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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Jan 30 2023
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00:02 Okay, okay, we're recording Just so we'll have, we have
00:12 least part of this on and I'll to remember if someone could remind me
00:17 turn it on, um, before get started. But here you can
00:22 , uh, you know, there's grain things here, fine grain down
00:26 again, it's a cartoon. anybody want to know anybody have a
00:32 at what this might be like an valley field or something, nope.
00:47 a bad guess. I mean this a cartoon, but maybe when you
00:53 those, those ribs shoulders, you like the, those like, like
00:59 conglomerates there against those ribs shoulders. ? I'm not, I'm not
01:04 Okay, That's a fan delta. you're really close on them and that's
01:09 what this over here is. And of the biggest fields ever produced with
01:13 brave fields. Um, right up the southern end of the south viking
01:20 and on the end of this ripped you went way up north on this
01:24 and it splits into right where it into, you get that.
01:29 I've done a lot of work in east african rift lakes myself.
01:32 not actually in it, but on around it, uh, all
01:37 uh, all by mail and email samples, but, but one of
01:43 , uh, we ran a lot seismic in a, in a bunch
01:46 these things with Duke University, but of the things when you see these
01:50 that doesn't probably impress didn't never impressed until I saw pictures of these riffs
01:55 saw some riffs. We have them around the world. You can see
02:00 . But but these are all things here end up being mountain peaks.
02:04 not just, you know, little blocks. There are mountains. These
02:10 valleys have mountains around you, overturned rip blocks. Uh The first thing
02:17 happens is when you've got some of uplift, this part, this
02:21 this gets deeper and it gets higher so higher it gets some more
02:26 The deeper it gets the better amount accommodation space to collect sediment and that's
02:32 happening. This is this was an space collected. Here's one that had
02:37 shale underneath it and collected some reservoir on it. Okay, so I
02:45 you get the idea the idea is , you know, you look at
02:48 big scale features in the earth and to figure out where do we have
02:55 where sediments being dumped into it? is it filling in to get reservoir
03:02 , source rocks and seal rocks. from this far back it looks like
03:06 wearing sunglasses. That's pretty cool and and so on and so forth.
03:12 it's it's sort of a looking from fringe, trying to figure out how
03:19 make a lot of money. So talked about this earlier. So,
03:23 know we have to risk money. know it helps to have infrastructure.
03:29 know it helps to have access to and access. I think we pointed
03:33 , and some of you mentioned its of the government is important. But
03:38 what I just said, what is other thing that we really, really
03:47 big reserves, like in economic reserves economic amount? Well, that's
03:55 I mean, that's what all this all about. But you know,
03:58 is uh, a lot of this to do with economists, the economy
04:05 , and reservoir engineers do a lot that. This has a lot to
04:08 with mechanical engineers. This has a to do with land people and the
04:21 of it geologists. This is what do. We look and find where
04:25 drill. So, trying to get resources to supply. A lot of
04:30 takes, um, before any of can really get started. It takes
04:36 person that can point a finger and you where to drill and that's basically
04:40 our job is. Okay. um, again, this is,
04:49 are the things we do. I've it listed here, I don't want
04:51 read through it because, you I think I'm just, uh,
04:56 too redundant, but it's in the . Um, but but when we
05:05 to uh, exploration, exploitation versus , we start to look, I
05:13 go back to this picture, we to look at one of these little
05:17 where we've got all these elements start here. In other words, we're
05:21 looking at the whole area and like did in frontier, you know,
05:25 passes this on and says, you , I think there's a lot of
05:28 you should look and um They might draw a circle around an area and
05:35 there could be 10 billion barrels of in here, there could be um
05:40 TCF of gas. So that's the of thing um you're passing on.
05:49 so then you need a little bit geological or geoscience input. You need
05:54 , geology and geophysics. Uh you focusing your seismic on some of these
06:01 features rather than long regional lines. trying to do maybe smaller grids where
06:08 trying to, if you don't have D seismic at least you're getting a
06:12 D seismic perspective by doing sort of defense diagrams with your seismic grid.
06:22 and you try to start to map these structures. So when you go
06:25 exploration, you're going from the, to figure out if it's there to
06:31 to figure out where a prospect in other words, where is one
06:35 these reservoirs that has a trap. it has a seal, it has
06:41 it's in an area that has the for migration of oil and charge into
06:46 reservoir rock, all of those That's what you're looking for. The
06:51 we know is a prospect. And you start mapping these structures and you
06:57 uh the most optimistic and pessimistic volumes each one of these things uh um
07:07 start looking for any hydrocarbon indicators, . C. I. S.
07:11 direct carbon. You look at H. I. S. Direct
07:15 indicators. Uh you know, there's lot of different terms for it,
07:19 there's different methods that we can use MS seismic, what what would be
07:26 a direct indicator of the presence of in a basin that we could see
07:34 sample? Excuse me. The oil you said seeps, right?
07:42 Yeah. So if we had a , some kind of an oil seep
07:45 in Azerbaijan when it's over there, have oil just coming right out of
07:50 ground. And there's places where this has been burning forever. It's biblical
07:56 . And uh and so uh there's there's oil seeps out in California and
08:04 know, keep calling the governor, them they need to stop that.
08:08 know, they they're polluting the But uh he swears they're natural.
08:12 and of course I know that. but again, we have seats all
08:18 the place. And so that's one the things that we look forward to
08:22 we're in an area, we start looking for things away from where that
08:27 actually is to see if stuff seeping of it. And we'll look at
08:31 lot of different things that kind of to this as we go through this
08:35 . And uh and then we start risk, you know, the quality
08:39 what the trap looks like the the source volumes, uh, migration
08:45 . I'm gonna go through an exploration of where migration uncertainty was huge.
08:51 was phenomenal. And uh, in of that, uh, Amico,
08:58 I was working with him, we the, I think even till
09:03 one of the largest south china sea deposits. And, and then of
09:12 you start to purchase acreage and recommend locations and, and the whole
09:16 uh, when you're in the oil , it's, it's a lot of
09:19 . Um, getting to the point you try to figure out how
09:26 how big is this apple, how pieces are, Excuse me, How
09:29 is this apple pie? How many do we have to the apple
09:32 And how can we get our hands at least one of them. And
09:37 , and it's, uh, it's , it's, it's a lot of
09:41 because, you know, you deal other companies, you're competing against other
09:45 . Sometimes you partner with companies, is a really good idea of one
09:49 technology you don't have and we're money don't have. And uh, and
09:55 sort of, okay, a lot the considerations of course, when you
10:04 this is, you know exactly where location is gonna be. Uh,
10:08 is in your book and it goes a lot of details and um,
10:12 are all kind of obvious things, you know, you need to make
10:15 that you do this. Um I it's safe to say that BP would
10:23 would have benefited from focusing a little on this uh when they were drilling
10:29 Macondo. Well, uh drilling depth a big consideration. Another thing that
10:37 get involved in often is figuring out the casing points might be if in
10:42 we have any nearby wells, tell where there's overpressure or things like
10:50 It's really good to let the uh engineers know the drilling engineers know where
10:55 over pressure points are at Amico. We actually had uh the ability offshore
11:04 gulf of Mexico anyway, um depending the precise age of the rocks,
11:10 knew there was another, another overpressure coming up within feet of of the
11:20 of that age. And so uh were able to actually sit wells and
11:26 them, you know, you need set casing right now and uh and
11:30 kind of thing. And so it be really helpful um when you drill
11:37 an overpressure zone without casing, you an open hole that may not be
11:42 , you have an open hole without mud in it that might not be
11:45 to hold the pressure that you which is what happened in the
11:51 Well, you need to really make you're sealed and safe before you cross
11:56 that territory. And you have your weights up not too high but not
12:01 low. And there's also areas that run into that can cause problems where
12:08 hit under pressure and you're drilling fluids out and you lose your drilling fluids
12:14 when you lose your drilling fluids, nothing, it's the weight of the
12:18 in the well column. It's that pushing down. It's just like every
12:24 33 ft in in a swimming pool the ocean is is another atmosphere.
12:29 start You got a column that's 10,000 you're gonna have some significant pressures
12:37 The water should hold it down if just water. But if you have
12:40 that has some kind of Clancy and pressure related to it, it's going
12:46 exceed the weight of the water. that's why we put mud in the
12:52 the in the water to help hold that that pressure and it's got to
12:56 a perfect balance. And uh mud , usually when I go, when
13:01 went, I'm gonna go, I been in a while quite a
13:06 but when I used to go one of the first people I would
13:10 to as a mud engineer because if I knew he knew what he
13:13 talking about, I knew we were safe because as long as you have
13:20 on that pressure and you have somebody really uh picky about it, uh
13:26 know, you've got a probably got good safe rig and a good drilling
13:30 going on there. So anyway, you start to consider these kinds of
13:35 if you're going to drill a you know, you need to have
13:38 sample, you know, do we a course somewhere which is really
13:42 Do we want to, what it our logging going to be? Sometimes
13:45 start logging from the surface, but they get through a string or two
13:50 casing before they start logging because usually objectives are, you know, a
13:55 , a few to maybe 56 7000 or deeper below the well bore depends
14:00 where you're at some places, the are too shallow and not even that
14:05 . And uh and I've never had drill one of those wells and I
14:08 think I ever want to drill one those wells because it just sounds really
14:13 tricky, you know, shallow You have to worry about this thing
14:17 here and that's damaging aquifers, anything do wrong, could damage a really
14:22 aquifer. Okay, so you come with all these different things and the
14:27 may not have anything to do with , but sometimes you do, maybe
14:31 might know an aquifer somewhere that can take on some water disposal
14:38 Mhm. It's always good to know allergies are still here. Okay,
14:48 here's the thing, you know, started out with a big base and
14:51 we're looking at uh two of these in the rifts in this particular
14:55 It's the same example. You have seismic grid. Which which is,
15:01 you think about it? Even a d. seismic grid is like getting
15:05 three dimensional representation of what's under It's not a true uh three dimensional
15:12 , but it's but if you're able uh pull out some semblance of what's
15:21 on underneath here in three dimensions and is software, I don't know if
15:27 advanced much when um uh 10 years , maybe. Actually it's about would
15:36 been about 13 years ago, 14 ago When Obama opened up drilling offshore
15:44 coast. They only had two seismic. And they had a software
15:50 where you could take these two Seismic 62 D. Seismic lines
15:56 And it would actually build a three model uh from from this fence
16:03 In other words, it would fill volumes in between the spaces just like
16:08 seismic cube. But without having uh data that was was going in uh
16:17 every which direction and being recorded in which direction. You don't have true
16:22 D. Seismic, but you had some way of artificially creating a three
16:26 . Three dimensional volume from two Seismic grid. So those kinds of
16:31 can happen. And anyway, what doing here is you're trying to come
16:35 with these prospects. Here's one here's one here, this magic little
16:40 right here is called the water. , this would be the oil water
16:45 . Your the book caused everything but it's, we call it the
16:49 water contact could be uh, I what our contact to or you
16:55 sometimes we get gas, oil contacts in seismic. You see these very
17:04 and other times you don't see them all. But closure is one of
17:08 main things you can see here. significant trapping closure here. You have
17:13 oil water contact is there? If bring it down below here, you
17:17 have leaking around the sides over here over here that you don't see in
17:22 two D. Line that might be through it like that. Uh So
17:27 another aspect, you have to Um One of the things that helped
17:33 in my career was that, um can easily visualize things in three dimensions
17:39 my head and a lot of people , but I think somewhere around 40%
17:45 all people, no matter how brilliant are, you can't figure it
17:49 I I know some people that were bright that just, it just didn't
17:54 in Without seeing something like a three . Display. And uh, but
18:02 the oil industry, it's really uh it's an advantage to be able to
18:05 in three dimensions. and you just think that that you know this this
18:11 right here is just a line going like this and that going back and
18:16 like that is what this is. it just kind of clicks when you
18:20 it. Okay, so the main in discovery to appraisal. Well so
18:32 were here, you drill this, come up with the prospect, somebody
18:36 it. Uh if it's successful you a food and champagne. If it's
18:45 you drink the whole bottle uh and sorts of things can happen and go
18:51 . And so one of the one of them uh most time consuming
19:00 that I did for a while as geologist was to to explain why you
19:05 find the oil. And it's it's you know it's not an effort in
19:10 . Um you know you drill a here and there's nothing there. You
19:17 this was the best one, Then go, I wonder why we didn't
19:21 that one and why would that one better. So trying to figure out
19:24 this failed will help you understand whether one will absolutely fail or maybe it
19:29 because again, you know, this a two dimensional uh configuration of the
19:36 . But you know, you need make one, this three dimensional can
19:39 here there's nothing on the sides, may be false in here and that
19:44 of thing that you didn't see in seismic that you had or you didn't
19:48 it. But once you drill you can start to see things.
19:52 thing that happens is you drill a on a fault. So you,
19:58 meant to drill, say here, this was perspective and it had oil
20:03 it. You meant to drill but you drilled over here, Would
20:08 have seen the formation? I drill well here. Yeah, you will
20:16 it, but you will see it the water. You won't see
20:19 you won't see the formation at I'm seeing, I'm seeing this section
20:24 here, which is way down here this block. And uh, and
20:29 not seeing any of this stuff that's here. So when it's faulted
20:34 it's missing. It's a gap and often false. When, when real
20:41 draw false, they'll put a, put a gap on here and show
20:44 what's missing. And uh, uh, computers know, they'll just
20:53 you a line, that line doesn't you anything. It doesn't tell you
20:56 the throne the fault is. In words, when you drill you drill
21:01 , I'm looking at rocks that are age up here, same as
21:07 I'm in that rocks those age. then when I got on the other
21:10 , I'm in rocks, I go here. I see rocks from this
21:14 to rocks to that age and all the rocks in this age are excluded
21:20 a well that drill right there because was faulted out and that's, and
21:26 can map the area above. Uh was faulted out too. And that's
21:31 on the throw, which is So it would have been, you
21:34 , an area of about this big the area uh that you would draw
21:40 this if you drew a good a will map, I mean, excuse
21:47 , a good fault in that And uh on the surface, this
21:50 be a map of a surface. surface is missing. All of this
21:56 is missing at that point and it right into this section down here,
22:02 again is, you know, gonna some of this stuff over here.
22:06 there's a big gap of that If I'm going to map the surface
22:11 of a sudden that surface is And so there'll be a gap in
22:16 map like that. Uh looking down it like this. So so it
22:21 be, you know, a space this dimension. Again, if if
22:29 don't understand what I'm saying, it's may not be your problem, your
22:33 , Okay? And it it could mine, but it's definitely not
22:37 Okay, so the next thing you is you go down and you try
22:42 see what to do and this is like I drilled here and I
22:46 you know, it's faulted out. needed, I needed to drill this
22:49 , whether whether it's north, south or west or I need need
22:53 drill this direction to get into that . Get away from that fault.
22:57 field. I worked on seven wells drilled like this and they kept missing
23:02 and they kept missing that and they figure out where the sand was,
23:05 always there, It never went it never hid, it just wasn't
23:11 . And that's what geologists are supposed do is figure out where to hit
23:14 sand or the reservoir. Okay, of course you could start doing uh
23:23 additional fault blocks. If you found and that would be your exploitation of
23:28 new discovery. For example, if came in big and you go,
23:32 , you know, this should be , that would be exploitation. You
23:35 , here's you've created a play and would be my play fairway. I'd
23:41 getting rocks at the same age, formation, same, probably the same
23:45 rock here. There might be could a leak here because you got the
23:48 conforming, there could be a leak the top of this because there's a
23:52 . But if there isn't there's a rock here, the fault, a
23:56 rock here, the fault, then these formations would be good. And
24:01 you would assume they might be good here and you come and drill it
24:06 , okay? And here, when get to discovery and play appraisal.
24:09 is when you start drilling more wells you figure out more complex details about
24:15 geology and uh here, you can if if I put a straw
24:20 I might if this wasn't there, might be able to drain that area
24:25 this area over here. But with little faults that we think are there
24:29 on a well that might have hit ? That's not plotted here or additional
24:35 . There could be constrictions for compartmentalization what did I do of this whole
24:45 . Instead of like, you maybe put a well here and you
24:49 , here's here's the highest up dip here and this would be more up
24:54 than that. So maybe I can this whole thing. Uh there's a
24:58 extent areal extent and engineers can calculate that extent is, that you can
25:04 reservoir is under a certain pressure with certain type of drive. But say
25:10 initially thought you could draw with one all of this area. When you
25:15 these details, you realize now I do that because I've got these barriers
25:20 you might actually see uh if I that second well there to try to
25:26 that oil water contact and this one have found the oil water contact probably
25:31 it's a really thick section. Uh know, then you get you get
25:36 , you figure out what the down limit of it is. Uh this
25:40 , also told you that you were the down dip, living that these
25:45 thoughts that you're starting to interpret could that it's compartmentalized and you need straws
25:50 here, you might need straws in and you might need a separate set
25:54 straws in here. And that's kind what we're dealing with appraisal. Trying
25:59 figure out how much can we get with? One will okay, if
26:03 have to have two wells, where I need them? Okay, so
26:11 you get the development and uh you start trying to figure out working
26:17 the reservoir engineers, trying to figure how they can move the product.
26:21 know, you don't wanna be producing than you can put into a pipeline
26:24 example. But if if you have pipeline capacity and you're not getting delivering
26:31 , you might want to drill more . When I worked in South Marsh
26:34 1 28 we were producing 33,000 barrels day from the field. It was
26:38 down to about 28 29. And wanted to get it back up by
26:41 time I left, we were close 40,000 barrels of oil a day at
26:45 price. That would be a lot money. And uh it was,
26:48 was definitely some money back then But uh that's the kind of thing
26:52 do is you try to make sure that you're being efficient cost conscience all
27:01 time. Reservoir engineers. Uh I'm sure there are too many of them
27:07 haven't been to business school, but of the things they do is crank
27:13 lot of numbers, they crank the of the particular well board in terms
27:19 how long they think it can produce times, they'll produce more than they
27:25 they could. And they call up geologist and figure out why is this
27:28 good? If it's so good, we need more straws down dip.
27:33 uh and so that kind of thing . Okay. And then it gets
27:40 , when you really get into development production, you've got a lot of
27:44 in here, you're producing a lot oil and gas and here um uh
27:51 this case they have these low quality and they have these high quality since
27:55 quality sins may have sucked out a of the energy, a lot of
27:59 oil and you may have gaps oil behind. You start thinking about ways
28:05 get the pressure back up so that can do a sweep of the whole
28:11 . So you get try to get dip and uh like this and you
28:17 , it's hard to do this, you're trying to push push from
28:21 from the, from over here on left hand side of the reservoir up
28:28 to this side. So you're trying put like a wave, you want
28:31 get a wave that goes like If you hit a really high permeability
28:36 , the water might shoot through it you'll lose some more oil. So
28:39 have to be really careful how you that. And I was only involved
28:44 one water flood study and we had lot of strap traps to deal with
28:49 people didn't know about. And seismic didn't figure out what was going on
28:58 um, think about it was I was doing this in 1978,
29:03 out where the strap traps were in Marsh Island 1 28. And it's
29:08 , so it's complicated, but you to, what we call it is
29:11 sweep and I don't know how to a sweep with a pointer, but
29:15 know, you'd have like a line and you're trying to get the water
29:18 push in this direction at all points the same time, but not too
29:24 anywhere and not too slow anywhere so it kind of just sweeps like a
29:31 across this way. In other the wall would be linear like
29:37 And you kind of, you're hoping water will push all that oil up
29:40 way into the wells that are already . Okay, so, um,
29:51 again, once we get into this , a lot of it, we
29:55 a lot of geological data, a of times, all of it goes
29:58 the, would go to the but now we're starting to do a
30:02 of reservoir management enhanced recovery type but we're also doing a thing called
30:09 characterization, where we're trying to get characterization of the reservoirs because as I
30:14 back here, if we don't have good sweep, it might be because
30:19 are streaks in here for geological reasons have high permeability and streaks that have
30:26 permeability. And so flow and this maybe uh slow, but in this
30:34 it's fast and vice versa. And could change from one part of this
30:38 to the next, depending on the structure of the reservoir rock as
30:44 might imagine, the heterogeneity or lack Homo giannetti. Uh in other
30:54 you can have sand stones that have of variation in the process and permeability
31:00 them. And of course as we learn about channels, we learn
31:06 fans, we learn about a lot different things that have different shapes and
31:11 of them find upwards, some of coursing upwards, Some of them find
31:17 , some of them don't, so a lot of different things in terms
31:22 the grain size that impact. Uh so much the ferocity as the
31:29 they have a big impact on permeability that's the kind of thing. We
31:35 looking at when we get into reservoir , Typical field data, we look
31:40 all the time would be the average . Average permeability K is the symbol
31:46 permeability. Uh We try to figure what the oil and uh places.
31:52 we try to calculate recoverable reserves. gravity can be important because the viscosity
31:59 an impact on flow rates. And you can actually lift, lift it
32:05 areas where it's deep water, because it's really cold, you want to
32:09 hire a P. I. Gravity's is um it's something I hate
32:16 The api gravity's, the higher the , the less viscous, it
32:20 the less viscous it is, the likely it is to uh slow down
32:26 become more viscous from cold water. the of course, average butter
32:35 the more, what do you have there? Obviously, the more water
32:40 be producing with oil, the more have to separate, the more you
32:43 to dispose of. But in a well, we don't like to see
32:48 much water saturation at all. We to see very low water saturation in
32:54 , unconventional. In an unconventional you know, water saturation has a
33:01 to do with why you have permeability there's water in there, hope opening
33:04 the pores open. Uh then it help also transmit uh associated oil with
33:11 , but then you have a lot produce uh sometimes a good unconventional well
33:16 have a 50%. Um Yes, And uh and you get some decent
33:26 out of that, which you have dispose of a lot of water if
33:29 have that in a conventional well Well usually when it gets around 50%
33:35 gets there because you're starting to pull oil water contact into the reservoir.
33:41 that's something you need to sort out . um you're getting a good sweep
33:46 whether you're getting some koning where you're over sweeping the water drive in a
33:53 area. And of course will api and viscosity. I mentioned viscosity because
33:59 you. Um uh It has a to do with sometimes the cost,
34:04 api gravity viscosity has to do with mechanical behavior of it. When we're
34:09 to get it out of a okay. Um when you look at
34:20 field data, we start to evaluate average net pay in fields, we
34:26 the water contacts, We have blocks compartments, we wanna two blocks next
34:33 each other. You have an oil contact that seems to be the same
34:37 production. Uh That would suggest that the two compartments are in communication with
34:46 other. If they're not in communication each other, we'll start to see
34:50 offsetting in terms of the oil water . Um formation value, volume factor
34:59 is an important thing because, you , we're producing stuff that pressure,
35:02 pull it up uh to the surface . So there's a factor there to
35:09 us to compensate for what's going to as we get there. Um Oil
35:14 expand that much. This is more when you're probably producing gas. When
35:18 do volumetrics, when we do our exercise, we're gonna kind of focus
35:23 oil well and not a gas well uh so we won't be too concerned
35:29 that, but but we also have uh when you when you work in
35:37 field you're often able to figure out your recovery factors should be. Your
35:41 recovery factor, which you can you can include the formation volume factor
35:47 that too, which is what we . Gas oil ratio is going to
35:51 an impact on as your produce, uh any oil with dissolved gas in
35:59 . You're gonna need to know what is because that's something that needs to
36:02 separated. Uh If you're looking well, you typically want to lower
36:07 . O. R. Um at same time, if you have a
36:11 cap, uh you know that as pressure in that reservoir drops the gas
36:17 start to expand and help push some the oil out too. So you
36:20 to make sure that your preparations are the gas oil contact so that you
36:26 produce that oil for a long time you get an impingement with the
36:32 Mhm oil content. You know, don't want to start producing gas if
36:38 trying to get all of the oil we have a reservoir temperature has a
36:44 impact. The bubble point, you , when, when stuff's going to
36:47 out of solution and of course formation . So you can have impacts
36:52 on some of the things that we're to calculate. I have one question
36:58 , uh, regarding the bubble because I have seen that that expression
37:03 about the, they usually talk about is above bubble point, below bubble
37:08 , but I have never really understood . So, what, what does
37:12 mean? Well, that's, that's the, the gas starts to come
37:15 of solution? That's all that Okay. And it's, you
37:20 it depends on the temperature and the in the reservoir. Uh, we
37:26 developed charts for each reservoir depending on composition, exact compositions of the oil
37:32 that sort of stuff. Okay, unconventional is, what would we be
37:36 for? There you go. some people don't have to guess,
37:50 , when you're dealing with micro any tiny tiny increase in ferocity,
37:57 tiny tiny increase in permeability is And uh, uh, another thing
38:10 folks look at is, is maybe so much wear, but in what
38:16 is the rock susceptible to fracturing and are the primary fracture directions? Where
38:24 the richest part of the oil source uh, what type of water production
38:32 do you have around that source So all of those things become
38:36 And I could, you know, don't want to completely explain all of
38:40 today, but we'll we'll talk about lot of these different things as we
38:43 along, but it's, you it's, I think it's clear
38:50 We already know where the source and are, and I think that's an
38:55 aspect. So we're really uh kind jumped right into, but we would
39:02 consider the exercise of somebody and development production geology. And uh, and
39:12 fracturing thing is important. What a of companies have found. Is there
39:21 , you know, oftentimes when we drilling in an area, you're given
39:25 acreage and it's going north south instead east west. Uh if you really
39:30 to do your longitude nels east you can't do it if your land
39:33 north south, you know, if have a long a long acreage that's
39:39 narrow in one direction and long in other direction. You kind of have
39:42 drill, drill your long laterals in direction. So a lot of
39:48 uh, they can't line things up way they went to, but it's
39:53 to know which way they should have them up also before they start
39:58 because there are ways that you can a little bit of the, and
40:03 , I've never actually done this but there are different ways of um
40:10 your system of fractures and a lot times, there's also ways to figure
40:17 there's certain intervals that are high Say I have a well that goes
40:22 the screen uh And say say this across the screen is five miles,
40:29 may be an area here that looks the process of permeability is really good
40:33 the area here. It's bad and good over here. So, what
40:37 try to do now, you they used to just crack the whole
40:40 , but now they try to focus those two areas where the the impact
40:47 fracturing would have the greatest impact and the greatest flow from that area rather
40:53 connecting it and the well board to that's producing poorly, um because it
41:00 not add any energy to your it might actually suck energy out of
41:05 production. So you try to isolate areas or ignore the areas that might
41:10 in the middle here, uh that low porosity and permeability uh in other
41:15 , don't fracture them at all, leave them alone and produce those pockets
41:19 are the best and uh there's been lot of success from what I understand
41:25 reports and stuff from, from the , but I haven't actually done any
41:29 this. Okay, so the primary of reservoir geology uh through time is
41:41 this, you know, I try do this here's conventional, conventional does
41:47 lot here, unconventional starts here, again, as we, as we
41:52 through time, they start, uh amount of effort that a geologist puts
42:00 the production part becomes less and less less. There are examples of where
42:06 is changing. In other words, would be the amount of effort of
42:11 , geoscientists, and then as we to a certain point it starts to
42:16 off. Uh Again, the unconventional start out really big here. Of
42:22 , we've we've already started producing this , so we're here and we're starting
42:25 come down into the production side of . And uh one of the good
42:32 about being a reservoir geologist, if you get it, get in
42:35 of these gigs is you're a member an integrated team. Um So if
42:41 a geologist, you need to know lot about geophysics. If you're
42:45 you need you need to listen and a lot about geology um and everybody
42:52 to understand where the engineers are coming and uh the more the more I
42:59 what an engineer needs to know as geologist or the more you would know
43:03 a geologist, the more you can uh what is it we can do
43:09 help him answer that question and uh that's really the most important thing,
43:15 know, when we worked on a field and in Norway, I was
43:19 a team and uh just the correlation one well to the next was very
43:26 in the chalks because we had a cloud above uh the chalk itself absorbs
43:32 lot of seismic energy. And to it very bluntly, geophysics was totally
43:38 absolutely and thoroughly useless. And it do a thing. The electric logs
43:47 my fingers and tell me if you a difference, these are two different
43:50 . Here's the curve on a gamma in a chalk for two L's.
44:03 . You see any difference in even if there were lines there,
44:07 would be nothing. There was just bunch of squiggles and uh, they
44:12 look at the resistive itty. One the things that inexperienced geologists like to
44:17 is look at resistive it because resistive usually means of hydrocarbons, but that's
44:23 where it makes it difficult to correlate where you have oil and gas is
44:30 thing correlating to rock units that go that span that area that you haven't
44:38 into. You know, when you're , you're trying to, Okay,
44:42 one attaches to that one. This down here attaches to that one.
44:47 know, I got out in well , but I don't have anything in
44:51 here except that seismic, that doesn't in these chalks. So, um
44:56 do I know the difference between If I if I do festivity
45:01 I'm correlating pay. I'm not correlating , I'm correlating pay and pay could
45:08 over here in three formations and over it could be in three different formations
45:16 then I've correlated like this and I no idea what my reservoir looks
45:21 I think I do because I just they correlate, I said they
45:26 you can tell the computer to go yeah correlate these things based on
45:30 it, you're gonna be completely And uh in the chalk field we
45:37 I can't draw on the board to it to you in great detail,
45:40 in the chalk field we had we three reservoirs everywhere. And it turns
45:44 we actually had seven. And because pressures and seals and all that kind
45:50 thing, they always had three reservoirs we drilled, but it wasn't always
45:55 same three reservoirs and they were correlating all over the field. We got
46:00 all sorted out. That's that was big exercise where we we went from
46:05 million barrels to a billion barrels of . And uh and the geophysics came
46:12 and did O. B. And were able to finally get some
46:16 seismic that they could do. And they were able to add um another
46:24 million barrels of oil to the They tried to take credit for the
46:28 that we already found, but we let them do it. So anyway
46:32 reasons for doing things uh the reason O. B. S. Which
46:36 very expensive was done is because we that what what their geological understanding was
46:41 changed dramatically to make it worth the to go after. Uh and go
46:48 an extra 400 turned out extra 500 barrels in an area where we thought
46:55 was only 600 million barrels and we a lot of it. Okay,
47:00 that's what it's all about now. another thing that I think is when
47:05 taught um reservoir characterization with Jeff um uh bob finley, here was
47:15 I went to school with in south and he was uh texas when he
47:21 this paper with Tyler, um And Norris and I uh we're teaching reservoir
47:28 . This would have been in uh . But uh um here you can
47:36 this is where geology is important. see these are all um de positional
47:42 that reservoirs are in. So understanding geology is critically important and these kinds
47:51 diagrams are not absolute, but what trying to show you is here is
47:57 called the strand plane wave dominated uh and uh system. And this is
48:06 short faced system. And this this is a large barrier bars, large
48:12 and atolls. These are things that typically relatively high energy. Uh They're
48:22 complex faces. Uh There are higher , all energy settings. These typically
48:30 greater ferocity and greater permeability as you from this description to this description down
48:36 , you're getting to more complex faces finer grain sediments, which is going
48:41 create more heterogeneity. In other it's more differences. Uh Geophysicists like
48:51 call things anisotropy but but it's it's heterogeneous. Uh down here, it's
49:00 homogeneous, almost the same in every . The process permeability goes good this
49:05 left, right in between all different . So as you go up this
49:12 , you can see these little plots these are probably average numbers from a
49:16 of these different places. And here's called unrecovered mobile will in other
49:23 it's the amount of oil that's in these reservoirs that's been is unrecovered over
49:31 long period of time. Okay, there's almost none left over over
49:39 So, here's a good question for looking at this chart, which side
49:45 this chart left or right, would um think would be the best candidate
49:55 detailed reservoir characterization? I think the complex one in the lift.
50:06 It's it's a waste of money to it down here. You know,
50:10 you do reservoir characterization down here, results going to be processed and permeability
50:14 fantastic in every direction. And uh already know that. And one of
50:21 things that you want to do in is answer questions that no one has
50:25 answer for yet. You wanna you make it be not yet, you
50:30 make it be, here's the So as we go from here to
50:39 we need answers. And if if working here and I figure out how
50:48 even get a say, I only half of what's left, Half of
50:53 is unrecovered, look at how much the oil I'm gonna, get I
50:56 get probably this is over 80, would get probably you know another,
51:04 know, if I got half of , I would be recovering 40% of
51:08 employees in place oil that was unrecoverable to that point. That's a lot
51:13 money. I do it down It's not a lot of money.
51:18 if I can get a couple more out of a huge oil field that's
51:22 so big. But if I got huge oil field where I'm already getting
51:26 this, this shows like about a um Or maybe a 15 oil recovery
51:35 of this whole thing when there's all that could be movable, it's that's
51:42 a ble and uh and so here want to figure out what direction do
51:47 want to be flown? They wanna flowing northeast southwest, Do I want
51:53 do a chemical drive? Do I to do a water flood, what
51:56 of thing can I do to make work better. Uh probably the answer
52:01 here is long laterals and that's what doing now, But, but that's
52:09 kind of thing that that you have consider as a geologist because everybody,
52:14 know, I may be working in bunch of fields that are like
52:18 If I do that for 20 I never need to know what the
52:21 reservoir the term reservoir characterization is because not gonna be worth that much.
52:27 if you're working on anything from from over to here, uh there's a
52:33 of value left to go out and with that. I'm gonna let you
52:36 go because I think we're past our anyway. Is that everybody's still
52:43 Yes. Yeah, there's one Let me just uh I'm gonna in
52:53 . I'm going to try to, six out of eight showed up.
53:02 anybody notice somebody that dropped out? think, I think we I think
53:13 don't see Nicole like the lady with boy. Yeah, I don't see
53:19 there and I don't see uh Kelsey either. Okay, so I'm
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