late sixties through seventies and probably the late seventies and
31:39 eighties. For the most part, , every major oil company and there
31:44 a lot more than than there are came up with their own scale for
31:47 it reflect INTs. They came up the different things that were color scales
31:53 in all sorts of things. In of mhm, a lot of the
31:59 that make carriage in will be, , we'll go from sort of a
32:06 to a yellow to a light brown a dark brown and then down here
32:11 a black. And then there's other like confidence that really, uh,
32:17 a dull black to a sharp black this range. So they're really good
32:21 down here. And so that kind helps us. And then here is
32:27 for a type 21% toc. He the TOC or you change the
32:33 Ah, um, your little oil diagram is gonna have thio ratchet over
32:42 little bit different on what these different they're gonna be. But here is
32:47 is talking about kilometers and you can here that the peak oil in this
32:53 two is right around 3.5 kilometers and kilometers would be somewhere around. I'm
33:04 somewhere around here. So depending on carriage in type, uh, that
33:10 window could shift the mount. The that you're expecting to produce could shift
33:15 . In other words, here's a of oil coming out. Here's a
33:18 of gas. We start out with of biogenic gas. This comes out
33:22 Dia Genesis and as thes things. zit goes deeper and deeper, then
33:28 carriage and start to generate gas. then they get cooked more. They
33:34 into Cata Genesis and they cook more more. And then they start going
33:39 Meta Genesis somewhere around here. And have less and less oil and more
33:44 more, uh, gas coming out it. Okay, so that's
33:52 And you have a whole course for that haven't had it. You will
33:55 one. Those of you that had you you know, this and even
33:58 detail than I just explained it. I think it's important as geologists,
34:03 the reason I bring it up is depth of burial is very important.
34:09 , temperature is, of course, important. So heat flow influences and
34:15 like that. The change in a basin could be critical. Eso these
34:21 and temperatures may not always match And, of course, the veteran
34:25 reflect INTs, uh, does show actually the result of whatever the temperature
34:33 the depth is, but the temperature is probably the biggest thing.
34:37 the time that there are certain depths important, too, because if a
34:42 is popping up and down, you to take that into consideration because of
34:47 popped up for a little while and back down. It was not cooking
34:52 hot as long as it would if was just a steady subsidence curve or
34:59 subsidence curve that you might might put play. If you're If you're looking
35:05 mhm based on modeling, which Jolanta Dr Van Wyk goes through to,
35:10 think a few of you have had course. Okay, so anyway,
35:17 aspect of tools that we use our photography. It's of course, critical
35:23 correlation. Uh, it's a very in understanding the age of the
35:29 Understanding the age of the rocks can you understand if there's been,
35:36 se de positional hiatus here. It's point in time. In other
35:40 things didn't sink evenly, but they . And then there was some
35:44 and that meant they're exposed to the , and then they sank again.
35:49 , lot of things like that can , and knowing the geological history in
35:54 of actual timing is critical in that . Also, timing can help you
36:00 where the sediments air coming from. the age of the rocks sometimes can
36:04 correlated with the delivery systems, from mountain ranges and tectonic events and
36:13 in addition to bios photography. But don't listed here, but we also
36:17 are looking at mm the tribal sentiments that actually will have indications of the
36:32 of the rock and very, very senses. So you may not be
36:35 to find tune it, But you get a broad sense of,
36:39 with the rocks that are sitting out the salt in the deep water of
36:43 Gulf of Mexico. What mountain range they probably come from? Based on
36:49 of uplift and that sort of Eso It's one of the reasons why
36:55 need Thio Consider the age of the . And then, of course,
37:00 deposition. We've mentioned it was very , Can kind of getting a context
37:06 what faces you're looking for, knowing many sedimentary structures and other indicators of
37:12 all faces can be identical in very settings. Okay. And most of
37:21 bio Strat data is gonna be, , more or less what we call
37:26 based. It's going to be based the highest appearance of a fossil when
37:35 work on outcrop. But Fossil first its first appearance. Tatum, that's
37:41 the thing they like to focus everything . And then they don't worry about
37:45 extinction so much because they know, , something could go extinct sooner in
37:50 place than it would on the But of course we know this when
37:54 do top, but we're working in top based system. We have to
37:58 it because most of the samples that paleontologist would look at he has to
38:03 with the tops because because the the drilling fluids, come down the
38:12 , just they cutting up the rocks the might system brings the the cuttings
38:19 in the cuttings come across the the screen lets the mud go through
38:24 and then you collect samples on the to analyze. Now, in a
38:31 , in a offshore system, you just have holding tanks. You have
38:36 filtering systems because they can't keep creating big mud tank full of lots of
38:41 . They have thio, of sometimes even onshore. They're trying to
38:44 it now, too, because it a lot of money to keep making
38:47 . But offshore you you're limited on much money you can have. And
38:51 one blowout I worked on happened because work over ran out of mud and
38:55 had a blowout. So anyway, becomes critical. And so somewhere in
39:00 thing, they'll have these, hydro cones. They call them that
39:04 out everything out of the mud. , um, greater than silt
39:10 So when you're looking at fossils that silt sized, uh, you know
39:17 even though you're getting caving coming down Ah, lot of times it's pretty
39:22 to being institute, but you could mixing as it's coming up in all
39:26 of things. So you have to about that, and you have to
39:28 about new stuff falling down into the . So to make that long story
39:34 , everything is kind of based on . And, for example, when
39:39 look at these tops right here, isn't This is the last appearance datum
39:46 not the first appearance. Datum uh, a paleontologist would want to
39:52 at, say, where did this asked her Tamales first, first appear
39:59 down here in the column on. would want to be using that
40:03 Thio figure out they're zones and that of thing more often than not than
40:09 would for the top. But in oil industry, we have to be
40:11 driven. And as it turns if you're working in a region,
40:16 works pretty good in the region. what I find in terms of tops
40:21 the Gulf of Mexico is going to very different in some cases if I
40:27 to, say Europe, and that's true for things that live on the
40:33 , then planted things like these to air benthic dwellers in the benthic
40:38 Ah, now some of them might even live on opposite sides of the
40:42 at a given time that you might penetrating the rock force the rock the
40:48 units of these age. So mhm, Ben thinks, generally are
40:58 or regional in nature. Since a of the plankton occur across wide swaths
41:04 the ocean, their extinction events, often in the homogeneity of oceans,
41:11 often makes these a little bit more when we're looking at just the
41:17 Having said that, uh, there some major ocean, ah, cut
41:23 as plate tectonics progresses. And there things for example, uh, that
41:29 extinct in the Jurassic saying the North . But they don't go extinct until
41:34 lower Cretaceous around Australia. And that's because they were isolated basins and some
41:41 the isolated basins. Things will, , environmental conditions are such that they
41:47 extinct and new species and genera whereas the other ones they haven't had
41:53 disruption and their population manages to stay longer in that area. So with
41:59 lot of work like this done around world, they're able to kind of
42:04 out what the regional and the broad scales of these things are. And
42:09 course, the localized one and working the Gulf of Mexico, which is
42:13 this is from the northern Gulf of . Thes things were pretty consistent in
42:17 of rocks that we see. So works out okay, But we do
42:23 Thio take into consideration that if normally would draw a picture here, but
42:29 I could draw something. So why there Brown here? See if I'll
42:48 to Gracie what that does. Say I'm drilling through this and I
43:14 a fossil here. We'll call it disco Astor. Look a little bit
43:26 a star. And then here we have another fossil. And here we
43:33 have another fossil. And here we have even yet another one. If
43:43 drilling here, these will be the appearance, the last appearance, Tatum's
43:48 the first down whole occurrence. So drilling the well. I will see
43:53 , and anything in this formation could down in the hole and contaminated to
43:59 extent. And, uh And then I drill into here, get down
44:04 this point. If I haven't a whole stuff will be falling down
44:08 here. Stuff will be falling down there. I drill down to hear
44:12 will be falling down into this hole to this whole. So when I
44:16 down to here, I could get four of those things in my
44:20 But it would have to be something than this. Like maybe this fifth
44:26 down here. Okay, That looks like that? Uh huh.
44:34 So, uh, so we But if we drill the well and
44:39 see this last appearance datum, which the first down whole occurrence or its
44:46 , uh then we know it's this . We won't see this fossil until
44:50 drill down to there. So when hit its top, then we'll know
44:54 in rocks that old. And then we drill down here, we'll know
44:57 rocks that old. But still, may be getting all of these in
45:00 sample, but I've already seen the of it. I've seen the top
45:04 this. Now, when I see top of this, I'll know that
45:06 probably that age. And when I the top, I'll know it's that
45:10 and so on and so forth. that's why most of what we do
45:13 top driven. And so these bio are definitely top driven. And here's
45:18 actual operating shale shaker in the Caspian , and you can see the mud's
45:27 through here and a person will come . They have it well timed,
45:31 sometimes they actually put tracers and certain of things in to make sure their
45:37 right. I can tell you from with mythologies and and even fossil
45:45 uh, from cutting samples. It's lot better than you would expect it
45:50 could. The only thing that happens if your sample cats or smoke
45:55 Sometimes they'll take a break and they'll in two bags at one time.
46:00 they were lighting the cigarette on, had to skip a bag and eso
46:06 may get a section that's a little few feet thicker, depending on your
46:09 interval. You can't do it too or you're not really seeing that much
46:15 in it. And it's very hard bag every foot as you could
46:20 because as time goes by, this is getting younger and younger, and
46:25 have several of these running on. have a sample catcher catcher, right
46:29 it falls out of the thing, he grabs that sample and sweeps a
46:32 of it away, and, and then when this mud goes
46:36 the mud gets further filtered in an rig like this happened to me.
46:41 here is, uh, the After Ridge in the North in the Caspian
46:51 , and I don't know, it's getting too late. But there was
46:59 James Bond movie on these things. , it's probably getting sold that maybe
47:04 of you have ever seen it. there was a James Bond movie where
47:07 was a lot of action out But they after on Ridge, it
47:12 very long. It's hundreds of miles , and they have a causeway that
47:16 all the way across it. And have you seen here had some kind
47:21 pipeline causeway gone over here to this . It's very shallow here. When
47:26 go in this direction, it gets 1200 m deep. You go in
47:32 direction, it can get, I , up to about 4 500 ft
47:37 . And the wells that I were in where north of the after on
47:43 . So they were on this side some of the wells they've been drilling
47:46 . Air out here in the deep where you have a lot of
47:50 mud volcanoes where fine grained lake sediments being buried by coarse grain like
47:57 and it's pushing, pushing down on sediment and of course, it pushes
48:03 mud in one spot. The less mud folks back up in another
48:09 and it brings it brings strata of sorts of ages up. And I've
48:14 worked on Wells, uh, in , and they can even people can
48:18 sort out the difference between the caving the re working at the same
48:23 which is a nightmare. But there people that can actually do that.
48:28 , So here's the after on And, you know, uh,
48:35 notice that you know what? These are right here. These structures here
48:39 you can see a row of them . And here's a rogue on that
48:44 . Every one of those is an derrick. So every time they drilled
48:47 well, they made a new They had a new Derek sitting
48:50 Uh, they were They weren't, , you know, side tracking and
48:55 . Um, just ah, you , have a platform here, drill
49:01 , and then reconnected somewhere else. kind of had to move around,
49:05 they had the wellhead at each one these, uh, different rigs and
49:15 they also the pipelines come out of from the producing of each well,
49:20 than having a production tank. When first did this Onda co mingling
49:27 Each one of these wells had a pipeline of the course. I mean
49:30 the coast, and, uh and you can see this probably, maybe
49:36 , some sort of electrical thing. that's not operable anymore. I'm not
49:41 sure what that was, but you limited production facilities. A lot of
49:45 the flow was coming straight out of well and straight to the coastline.
49:49 when you fly over this in which I just did, which Excuse
49:52 , what this picture is, you really see it here. But every
49:58 that would come out of here going the shore is leaking today. It's
50:03 small leak, but it's leaking, at some point in time, it
50:07 probably leaking a lot. A lot those wells there are pretty much tied
50:11 , but you can see it very from the air in a helicopter.
50:15 in spite of the fact that now it's not the Soviet Union, they've
50:21 embraced a lot mawr environmental regulation and trying to clean up the Caspian
50:26 which is probably a good thing. still have a lot of legacy,
50:33 , structures and whatnot that are gonna leaking. And hopefully, since they're
50:38 in a small amount of oil, still some oil, so they are
50:41 that up. Okay. And here's ah, diagram. Ah, that
50:49 you in terms of things that live the bottom that are affected by the
50:54 . They're not affected by water Um, but they are because pressure
51:01 not what controls the occurrence of these . But you can imagine,
51:06 the temperature and Sliney Variations air greater , then there would be over
51:11 This is going to be, pretty much constant solidity and and pretty
51:19 constant temperatures at these depths. It's to get, of course, warmer
51:23 way and cooler this way. And course, climate change is affecting
51:26 But in general, without climate change other things, uh, the slutty
51:34 temperatures or more static here they're more up here. And somewhere in between
51:40 , it gets pretty good. And thing is, food resource is
51:43 Really? Yeah. Well developed here start to fall off as you go
51:49 here. Terms of what's available for that lives on the bottom. So
51:54 a lot of these other environmental not what air pressure, but the
52:00 things that are going on in terms variability, of temperature and salinity,
52:06 of food resource is and that sort thing that actually have an impact on
52:12 types of benthic fossils can occur. water depths. So this is just
52:17 scheme for the Gulf of Mexico, I'm just showing you that when when
52:22 paleontologist looks at, uh, the that they see, they can actually
52:28 out, you know, whether it's a heretic, out or heretic,
52:31 , middle heretic here, out of upper bath, you'll bath you'll and
52:36 down lower bath, you'll and then we get to a missile.
52:40 of course, bath feels slope. shelf is the neurotic, and in
52:47 classification, and usually organic productivity is high here before you go over this
52:58 . But the shelf in China, South China Sea, is actually goes
53:06 about 1000 ft before it starts to down into a slope and, uh
53:13 consequently the food resource is all the across such off, even to this
53:19 outer neurotic shot that they have in South China Sea. You have really
53:24 productivity there too. So things like can be a little bit different.
53:28 as a standard reference around the most geologists well either use. This
53:35 as 200 m or 600 ft. of course, 200 m is close
53:38 you to 6 60 or something like . And and so depending on whether
53:43 use a foot scale or a metric , it's usually around. This,
53:48 , 600 ft or 200 m is what people uses as the typical
53:52 but it's not always the same. again, if you see fossils down
53:57 , it puts you in the context deepwater interpret i'ts. You have to
54:01 things up in here I might have up in here. I might have
54:06 base type structures, and then when get up here, you're going to
54:11 inter title stuff going on when we up in here. So it's just
54:17 a general sense, it's useful that in the specific sense, it could
54:20 extremely useful. Just knowing in a whether you're going in this direction or
54:27 going in that direction when you're coming a well and going down a
54:32 in other words, what is um if it's transgressive, you're going
54:38 see the formations coming up a section deeper. And if it's re aggressive
54:47 building out on it, you're going see getting shallower as you come up
54:53 . Okay? And just to show something about scale and a lot of
54:59 even, I don't think even uh, realizes how fine tune the
55:04 is on Bio Strat these days. he always when I've seen him
55:10 he always mentions that bio stretch But But you know, he does
55:15 lit this draft, and here you see, um, this is a
55:20 scale. Half a million years, the way to 6.5, looking at
55:26 reservoirs that our early plans seen late kind of in here and some of
55:35 there up into here, because here's Miocene early Pleistocene. If I said
55:41 wrong, I'm sorry. I'm gonna it backwards. But something in here
55:44 where they're looking for reservoirs. What is showing you with really high resolution
55:50 a strike data is that there's a all episode and then a break.
55:55 deposition for a long period of This could be a condensed interval or
55:59 fault for non deposition and erosion. anything that would create a de positional
56:06 . But then here's another spirit of and then we go up here.
56:11 nothing, Uh, nothing was deposited . But then there's another Spertus
56:15 Now, the reason why it's important be able to break things down in
56:18 wheeler diagram like this, because in rock record, all of these are
56:23 contact with each other. This rock sitting on top of that rock that
56:27 sitting on top of that record. if you see this long section,
56:30 think, well, you know, it's continuous through time because I have
56:33 here. I have a time I have a time there time
56:36 and I have time there, so must be continuous because I'm seeing stuff
56:40 of all these stages. But what don't realize is that their smaller breaks
56:44 air defining deposition episodes and sequence boundaries other types of things that could mimic
56:52 sequence boundary like a normal fault. , uh, so this is really
56:59 . And, you know, I of think about sequence photography having an
57:05 on things all the way across the like this. Like all of them
57:08 have deposition here at the same And all of them should have
57:13 say, here a the same But they don't. And why do
57:17 think that might be true for these wells that I can't name in the
57:21 of Mexico? Yeah, I guess have any of you worked offshore.
57:37 , nobody is responding. Yeah, Gulf of Mexico. There's there's these
57:42 called many basins and you have salt up structurally, and you also have
57:49 withdrawal, which is causing subsidence. so you get these little basins between
57:58 , uh, diapers and ridges and types of things that pop up.
58:03 , uh uh, this happens to the Gulf of Mexico. You see
58:07 similar offshore Brazil, for sure, in some places, offshore, West
58:16 . But the But the reason why seems so erratic is because you
58:22 you may have, Ah, something the mini basin here A to this
58:29 of time. And that sediment of source of sediment spilled over a little
58:34 over here on, then maybe ah, hiatus in supply. And
58:39 all of a sudden you start getting input from over here and over
58:42 Um, here's another Ah, good , I guess, um, from
58:49 to say, you know, there's here and then there's something there.
58:52 you you're filling this in. You be feeling a little bit of the
58:56 in here, but most of it's captured here. But then that's
59:00 and nothing can be deposited there for while. It rolls over into this
59:05 base and starts filling this one which also was getting a lot in
59:09 beginning, which dumped into that But this one starts to lose the
59:15 supply, and that one gets cut . So you've got a really complicated
59:20 of how this happens Now. If looking at broad scale time again,
59:27 know, someone could say, I had the Calabrian in here.
59:29 had the glazing in here. I the Ah Beyonce Tinian and the Franklin
59:37 and the medicine Ian coming in I have a complete section, but
59:41 fact you don't. You have discreet positional episodes in height and pauses and
59:47 a deposition all episode and a And this looks a little bit chaotic
59:52 you have not only do you have that can pro great if this is
59:58 to shore and that's farther offshore, can program like this, which will
60:03 something like that. You can also up and down going down here while
60:09 going up here. You can have of these down because we drilled into
60:13 different many basins. But the timing Phil and Spill into a downed many
60:18 is going to give you different timings accumulation and de positional episodes,
60:24 by the way, may have nothing do with sea level curve.
60:32 and that's the end of that. so a lot of this stuff that
60:36 showing you is just just examples of that we can use to learn mawr
60:55 our geological model And even though it me a while to get you guys
61:06 online, it's been an hour. guys want to take another break?
61:09 minute break. Let's go ahead and another 10 minute break. And that
61:14 I can get this also. Okay. Okay, Now we're gonna
62:32 at the last batch of tools and of these figures air prettier, but
62:43 going to keep kind of going through relatively quickly. Just so people understand
62:48 lot of things that we talk about we're going through the value chain,
62:52 is coming up in the second half the class. Some of you,
62:58 course, have had several of geophysics already, and some of you are
63:04 . But I just want to go as petroleum geologists. Uh, we
63:11 almost all of our data with seismic , and a lot of what's done
63:16 gravity and Magnetics often times in the has been to do with large
63:24 um, realizations of, you do I have a big sentimentally wedge
63:28 not? Lot of that's been figured in the world, but like everything
63:34 , the resolution and gravity and magnetic is getting better, and they can
63:40 at things in a lot closer And I won't get Thio the latest
63:45 greatest things they're doing. As it out, you know, a lot
63:49 companies that are trying to save money using a lot of these tools just
63:57 they're not doing so much frontier And the only problem with that is
64:01 limits. The ability of people who focused on frontier from showing how their
64:07 work and in things is is fine is, uh, development and
64:14 And certainly there's things like that. , of course, sometimes gravity Magnetics
64:20 already helped a lot in Prospect particularly when it comes Thio controlled source
64:29 Magnetics and helping figuring out the extent salt masses. That may be hard
64:34 image with seismic, although size mix better at that. But there's all
64:41 know. There's always, uh, to having multiple tools to help you
64:45 things that could be sometimes ambiguous. , and that's kind of what I'm
64:50 through. A lot of these just let you know that I want Tool
64:54 work. Remember, there's a lot tools in the toolkit, and you
64:58 pull out a different tool. You to sure up something that doesn't seem
65:02 straightforward. Well, in the seismic , um, the Geophysical know
65:07 But there's 33 major steps. And course, the first is acquisition and
65:19 can seem sort of like grunt work that you have to go out there
65:26 and do it in the field and geophones down and have trucks or ships
65:33 whatever, picking it up with a you know you have off shore.
65:38 have these big ships that have Stringer's geophones and a source, so you
65:44 of have everything combined in one And, uh, just from a
65:51 , it kind of looks like a simple process. But it good acquisition
65:55 not simple at all, because all of things can go wrong. And
66:00 can imagine when you're on a boat sea and the platform that's tryingto figure
66:08 in great detail the rival times of , the source that you shot out
66:15 bounced off of something that's 14,000 ft the surface. Ah, I find
66:21 almost miraculous that We can even have that resembles a seismic line, much
66:27 some of these really well imaged things we're seeing now in three dimensions,
66:32 especially with multi as Mitchell or complete Mitchell, type three d ah,
66:38 and and, of course, on it's not. It's not flawless,
66:45 know, when you have, something on the surface and I can't
66:52 this. But people who do it told me that when wind velocity gets
66:55 , it messes things up. on the surface. And and another
67:01 I never thought about was. But true. Is that just power lines
67:10 the magnetic field that comes out of , usually somewhere around 60 Hertz,
67:15 been told, uh, you're going see some noise coming from that trump
67:21 lines there that are nearby. But course, that's an easy one to
67:25 out because you know exactly what it . But there could be a lot
67:29 there could be a lot of complications the earth was just flat and nobody
67:36 on it. When people live on and own property on it, it
67:40 really, really complicated from a political , we did a non shore survey
67:49 . Ah, I got Dawson. Geophysical offered to do two lines to
67:58 D lines for us. Three of . Um, we had about 50
68:04 out there with people, um, the the geophones there were, of
68:12 , I guess they call them remote because it communicates with the the master
68:18 truck with with radio ways or WiFi , uh, and then also,
68:26 , you know, you're doing it . We waited a line on old
68:30 Trail, and we also did a on, uh, going kind of
68:36 spur five on a cross onto Cullen and then up up one of the
68:47 . I forget exactly which one it . It goes from Cullen Boulevard straight
68:52 into We did a little bit of dog leg, but we almost got
68:56 into the the George R. Brown Center. So we have even have
69:05 of that. And we had uh, enviro size trucks. So
69:11 small size trucks and four of them turns out one of them wasn't generating
69:15 Reese. Any source energy because it having transmission issues. First, we
69:22 got started out, they couldn't move . Then they got it to
69:24 But it wasn't sending any power to vibrator even though it looked like
69:30 Waas It wasn't enough Thio to really picked up in the signal. So
69:36 lost some of the penetration depth that would have gotten with 44 sources rather
69:44 three. Anyway, uh, acquisition real simple. It seems like dirty
69:50 . But it takes a lot of careful planning, both in where you
69:56 put equipment. And, of when you can't do straight lines,
70:01 makes the geometry of everything in your shift a little bit and all that
70:06 be corrected. But it just makes processing part even harder. And of
70:13 , processing is the next step. this is just, ah showing a
70:18 survey with a typical really early on d design. This might be something
70:24 a university was doing or could afford do back in the eighties.
70:30 when the oil industry was doing a more than this when they were doing
70:34 two D lines. But basically, , you know, you have a
70:40 to keep paying in it. And course, uh, there's a lot
70:46 wave and ray theory which the geophysicists get, but, you know,
70:49 get this energy pulse that hit's here bounces up to that one, it
70:55 up to that one, and in , it bounces toe all of
70:58 You know, you shoot this down all of these receivers will pick it
71:03 . This receiver is near low and this is the highest offset.
71:08 sometimes you try to get these way here. This one happens to have
71:12 radar reflector for toe warn ships that in the area so they don't run
71:19 your cables. Sometimes that works, sometimes it doesn't. And and you
71:26 these hydrophones going out here, and basically how they, uh, look
71:32 these travel times to figure out how these different layers are. And of
71:36 , you have trace for every one the receivers. So you put it
71:41 together to get something that looks pretty , and so it's instantaneously. We're
71:47 quite instantaneously, but for every you're going to get a return.
71:52 , of course, you're gonna have shots. Eso you have return for
71:56 one of these at every shot unless goes wrong, which can happen.
72:03 , here is, um, something you a, uh, three
72:13 It's kind of like in two but kind of kind of dio this
72:18 . And then you go this way then you go that way. And
72:20 course, when you're pulling something, easy to figure out what the cross
72:24 direction is gonna be when you lay out on the ground. If it's
72:28 geometric geometric, I guess you have decide which way is cross way.
72:33 you'll have. You'll have different but you'll have a lot of geophones
72:38 . So this would be, uh, sort of something That would
72:45 , uh, simple three D, you're because when you shoot, you're
72:50 to get returns to all the geophones all these strings, and they're
72:55 So you're actually looking at a volume you'll do a volume here, and
73:01 you turn around, you do a there and you come around and you
73:03 a volume there. And but if do something where you come around at
73:09 angles and do it, you're going get a better look at it.
73:13 , when you do it on uh, you have to just move
73:17 sources around and you can come up something similar to that. And another
73:26 that's critical is this a P way s wave? And of course,
73:33 know s waves can't go through the . So you send out a compression
73:38 wave and that congressional way it comes and hits the things. And,
73:44 , maybe there's a little bit of refraction here, and not much is
73:47 on, but But even when it , you could get Once it hits
73:51 surface, you can get a shear forming. And, of course,
73:57 is showing you a P wave comes . Thio produce a shear wave,
74:02 here's a P wave going like What happens, though, is this
74:06 comes down on, it's gonna have , uh, converted waves so you
74:10 have a sheer and a and A way from that same signal and from
74:17 same shot, you could get one and here. So you're getting PNS
74:21 at the same time. If you receivers on the bottom. If you
74:27 an array like this, you can't you can get the results of,
74:32 shear wave coming through this water column because sure, waves don't do anything
74:38 the water. Um, when I this, uh, something like this
74:45 freshman geology, tell students have you've been in a swimming pool and somebody's
74:51 the water directly over your head? can kind of feel that, especially
74:55 if they don't hit your head, they hit the water. You can
74:59 that compression. But if somebody sits you and they're going like this,
75:03 in their hand in creating shear there's no chance that you're ever gonna
75:09 anything in terms of that unless they are hitting your head. And that's
75:14 simplest example I can think of explaining people, you know, sure,
75:20 really do not move very well in . Okay. And so in this
75:27 , you get both, uh, get both the waves and that's a
75:32 thing, because because the response of wave image ing and compression wave imaging
75:39 that you get another energy source and other energy source is not affected by
75:45 . So the P waves affected by . But excuse me, the P
75:48 is not affected by fluids, but sheer wave is affected by fluid,
75:54 you're going to get a different And but you're getting really good concrete
76:01 rock and directly to the G A instead of having to go through a
76:06 of water Also. Okay, so one of the really important
76:14 Um, and depending on what kind data you can get a hold
76:20 You can use sonic logs to look the loss of intervals because one of
76:25 most important issues with seismic is that can always guess what the density of
76:32 is. And if it's more it's going to travel faster. It's
76:38 dense. It's going to travel more dense. It gets faster.
76:42 so the interval velocity become very important the time it takes to go from
76:48 and bounce and go to their is you're using to figure out how deep
76:52 layer is and if they drew how deep that layer was and how
76:57 that layer was. But if the is not constant all the way
77:04 simple time and thickness is not going work out. You have to have
77:09 is changing in here, uh, really get a really good image that's
77:15 situated in terms of how deep that that you might collect in time is
77:22 depth. And so you're collecting the in time to reach a point and
77:31 from that point, it's called the way travel time. In this
77:34 it would be from here, down to there. And so there's a
77:40 related to that. But if in you put in different densities of
77:44 just just say this one's a low , you're gonna have it. Speed
77:48 here is going to slow down there speed up there. So this layer
77:52 here relative to that layer right there you're going through this slower thing,
77:58 gonna look like this bounty right here deeper. Thanet really is. Where
78:02 this one? And it's calibrated just . You've only gone through one layer
78:07 you. Get a signal back on . You might have a really
78:11 uh, depth travel time relationship without effort. But if you had one
78:20 model for the whole thing and you pounced it off this this thing and
78:26 back up, you're gonna you're gonna this layer. If this is lower
78:30 with the same velocity model is gonna this deeper because it took it longer
78:35 get back. Since it took longer get back your calculations, you're gonna
78:38 you it's deeper than it would have . And the same goes for every
78:42 of the, uh, layers underneath low density layer. Okay, so
78:50 sonic locks can help you see what's on and come up with a good
78:55 interval velocity, especially looking at layered that you can kind of put down
79:03 intervals. And sometimes the rock type change, but the velocity doesn't
79:08 A lot of what happens actually is deeper you go, the denser they
79:13 because there's more compaction and a lot the reflectors that we do see relate
79:19 compaction and do watering as much as do to rock type. Because a
79:26 in a sandstone buried at the same are gonna have, uh, similar
79:35 of Dia Genesis going on in terms compaction and the watering. And,
79:43 and that's what's gonna make it tighter ring mawr thing just gone from sand
79:49 shale because I start, the more get that water out of both of
79:54 masses of rock, uh, the the velocity is going, Thio reflect
80:02 true the the composition of the rocks not the grain size of the
80:09 Okay, check shots. Um, another thing that you do when you
80:21 , uh, drop a source down a well board and check and see
80:26 long it takes there. Or you drop a G a phone in there
80:30 have something at the surface and figure how long it takes for to get
80:34 a certain point. In other might do a check shot at 1000
80:39 check shot at 2000 ft in the , the check shot at 4000
80:45 and and so you move your Giaffone the well and just get these shots
80:51 then you interplay between them. And course, this could be relatively
80:58 This is sort of a new interpret method, but it works really
81:03 If you you can actually get check are they're pretty darn good in terms
81:08 developing a velocity model. Uh, I've even worked in areas where you
81:14 this this, uh, low velocity in the middle of things that shouldn't
81:19 any change in velocity. It's really how well it works on correcting the
81:25 and VSP s. Uh, it's way. Vertical seismic profile. You
81:32 get it Z kind of like a check shot, but you have,
81:40 of one moving part, you have moving parts. And you can
81:45 uh, create, um, seismic away from the well born. It
81:52 it really easy to tie a wealth a seismic line. And how many
81:59 you have taken borehole? Geophysics? think Our geophysicists? Somebody said
82:11 Joseph, use it in practice, I've never taken a course on
82:16 Okay, Well, um yeah, geophysicists, uh, in there,
82:22 curriculum will get a course in borehole , and you'll learn a whole lot
82:25 this. But basically, um, ah, check shot. And you're
82:32 dropping this thing down in the well I'm guessing somebody's tried it with putting
82:39 source down a well, But you have to do that. It it
82:42 be more complicated. And this is simple way to do it. Just
82:46 the G A phone and you have seismic shot time it takes to go
82:51 here. It's going to be you're to come up with a A length
82:57 depth two time. And if you one here, you would have a
83:02 time, of course, but the velocity might end up being less or
83:07 than it is all the way for because you have multiple layers of different
83:12 through here in different velocities, and as you go farther down, you
83:16 another one. So you have checkpoints here and you kind of figure out
83:20 , it takes this amount of time get through all of those layers.
83:24 , let me just start from here of these layers and then takes less
83:29 . But maybe the interval velocity between and here is different from here to
83:35 . You kind of figure that out you bring another checks shot up
83:39 but basically you have a time to to hear, time to get to
83:42 time, to get to their time get to there. And you can
83:44 late in between all those check And that helps you calibrate your velocity
83:52 . There's ah, and I don't this myself. But I do know
83:59 I was trying to help him build database of a different nature. But
84:03 was a company that did nothing but . Ah, check shot data,
84:07 lot of check shot data. And I know they did pretty well.
84:14 a lot of people in these onshore still find three old check shot data
84:20 useful in helping them develop their velocity . Of course, the more wells
84:24 have in an area, the better can refine it and decide what might
84:28 bad data and what might be better . Okay. And here V s
84:34 s a little different in that, uh, you're moving things around,
84:41 here you can see Yeah, you're only trying to get this value,
84:49 you're also trying to get these values reflecting values. So you're looking at
84:54 waves and direct waves. And because that, you're actually doing the same
85:00 as what a seismic line does. this gives you, ah, velocity
85:05 for the average of this. Of , if you have a big Sam
85:09 in here with water, and it change that versus something array coming down
85:14 way and going up like that so Ah, geometrically. It's more
85:21 but geometrically. It's more useful in up with with a seismic model alongside
85:26 this wellbore. And of course, you see this way is probably kind
85:29 what you see in the opposite But you can do it. You
85:33 do it both different ways. And Ah, there are There are situations
85:43 they leave this this in one spot moved the sources. Of course,
85:48 has just shown the direct waves, you can always also get the reflected
85:53 when you do a walk away. , too. So here's the sources
85:57 moving with one G. A phone is, uh, source stationery with
86:05 positions of the G A phone, you could even you could even do
86:10 if you wanted to. I don't if people do, but I'll just
86:14 anything is possible. And here um, synthetic seismic from Sonic
86:23 which is another useful tool for correlating seismic. And here's ah, VP
86:29 away trace showing you that there's some going on and some of these,
86:34 you see a layer like that that ring a lot. But something's going
86:37 in here that could actually be multiple . And here's here's a strong one
86:45 , and if you had a seismic around here, you could tie foot
86:50 foot to your log. Now you have to stretch it one way or
86:54 other to make it fit. You , it's not the depth over
86:59 It is not going to equal Act exactly, So if you get
87:02 velocity model set right and you come with feet over here, then you
87:06 tie it feet defeat. But here pretty sure it's two way travel time
87:11 the right. Yetis. It's time there. I can't quite see
87:14 but it's Yeah, this is two travel time, but you can kind
87:19 correlate the geological features that you see could be these reflectors. But with
87:25 developed velocity velocity model, you uh, plot this in depth instead
87:30 in, um instead of two way time and get it lined up even
87:36 on, see what's going on And here's a way. Uh
87:48 You know, different ways to tie lines, and here's well, a
87:54 line is being tied, Thio Well, one and two, here's
87:58 . There's two, and here's one tied this way and that way.
88:03 , uh, and you have all size mix in here, and there's
88:07 three D grid over here. Eso kind of what you can do if
88:12 have, um, vsp or you could get a good tie to
88:17 of these slices out of the Or if it's a two D line
88:21 the two D line, you do sort of thing. One of things
88:25 you also start doing is is you along in here a Z. You
88:29 Wells in there, you look at the various reflectors are, and it
88:34 you if you want to create a . And of course, you can
88:37 this with the machine right now on will take points along this reflector to
88:43 the, uh, layer. In words, you can see the structure
88:48 that surface right there, Uh, a map, you could make a
88:53 , the top of us that was top of a sand you could have
88:55 top of a sand map would cover whole thing with two D lines and
89:01 lot of well, sometimes what you is is you just pick points and
89:05 helps you. In other words, could get a depth here in a
89:09 here in a depth here in the their computers do it now, but
89:13 get multiple depths of these different shot and start drawing contour lines. If
89:20 that's the mode of operation you're And when you have a good three
89:28 three D survey, it's a lot reliable. Um, sometimes not that
89:35 more, but it can be a more reliable and and the key to
89:42 lot of this is being able to closure on a structure. And if
89:47 have like just these two lines and have a structure that goes like this
89:53 say there's a fault. Appear okay take a look. Look at this
90:10 line. Just assume that's a And you have this seismic line you
90:15 see it penetrates it there. Things quite get to it. But the
90:20 D line would have good recognition of fault plane at any layer, any
90:26 any layer that you're looking at. of course, the layers that you
90:29 at aren't gonna be flat. They're have structure to them. And you
90:35 want to figure out that. your oil water contact is down here
90:39 . And so you're hoping to see structure that looks kind of like
90:43 And with these different lines, you pick points and figure out where that
90:48 that contour line bends over to the and me makes it, Uh
90:55 Closure. You just had this well . You know, you could draw
91:00 line for the surface like this, you wouldn't know whether it closed this
91:04 or opened up in that direction and in another direction. But if you
91:08 all these other points that you can with the seismic on top of the
91:11 data. You can find out whether got closure on a structure up in
91:16 like this. And this is a like your mapping problem that you have
91:19 work on. Okay. And here's showing you tying two wells to the
91:28 , and it helps you figure out going on. And here, you
91:33 some production here are not production. looks like, uh, significant event
91:41 here. That could be a There could be one here, but
91:43 doesn't look like they're connected. And the beauty of seismic is. Sometimes
91:48 can tell whether things were connected or . Not always, and there could
91:54 structure in here. There could be offset here with a fault coming through
91:59 or you know something on the order that, it's not really that good
92:03 a line. Thio actually try to any faults in. There may not
92:06 any at all, but but that's point is, is that the seismic
92:11 you a tie between wells, and also in aid to correlation. But
92:15 not the the and all in It really helps to be able to
92:19 locks. Okay, so then we thio processing after we've kind of looked
92:28 , uh, see if I'm going the right direction. Yes,
92:33 we looked at the acquisition. and of course, seismic processing is
92:39 much the whole game in the oil . I don't know of anybody here
92:46 the class processes, but here I . Okay, Well, processing is
92:55 the most critical thing to good And, um, acquisition, Of
93:02 . The acquisitions bad. It makes really tough and rough, and so
93:07 step is important. But if I sitting in a chair and I was
93:15 president of geophysics, this would be nitty gritty guys that got, like
93:21 do hands on stuff on. A of this goes on on the ships
93:27 , too, because because they have the computers on this ship because,
93:30 know, you take a boat out the ocean, it costs millions of
93:34 . So you want to make sure you know you don't come back to
93:38 . And this this had all kinds problems and you didn't have time to
93:41 them. Uh, so when you seismic processing offshore in the boat.
93:48 really helps you quality control it and sure you come back with a very
93:52 product. And but at the end the day, managers look at these
94:00 sort of technical people and these Air . Ah, lot of what goes
94:09 with seismic acquisition is really hard And but the people that design acquisition
94:17 are really sharp folks and and But just in a general sense,
94:23 don't I don't wanna disparage anybody. in a general sense, ah,
94:29 Manager is going to really think a of the people that do the interpretation
94:33 do it well, then he's going think of these is more or less
94:38 Tex or geophysical text to help this do a better job. And these
94:46 , of course, they're out there to get good data and laying out
94:51 plans and stuff to provide ah, acquisition that these guys can process.
94:56 just historically from what I've seen is that are in seismic interpretation, get
95:01 a lot more than these people which paid more than these people. That
95:04 not absolutely be the case now and in someone's career. It may not
95:09 been the case, but just in in general could be 60% of the
95:16 . The interpretation stuff has often been much greater than anything else, because
95:22 are the guys that that actually show where the the prospects are with the
95:28 data. And if you're doing 40 going on with the production of your
95:32 and that sort of thing? So becomes kind of critical in April,
95:36 again, there's a lot of math on in this. There's definitely a
95:42 of trigonometry going on here, but lot of math and trig going on
95:46 here. Uh huh. And, , there are people that's been,
95:52 , their whole careers, just working one major processing type or another.
95:59 so from an academic standpoint, this really important in geophysics and because this
96:07 where you know you can't get there good processing and course acquisition. Sometimes
96:16 acquisition could be improved by good seismic , but nevertheless, really good acquisition
96:24 your seismic when you process it much and easier to work with, and
96:30 you end up with a good So these three steps are all
96:34 But sometimes, uh, pay doesn't that. Okay? And there's a
96:41 of different things they do to the , including this long list, and
96:48 would never try to guess, to able to explain any of this to
96:52 . But there's a lot of different that they're doing, and I'll show
96:55 some things. Um, you reducing multiples is something that would make
97:01 . Migration has to do with if have when you start looking at at
97:07 reef Reflection and refraction data together when hit something like a it's really straight
97:15 and down or tilted a lot. oftentimes have to migrate it because just
97:20 angle of the thing effects the two travel time and the kind of response
97:25 you get. It kind of creates , uh, unrealistic location for some
97:31 these steep things because, ah, gets biased by that by the
97:37 which it's hitting things instead of flat beds. They're not flat lying
97:42 and there's a lot of these other and aggressors there's things that you can
97:46 out like 60 Hertz and other And but here's, uh, you
97:52 , is a geologist. You I want to know who's got the
97:56 image, and I want to um, who's really giving me a
98:04 time to depth model? Eso I something like this. This looks like
98:09 and can't really read this, but looks like it's in two way travel
98:16 and and you've got it tied to logs. And so I've got a
98:22 here, and I think I have . But what could go wrong with
98:26 ? Ah, there could be something up. Ah, you have.
98:34 for some reason, we have high . Uh, in the high points
98:39 lower velocities here, it might actually a flatbed and things like that.
98:45 in the case of this, we a really good tide of wells,
98:48 so it's probably a pretty good but something extra could be going on
98:52 like low density from, uh, reservoir in here. Uh, that
98:59 make it take longer, and therefore sagging instead of popping up like it's
99:04 of popping up everywhere else. When get away from that reservoir, Here's
99:12 , uh, processing. It's helping light up, uh, a lot
99:20 layers where you may have discontinuities across , you're seeing a lot of,
99:28 , local more coherent connections in these that look like channels and are probably
99:34 belts. Uh, Jeff, physics out and called all these channels at
99:38 , but, well, we realized that there's channels within these types of
99:43 and and thes features themselves air probably scale than just a single channel,
99:49 actually channel belts with the high preponderance coarse grained sediments in them and associated
99:58 in the in the forest part of . And here's something curvature.
100:07 this is looking at structural dip, . But when you see changes in
100:12 , uh, in linear patterns like actually is reflecting faulting. And I
100:18 know if I have one that shows , but also if you have lime
100:21 that were laid down flat in their in places where we're looking for fracture
100:28 , um, in the unconventional is air pretty good? Uh, brittle
100:35 with a lot of calcium carbonate in . Ah, whenever these flat surfaces
100:40 laid down flat, so we have in the structure cause it's that
100:44 It's going to cause it to fracture so kind of the highway to highlight
100:50 you should look for those fracture fields then start doing something. Uh,
100:55 delineate the fractures as well. And is one, uh, showing you
101:02 to gas in response to oil. , uh, it's not that
101:07 which you can see, uh, sheer way of data, which is
101:12 to collect on a lot of times not collected, though. On the
101:15 , it's a lot easier to collect the surface than than in the
101:19 And but you can see you get brighter rings on this thing.
101:26 when you can compare and contrast something affected by fluid versus something that's not
101:32 by fluid and and you can see a there's a whole lot like here
101:38 . It's kind of impressive over You didn't even see this And there
101:42 got something, uh, showing us , of course it's oil. Eso
101:49 not gonna these dramatic is over which could barely recognize it over here
101:54 amplitude attributes that they were looking at . And here's a field,
102:05 where their interview, their inner interval were probably pretty close together. Two
102:12 travel time made this flat as a . Uh, there's places underneath Houston
102:18 looked just like this. Just probably there. And there's probably a turtle
102:25 there. And if I could ever seismic that could get down into where
102:31 kitchen is in the Houston basin, pretty sure we'd find a mother
102:37 Uh, that I still think it the source rock directly underneath us in
102:44 kitchen directly underneath us has fed at five salt dome plays, uh,
102:51 have produce more than 100 million barrels oil. But if you remember anything
102:57 migration, uh, there isn't always avenue, so there's a good chance
103:04 a big structure down there. That overflowed with produced oil, and you
103:13 well, coming around the rim of . And, of course, that
103:17 that came around the rim is dis portion of the mother lode of the
103:22 underneath beneath us. So I think could have a lot of oil that's
103:27 come up, uh, around to these 100 million barrel fields that are
103:32 Houston, and it was At least of them had fall into that
103:38 But the mother lode that has a on it in the middle of Houston
103:44 a has a very broad but slight and, of course, of its
103:50 . It's widespread and and it's It's got a lot of volume and
103:58 what's leaked around the edges of that or what we're seeing in the five
104:03 around us. But I still haven't data deep enough to actually prove that
104:10 . And here's what it looks like they got their interval velocities more refined
104:16 fine tuned, they actually, uh realized that there's a lot of
104:22 there in this particular field. So going like this to that just by
104:29 better interval the lawsuits now below We don't have below Houston. We
104:36 have enough penetration, but we We do have some legacy to D
104:43 , but it all looks kind of like this, where they've done very
104:47 Ah uh, processing on it. really hard to get ahold of.
104:53 a few companies that own it and charge an arm and a leg for
104:57 most people would call terrible data that poorly acquired with. It's,
105:04 very few shot points and very few at a time. And but we
105:12 have something that looks like this. what I'm kind of explaining to you
105:17 like there's a fault here. Maybe fault here. And maybe there's this
105:21 structure right here in the middle. on everything we've seen so far,
105:25 looks just like this. And and you got this big load of oil
105:31 here that's been generated and produced, it's leaked around on the ends.
105:36 down depends of these things. Wherever oil water contact is, a fracture
105:41 be like here. It's filled up other things, but the mother lode
105:46 the kitchen is still right underneath Just a thought, okay? And
105:51 wouldn't take a whole lot, uh, politically, it would be
105:55 to move seismic vehicles for you. , which trying to do a two
106:00 We didn't have too many issues. only had two geophones out of 220
106:07 , so we did pretty good, you do three d seismic. You
106:11 to lay them out there while you're your sources around. So they'll be
106:16 there for a few days. you know, city like this,
106:18 might have quite a few people riding , pick them all up. And
106:24 another one. Um, uh, did a couple of processing techniques to
106:30 noise. And you can see here getting a lot more coherency on the
106:35 up here. Then you had over and even down deeper you're seeing,
106:41 , a lot more like even just below. I don't know how far
106:46 , but this is about the same here, and you can structure Here
106:50 not a zob v Issa's. It when you look at it over here
106:54 you can also see something very interesting on over here related to some faulting
106:59 we can see up here it comes the way down to the base and
107:03 the way down through there. And so then there's interpretation. Of
107:10 , we have two D three d 40 and here's here's something that's
107:19 Um, people actually looked at something looked like this and just based on
107:27 way we work today and the way think today, I doubt I could
107:33 wrong. But I don't think most today could look a two d line
107:36 that and come up with a model this and know that this model is
107:44 . In other words, it takes clever I to figure out which one
107:48 these ramps is a fault and which is not a fault and exactly how
107:54 draw that in there. Uh, course, now that we have better
108:00 , we have better to d seismic this. And we have better three
108:04 seismic. And, of course, this, uh uh, probably was
108:10 place here. It's, uh, the Dunland again, this is obviously
108:14 North Sea, or maybe even the Viking rob parts of them over
108:21 And the central problem might be gone that direction. Here and here we
108:26 a friend in the the number, so we know this is very much
108:32 it looks like now, but this was made from that level of
108:39 And here's another one, uh, to that and I think this is
108:44 in the North Sea, and this from sort of a big catalog of
108:50 , petroleum, geology and geophysics And here's how that got interpreted with
108:56 lot of little false off on the of this thing. And,
109:02 so I think it's really important to that interpretation. You can imagine if
109:08 could look at this and come up something like that. That person is
109:14 a lot of money, and especially you find out that it's pretty
109:19 Another thing, Um, I will you your next frontier exploration example of
109:25 that looks maybe worse than this, comes up with a really good,
109:30 , interpretation, which turned out to , for the most part,
109:33 The details weren't absolutely true, but of what was going on and certainly
109:40 magnitude of the resource was figured It's on a carbonate bank, and
109:46 really looks, uh, I'd have xerox this seismic line about eight times
109:51 get it to look his band, as what they had to interpret a
109:55 nice carbonate bank. There was just full of oil. Uh, the
110:03 was not evenly distributed but still got lot of boiling. Okay? And
110:09 that's what that's where interpretation becomes Interpretation is not when when you have
110:18 image that looks exactly like what the probably looked like because it's three
110:22 the acquisition went well. The processing well. It's all the right types
110:27 contrast ing fluids and rock types and rates and that sort of thing.
110:34 can interpret that. But when you interpret data that looks like this,
110:39 doing a good job. And I another reason why a lot of this
110:43 probably the North Sea too. But definitely is one of the reasons
110:48 Um, things could be this bad up here you had talked about it
110:54 all the energy. And this thing here turns out to be,
110:58 boundary that I believe Let me see I can look at this.
111:04 yeah, that's exactly what I thought was. Uh, you know,
111:07 is what they call the Cretaceous Jurassic . But if you look at
111:13 then you look at that and you at this. Now you look at
111:20 that line is almost penny contemporaneous, when you get over here, it's
111:26 . And when you get over it's younger again. Whenever you come
111:30 on something that's ramp like like uh, seismic almost makes you think
111:36 z one line. And it was called the Cretaceous Jurassic Dining of I
111:42 Tertiary. But it's the Cretaceous Jurassic . I think I might have slipped
111:46 said tertiary the first time, But is the Cretaceous Jurassic boundary. It's
111:51 huge un conformity with rocks that are up on it are different ages because
111:58 see this, um, soft masses flapping on it here and over
112:05 But this is one surface. It's erosion all service. So it cuts
112:09 deeper in some spots and less deep other spots or less deep strata
112:15 anyway. And so it's not as as it looks from this diagram.
112:20 of these things I can see some the stuff is pinching out right
112:24 even from the seismic. So even might not be correct, but but
112:29 lot of people put this sort of a timeline that the geophysics in the
112:33 sea. It drives me mad because can have reservoirs in all of these
112:38 that are completely different ages. And want to tell you the same
112:41 And there can be, ah, , for example, on top of
112:46 one that's actually younger and separated in whole different play and still Jurassic.
112:53 they're not seeing that big ringer that get where there was a really good
112:58 will surface on. You have low primarily above it, and,
113:05 upper Jurassic below it. But sometimes have middle Jurassic in here. Sometimes
113:10 have, uh, actually, lower is actually sticking out of the top
113:15 some of these things. And particularly you get over here, would be
113:19 likely based on the way they have . But I'm not sure it's
113:24 Okay, so the other thing we do with seismic is map structures.
113:30 how many of you work with maps look like this? His multi colored
113:37 . Yeah. Like 90% of the . Yeah, Most of them.
113:43 they have contour lines on them? , usually. I mean,
113:49 Is this seismic? Yeah. This seismic. Yeah, this is this
113:53 . Yeah, usually a time structure structure. Sure. Now, the
114:00 thing that bothers me about these brightly colored maps is that you can
114:07 this. But normally, uh, think the convention for most places is
114:11 , is high and cold is and that's convenient. But you know
114:18 if this was the oil water where is it? You know,
114:22 I know the exact depth of where fades from dark green, the light
114:27 on this side? You know, colors to me or not as definitive
114:33 Z drawing a proper line like But nevertheless here, here's one that's
114:42 showing various, uh, colors. of course, this hot is what
114:53 you think? That hot ISS And , it's actually cold here.
115:00 we're looking at these thes seismic lines here we've got highway over here,
115:06 is this and we're coming down. because you're using the same scale across
115:11 , we might be having a hard figuring out where the the top of
115:14 structures. But this, of is a little bit hotter than everything
115:17 around it. And but nevertheless if you have these contour lines and
115:24 display the depths, you can figure what the structures are. Obviously,
115:28 is high relative to something that is their enclosure there. This is just
115:34 a little bit more complicated. And it says, this is a sin
115:42 right here. So that's actually that's a darker blue or purple. So
115:47 is that's a deeper pit. So like looking down, looking down and
115:51 somewhere. So you have these en rotated fault blocks with high over
115:58 and and this is a monarch line into dipping down like that. So
116:05 have structures coming up in this direction you've got all these different traps in
116:10 . But at this scale, you , if you if you did it
116:14 , you might be able to uh, potential trapping along the other
116:20 of these fault blocks up in here been here. And here is just
116:27 of things that you do with with size weakens. Try to figure out
116:33 know, this. This is where trying to get down to the
116:36 What are my, uh, potential at that scale. But you also
116:41 at this this type of data in of figuring out what are the sort
116:46 heresies and echelon rotating fault blocks that this kind of pattern here. And
116:56 then, of course, here's that fault. And so you're likely,
117:01 some cases to see, uh, traps up against here thing down here
117:07 because the way they're configured But in , in certain configurations, when it's
117:14 this, you could have traps here here and here. But because you
117:18 one color scheme, this is high this is low and you're not seeing
117:24 the prospects forming on the the football of this rotated block. You get
117:34 really good signal on that. You're a good signal on that and a
117:39 signal on that side. But you're seeing a really good signal on the
117:43 that shows a trap form. And is just more detail showing in terms
117:51 interpretation. When you get these uh, you can start looking at
117:58 rollover patterns with poor seismic data. know, you might just have one
118:03 coming through here without being able to this roll over, but here it's
118:08 clear. And this is really a , uh, seismic lines from the
118:15 same area which, which makes it whole lot easier contar pret things.
118:19 here here, we've actually got a spot. Our roll over this
118:24 um, a convex roll over, , off of that fault plan.
118:31 you have a potential for trapping And, uh so basically, the
118:37 the better your processing is, an is. And if you get in
118:41 D, sometimes you can have really data and spot things easily. And
118:47 is just showing you that you can a lot of that, Um,
118:51 in more detail when you start drawing on it and measuring these different things
118:58 were going on when you've got these spots in different rollovers occurring throughout this
119:05 . Next thing that we look at direct hydrocarbon indicators. And what side
119:13 this graph shows me where there might a reservoir left left side over
119:26 Yeah, the left side of So probably have some regional dip here.
119:30 on like this. And then all a sudden it flattens out. Why
119:34 it flattened out like that? Water contact. That's a really good
119:40 , but and a lot of that's the way it works. But
119:45 it also works like this. We , Ah, flat oil, water
119:51 . Why is it going down like ? And this is sort of a
119:54 eye. Velocity sag under gas, it. And s o some of
120:04 structures could be very indicative and they them DHS. Direct hydrocarbon indicators.
120:09 we used to have things we call spots and we still do.
120:15 you know, when you start getting seismic, you start getting more
120:18 Mawr brighter spots anyway, so you to be really careful with that in
120:25 . But that's a good way to where you've got hydrocarbons. Another
120:30 Um, how many of you have Fred Hiltermann class I have in
120:38 I think two. Okay, so that you have had that?
120:45 Fred Hiltermann is like the leading expert this technology there's about Oh, I
120:53 know, five or six, maybe many as 10 people. That really
120:57 pull this all together. And Fred one of the major people that helped
121:00 a lot of this in. And now, it's safe to say that
121:07 on what this rock type is and these fluid mixtures are, you're a
121:11 . Responses could be a little bit . Eso So when you look around
121:18 whole Gulf of Mexico, depending on prevalent mythology in a particular area and
121:25 types of hydrocarbons that you're seeing in reservoirs, you can get different responses
121:30 what Fred's doing right now. It's much doing Ah, global Gulf of
121:36 a video response study, and he's showing you some of it. He's
121:42 to show how some of these responses a little bit different in one place
121:46 another. So he's he's trying to , say, in South Marsh Island
121:52 . This is the it's some It's South Marshall and, uh, 100
122:00 or South Marshall and South, or of these different concession areas where the
122:07 might be a little different to make easier for people to use a video
122:12 they work in the Gulf of because responses, they're not always gonna
122:16 exactly the same. But there is response, and the thing to do
122:20 tow. Characterize the length ology is compaction the age. All these things
122:27 the fluid mixtures and fluid types are have an impact on what type of
122:33 you get. Uh, and having said that, we'll take a
122:36 at a couple and here is, and he says it doesn't show you
122:42 he's getting, But he says, is a low impedance class three
122:49 and basically the reason it works for that haven't had the course is I
122:56 they like to explain it like a . Um, if you look straight
123:02 , for example, at tar like , like you look at the like
123:08 you looks in the middle of a summer day, if you look straight
123:12 the road and it's asphalt, you're going to see much of anything.
123:17 if you look down the road a distance, you're going to see something
123:22 mirage like, and you'll see the reflecting a tease at these,
123:29 higher angles that you're getting in the traces. In other words, if
123:34 standing here, this doesn't even have be tilted. If I'm standing here
123:39 I look like this. I'm getting signal like that look like this and
123:43 get something back. I'm gonna actually more of a reflection. Even on
123:49 surface the farther I way that I at it. So it's not all
123:54 same way because there's there's different classes these things and they get hi spots
123:59 different places, but in general, is going to be greater.
124:05 you go out that these higher angles you're going to see it bright enough
124:10 the far traces. And this is an example of something very similar to
124:17 . And here are some near In other words, we're not We're
124:22 moving laterally. This this is the the same section here, But this
124:29 the near traces. In other we're looking at the same chunk of
124:34 between here and here, and I the near traces the mid traces in
124:38 far traces and and so that's the this is. And I see here
124:48 . Um I'm going from the near not very visible. I'm looking at
124:54 asphalt real straight down here. It's very visible, but far, far
124:59 . I can see some reflection. fact, I'm seeing a lot of
125:04 . And, uh, that's an anomaly because it's not consistent all the
125:09 across here. You see something that's consistent all the way across. And
125:14 would be a different Avia type of where you see a good reflection close
125:20 c one a little bit farther but not much in the middle.
125:24 it's nothing like this thing. This a riel hum dinger. Eso is
125:28 one just above it. And here's is from, uh, this is
125:36 is a little bit harder because to , But here, um, for
125:46 looking, we're looking at one chunk rock and for that one chunk of
125:52 Mm. We're seeing the near The mid traces in the far
125:57 And this one This is what it like. These air. This is
126:01 longer chunk of rock. So the traces to that. Well, the
126:05 traces to that Well, in the traces to that Well, um,
126:10 this pattern and you can see again well, 29 it gets brighter and
126:16 as you get farther away. But pretty bright close up. Maybe I
126:20 even need a video for this But we come over here on
126:26 you know, I was just looking my near in my mid traces.
126:30 might not suspect there's anything here, then when I looked at my far
126:35 , it lights up like this And lo and behold, there is
126:39 gas play there. Here is, , you're not. You're kind of
126:44 oil water contact. This is, this is an Amoco exploration frontier
126:49 Well, here, trying to hit oil water contact with your first
126:53 And, of course, there isn't remote target anywhere in here.
126:59 that you can see, but you're at the edge of it down
127:01 So maybe they drill this to see the oil water contact was, and
127:05 found what they were looking for. that was no, no hydrocarbons.
127:09 , uh, you know, we don't have a well through this
127:15 here, so we could probably see something's going on. But there's obviously
127:18 target, maybe over here in terms , uh, not quite sure the
127:27 across here, but we're looking at that air. Uh, excuse
127:31 Receivers that air close here mid distance and far away here. And it's
127:40 It's not as easy to understand. this one where you're seeing it laterally
127:43 you're seeing close ones, mid distance and far away. Okay. And
127:54 , um, applications of having, wow, it's getting to be three
128:01 . Have we been gone? And been gone another hour. Haven't we
128:09 ? Yes. Are you guys ready a break? Because my throat's getting
128:13 little sore. How about if we How about if we do a 15
128:19 break Now? Is that all Yeah. I don't know.
128:25 I think that's what my throat Excuse me. Yes? Would you
129:05 stop recording? I'm trying to, my cursor has disappeared on me.
129:10 . E don't know. Why could stop it? No. Okay,
129:17 gonna see if I can. It to end the whole thing, and
129:22 don't want to end it. E know if you just make me co
129:29 E. If I could do I could e would have a
129:35 Yeah. I don't know why this this every now and then I just
129:40 my cursor. I can't see it all. Let me, um
129:46 I know what I'll do. Maybe is what happened. Yeah,
130:22 we got it. We have to a lot of buttons to make this
131:42 work, but it works. Okay. I'm hoping everybody's back because
131:59 going to start, um, getting Thio compression and shear wave image
132:09 Uh, this is just one men of many of the things that you
132:13 do, uh, to benefit from shear wave data. And one of
132:21 areas that I found was pretty interesting the chalks in, uh, we
132:28 on the hot pot field, and were, uh it's the hot and
132:35 pod field in North Sea chalks, they had an area that had 600
132:46 barrels of oil in place. Our a bill, they thought, and
132:53 did a really high resolution strata graphic there and were able to show that
132:59 of three uh, three reservoir intervals the chalks, they actually had
133:06 And sometimes you might want to Well, if I instead of having
133:11 that air really long, I've got these little broken up ones. But
133:14 it turns out, having seven Some of them were very extensive that
133:21 were completely missing. Um, and it was part of redeveloping a new
133:29 model for the geology, and we from 600 million barrels of oil to
133:37 a billion barrels of oil. So added 400 million barrels of oil by
133:43 doing a better refined strata graphic And so, for people that might
133:50 that strategic AFI is, there's something useless. And of course, we're
133:54 at carbonates that had a lot of cake. Um, layering to them
134:00 that really looked like, uh, , regressive sequences, that kind of
134:06 . It just took really good, , strata, graphic correlation and good
134:13 . And one of the reasons why strata graphic correlation was poor in the
134:18 was because chalks on a gamma log really show up. So they were
134:24 with reservoirs and the way they recognized reservoir was they get three spikes and
134:30 on the height of the hydro CARBON . They were leaked, leaking a
134:34 of gas all the time. Lots gas clouds, hydro car, carbon
134:39 could only be so, so high they would start losing fluids. And
134:44 it would charge and it would And it would charge, and it
134:47 leak. But there, that's where waas stuff wasn't going farther down.
134:53 Water contact wasn't growing down dip. was sort of static in itself,
135:00 though it was dynamically being charged and leaking. But to make a long
135:04 short again, the most of Wells three pay zones. But that three
135:13 zone that they were looking at had do with the height of the petroleum
135:19 and the hydrocarbon column, which has pushing on leaking seals. And so
135:30 places, those three reservoirs that were by the resistive ity spike was actually
135:39 where the, uh, we're not the same. Three reservoirs. In
135:44 words, there were seven reservoirs, you never got mawr in one particular
135:49 , much greater than three stacked on of each other. But they were
135:54 they're often different ones, so ended going from 600 million barrels to a
135:58 barrels of oil. So that strata model helped a lot. And because
136:04 that, it gave Amica the impetus to put in O b s because
136:11 of a sudden you've got 400 million of oil. And if you really
136:15 to find out where it is, go ahead and put O b s
136:18 the floor so we can get through gas. Jimmy, on that z
136:22 of the things that they had to with. And, uh, this
136:27 just a basic thing on P waves s waves. And I just put
136:32 in there in case somebody doesn't know . And of course, this is
136:38 of telling you the difference between PNS . And I know we mentioned this
136:44 and different ways that we acquired data the benefit of it. This is
136:49 a little bit more data, so can imagine if you're hammering somebody in
136:54 water underwater, you're gonna feel it your head, and I just swishing
136:59 and forth. You're not going to it. That's far as I can
137:03 . That's the easiest way toe explain people why sure, waves don't transmit
137:09 liquids, but here is multi component a gas cloud West Cameron, Gulf
137:16 Mexico. Here you can see we these leaking reservoirs and, uh,
137:24 wrong with it. As long as have something that's still charging everything.
137:28 also kind of Ah, direct hydrocarbon of U C. Something like this
137:32 your seismic line. You're coming up coming up on structure and all of
137:35 sudden it gets kind of washed It's Ah, gas cloud A messing
137:42 the velocity to such an extent interval to such an extent that you really
137:47 get anything coherent Thio thio kind of across there. But if you have
137:56 waves on it, converted shear waves a multi component receiver. Uh,
138:02 you do that, uh, you have, um, something that's not
138:09 by the gas cloud. It doesn't the gas cloud at all,
138:13 uh, may see a little bit maybe oil seeping up through here.
138:18 the gas clouds completely gone, and structure is really easy to see.
138:24 instead of finding 12 or three layers the area that we were working and
138:28 found seven. And, uh, is just another one and this one
138:39 , I think, may or may . I don't think this is
138:43 but but we had this similar thing the North Sea with the chalks.
138:49 if you take this sold interpretation that showed you earlier on this two D
138:55 take that similar position and do a D line, you get a much
139:00 image than the two D, of . And of course, the interpretations
139:03 lot easier. But then when you can see here, there's a gas
139:09 and and with a multi component, can see what's going on in
139:15 And this almost looks like a drawn . But it's not on. You
139:20 see here. It was kind of , but there's an offset, and
139:23 can't quite quite linked these things But here you could see a really
139:28 , uh, link up between those . So the coherency in your
139:33 your reflectors and therefore your structure is increased in this area is being affected
139:40 the gas cloud. And if we back here, you can see there's
139:44 blowout in this whole area. it's extensive. Just the two d
139:50 S 03 d and itself helps a bit. But when you when you
139:54 that, it gets a lot better , you can see same kind of
140:00 here we have a P way coming . It bounces off and you get
140:04 P wave here. If you've got wave bounces off, you get a
140:07 wave an A P wave, and it makes it a whole lot
140:11 Thio image it because there's hydrocarbons associated this and again the sure way I
140:18 see it. So in some it's a hydrocarbon indicator in that you
140:25 see it. Uh, this is happens when you can see the
140:29 It messes up your seismic with compression . But when, um when you
140:35 see it, it becomes easier. Thio image the reflectors rather than
140:42 which is imaging reflectors and gas and . Okay, here is um this
140:50 just an example from this is this out of your book. Your book
140:58 some of the slides in here from of your the Lewis and Swarbrick
141:03 But I knew Cathy Farmer that worked this area in great detail after this
141:09 . But the blues and Scarborough came and it looks looks at,
141:15 what's going on in the book around three time. And I think this
141:20 this is a good, uh, toe look at because, you
141:26 people that do geophysics think the strategic should never change People to do strategic
141:31 think the geophysics should never change. in fact, everything keeps changing.
141:36 keep getting more data. We keep better perspectives. We keep getting multiple
141:42 . We integrate a lot. from my own experience, integration is
141:48 key to reality. Um, if don't, if you don't have different
141:54 , you're gonna miss something, and just it happens over and over and
141:57 again. It's just like the three thing with the chalks and in the
142:06 Sea that we're working on. We from 600 Million way, put some
142:11 our standard science into it. That being done. And we went from
142:18 million to 100 million. Excuse 600 million to a billion barrels of
142:23 . And, uh, that increase value for that asset gave Amoco the
142:33 to put o. B s spend money to put o b s on
142:36 bottom And when And of course, Thompson and you take his course,
142:42 tell you that that they discovered all that oil. But Leon Thompson was
142:47 of in charge of the group that the O. B s. And
142:49 they did RBS thief field went I believe it went from 600 million
142:57 a billion to another 400 million barrels 1.4 billion barrels. Because with the
143:04 wave their act actually able to even define summon some of the increased resolution
143:13 able to get using high resolution strategic on. Then they were able Thio
143:18 it in with higher resolution. multi component data, uh, that
143:25 able to see through the gas cloud see through the liquids and focus on
143:29 structure and structural reflectors. And that's what what made made that all
143:35 So you think about it. You've gained. You've gained 800 million
143:42 It might have been a little bit total from just doing a little bit
143:46 work and doing something different than what were doing before. And,
143:51 I like Kathy Farmer because she's a good geologist. And she's the one
143:56 started this revision of the static model , uh, in the hot pot
144:03 the hot field. And, uh , uh, you know, a
144:07 of kudos goes to her for realizing if we looked at a problem from
144:12 different perspectives, we would end up more oil without drilling more wells and
144:17 buying any more acreage. I what could be more rewarding than
144:22 You do some technology and an asset 600 million barrels is now 1.4 billion
144:30 of oil. And here's something that worked on, and she got paper
144:35 the year. It a PG for , and I'm not gonna explain it
144:38 in detail, but I just I to use it as an example of
144:44 when we start adding different sources of and there's a lot they could do
144:48 this field, I think they haven't . But when you start adding new
144:53 of data, you're adding new And when you add new perspectives and
144:58 actually have the energy and idea of in with more updated understandings of some
145:05 the technology that you've used, you're change your total understanding of the
145:12 And so I hear a lot of , especially when they're working on their
145:16 stones. But even students on their and PhDs they'll say this to
145:20 They'll say, if I had more , uh, and I work if
145:24 work, this is how they said I work for a big oil
145:27 I would automatically have more data, this would be a whole lot
145:31 But the key is, is to you have make an interpretation from
145:38 And then whatever you don't have, add later and make a better
145:43 In other words, you're creating jobs if you want to think about
145:47 In that sense, for example, more wells were drilled in the hot
145:51 pod Hartfield hard pod field. In chalks. No more wells were
145:58 Number acreage was purchased or leased. just did more technology, and they
146:02 up with 800 million barrels of Gee, what a terrible thing to
146:07 . Okay, so we, uh in that vein we look at this
146:11 completely different area, completely type, type of setting. This is
146:17 uh this has got some thrust faulting Cem some far sheer faults. And
146:27 you know, it's completely different. again, technology changes, more work
146:31 done, more data gets collected in in, the in the field changes
146:35 before our eyes. Here it is on when they they first started drilling
146:42 . And here's the interpret the final . Uh uh, that was
146:47 but through the time that our textbook it. But Kathy farmers work improved
146:56 on this particular model. So no doing bad work. No one's misinterpreting
147:03 . They're interpreting the best solution with data they have. And if this
147:10 didn't have the courage to make an when they knew this much about the
147:14 , there'd be no field. And you have to have that courage
147:18 And once you actually find something, you can start working on the details
147:23 adding more information and maybe having something happened to do this and even more
147:29 to do this. So I'm just go through this and here is what
147:33 looks like in cross section. you've got these thrust faults going on
147:41 you have this huge thrust that's got little bit of a roll over on
147:45 and some fracturing going on here. this is where the bow Koran field
147:50 right in here. And that's in the broad brush. Look at where
147:55 ISS. And this is completely different , say, a chalk set.
148:00 here's what they had to d Seismic 1988. Okay, that's the best
148:05 could do. But that gave them reason somebody drew four way closure,
148:12 we know it. Four way closure it's a prospect. So we go
148:15 it. Uh, this was hand . It wasn't computer drawn computers like
148:20 do four way closures like this. like the bullseye, everything. But
148:25 was probably something that was closer to . You look at it in
148:29 but when you start looking at the , that gets a lot more
148:33 And here they added, Well, and lo and behold. Oh,
148:37 goodness. There's more false. What surprise. Ah, Was it wrong
148:44 come up with that interpretation? It was the best they could do
148:47 the time. You had to have courage to make that interpretation so people
148:51 at least get started in understanding this complex field. So there's a
148:56 They added, Well, data in they added even more wells and this
149:04 of the structure switched on them. . It looks like they weren't seeing
149:08 many thrusts on this sort of in plane, but they were seeing some
149:13 this plane. But then when you had some more data, all of
149:19 sudden you've got a lot of you've some thrust sheets down here like
149:22 But now you've got thrust going in direction. In other words, all
149:25 a sudden they see this kind of going on and and it's it's reflected
149:31 in the section that you don't see that cartoon. Okay, And then
149:38 there's 1990 Then we come into 1992 then in 1993 there's two D three
149:48 , and more well, data. look at this. It gets even
149:52 more complicated than it was before in and some of the thrusting and normal
150:00 that are going on inside this block shifted direction even. And that Zatz
150:07 because the people that did it here smarter than the people that did it
150:12 the beginning. It's because they have data and they're looking at it from
150:16 perspectives again. I think there are things that they could do and add
150:20 this that they haven't done even But again, uh, if you
150:25 put a price on what that technology like we did in the hot and
150:29 pot field in the talks, then you can put that price on
150:34 you can invoke, uh, people consider spending more money on the
150:40 And of course, now they have nice, uh, fence type diagrams
150:47 to kind of show you Ah, their three d volume condense play in
150:53 of where the process he is and the process he isn't. And here
151:00 can see getting up thio close to down here. So this is the
151:06 ferocity appear. You can see there to be a nice looks to me
151:11 there might be a good sealing rock the way across that field. That's
151:16 taking a look at the two t . And of course you've got all
151:19 structure faulting and impacting these. He's sections that you're looking at for a
151:30 , and here's another way of looking it. And and I oriented this
151:35 from Was that man from 1993 so can see that a lot of the
151:44 and the orientations of the false are very similar. But what they've added
151:49 is some detailed ferocity, ah, into the overall model. And if
151:56 think about it, you know the spots right in there. And if
152:01 go back here, the poor soul had the courage to do this found
152:08 sweet spot way back then. He didn't understand exactly how it worked across
152:13 field. And there it is, a nutshell. Don't ever get disappointed
152:19 you don't have a lot of uh, realize that's the reason that
152:24 data, But it's also the more you could be about something at this
152:34 , ending up being productive, the likely you're going to get the technology
152:38 time. And as you start penetrating and seeing oil return and in a
152:43 return, you're going to get more to do more work. And,
152:46 course, the person that came up the first map probably retired well before
152:51 Farmer even got onto this job. But that's the way it works through
152:56 . Never give up. And that's reason why I think peak oil is
153:01 of a strange thing, because every that we have right now that's not
153:06 very much could possibly have very extensive is that we haven't imagined because we
153:13 imaged them. An image ing is important for people with that lack
153:19 If you have imagination and your you like a geologist, you can come
153:24 with models and reasons why, you , I think we ought to look
153:27 it from this angle and see what get next and ah, lot of
153:31 the payoff could be big, and don't know exactly what the payoff was
153:35 this, but I do know it they characterized this better. They're pretty
153:40 wells in the ground. And you don't do that unless you're producing more
153:43 more oil. Okay, um, of these other methods which I'll go
153:49 really quickly because I really want to us getting into correlation. But there's
153:56 and Magnetics in the old sense. then some of the controlled source electro
154:03 . In terms of what we're gonna look at a Z examples of
154:07 We have to sort out problems. , of course, one of the
154:14 issues when we first started out exploring parts of the world. But these
154:19 issues still exist because there are parts the world unfortunately, mostly in the
154:23 regions, that we've got very little from on when, north of
154:32 um, I forget the name of water mass up there, but they
154:38 some really deep basins, which were perspective, but it it goes into
154:43 , uh, lapse into the Arctic . But there's, uh, south
154:48 some islands up there. It's it's it's a different base and forget the
154:52 Anyway. There are lots of areas that all around. So just the
154:57 part of the Arctic Circle. Not right in the middle of it that
155:01 have very little information. And so of the last great things that I've
155:05 him do with with standard, um , gravity and Magnetics was to try
155:13 figure out the sentimentally wedge north of and parts of Russia. And
155:21 of course, is why we could it. Because different rock masses have
155:25 densities and you can see here the contrast between sedimentary rocks and what we
155:33 to call basement is pretty much pretty . Okay, And here is,
155:42 , something I stole from my twin . God rest his soul.
155:47 uh he worked on this, and was a model. He was showing
155:51 people that have you had Ah, sort of basement uplift. Uh,
156:00 is you can kind of see the of the mass from the gravity.
156:05 can change the inclination north and south find the boundaries. Uh, this
156:10 , because the inflection points would show where the boundaries were. And so
156:15 was just ah, simple plot out he had And here's something if you
156:22 a grab in in the in the , you see gravity low show up
156:30 and again, uh, inclination, and south. You can get annoyed
156:35 of where the boundaries of of That horse. Excuse me. That
156:40 would be here. You would have more like a horse here. You
156:43 have something like a Grob. It's very simple model. Okay,
156:48 The other thing is, uh Liam Agar Magnetics. And of
156:54 certain minerals possess greater magnetic susceptibility. and that's pretty cool. And also
157:07 , we know that a lot of metallic mint are prevalent in,
157:12 in basement rock, as opposed Um, sedimentary rocks, but sedimentary
157:19 have a really weak magnetic response, it has one that can be
157:25 And, of course, one of key things to use paleo mag for
157:29 looking at spreading ridges and seeing magnetic that air created, uh, from
157:36 magma that forms. We have sea spreading. If we have a polar
157:42 at this time, we would see band of pole reversal on either side
157:46 a spreading ridge. And then if come out here like this, we
157:51 have normal polarity in the band's here either side of it. And then
157:55 go out like this and the next we have a reversal. So we
157:58 a reversal. Normal reversal, and looking at them primarily the impact of
158:06 magnetic magnetic. Excuse me? Uh, magnetic susceptibility response Thio things
158:16 air capturing the magnetic field at different while the sea floor is being spread
158:22 And of course, ah, lot people, um, should know
158:27 but I don't know if everyone knows these days, but the the Office
158:32 Naval Research had a lot to do figuring out what was going on with
158:37 floor spreading because they noticed these anomalies they were hunting for submarines with magnetometers
158:46 and they turned that technology over to . And I think it could have
158:52 the late sixties, but I'm but pretty sure Ah, Well,
158:57 I would have been the late Now that I think back, I
159:00 tried really hard not to think back the late sixties because it was a
159:03 time ago and and I wasn't 10 old, but I probably looked 10
159:11 old back in 68 and in that . But they turned that over to
159:17 folks at Woods Hole, and they doing some amazing things within all of
159:20 sudden plate tectonics kind of rose out the dust, so to speak,
159:25 all that data that the submarine hunters help them and directed them into areas
159:34 they would run their own surveys with magnetic tools that they didn't have prior
159:38 that because they're all part of the of Defense and the United States Naval
159:44 Organization, their Office of Naval which was the biggest research organization for
159:48 long time. And it may still even bigger than NSF in terms of
159:54 . Um, of course, one to do with defense. That's no
159:57 . But nevertheless, uh, they're when you drill into sedimentary rocks,
160:04 you have a special spinner type tool you can kind of measure? It's
160:10 like a cat scan of micro SETI spins as rocks forever to get some
160:16 of signal out of it. You these, uh, things that will
160:19 there and figure out whether the magnetic is reversed or not. After several
160:25 , I'm sure they've gotten better at . But things that have low magnetic
160:29 they were able to figure out, contrast, ing responses of layers through
160:36 in the sedimentary rocks that showed that signal. And of course, that's
160:42 thing that relates to how we develop and how we tied it thio,
160:48 tops and that kind of thing because knew there was a clock here with
160:51 magma. But at the same we had a clock and the layers
160:55 rocks and preserved in Biota and other in those layers of rock that help
161:00 pick the age and time of And we had, well, information
161:05 timing as it's coming off of Offer the ridges and you tie those
161:10 or four things together and you end with great timescales for anything less than
161:14 120 million years, because that's when got ah, lot of are spreading
161:18 in place. You get over 200 years. It's tryingto find it's very
161:24 to find good spreading sections, Thio a good time clock set up.
161:30 anyway, so that's that's ah lot it in a nutshell. But here
161:34 is another thing I stole from my brother and and this was in the
161:41 China Sea. And I'll talk about when we get into frontier exploration.
161:45 the the magnetic part, but But had some pinnacles in the section.
161:53 , uh, course of Pinnacle can a, um it can be magmatic
162:01 magmatic, or it could be a reef. And, uh, but
162:06 was used for And it turns out , uh, this was a dyke
162:12 magma coming up to sedimentary rocks. it wasn't Ah, Pinnacle Reef.
162:19 of the reasons why in the South Sea this was worrisome is because they
162:24 have pinnacle reefs that air paleozoic that up through some non marine sections in
162:30 Bohai Basin. And, uh, it looks just like this on the
162:35 . Except he's the paleo Matt. me, Have you used,
162:40 two d magnetic modeling? You can out pretty quickly, Uh, that
162:45 got to really? Hi magnetic susceptibility to this thing, and it would
162:51 been much flatter. If it had a carbonate and it would have looked
162:55 this stuff over here, you would gone from high and low on this
162:59 eso It's really obvious, uh, it's not a Pinnacle Reef in this
163:06 location. But as it turns there are places where you have pinnacle
163:10 that looked almost identical like that in parts of the Bohai Basin and another
163:15 additionally, in places in the South Sea. Okay, so one of
163:21 things that you look for is something this. And I worked with a
163:29 in, um on their PhD uh, in Pakistan. And you
163:36 , Well, you know, that's not necessarily a frontier area, but
163:40 a lot of places in Pakistan where very limited work and a lot of
163:46 countries around the world world where they even know they have basins like
163:51 And you know, you may have , they're starting to look because you
163:56 see a situation like this where where is a normal fault. But it
164:00 also be associate ID with a strike fault, which is causing all kinds
164:04 earthquakes. The minute there was an in the ground, you get people
164:08 . But they don't know if there's hydrocarbons in there yet because I haven't
164:11 at it close enough. And But , you get these kinds of responses
164:16 get that that low gravity and low response when the things that are magnetically
164:22 or denser are farther away from your . And so, you know,
164:28 have an overall drop in density and susceptibility. Uh, when we have
164:35 on the surface to measure what the might be in this area, you
164:40 across here, magnetic susceptibility goes density goes up, and,
164:45 and you see an anomaly related to coming across that boundary and same
164:50 these different situations. And here's um, here is like a reef
165:00 the gravity, you might not spot . Here's the gravity. Um,
165:04 is gonna look exactly like a dyke look, and dyke might be a
165:10 bit sharper, But since it's sedimentary and much lower magnetic susceptibility, it's
165:18 , and I don't have to go these, but you can take a
165:20 at and kind of get get the . Of course, salts. Lower
165:24 , too. That's why it's rising . And it's also why you get
165:29 anomalies here. And there's ah, , notice here that this minor intrusion
165:37 a ringer. Well, it it's a ringer. It's not a ringer
165:40 this one, but this minor intrusion showing you increase magnetic susceptibility. But
165:47 don't recognize it in the the gravity its's overall not a striking difference in
165:53 total density. And so that's why susceptibility was the key to determining that
166:03 was a dyke and not a Pinnacle . Okay, then there's a new
166:09 they do, and I don't know anybody is doing this right now,
166:12 it was It's getting very, useful. And then, um,
166:20 It's extremely useful around a lot of salt wings and whatnot that we were
166:27 to look at in the Gulf of until the Macondo well, kind of
166:31 people out of the deep water and some of these salt domes. Um
166:38 then, of course, the influx horizontal wells and people drilling unconventional,
166:48 in money that was less excuse bringing in resource is maybe not
166:53 high margin as some of these when successful. But but they were
167:00 um, even though an unconventional may have a high margin, it's a
167:06 flow of cash, cash flow thing eso you just keep drilling him and
167:11 keep your cash flow up. And more you drill, the more your
167:14 flow it's and eso ITT's slaver and asset intensive. You have toe drill
167:21 lot of wells. When you go , there's a lot of risk because
167:25 might miss it. But again, you had this kind of technology,
167:28 be doing it. But people have of shot away from deep water in
167:32 big way in recent years. Four the supply issue and also the scare
167:39 we had with the Macondo oil I think still has some kind of
167:42 impact on on how much people wanna out there. And, uh,
167:47 put the two of them together. sort of a Knicks, but But
167:50 you can see, um, this controlled source of electromagnetic surveying. This
167:56 where they actually you know, this of gravity and Magnetics is passing.
168:03 measuring the natural fields of magnetic magnetism gravity in these areas. But here
168:10 creating with this controlled source electromagnetic you're creating a magnetic field, and
168:20 properties of the rock actually alter the here and the flow lines. It
168:28 an impact on the flow lines that have here in the magnetic field.
168:33 those perturbations in the conductivity in the flow lines of your field reflect sometimes
168:41 position and sometimes the structures of what seeing below you. Of course,
168:46 you have something with low density gas here, it's gonna have a different
168:53 . And it's going to be creating of a different field of its own
168:57 field of its sound to kind of an impact on this, this controlled
169:02 . So you're not necessarily measuring. is Muchas as you're measuring the perturbations
169:07 this associated with whatever is happening with the natural battery that you get from
169:14 different rock types and different fluids in reservoir. And, of course,
169:18 you get close to salt because it's sorts of screaming problems and you can
169:25 around assault wings and salt domes. , lot better If you input the
169:33 that you get from here. It you trust certain seismic data that you
169:38 trust and trash certain seismic data that wouldn't know if you should trash that
169:42 the stuff you should trust. Another thing is, uh,
169:48 uh, remote sensing tool. But be to be totally honest with
169:54 I think of seismic is remote too. And because you're not actually
170:01 the rock. But you have something doing it for you when you having
170:05 , well, log on that kind thing. You're almost touching it.
170:09 really close to it. The tools close. Thio Thio What You're actually
170:17 . And so, to me, closer to ah, real contact data
170:23 , say, even seismic. But sensing in general has been a lot
170:28 other things. And, uh, lot of things that we look for
170:33 , uh, these things where you , um uh, leaking chimneys.
170:39 here you might have membrane seals that leaking. And as long as something
170:43 charging it, you don't have to about losing the oil. Of
170:46 after a certain amount of time. may all go to the blue
170:49 but it takes a while and you see things on the surface of the
170:54 . If you happen to be on , thes seeps can actually have impact
171:02 the reflectivity of the surface onshore. you can pick that up with satellite
171:07 , and people are starting to work that, too. And so there's
171:12 sorts of things to do this. look for gas hydrates that air just
171:16 the surface often and create a false type response. And you can also
171:25 the cloth rates form these pyramidal type . And not it may not actually
171:31 a pyramid, but it might uh, more like, uh,
171:35 something sink and some things pop But the cloth rates have this sort
171:41 chicken wire structure to them. When were, you know, it's really
171:45 natural grass, and all of a it freezes and turns into something.
171:49 , it's a little bit harder uh, and it creates a
171:55 Can you can have a park because escaping to somewhere else. You can
172:01 have a ridge like it's showing in where it's actually pushing up underneath.
172:10 , so I'm gonna look at a of things here. One,
172:17 you know, one of the things we used to do all the time
172:19 aerial photos. And we have uh, satellite images that help the
172:25 called Starlight are and, uh, hyper spectral electromagnetic radiation, which is
172:33 of like some of these other But you're looking at the total
172:39 uh, reflect reflection from the earth's over a really broad band pass.
172:46 sorts of stuff pass ultraviolet and Well, so a lot of new
172:54 were coming out of this sniffers, that I know Amoco played within every
172:59 oil company did. And they're really about finding oil refineries. But they
173:05 a little bit of trouble doing anything you don't know something is. I
173:10 , if you have a slick in water, you can spot it.
173:14 if you have, if this is and you have an airplane flying over
173:18 , course the winds gonna blow it the way. And you have if
173:21 even if you fly relatively high over industrial site you're going to get the
173:27 is gonna pick up the pollution. But when you go over a seat
173:31 slow seep, the probability of you picking up good sniff of gas is
173:39 out of the ground Run. Unfortunately, some of the satellite stuff
173:43 focuses in on this stuff on the again make this surface instead of oceanic
173:50 . Uh, it's gonna start altering going on in terms of the reflectivity
173:54 the surface. Okay. And here , um, something that's ah,
174:06 of related to light our and um yes. And, uh,
174:13 this is this is actually satellite It's not airborne. Uh, but
174:20 this is doing is looking at the reflection of what's underneath the buildings.
174:25 z what's actually, uh, You actually get some kind of response from
174:32 . This is obviously a wilderness, this is called bare Earth digital elevation
174:38 . It's kind of showing you, the substrate is in different places.
174:43 what's interesting about this is that you see there's some sort of fault along
174:48 that's created a basin over there. can see some limits here that show
174:53 potential, uh, outcropping strata that that are eroding a different at different
175:07 . And And consequently, you can of actually do a lot of serious
175:16 interpretation. Just looking at something like here, we've got some. This
175:20 almost like a ridge in Valley except the ridges are are the structural
175:24 and probably probably where they were Not like the Allegheny, where it's
175:29 reverse. But here, you've got probably some thrust sheets over here.
175:35 , there's a really highly organized protocol when you see Rivers do funny things
175:43 turned dramatically here and and this'll one of turns here and actually goes
175:51 Uh, looks like it in sizes here and dumps out fans out.
175:54 here you can see these air fans you're starting to see a lot of
176:01 that relates to the formation of a , but also structure that relates to
176:06 in it, filling in of a and and any structural geologist and a
176:13 that's good at reading this could you spend a lifetime on this grid right
176:18 figuring out the structure. And of , they want to get on the
176:20 and check everything and figure out what this means in great detail. So
176:25 always ground truth and going on, an awful lot could be seen from
176:28 satellite image like this. And this , uh this is not bare
176:36 but but it is a satellite image shows a lot of lineages. This
176:41 something that Dr Mike Murphy he teaches structural geology course. Sometimes this
176:47 uh, uh, he was able develop these models from looking at the
176:54 that he has here. And of , um, sometimes when you have
176:59 straight line, but it's on a surface of slipping surface, you're going
177:03 get something that looks looks like and that's that's kind of what's happening
177:09 . You can see general trend of underlying structure. It's kind of like
177:14 . But then, uh, then terms of what's going on in terms
177:18 erosion is kind of making it kind wrap around is you. As you
177:21 deeper into it and s o this there's a lot you can do
177:27 satellite images, and this looks like might not it doesn't have infrared.
177:33 I don't know if I I don't I show you my infrared in
177:37 But if I do, I'll point how that works. Okay, then
177:42 seeps. Of course, Uh, things don't really work all that
177:49 But of course, you see a . You've spotted a C.
177:52 uh, the visual observation of one really good, and SARS can actually
177:59 useful in finding oil seeps in the . Uh, and, uh and
178:04 kind of go into that. So synthetic aperture radar, and and
178:11 um, there's a lot of these things, but the sniffers detect volatility
178:18 the volatiles rather really well over industrial . But they're not really good at
178:26 . Open areas that might have minor that other tools can actually spot.
178:34 , uh, this is out of book and your book. It's in
178:36 and white. So in your um, you miss out on the
178:41 the guys out here on this he looks like he's wearing his pajama
178:45 White Sox and his loafers while he's here collecting oil. And somewhere a
178:55 of you may not know the direction the current just by looking at the
179:00 surface. Uh, current of this where the water is coming out when
179:05 sea floor in this ocean setting. that actually can work. Now,
179:15 , here's let me see if I something. Yeah, this this is
179:18 . But here, relative to the has this is kind of a relative
179:24 . And if you get more it's a rougher surface. If you
179:28 less scattering, it's a smoother So she isn't that interesting. And
179:35 here you have, um, real reflections. Here you have scattered
179:41 so it's really strong signal weaker signal stronger in here. Here's a channel
179:46 something like a channel. And here's floodplain, which is flatter and you
179:51 actually image that. Uh, and anyway, in a relative sense,
179:56 , the ocean is flat. But the land is is much more
180:04 rougher. Uh, unless, of you had a bunch of tsunamis coming
180:09 over here. Then this might alter contrast that you're seeing from the ocean
180:17 a land surface. But when we're looking at things like annoy oil spill
180:25 a, um, or oil You know, if you have oil
180:32 this, you might not be able see it from this picture. But
180:37 times when you have oil up here this surface, the oil tends stuff
180:42 it's lower, lower density. It of is like a blanket sitting on
180:47 of the surface. It kind uh, reduces the amplitude of the
180:52 that you might see, so it smoother. And because of that,
180:57 you have an oil seep or an spill out on the open ocean,
181:02 contrast here will make the water which back here it was smoother.
181:08 in this case, the water is to be rougher than, say,
181:11 oil slick or the well, the slick. Whether it's from a
181:16 the natural seat or spill eyes gonna smoother. So you're going to see
181:23 black here and, uh, more over here, and it's going to
181:28 it out in a relative contrast, sense. So that tool could be
181:33 useful, useful for doing this sort thing without going the trouble of putting
181:39 pajama zahn and, uh, and out there and picking up a
181:45 Okay? And, uh, but another thing when we look at the
181:49 spectral, uh, return that we reflection that we get on satellites and
181:56 happens is you have numerous. This illustrating that you could have numerous pathways
182:04 a couple of things happen. one thing that people knew about a
182:08 time ago is when the CPE gets the surface, um, it hits
182:14 plant life, and it can actually plant breath. When the hydrocarbons get
182:19 the surface, eso that becomes something you can spot. But in addition
182:26 that, when it comes to the , it interacts with the groundwater and
182:32 and it creates acids and stuff. it actually alters a lot of the
182:36 that you might have it the surface the source of some of those minerals
182:41 the wind blows and that sort of . And, uh and that's
182:47 uh, this hyper spectral thing to Now, this is I do have
182:53 infrared shot. This is a photo Miles Hayes, But this is what
182:57 used to dio in custom Jim morphology of course here you can see we
183:03 what's called a drumstick Barrier island. is a primary barrier. Here's a
183:10 dealt out here We've got the makings a flood title. Delta Back in
183:14 way. We've got probably Amis a round to create something like this and
183:22 can see this thing called a recurve and you can see something that might
183:29 a wash over fan in it. definitely there's a marsh, uh,
183:34 in with sediment in the back. this re curves Spit is forming because
183:40 advancing waves from here kind of wrap this, and they also slow down
183:44 that. And so they're pushing sand it like a circle if we take
183:48 look at the infrared, but see showing us, anybody have an idea
183:52 the infrared is showing us to see anyone's alive? Is it? Vegetation
184:01 vegetation. It zits. Higher plant . Eso basically what it is his
184:08 in places that have enough enough thickness sand in real estate to actually
184:17 grow leaf bearing trees and course these in the hot sun transpire. And
184:26 there's a lot of heat coming off this and the infrared is showing you
184:30 heat reflect the heat, reflecting reflectivity reflection from from the trees that are
184:37 versus the marsh down here, that transpiring as much. And it's a
184:42 bit cooler cause you're in, you , you're half in water and half
184:45 of water. But this is really here because the trees really get
184:52 you know, in the summer, to do this in the winter.
184:56 probably not as dramatic, but but really shows you the tree lines.
185:03 what's interesting about this, too, you have a tree line that comes
185:06 this and you have a tree line comes like this and you have a
185:12 line that comes like this and then one that comes like this. Then
185:16 comes? It comes out like but this is showing you is that
185:20 one point in time, the barrier was way back here, had a
185:23 over fan here in a wash over there that built up sediment and in
185:29 land mass. And then you had Ah, the this this Bear islands
185:38 in the front and creating around so it zone accretion Eri Wedge It's
185:44 out in this direction with successive beach ridges and also with recurve
185:52 And here's kind of a dramatic recurve here. So at one point in
185:57 , the title and it was And so this title England have been
186:00 over like this one is this one's in this direction and it's going to
186:05 out in here and fill this Of course, the tides are going
186:08 make sure that this channel stays open so it's going to migrate down dip
186:13 usually on the north end of these the East Coast, they erode up
186:16 the north end and eventually you're going get maybe, uh, I can't
186:22 it. There we go. this is gonna road down here,
186:26 the barrier island is that to the of this into the north is going
186:32 migrate just like this one is towards south. While this channel up here
186:36 migrating in this direction, this whole island is migrating in that direction.
186:41 all the islands, because of long current, are migrating to the south
186:47 this part of the South Carolina Okay, so you see a lot
186:52 with remote sensing. Now here. is one of this, uh,
186:58 master students that I supported with Shahab . And, uh, here's thes
187:06 air Terrible. But you can see looks like there's more vegetation here than
187:10 is here. So here we have , healthy stage, and here we
187:14 blighted sage and this blighted stage was because off the fact that there's oil
187:22 in underneath it, we come over and we look at it and we
187:29 see, uh, quite easily that have. Uh, here's the Here's
187:38 blighted sage brush. Uh, here's surface ligaments that people have picked up
187:46 here is people in the field finding seeps, little yellow dots. And
187:54 what she did was she looked at hyper spectral log. And here
188:01 uh, there's visible light over Here's infrared over here. And,
188:09 , and here's all this other part the spectra that's being reflected that you
188:15 use to make some interpretations off. don't know if I have it
188:19 not, uh, from her face she had something to show you.
188:23 a dollar bill looked like what, course, which thing did? But
188:28 spend a lot of time doing You look at minerals in the lab
188:32 you measure them very carefully. You to the outcrops and stuff and look
188:37 certain mental minerals or predominant in the . And you get a feel for
188:43 kind of signal you're going to see here. Frost the spectrum. It's
188:49 look like something that's been altered from mixing of hydrocarbons with groundwater and s
188:58 , it's not only looking for a in blighting, which you can see
189:02 of this because you can get a on this versus that, you don't
189:07 to go visually inspected to see You can see it from from
189:11 but you can also pick up stuff the mineralogy on the surface is
189:19 particularly when you're out in a place might have desert like landscape. It's
189:23 little bit easier to do. Of . Be hard to do this in
189:28 Nerb in area. Okay, so , here's what she was able to
189:36 and where there was anomaly between what be found in this area from the
189:44 that she knew about and, and the areas around it here in
189:51 area, there were limited anomalies Over , there were limited anomalies, but
189:57 she saw something. It was very . And you can see it kind
190:01 would cover from, like, here go up like this. So it's
190:08 Mawr extensive, uh, than just it here. And so it connected
190:12 dot all the way up up to . And you see some anomalies up
190:17 . So here you have limited false stuff up sort of Apache thing.
190:22 don't actually see what's going on directly , but by and large, what
190:27 see is there's a huge area of probably could be attributable to micro sea
190:34 all through this thing, this big map area here here. We're looking
190:39 nine kilometers across that way, and probably over 20 maybe even as much
190:46 27 kilometers in this direction. So a pretty good chunk of area.
190:51 with some satellite data and some good work and fieldwork, she's able to
190:57 that there's actually prospectively over here, just down here and obviously, where
191:04 seen a lot that picks up, see a lot in here. It's
191:08 little bit limited over here, but , you're seeing something along this lineage
191:14 showing up in here relative to what see there. So that's pretty pretty
191:19 , I think. And they've done stuff. This study was done back
191:23 probably I can't remember now. It's 25 26 and, uh and they're
191:31 a lot more of this in different in the world now. But I
191:34 that was pretty interesting. So let's a really quick break here of about
191:39 minutes, and then we'll start looking the correlation, the issue of
191:48 And so make sure I have my . Okay, let's see who's We
192:16 have everybody back yet. I don't Well, that's not what I wanted
192:25 click. Yeah, okay, so we're gonna do lecture nine log correlation
192:35 cross section techniques, and this is , more specific application of something.
192:47 I'm glad. And you may be to that we're through my long survey
192:51 different tools that petroleum geologists could could around me. And, uh,
192:59 time I present those these tools, make it shorter and shorter, and
193:03 think it's getting more and more But it gets done quicker anyway.
193:11 , correlation could be defined as these , um, the determination of structural
193:18 , graphic units that are equivalent time aged or strata graphic position between two
193:25 and reservoir engineers, of course, to correlate these things. And they're
193:31 interested in not whether one formation is to another, but is my Do
193:39 have a flow unit that's connected, is there something in between disconnecting it
193:44 a fault or a pinch up? so that's why correlations really important.
193:50 is trying to fill in the It's trying to give us three dimensional
193:54 of what's going on with single point sets of single point with one access
194:03 Z axis in the vertical position, we're trying to connect these and come
194:07 with a three dimensional thing. And course, all geologists know what a
194:11 diagram is. And of course, was one way we did that in
194:14 past, and we could do fence with seismic two D seismic lines.
194:20 when we have two d seismic, , correlation between well, toe.
194:25 , if we can place the wells the lines, it seems that seismic
194:30 are often done to miss Wells Probably they feel the same way.
194:34 trying to avoid the straight lines that expect us thio plot wells so that
194:41 they do size, we could lays top of it. But of
194:44 it would be hard to run a right over top of the wealth
194:47 but you can get awfully close. , So, basically, if you
194:56 at the strata graphic code, it's demonstration of correspondence between two geological units
195:01 both some defined property or relative Graphic position. Okay, so,
195:08 , this fits property would be effective So it could be a flow
195:13 Problem there. With just plain You need thio. Make sure
195:19 you know, I may have a unit here in the poorest unit over
195:22 , but are they connected directly? is it this way? And this
195:26 over here pinches out there and this over here but pinches out there.
195:31 that's how you end up with for , or pay units. And you
195:37 you had. If you're not sure how things were going on in between
195:42 the 22 different wells and so relative . Graphic position is important,
195:51 If we have a sandstone over here it's paleozoic in the sandstone over here
195:56 it's tertiary. We do not want correlate this because obviously they don't represent
196:02 same deposition. I'll sequence. They're not genetically related to each other.
196:08 happened at time A. This happened time Triple A. Okay, so
196:14 a very, uh when you when say with the strata graphic correlation,
196:20 have to remember. Uh, there's two words and let those strata
196:25 One is with Allah Gee, and other one is fatigue ra fee.
196:29 so there's always gonna be a strata context. Thio. Let the strata
196:34 correlation even though you may not have time Data Yeah, okay. So
196:41 , uh, we have with the graphic, but we can also use
196:45 correlation to help define which of these strata graphic units really RPT contemporaneous from
196:54 well, board another. And we also get, uh, chronological tools
197:00 , uh, paleo reversals in a section. Or we can get radioactive
197:08 . Or we can get other uh, in the section that give
197:13 a krone strata graphic point in Aziz Faras Geologists are concerned they don't
197:19 whether they're fossils or anything. They know that Ah, two million years
197:25 now, we're going to see a of rubble in one layer that used
197:28 be our society, and they'll probably able to nail that down. Speaking
197:33 which, uh, between 1959 and there are a lot of,
197:40 surface and atmospheric, uh, nuclear tests. And consequently, if you
197:48 the right tools, you can and have a substrate that hasn't been plowed
197:54 or anything like that to put in foundation for a building almost anywhere in
197:59 world, you confined a spike and cesium levels in the soil between about
198:11 1961. It's really good when you're coastal GM morphology because you have something
198:16 a really good boomer, and no how thick your section is if you
198:22 the 1959 61 there. You it took so many years for that
198:26 be deposited. You have a great accumulation rate or sedimentation rate for that
198:32 interval. Eso There are some uh, NGO chronology that are very
198:40 . Uh, of course, when look at what little correlation we're looking
198:46 the texture of the composition, the of sedimentary structures. You know,
198:50 could have a sandstone here in the there, but they might not be
198:53 same looking sand stones. One might different grain size distribution. In other
198:59 , the texture is different and you have a sandstone sitting on top of
199:03 once coarser grain ones finer grain. you may want to make them one
199:09 or one flow unit. But you wanna have them separate units in terms
199:12 your correlation, especially if at some the upper layer gets eroded and all
199:17 have is the bottom layer, and wanna be ableto tell that that bottom
199:21 is there and that that the top is what got erode, and you're
199:26 not going to see erosion from but but there are things that could
199:32 break a section. You could have pinch out in the sand, and
199:35 might see a lower sand that uh, they're sands, but they're
199:41 . Texture is a little bit The composition might be a little bit
199:44 in the structures. Might be a bit different, so you have to
199:46 looking at all these things. Another that is easily noticeable in almost any
199:51 and sequences repeat themselves. We can stack finding upwards. Ah,
199:58 We can have stack coarsening upward sequences have this going on. So it's
200:05 the lift ology could be very But what we're trying to figure out
200:09 there's a pulse of sediment here a time and a pulse of settlement over
200:14 at the same time. That's what trying to correlate. We're not just
200:18 to correlate a sandstone. We're trying correlate to sand stones that are genetically
200:25 . Eso that let those photography you life, though you mean rock
200:30 When you say strategic AFI you mean a strata graphic context, Okay.
200:35 and and of course, uh right so. The reservoir engineers are worried
200:42 flow properties and also flow connection. , of course, with bio
200:49 we could do it all sorts of ways. And, uh, most
200:56 now what I was showing you those I was showing you were bio
201:01 But in the exercise that we have , you're gonna have something called EPA
201:06 . Yea, we'll Insys. And a top. And that's a bio
201:10 . But then all the sands underneath before the next top or bio event
201:14 listed. Epi wire, EPA nineties , alliances Sand one sand to san
201:21 . So you retain that, strata graphic conceptual idea. Plus,
201:26 have these sands and there within what would call a bio zone so that
201:32 ozone would be defined by the top one in the top of the next
201:36 . And the bio zone, because going on tops is gonna be named
201:40 the top. That's up here, to the next top that's here.
201:45 so it's given the name of the up near the top of the
201:50 Okay. And then, of there's ways to tie some fossil events
201:58 JIA chronology and you end up with geo chronology and you can use the
202:03 of some of these bio events. actually put, uh, millions of
202:08 into your system too. But we're going to do that in this
202:13 okay? There's other things that we do. I think I already mentioned
202:18 zones normally reverse. Uh, you have these organic deposits called separate pels
202:26 sometimes a current in short term And so they're like short term climate
202:34 . Uh, in lakes, you get things called barbs and you can
202:38 barbed like sediments. It's very hard prove something is of our far
202:43 uh, far of like sediment because our of actually is is a cycle
202:49 a light color in the dark color in a lake. Yeah, the
202:54 , it's, uh, lighting. then when it's dark and it's showing
202:59 winter and summer overturns, it doesn't that way in every lake. But
203:04 bottom is each couple is exactly one , and that's what it needs.
203:09 toe have be called of our and we can't tell exactly if what these
203:14 are but we know they're var of , In other words, we see
203:17 light on dark band cycle repeating itself and over again. May or may
203:22 be a year long cycle, but know it looks like a heart.
203:26 , of course, sequence photography is thing that helps us correlate because sequence
203:33 creates, um ah, strata graphic , which has things like climate
203:40 which which dipped significantly with de positional . Unlike things that are laid down
203:48 cake, like in a lake sentiment no, something that you recall,
203:56 , bottom set bed, like at bottom of the lake or the bottom
203:59 an abyssal plain. Okay, so one of the things that you
204:10 want to do and I'm not going read this out again for you,
204:13 But when you correlate the first thing really want to do, just figure
204:17 how to separate these units from one . So you need to recognize from
204:21 well to the next, where you sands, limestone shales and you may
204:26 want to look at ah finding upwards course coursing upwards sequences to kind of
204:33 you an idea of the kinds of log shapes they're trying to tell you
204:37 should go together. Kind of like and and that sort of thing.
204:46 I keep losing my fill in but and you can read this on
204:55 own. I really don't want Want to go through that? But
204:58 is trying to show you one of that can happen with Sands is that
205:06 can come and go. You don't know what's gonna happen, and and
205:09 doesn't really show you that you've got well, with a sandstone and sandstone
205:13 the sandstone. Then you have another sitting on top of it.
205:19 but you know, here we have wells and and you've got these sand
205:24 . But, um, let me everybody. Um, in general.
205:33 , what do you think happens? you think sand is more continuous
205:39 or do you think shales tend to more continuous laterally, Shales?
205:46 that's absolutely right. Shales tend to more continuously lateral. For example,
205:52 , um floodplain. You've got a and you've got a floodplain. That
205:57 sand. You know, you have go a long way to get to
205:59 next may have to go a long to get to the next surface channel
206:05 being formed by another river or or something that's close to the surface,
206:10 was an earlier channel that's migrated to point now. So you're going to
206:14 a lot of break up to and the point bars. They're going to
206:16 where the big sand deposits are and may not be a Z. You
206:21 down the stream of the river. not going to be continuous eso.
206:24 you go laterally, you may see dis continuity. The floodplain shales are
206:29 going to be there because they're basically the sands up on. Of
206:34 the channel is cutting into the floodplain shales. Tend to be very
206:39 So when we start Thio correlate the thing we want to look at
206:45 you know, reservoir engineer and almost geologist that I know really likes to
206:50 for the sands. And of if you're working in an area where
206:52 have a very distinctive and discreet ah, you might be able to
206:58 without ever looking at a shell But when you have tough logs and
207:02 , lot of legacy logs, which what your exercise is going to be
207:06 , trust me. You need to the shales first and then figure out
207:10 the sands fit in into the And these aren't perfect correlations which can
207:16 here, uh, that this is good. And normally when we do
207:22 with our with with our shale we look at the far right
207:27 which is either gonna be a conductivity , which is, um, sort
207:33 has an amplified response. And, , it looks the same as the
207:39 activity log because it's I'm pretty sure the scales are usually reverse. So
207:45 see, the inverse looks exactly like the re sensitivity, and the connectivity
207:51 pretty much the same, but ones over in the far right side.
207:55 know I said left, but it's the far right side of a
207:58 Sweet. I'll show you that And and then sometimes in the far
208:02 , you don't have a conductivity but they have an amplified,
208:07 resistive ity response. That's usually what we like to try to correlate
208:16 Okay? And here you can um, we have a reference
208:20 um, appear. And when you're of hanging your stuff on a reference
208:25 , um, here's a limestone marker to limestone markers. So we think
208:30 think we have a good tie strata with these with these markers. So
208:34 kind of indicate sort of a peanut time in another peanut contemporaneous time.
208:40 it helps us figure out, the complexities of these inter fingering sand
208:46 here when we're trying to correlate them again can see here, uh,
208:54 managed to go go here with this over here is a, uh,
209:00 of this thing and you can see some continuous Uh, you know,
209:06 coming over here, but it's Like this might be one barrier.
209:10 another barrier. And, uh, we had something like this, we're
209:14 a regressive situation where we're getting a surface. If this is the way
209:19 the ocean and it looks like it , we would have a flooding surface
209:23 in here and pushing the tops of sandbar back into here, and we're
209:29 new sandbars And here's one. we've got some subsidence and we've got
209:34 creating in front of this one, we have temporarily been, Ah,
209:38 . But you can see it's very . But if you saw a sand
209:42 the big sand like this a big like this, a big sound like
209:45 is a big sound like this lot people. First off, they want
209:48 try to correlate those sands to be together. But what? What?
209:54 helps us to look at the shale and see what's going on with shale
209:59 . You can see I have a here and have a marker coming over
210:03 . This shale sections missing over Which means the sands gotta be replacing
210:08 strata graphically. And because we don't don't get much Azaz, reactivation and
210:15 in shale sections, as we do in sand section. So something's going
210:21 to knock that out, and you see you don't have a lot of
210:24 down here. But the shell down would look a lot like the shell
210:27 here, which would look a lot the shell down here. You don't
210:30 see it over here. Okay, I'm not gonna go through this.
210:36 you can read this, uh, your own benefit. And this
210:42 um, just showing you the kinds sequences that you can see and there's
210:50 abrupt shelling. This is probably, , candidates sequence boundary. And you
210:55 see over here it's trying toe. it again. You can kind of
211:00 through this because we're not going to this in our exercise, But this
211:03 something you could do. A lot times when people get a log,
211:06 first thing they do is start drawing arrows and they use them to help
211:11 Course, if you have a broad units, it's really helpful. This
211:16 a little difficult because, uh, have a lot of sand units in
211:22 section, and so you have to really careful. In here. You
211:26 a limited number of places where you correlate the shales. So,
211:31 somewhere north of north of this, part of the section, here's bulk
211:39 . But here we're over here with gamma ray, says GRS piece.
211:44 don't know which it is, but guess it's, um maybe they're overlap
211:50 . It looks yes. The dark is the gamma ray. I'm hoping
211:59 . Yeah, that's what it looks . It's kind of hard to
212:02 but anyway, this what this is you is that they do have quite
212:06 bit of sand in here. But do have some shale units, and
212:10 were the other logs to help You can see you've got resistive iti
212:13 a sand unit. And, uh here's a nice shell over here,
212:18 it's called the maximum flooding surface, makes sense. So you can kind
212:23 take a look at what's going on the SP Gamma, the resistive
212:28 uh, the finding and coarsening upward that we here see here. And
212:34 what types of here's ah, transgressive track that they call retro gradation all
212:43 it looks like it might be here a couple of steps in it,
212:47 , uh and then, you know making sequence strata graphic interpretations here,
212:52 , which can also help you in long run. But I'm gonna be
212:55 you some some nasty legacy data that's be really highly dependent on looking at
213:01 shells. And this is just another showing, uh, the tie between
213:08 gamma log and where they think different might be in different mythologies. Could
213:16 on here is Uh huh. This is from parting tonight. Well,
213:20 says Emory and Myers, but But think no, it's after Garland.
213:27 this is, uh this was uh, uh pretty much explained.
213:34 think it was in 1993 where these were actually developed by, um not
213:45 admires, but parting tonight and parting at all in a whole bunch of
213:50 came up with these J 66 sequences of course there bounded by some significant
213:58 spikes, which are interpreted often to , um, maximum flooding surfaces.
214:09 . And this is a tie, , way that you can tie
214:12 thio your log to correlate the log a seismic line, and this is
214:20 you some climate forms that actually are properly correlated a time before,
214:31 sequence photography was happening at this but a few people were arguing about
214:35 . Some people still do, but can see you have Ah, a
214:44 down here that's in deep, deeper at the time. And,
214:48 first they came up with these nice names. Here's the the climate forms
214:54 under forms in the fondue forms. , uh, it's also the same
214:59 is is, uh, top set set in four set beds.
215:05 uh, how many of you know a climate form is? Yep.
215:13 oh, yeah. What's the client ? Did you guys say something?
215:26 okay. Climate form is normally gonna like a surface that dips. It's
215:31 a pro grating surface that dips down the basin. So here we have
215:36 top set beds, and we have ation into the base. And and
215:41 we have this Klein of form or that bed that's pushing out here.
215:46 then when we get into the we have the bottom center, the
215:49 form. So if this is a form, and this is a client
215:53 form here, that means this down is a font of form,
215:58 And this is a client of What do we call the rocks in
216:01 two climate forms. But see a function way. Okay, So we
216:21 we have. We have a We have another surface and those surfaces
216:26 climate forms. So between those two , there's a rock unit. What
216:32 the RAC unit between two climate forms called? It's it's kind of a
216:41 question, but because most of you never heard of what a font of
216:46 or under form waas. Maybe you ? I don't know. Maybe,
216:50 , uh, Johnny talk about But he probably talked about bottom set
216:54 top set beds, didn't he? . Okay, well, the beds
217:00 not the surfaces, but the beds . That bed right there would be
217:05 a Klein oath M t h e . And this is a font of
217:13 . And this shaded in area up is an under if on under
217:18 Uh huh. And you know what means? It means a thing.
217:26 So a klein of them is a thing. And this would be the
217:33 , flat lying thing. And this be the top, uh uh,
217:38 lying thing. So even though client them sounds maybe technical, it's not
217:45 technical. Okay? And, these air just ah bunch of examples
217:51 show how correlation could be difficult. t small scale in high detail When
218:02 have a lot of deposition, Aled morphology involved, uh, unilateral and
218:07 vertical sense. And here we have channel sand right here. And,
218:15 course, but it's growing out into something that was farther a little bit
218:20 offshore in this, uh, current Terry mouth bar. Which is
218:25 I guess this is Yeah, there are. And that's what it's trying
218:30 show you right in here. And we have things pro grading out,
218:40 okay, this is a nice a of sand. So just to make
218:45 , I just wanted to look at , and, uh, out here
218:50 the margin away from it. But have sands coming out here like
218:54 and they're building out in here. you have Delta Front Sands in the
218:58 of it, and then you have Terry mouth bars a little bit closer
219:03 where it is. Then when you further up in here, you actually
219:06 a channel. But this channel is growing out on top of stuff that
219:11 here before. So this face is faces. That air here used to
219:16 back here, and this channel started grow out on top of it.
219:21 it's split and created distribute Terry channels in this direction on the distributor.
219:26 channels are basically a straight shoot. could see this one is a straight
219:30 to So you're going to see a of sand build up inside of these
219:34 the a symmetrical pattern of a point on one side and a cut bank
219:38 the other side and eso When you're wells through these things, you have
219:43 be really careful. Look what sneaking right here. What's that, Clay
219:57 ? That's what it is. And course, these things will come
220:00 break surface and create what we call mud lump in the Gulf of
220:09 Um, other people might call it shell volcano, but comes up and
220:15 patch of land pops up and and this course I don't. I don't
220:20 pictures to show you of these things the Mississippi Delta, but they're pretty
220:26 . And as they rise up, actually get terrorists because they keep going
220:31 sea level isn't changing that fast. as it rises up a little
220:35 it gets to terrorists and it goes a little bit more and it gets
220:37 lower terrorist. So you see a like a staircase, like the uplift
220:42 you see in places offshore Norway, the uplift is ongoing from from the
220:48 of the ice sheets that used to there back in the last ice
220:53 And this gets into more of the cities of doing things. But one
220:57 that's really interesting to note here is Shales kind of just keep going on
221:03 sands kind of break in, and so, ah, if you have
221:11 sand occurrences or if you have wells aren't too close together but they have
221:18 that looks similar. You really want check? Ah, the shale units
221:24 make your correlation. So what you in that resistive ity or conductivity log
221:30 on the far right of your Use that thing to correlate your shale
221:39 . And this is just another thing you the dis continuity of sands and
221:47 complicated can be. But but you're have she aliens in here that you
221:50 correlate long, long distances. So me just see what we have.
221:58 ? I think we'll just go to point on the test right about
222:08 And anything after that will be on next test. And as much as
222:12 want to keep talking, my voice about Thio to give out my
222:18 Starting Thio not feel happy about talking lot. Aziz, you can tell
222:23 do like to talk, but not long, and not this much.
222:29 I think this is probably a good point. And I really appreciate your
222:33 and your dedication to this program. I think you know, we're on
222:43 . You've got the you've got to is now on their do next
222:51 Ah, money. Uh, let's . Yeah, Sunday tomorrow, I'm
222:58 to get you a study guide for the first. I don't know if
223:04 the first half, but some ways it's really the 1st 3rd because we
223:08 a lot of time on a lot different tools, and I don't always
223:11 that many questions about them. you know, I put that in
223:14 just so people that are getting into oil industry and even people that have
223:21 in the oil industry understand that there's huge toolbox out there and there's a
223:25 of tools we could go to. whenever you're working in a local
223:30 everybody's kind of decided we need to these three items or these four
223:35 Maybe these five items and they ignore lot of the other things. Just
223:39 , whenever you're working on a think about any of these other tools
223:43 might be useful, that you can in out of the tool kit and
223:48 up with some revelations to get that to go from what everybody knows today
223:54 what we're going to know 10 years now. And you just want to
223:58 up that process by bringing in more of information. And with that,
224:02 will let you go. Guys go we will talk about the correlation
224:09 uh, next next week. So probably still have a deadline on the
224:14 exercise sometime in the following week. . Okay, so you guys have
224:25 really great weekend. Uh, and way you voted. I I'm glad
224:34 America is not on fire too much fire yet. Who knows what's gonna
224:43 ? And, uh, in the industry, we often lean towards the
224:48 Party to help us out. But will. I will never forget.
224:52 will never forget, uh, that opened up the Atlantic. And I
224:58 know that there are a lot of , uh, that believe in making
225:03 too. And, uh, eso , in either case, whether it's
225:09 left or far right, nothing's as as either side. Eso Hopefully,
225:16 , well, there's no doubt about . Biden is a little bit more
225:21 than some people in that party. good thing is, we still live
225:26 the United States, right? That's great thing. And I and I
225:30 I and I think I think the person that ran in the Democratic Party
225:37 was definitely better than some of the people they could have put in
225:40 Yeah, and I mean and not say anything bad about the other
225:47 But some of them believe in just getting rid of companies altogether.
225:52 uh, some of them don't understand we still need oil. But I
225:58 there are a lot of Democrats that completely opposing ideas on that too.
226:04 . Did you did you ever hear this law that they're working on in
226:08 that they're trying to get rid Like, gastos question 30?
226:13 of course. And, you with with the fire has gone on
226:18 there. I I understand why they're , and they're worried. And And
226:23 knows of his climate change? That's causing all these, uh, electrical
226:28 and electrical Farah failures. And, , I hate to sound like I'm
226:35 one side or the other, but management is really important. And and
226:43 , a lot of the neglected forest was on federal land, not on
226:48 land. And s o on if if you also think about and this
226:56 really I'm standing right on the Ah, think about Yellowstone National
227:04 Um, a lot of people were when the National Park Service let it
227:10 , but in a sense, they it burn because it's a natural thing
227:15 have these fires that remove all uh, volatile material on it.
227:22 sort of a rejuvenation. And so let it go and just just
227:28 um, that's putting a lot of in the air. But at the
227:31 time, Uh, if it was of Yellowstone, it could have burned
227:36 houses and all sorts of things. on both sides, environmentalists were upset
227:42 they thought there should have been Of course, people that might have
227:46 structures nearby and it is a health to have that eso intervention might have
227:52 worthwhile there. But one thing they do, rather than wait for a
227:56 to happen, is that could go and they want to create new source
228:01 biofuels. They could go in and up all that, all that crap
228:05 the on the forest floors and, , least then out channels a mile
228:13 to try to keep these things from all the way across tiny roads and
228:17 like that and just just becoming something no one can control. Ah,
228:23 , you know, I don't think much force management is gonna be the
228:26 thing, but there needs to be than we have. Is basically what
228:30 saying, and and of course, federal government has been eyes guilty of
228:40 that as anybody has. I think private properties do a lot of that
228:44 of stuff automatically. And I know the forested areas in the East
228:50 uh, they have a lot of forest. There's and they they cut
228:56 . 23 square miles, swaths of out in a chain. And so
229:01 got these huge spaces in between where there's not much thio, not much
229:06 burn. So, you know, of it might catch fire, but
229:09 not going to spread all the way the state of South Carolina on
229:13 that's just something to think about. me let you guys go. I
229:19 have a question about the first Yes, with Oh, yeah,
229:24 was hoping no one would ask a about it because I thought it was
229:27 straightforward. But what is that? , that's what I mean by
229:43 Yeah, and and I don't really what your answer is, but I
229:47 you to look at the data and and look at the dates and just
229:52 to figure out. You know, a do. The parties really have
229:57 big of an impact on our industry something else impacting. That's another thing
230:02 could take a look at what's impacting price, which is obviously impacting the
230:07 . But demand has something to do it and consumption. Excuse me.
230:12 has something to do with it, supply has something to do with
230:14 So there's all these other things. a lot of people like to blame
230:18 on a politician, and God knows all make mistakes. But But maybe
230:25 something else that's controlling it. uh, not the particular party.
230:30 other words, uh, some parties credit for the good times, and
230:35 parties are given credit for the bad , and, uh, it may
230:39 actually turn out to be that but just look at the data and
230:43 up with a conclusion. Okay? . Sounds good to me. All
230:54 . So I'll let you guys go a good rest of the weekend.
230:57 guys do Thank you. Okay, I can do
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