| 00:13 | Okay, folks are for a I couldn't get an internet connection up |
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| 00:18 | . Uh Anyway, so I also expecting a four degree temperature change from |
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| 00:27 | . Um All right. Uh Let's . So uh information information you're aware |
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| 00:35 | already, but just to remind So we'll get we're back on turning |
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| 00:41 | in this week. We have a beginning tomorrow through sunday and smart work |
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| 00:46 | I know that I had forgotten to was maintenance. The publisher was doing |
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| 00:51 | , which is why the thing was . So it is now I checked |
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| 00:56 | morning and assignments for this current unit now visible. Um So uh that's |
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| 01:05 | 6, 13 and 14. Um see. So today we're gonna continue |
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| 01:11 | with viruses get through pretty much all it. There's very little left to |
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| 01:16 | on Monday, but then we'll start 13 the first part um which we'll |
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| 01:22 | it kind of flipped fashion. And video for that material's been up for |
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| 01:27 | week now. So do you take look at that before monday? and |
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| 01:34 | we'll go through uh the part one kind of more of the background info |
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| 01:41 | metabolism and so um Kind of the there are important in really understanding the |
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| 01:49 | of 13 and then 14. So go through it and uh I know |
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| 01:57 | about chemistry maintenance, happy about but it's not going to be Hardcore |
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| 02:03 | . So um I'm not gonna expect to know all the 50 plus different |
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| 02:09 | and things like that. So there's method I got to to to teach |
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| 02:13 | . So so so it's not so seem so daunting. Okay so but |
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| 02:19 | mhm. We'll start that on on . So example one is is open |
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| 02:27 | constant. So if you take a you have questions come by office hours |
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| 02:31 | schedule of office hours or email, have you if you have questions. |
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| 02:36 | um let's see. So let's uh with just a bit of a review |
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| 02:44 | we talked about last time. So lecture was mostly about virus definition |
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| 02:51 | Okay. And the classifications kind of not ended on that. So remembering |
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| 03:01 | the definition of a virus. Remember not cells as we define a cell |
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| 03:07 | . They have this basic structure of protein coat surrounding the genome. Actually |
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| 03:14 | genome which can be of different types RNA DNA single strand of double stranded |
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| 03:20 | The shape of the capital of Canada pulled ahead real shape. It can |
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| 03:24 | a filament, this type of virus can be a naked virus without an |
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| 03:28 | . It could have an envelope. And so there's gonna be variations beyond |
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| 03:34 | that basic um uh protein coding genome . You know of course envelope proteins |
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| 03:42 | be President Glafcos glycoprotein spikes, they them. So remember the number of |
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| 03:47 | proteins on the periphery here are going be involved in recognition. Right. |
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| 03:50 | that brings us to the infectivity. . So that's all about viral recognition |
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| 03:56 | the host which all occurs through molecules the periphery of both virus and host |
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| 04:03 | . So uh that recognition and brings Um binding entry of the genome eventually |
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| 04:12 | the beginning of the viral life So um we'll talk about viral life |
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| 04:17 | today. That's kind of what the two is about. So um and |
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| 04:22 | and prions. So remember that viral ? No they're not viruses. Maybe |
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| 04:28 | virus like if you will but they they lack uh they lack of |
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| 04:34 | For example, you don't have the viral features but they have basically an |
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| 04:38 | protein or infectious RNA molecule. And that's it. There's no other structures |
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| 04:43 | with each of those two entities. . And then classification is kind of |
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| 04:48 | we ended last time. So so you know, you can look at |
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| 04:54 | number of different futures, you can at all these features over here. |
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| 04:58 | know, use those as a framework classify a virus. Right. And |
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| 05:03 | the Baltimore classification has to do with the genome. That's how the group |
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| 05:08 | then then they're out to get to um form which is the transcript which |
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| 05:15 | then be translated into proteins. The M. R. And |
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| 05:18 | And so there's different routes. Of we can you can easily um wrap |
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| 05:24 | head around group one and two because A D. N. A. |
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| 05:27 | that's that's how we work, DNA to RNA to protein. So |
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| 05:32 | for these other groups the RNA group can be a little complicated. Okay |
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| 05:39 | um it's this plus minus um designation um so number one the plus form |
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| 05:53 | the coding form of coding information. . The minus strand is also called |
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| 06:03 | sense strand. Okay. The minus um the anti sense. Right. |
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| 06:12 | so they can be a template to a plus strand. Right. So |
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| 06:24 | as can this plus strand be copied a minus strand? Okay. So |
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| 06:33 | that's why it's as we're gonna go this again. Okay so two things |
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| 06:40 | the we do you carry loads. and pro carry outs us non viral |
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| 06:49 | . Okay. Um we don't have need to copy our RNA molecules into |
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| 06:57 | RNA molecules. We don't do There's no need for us to do |
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| 07:01 | . Okay we do take our N. A. And copied into |
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| 07:06 | . All right. That's what's happening us and it's what's happening up here |
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| 07:10 | these two groups. Okay. Because have a DNA genome. Right so |
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| 07:15 | you go through the process of expressing and making proteins we're gonna go um |
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| 07:21 | the DNA into a an RNA into plus RNA. Remember the plus RNA |
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| 07:27 | always going to be in the The plus RNA is what contains the |
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| 07:31 | information okay to be translated into a . The uh so this business over |
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| 07:38 | then right of going from copying and and all we're doing is not because |
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| 07:44 | talking about viruses is just simply the laws of nucleic acid replication. That's |
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| 07:51 | we're falling. Right. We could talking about whatever. Right? That |
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| 07:55 | a clinic acid. If you're going copy it, it itself is some |
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| 07:59 | it's either plus or minus strength between copy, it is going to make |
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| 08:02 | complementary strengths plus or minus. that's all that's going on. |
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| 08:07 | You take acid base pairing rules. . So, um, so for |
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| 08:14 | RNA virus, depending on what type is, it may have to go |
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| 08:19 | a few different routes to get to to a a to a transcript in |
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| 08:27 | . Um, you see here, , and you're thinking, okay, |
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| 08:33 | is a plus single strand RNA group can serve, right? That plus |
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| 08:38 | can serve their genome can serve as a Robin can plop on there and |
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| 08:44 | purchases. Okay, So why in hell does it have to do this |
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| 08:51 | this to make more clustering is why it do that? Because it's about |
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| 08:58 | amount of stuff you need. so I always harp on. |
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| 09:02 | here's a virus affecting the cell. the ultimate endgame. That's gonna happen |
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| 09:07 | something. Lots of little viruses. ? Each of those little viruses is |
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| 09:13 | up of protein capture needs to make that's protein gotta make it gonna stuff |
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| 09:18 | genome into each one of those Okay so you need quantities of |
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| 09:22 | One virus infected with one genome is gonna be enough. Okay you've got |
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| 09:28 | make copies of those genomes right eventually they're gonna be sitting in capsules that |
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| 09:34 | gonna be the the babies for the . Okay. So that's and because |
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| 09:40 | a plus on a virus and you copy a plus into a plus the |
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| 09:46 | of his whole life to do Okay. Because that would be the |
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| 09:51 | of saying if my genome is A. Um G. U. |
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| 09:59 | . Okay. And that's a All right I'm going to copy that |
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| 10:04 | a plus strand then. What would copy be? It would be |
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| 10:09 | A. G. You see it work that way because what's the |
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| 10:15 | See you see A G. That's copy I'm gonna copy that molecule. |
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| 10:22 | what you're gonna get. You're not get a cluster. It doesn't work |
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| 10:25 | way. Not even hours worked that . Right. We probably have plus |
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| 10:29 | . N. A. Stream. we don't well yeah we copy that |
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| 10:33 | DNA strand. We make them minus and vice versa. Right? So |
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| 10:38 | it's not because we're talking about viruses it's universal. Right? When you |
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| 10:42 | about new pay gas. Okay. um so this guy in this group |
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| 10:49 | has to do it this way. they all have to do it this |
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| 10:52 | . But it's starting with a plus but because ultimately in its viral life |
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| 10:59 | it's gonna make a lot of our . You gotta have lots of copies |
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| 11:03 | that plus genome. Okay and because can't directly copied into more pluses that |
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| 11:09 | course that would be easy. It be great to do with that. |
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| 11:12 | it doesn't work out. You have go through to get to this |
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| 11:16 | right? That plus trend. You go through here. Okay. So |
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| 11:23 | may sound crazy but that's the way works for minus single stranded RNA virus |
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| 11:30 | below it. Um That minus RNA be copied into a bunch of |
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| 11:36 | Okay that they can be translated into but it's too um and of course |
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| 11:44 | his classification scheme we're just focused on to to the M. R. |
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| 11:49 | . A. Right? But for guy okay it will have to then |
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| 11:55 | on and copy that with that. . Remember this RNA dependent RNA |
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| 12:00 | Right so we don't have those. have a DNA dependent RNA polymerase. |
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| 12:05 | what happens when transcribe our D. . A. So but they're copying |
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| 12:09 | molecules which we don't do. Okay so they have that viral enzyme to |
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| 12:14 | that. And so even this guy has to eventually copy these plus strands |
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| 12:18 | make the minus because why? Because its genome it's it has to make |
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| 12:25 | bunch of copies of that stuff into eventual viral progeny being made in the |
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| 12:33 | . Okay so um so we're gonna rehash this again in a few slides |
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| 12:39 | the road. But that's that's the because this confuses people. I wouldn't |
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| 12:44 | harping on this unless I knew would people because it does I've seen this |
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| 12:48 | and time again. So um uh that in the last group here |
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| 12:57 | right So they have a Plus, Gino but they are different from these |
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| 13:05 | groups because they are going and to that into DNA reverse transcriptase. And |
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| 13:12 | that's because their environment type that integrates of their life cycle is integrating to |
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| 13:18 | host chromosome. And so to do you need to have a D. |
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| 13:22 | . A. Form to integrate. and then of course when it does |
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| 13:27 | to going to replicate it will have copy that into uh RNA transport. |
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| 13:37 | so like I said we'll rehash this in a little bit. But any |
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| 13:44 | here. Yeah. Uh the S. Stands for double straight double |
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| 13:54 | and single stranded. Right? So you see a single strand is assuming |
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| 13:59 | has to specify a. Yes. . Yes. Yes Yes. If |
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| 14:05 | a single strand absolutely have specified plus that's right. So why does it |
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| 14:12 | if the end result is the Why does what matter what does it |
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| 14:18 | which group it is? You know the end result is always no that's |
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| 14:24 | the nature of that virus, I it can make a difference if it's |
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| 14:29 | depending on viral type and the kind disease that causes or what have |
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| 14:34 | I mean it's it's it just matters the purpose of what? Well it |
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| 14:40 | isn't all the same because the minus trends are in a group. Well |
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| 14:44 | they all go to making that somehow go to making a transcript, |
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| 14:49 | The M. R. And Plus. So how they get there |
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| 14:52 | differ. But yeah they are they're going to get there. They have |
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| 14:55 | right to make their viral proteins for . But then what they may differ |
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| 15:01 | UK they gotta make copies get their in there as well. So the |
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| 15:06 | single friend Arnie group's going to vary the plus because they have to do |
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| 15:09 | step to get copies of their Okay. So yeah I mean so |
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| 15:15 | I mean so many things look similar but but this extra step here it |
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| 15:20 | nearly for that guy to make copies pacino so you do see some differences |
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| 15:25 | yeah but the viruses themselves and each can be very different. Okay in |
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| 15:30 | of the self same effect and the that cause and severity of those diseases |
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| 15:37 | versus a Ebola, both RNA So they're definitely our differences. But |
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| 15:44 | when you get down to the the of this process, it can look |
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| 15:48 | . Okay they other questions. Okay um okay so again don't memorize this |
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| 15:59 | . I just put this in there a couple of things. One is |
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| 16:04 | the having just gone through our new and make me think about it is |
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| 16:13 | so many in that in both those that we are familiar with in terms |
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| 16:18 | causing human disease. So um the of course is in the plus RNA |
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| 16:25 | um rabies virus West Nile is endemic this part of the country. Um |
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| 16:31 | always have cases of that in Houston year. Um poliovirus not so much |
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| 16:38 | anymore but the flu flu I think already mentioned. So a number of |
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| 16:45 | and mumps as well. A number these are in the RNA virus |
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| 16:49 | Okay so the last group you haven't was this this group here? This |
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| 16:58 | . 7th para retro viruses. So of I guess a variation of retroviruses |
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| 17:06 | want to think of it that What they have of course is the |
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| 17:10 | genome not RNA. But in order make copies of their DNA genome, |
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| 17:18 | don't copy their DNA. And the . They copied into RNA and then |
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| 17:22 | R. N. A. They that back into D. N. |
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| 17:24 | . Okay it was kind of a bit of a oddball group that way |
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| 17:31 | they don't copy our D. A. I guess using DNA. |
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| 17:34 | so they go kind of this Ok. The Hepatitis B virus which |
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| 17:42 | liver disease um uh it's quite contagious is in this group but this is |
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| 17:49 | little bit different in terms of their cycle. Okay so um so let's |
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| 17:58 | at so as we go into um so we've kind of gone through this |
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| 18:04 | kind of presented as a here is of a basic by a lifecycle applicable |
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| 18:10 | all viruses. But as mentioned we're to see variations in the process different |
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| 18:18 | and so this is more than just of a rehash of that. So |
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| 18:24 | again all begins and ends with the recognition uh between virus and host |
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| 18:31 | He's gonna be through various proteins on surfaces of both types um viruses can |
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| 18:39 | you know various types of receptors on on a host cell um many different |
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| 18:46 | of molecules making interact with of course there's a specificity to it. Okay |
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| 18:52 | um interested genome. So of course a lot of variation here. General |
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| 18:58 | with bacterial viruses or fage. same thing. Um only the only |
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| 19:04 | genome enters everything else stays outside but animal viruses you see where generally the |
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| 19:11 | can come in uh then it gets inside the cell in different ways so |
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| 19:18 | see variations there the synthesis and So once the genome is free to |
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| 19:26 | copied. Uh huh. The then course this the virus is taking over |
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| 19:32 | cell replication factory inside the cell. we're gonna um not just make copies |
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| 19:38 | genome but then make transcribe translate produce our proteins and begin to assemble and |
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| 19:45 | eventually released from the host cell. so throughout the whole process um again |
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| 19:54 | the spectrum of variations here. So rate at which viruses are produced. |
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| 20:00 | you can nearly have cell viral types will take over to sell and produce |
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| 20:05 | that much virus. You see they're you only see three exiting right? |
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| 20:10 | you might just see a handful of and exit. So In some cases |
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| 20:15 | can see bacteria viruses can produce almost faith Purcell. Okay so the the |
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| 20:24 | of viral reproduction occurring of course it a toll on the host. Right |
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| 20:30 | the host is being exploited to make these proteins for the virus. Obviously |
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| 20:36 | energy that the cell could do something with besides wasting it on this. |
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| 20:40 | so it agreed to which viruses are made inside the cell. Of course |
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| 20:47 | that impacts how much this whole cell can survive. Okay. Because it |
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| 20:54 | the host cell uh undergoing this viral can can survive while the virus is |
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| 21:02 | it's safe if the power production as . Okay well we'll see that. |
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| 21:07 | see examples of that. Um But times other types where that's not the |
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| 21:13 | the virus gets in there and just hundreds of page particles. And that |
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| 21:18 | totally overwhelms this wholesale and you can't with it and it dies. |
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| 21:24 | um, and even for viral types do the kind of low level |
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| 21:29 | keeping the wholesale live. Okay. that that will even ramp up in |
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| 21:35 | and ultimately kill the cell. It , you know, the time implemented |
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| 21:40 | infects its host cell to when the cell eventually dies can get married can |
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| 21:44 | minutes, two years until it Okay. So all depends on the |
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| 21:50 | type. Okay, so, no. Okay, let's look at |
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| 21:57 | question here. So, the first we're gonna do, I need there |
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| 22:03 | go. Okay, I need to this first. So let me do |
|
| 22:09 | . Okay, wait a minute. isn't that information showing up? There |
|
| 22:14 | go. Sorry. Okay. now you can answer. Okay. |
|
| 22:19 | while you are looking at it so we're gonna Look at bacteria viruses |
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| 22:25 | . Then animal viruses, um, viruses their cycles little little not as |
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| 22:36 | typically. And so mainly because of host cell, pro cryonics cells aren't |
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| 22:41 | complex as you can see themselves. animal viruses can be more complicated because |
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| 22:46 | more stuff in eukaryotic cells, they go to different organelles and things. |
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| 22:52 | it's a can be a little more . So we always start with bacterial |
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| 22:56 | virus first. And um the uh let you answer the question and then |
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| 23:07 | go through that. A couple of of different materials virus types will look |
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| 23:12 | . In fact Actually three types. types. Mm hmm. I was |
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| 23:32 | a part of the excitement. How d. Yeah it's just kind of |
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| 23:42 | . Okay. Yeah it's just I do it determined just you're probably right |
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| 23:48 | just trying to stuff as much in as I could. General knowledge type |
|
| 24:12 | . Okay. So whenever you do the term fage or bacterial fage that |
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| 24:28 | obviously bacteriophage refers to bacterial virus. you just see fage. It's always |
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| 24:33 | with bacterial viruses. Okay. Okay so winding down 321 boop. |
|
| 24:46 | so um F. F. Is . So what are the two that |
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| 24:53 | not part of the cycle? And D D. And E. |
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| 25:02 | think that is correct. Okay. D. Athletic stage are virulent virulent |
|
| 25:11 | . Right. So they will learn their mode of operation is in fact |
|
| 25:17 | viruses kill cell and takes it infect cells. Um D. E. |
|
| 25:26 | . That's that statement is true. think most every bacterial virus type is |
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| 25:32 | only the genome enters other stuff Okay. A lot of it has |
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| 25:36 | do with the fact that bacteria have cell wall. And so um it's |
|
| 25:42 | amenable really to bring the whole thing . Some journalists the genome enters. |
|
| 25:47 | so um to material life cycles. your face life cycles brother. Of |
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| 25:54 | . Like any virus. It's it's of course have the recognition um attachment |
|
| 26:00 | the hotel the t even phages are type of look at first. There |
|
| 26:07 | little viruses virulent page that like I they're mode is too in fact make |
|
| 26:15 | and kill the cell and then go to infect other cells. Um They |
|
| 26:19 | produce lots of virus very quickly rather . Okay uh The estrogenic cycle will |
|
| 26:25 | at next is lambda fage which is to E. Coli and it will |
|
| 26:35 | a you might say a dormant state part of its cycle. So it |
|
| 26:39 | integrate into the hell of chromosome called what's called a profile page? It's |
|
| 26:46 | does so at a specific site in E coli genome and in doing so |
|
| 26:52 | that pro fate state the host cell not really negatively affected. It can |
|
| 26:57 | just basically grows and replicates as it would. Okay. But then that's |
|
| 27:04 | it's only final. There's a point that will end and and it actually |
|
| 27:09 | into what's called the lighting cycle. the estrogenic fage like lambda can go |
|
| 27:15 | and forth. Okay between the latex and a less hygienic cycle. Um |
|
| 27:22 | it's all about, you know the of the host cell determines which way |
|
| 27:27 | goes. Okay. So I've kind combined both. Uh So we're gonna |
|
| 27:34 | at atlantic cycle first which um I just this part here. Okay so |
|
| 27:45 | once the genome interest itself uh viral will begin to be synthesized and for |
|
| 27:51 | all viral cycles generally kind of coordinate where you have like what are called |
|
| 27:56 | viral genes in late because different parts the viral life cycle occur at different |
|
| 28:03 | . So if you're trying to get the sell wholesale and then begin the |
|
| 28:08 | , that requires some different proteins that need later in the cycle, |
|
| 28:12 | when you're assembling things and so So um one of the first things |
|
| 28:17 | for a little page is to really the host chromosome. Okay. And |
|
| 28:24 | it will then basically use those nucleotides um for its own purposes to uh |
|
| 28:30 | copying its own genome and then quickly for our proteins assemble and uh make |
|
| 28:39 | progeny fade inside the cell and again a high rate Upwards of 500 per |
|
| 28:46 | . Okay. And so a and bacteria can grow so fast um you |
|
| 28:54 | have a a one mil culture of coli that's very dense. Okay, |
|
| 28:59 | can add a drop of land a phase to it. And within 30 |
|
| 29:05 | the whole thing is cleared up. looks like water almost because the seller |
|
| 29:08 | effect produce lots of our particles per . Then they come out and infect |
|
| 29:14 | cells. That's what actually occurs in exponential fashion where these cells are all |
|
| 29:19 | off. So um very efficient. Now so again like athletic phase. |
|
| 29:28 | all it does is what's in that . Okay, now the less hygienic |
|
| 29:33 | have additional part of that cycle. they can effect and um incorporate themselves |
|
| 29:43 | the genome. So here is uh the purplish part of the chromosome here |
|
| 29:50 | the profane. So it doesn't negatively growth. It keeps multiplying dividing generation |
|
| 29:58 | generation. It's just that each cell subsequent generations and a copy of that |
|
| 30:05 | . Okay. And so the it's it's kind of a ticking time bomb |
|
| 30:13 | you will. Okay, because eventually will have to go into atlantic |
|
| 30:17 | That's the only way the virus can more itself more of itself is to |
|
| 30:21 | into atlantic cycle. So the question that what's the queue to do |
|
| 30:26 | Well, while it's in this state . Okay, profit state. There |
|
| 30:31 | proteins that are being barrel proteins being that can kind of sense the state |
|
| 30:38 | the host cell. Okay. There certain types of signaling molecules and they |
|
| 30:44 | healthy cell while its rapidly growing and that that the the viral proteins can |
|
| 30:50 | . Okay. And it's when when would go into the logic cycle is |
|
| 30:58 | if the host cell is actually under good um nutrient conditions, under good |
|
| 31:05 | conditions has grown very rapidly. Lots generations being produced. Because uh for |
|
| 31:14 | from the perspective of the virus that's time to go into politics cycle and |
|
| 31:19 | lots of page because they will all have a host around. Right? |
|
| 31:24 | cells are really growing very rapidly in episode means the highest cell density of |
|
| 31:29 | cells. That's the opportunity to then out of the lighting cycle. And |
|
| 31:33 | make more faith. Okay. It's the host cells are in them, |
|
| 31:40 | a good growth state, right? the profits will tend to stay in |
|
| 31:46 | profile page form. Okay. Um so because if it did then there |
|
| 31:53 | be a lot of opportunity for these being produced to find a host. |
|
| 31:57 | it's kind of times it with the state of the growth rate of the |
|
| 32:03 | . Really. Okay. But you um in the lab you can kind |
|
| 32:10 | use other means to to trigger You can like elevated temperature uh slightly |
|
| 32:16 | can kind of trigger the process. in nature it often happens that it's |
|
| 32:21 | the nutrition nutritional state that the host and how fast they're growing dictating whether |
|
| 32:26 | stays as a profile page or it into the landing site, enjoy |
|
| 32:31 | But the point is with the profile or with lambda phage both both are |
|
| 32:36 | of its um lifecycle. Okay. process. Um Now any questions about |
|
| 32:46 | . Yeah. So a third bacterial type, it's a little bit |
|
| 32:52 | Okay. It will um you might it's kind of maybe a variation of |
|
| 32:59 | two. Okay. But M. is one So it's a little bit |
|
| 33:05 | then lambda it's it's a filament. type page. Okay. It will |
|
| 33:12 | in fact and then stay inside the . It does not does not for |
|
| 33:17 | . Okay but it can't hang out the cell and direct synthesis of |
|
| 33:24 | Did you see there and the host remains viable? The host cell remains |
|
| 33:32 | while it's producing viruses. Okay. different from obviously different from landing |
|
| 33:40 | Right because the medication effect maybe it producing viral progeny and then killed |
|
| 33:46 | Different from lambda because it's not integrating the genome. Um Lambda will only |
|
| 33:55 | new viruses if it enters the Okay well it's a profile page that's |
|
| 34:00 | happening. Right. It's really nothing happening in terms of the virus But |
|
| 34:05 | 13 can infect the cell. And then um exit right. Produced |
|
| 34:12 | viral particles. You see it out . Okay but it does. So |
|
| 34:17 | a low rate. Right? So it's all about taking a toll on |
|
| 34:21 | hotel. Okay So if you only a few at a time but the |
|
| 34:27 | cell can live with that. Okay um uh it's like we're certainly not |
|
| 34:34 | to be growing at the same rate it would if it didn't have that |
|
| 34:38 | but the virus isn't producing a lot viruses either. So it's enough for |
|
| 34:43 | sale to say okay I can keep the body. So when we look |
|
| 34:48 | that kind of a strategy, okay does this benefit? M. |
|
| 34:55 | Why is that a good strategy for ? What is it what is it |
|
| 35:01 | gain that perhaps the others may not ? Yeah I guess it just has |
|
| 35:08 | longevity with its host um meaning that guess it's like it kind of gets |
|
| 35:16 | stay um if it doesn't really Okay. Did you have tell me |
|
| 35:25 | ? What else have a david? . Was it more what uh kind |
|
| 35:36 | you're kind of getting hitting almost at target here? So what does um |
|
| 35:44 | for the example of I gave you the lighting fake and I said okay |
|
| 35:49 | B. E. Coli That light could just blow through and kill everything |
|
| 35:54 | 30 or 40 minutes. Okay. any phase that are kind of now |
|
| 35:59 | out there, do they have a to infect? No, but |
|
| 36:04 | 13 likely will. Right. Because with m. 13 it's kind of |
|
| 36:11 | of always having a host around. , so it doesn't have the same |
|
| 36:16 | production as these other types but but has lower production but it's pretty much |
|
| 36:24 | of likely always having a host around infect. Okay. So it's kind |
|
| 36:29 | it's it's mode of doing things is way? Okay um you know these |
|
| 36:36 | how these things evolve and how they their particular type of strategy. |
|
| 36:42 | You know the the the light of land of age. I mean those |
|
| 36:48 | are in your gut. I mean if you have a course all kinds |
|
| 36:51 | Brazilians to be cola in your Uh And and they they kind of |
|
| 36:56 | they can they can of course affect and when they when the lighting when |
|
| 36:59 | when the e. Coli that have pro failures and when they begin to |
|
| 37:06 | out and go into the logic cycle really when you have a meal that |
|
| 37:10 | eat and of course I mentioned that gets down there gets broken down in |
|
| 37:14 | gut and equal and they began to those nutrients. Right? And that's |
|
| 37:19 | cue for the light of the land phase of let me get into like |
|
| 37:23 | . Start doing my thing. Okay it's A. But M. 13 |
|
| 37:27 | kind of a different different way. . Um All right any questions about |
|
| 37:37 | could you explain the all this is it means is single stranded single strand |
|
| 37:43 | strand. Okay you see they're gonna a plus or minus. So you |
|
| 37:46 | say single stranded plus or single stranded . Wouldn't just be just S |
|
| 37:52 | Okay. Um Alright so here uh a little bit about what the defenses |
|
| 38:01 | that bacteria have against the viral correct? Um This one here is |
|
| 38:09 | of course at all genetic resistance. every um life form that gets infected |
|
| 38:17 | a virus has that as an Okay because that means there's a member |
|
| 38:22 | the population are members of the population the species. That mutation that may |
|
| 38:28 | altered their peripheral proteins that the virus and it changes enough that the virus |
|
| 38:34 | infect it or can effective were infected very weekly. Okay so um so |
|
| 38:43 | a mechanism that all host cell potentially um restriction and the nucleus is so |
|
| 38:51 | bacterial. Um your knowledge that luckily from the continent D. N. |
|
| 38:57 | . And clothing jeans and vectors and kind of stuff. And so restriction |
|
| 39:02 | cleave D. N. A. . But there they are originate and |
|
| 39:07 | found actually in bacterial types. And thousands of these things different types but |
|
| 39:14 | all do as they recognize particular sequences D. N. A. |
|
| 39:20 | And they recognized these palindrome IQ So palindrome is like the same. |
|
| 39:27 | we have a sequence meeting this way in the inverse sequence. So |
|
| 39:32 | A. T. T. G. A. T. |
|
| 39:35 | T. C. On the So they have kind of that |
|
| 39:38 | Right. And so a uh this for Echo R. One. So |
|
| 39:42 | R. One, his E. a restriction enzyme one was one of |
|
| 39:48 | first ones discovered and it will recognize sequence. But make a cut. |
|
| 39:54 | ? Where you see the slashes. . So they create if you recall |
|
| 39:58 | term sticky ends. Alright, so make a cut like that. |
|
| 40:05 | Where the DNA will part of course will make multiple because there are multiple |
|
| 40:10 | like that in the D. A. So of course there's a |
|
| 40:13 | DNA. Then it's chopped up and infection is over for it. Of |
|
| 40:19 | bacterial DNA is protected because the sun can be methylated. Right? And |
|
| 40:27 | means that the restriction enzyme can't really and recognize those sequences and so it |
|
| 40:32 | undergo cleavage. Okay. Now a recent, relatively recent 15, 20 |
|
| 40:41 | um maybe 15, maybe 10-15 anyway crisper this system. Right again. |
|
| 40:48 | knowledge of this maybe more so from perspective of its use in medicine. |
|
| 40:54 | . To um uh edit human DNA that are have been mutated into some |
|
| 41:03 | of genetic disease. Okay. And they use these systems to whatever researching |
|
| 41:10 | I think there's there's some there already working actively working on some genetic diseases |
|
| 41:15 | fix it fix them by um providing proper sequence so that the team works |
|
| 41:25 | . But of course these were discovered bacteria and it's kind of a pseudo |
|
| 41:31 | immune system. Okay so the one about our immune system, adaptive immune |
|
| 41:37 | , the one that makes the antibodies it has memory to it. |
|
| 41:43 | We can that's that's the whole basis vaccination. Right? We can get |
|
| 41:46 | vaccine for a infectious agents and then that will protect us if we can |
|
| 41:53 | comes around again we can already mount quick immune response. And so the |
|
| 41:57 | aspect of the system is kind of analogous here with this christmas system. |
|
| 42:04 | , so uh let's look at the diagram that kinda just blown up and |
|
| 42:12 | out of piecemeal. So here would a bacterial virus affecting D. |
|
| 42:19 | A. Cell. And part of system is involved with cast protein. |
|
| 42:26 | short cascade protein. It has the to cleave D. N. |
|
| 42:32 | Okay. And it will do so on the viral D. N. |
|
| 42:39 | . And creating what's called a spacer is basically a short sequence. |
|
| 42:45 | And so this is put into the a region of the bacterial D. |
|
| 42:50 | . A. Right, so this essentially a catalog to each of |
|
| 42:58 | Okay. R. R memories if will of in the air quotes memories |
|
| 43:06 | prior viral infections, memories stored as viral sequences that have previously infected it |
|
| 43:16 | it chopped off a piece and put in there. So it's kind of |
|
| 43:19 | a of a library if you will viral previous viral infections. Okay. |
|
| 43:27 | so um so it collects those. , so what happens then through viral |
|
| 43:35 | , that system will be mobilized by that region. Okay. And so |
|
| 43:42 | RNA for that of course will then chopped up processed into the CRISPR |
|
| 43:49 | S. And so again these sequences will bind with the cast protein cascade |
|
| 44:02 | and presumably or hopefully right that depending the viral type infecting that one of |
|
| 44:08 | sequences will be complementary to the incoming sequence. Okay so of course if |
|
| 44:16 | virus was one of the type infected then it will have if not the |
|
| 44:22 | or very similar DNA. And that of those sequences will recognize it and |
|
| 44:27 | and the consequence of the binding to viral DNA is it will be cleaved |
|
| 44:33 | somehow maybe another way affect gene expression the virus so the virus cannot then |
|
| 44:40 | its life cycle. So a way counteract the viral infection. Okay so |
|
| 44:47 | I say memory kind of in a the sense that it has this collection |
|
| 44:52 | viral DNA is from previous infections and how it can kind of keep track |
|
| 44:58 | what's affected it before but it could the case that something could be different |
|
| 45:01 | and it isn't no help but it could. Um And of course now |
|
| 45:10 | we in terms of medicine it's used system is used to um uh target |
|
| 45:17 | sequences of human D. N. . And then um put the correct |
|
| 45:22 | in there. Okay um there's really question about that. Yeah. Yes |
|
| 45:30 | would truly. Oh it just gets the cascade protein. So this complex |
|
| 45:38 | right there. Well buying to the DNA and then that cascade protein breaks |
|
| 45:44 | . Yeah so that's remember they should say inactivation. Alright. You don't |
|
| 45:50 | see what's happening here. But what's is that DNA is getting we're |
|
| 45:56 | Yeah. All right. So now flip over to animal viruses. So |
|
| 46:04 | is the question to get us in direction. Okay. So the type |
|
| 46:11 | life cycle animal virus possesses is mostly by what. So again, this |
|
| 46:17 | to do with the fact that animal infect eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are |
|
| 46:21 | little more complicated. So it's gonna there's unlike a bacterial virus. There |
|
| 46:28 | be different destinations for a animal virus its host. Okay. So some |
|
| 46:38 | kind of what this is leading Mm hmm, mm hmm. |
|
| 47:22 | Mhm, mm hmm. Okay. . Yeah, I guess the the |
|
| 47:41 | and kind of different. But the does. Yeah, absolutely not. |
|
| 47:49 | . It's only know our system is even equate. The two are just |
|
| 47:55 | more complex. But this is very . Super baby. Super duper baby |
|
| 48:08 | . Mm hmm. Okay. So going to be, yeah, it's |
|
| 48:16 | to be the genome type DNA So that has to do with what |
|
| 48:21 | needs to copy that. And some those parts will be found in different |
|
| 48:26 | of the cell, so to So I'm being a little vague |
|
| 48:29 | But um you'll see as we go this. So um so we talked |
|
| 48:36 | host range and um trumpism. Remember the difference between the two hosts |
|
| 48:42 | How many different hosts can be Trumpism within a single host, how |
|
| 48:48 | cell tissue types can be infected? . And he's gonna be broad or |
|
| 48:52 | cold virus. Um is one that course effect effect sells the upper respiratory |
|
| 48:59 | . Um These kind of molecules are in our epithelial cells. Many of |
|
| 49:03 | are used for our epithelial cells kind buying to each other through various molecules |
|
| 49:09 | that this is one of them. so rhinoviruses exploit this particular one for |
|
| 49:15 | gain entry. Now the um the referring back to the genome type of |
|
| 49:24 | virus. So um the DNA viruses course utilized DNA polymerase to copy their |
|
| 49:33 | . Okay. And so why where you think it's gonna go? So |
|
| 49:42 | have different destinations for animal viruses in cell? Okay. So the virus |
|
| 49:46 | most likely go where because what's the for it? Well not just DNA |
|
| 49:56 | DNA polymerase. Okay. So recall the life of the cell cycle, |
|
| 50:06 | ? Of eukaryotic self. Right. in um s phase right, synthesis |
|
| 50:11 | when all the chromosomes get replicated and where the unemployment rate is gonna |
|
| 50:17 | It's gonna be a nucleus. And that's why many DNA viruses go go |
|
| 50:22 | for that purpose right now with all different groups we're going to talk about |
|
| 50:26 | are outliers. Right so there's actually DNA viruses that have their own DNA |
|
| 50:32 | ? Okay. Uh But yeah so talking most, most will follow the |
|
| 50:38 | , I'm about to show you. there will be outliers here and |
|
| 50:41 | Okay, um RNA viruses so remember have the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. |
|
| 50:50 | um they that's a that's not a thing. That's a viral thing. |
|
| 50:55 | those viruses will have that with Are the viruses. Except for retro |
|
| 51:00 | are the viruses that are non retroviruses have a need to go to |
|
| 51:05 | They can just do all their things . Okay. Um back to DNA |
|
| 51:12 | . So remember that, you know the barrio translation arrivals occurs outside the |
|
| 51:17 | transcription occurs inside the nucleus. Uh uh so with DNA and viruses are |
|
| 51:24 | of complicated because some stuff happens in nucleus. Some stuff happens outside the |
|
| 51:29 | . Things go back and forth. well, you'll see that it can |
|
| 51:32 | a little bit complicated for them. again, RNA viruses have their own |
|
| 51:39 | years, they just go inside of outside the nucleus and do their replication |
|
| 51:44 | . But again I mentioned, there's outliers in the RNA virus group flu |
|
| 51:50 | . Alright, the flu virus is that actually does do private cycle in |
|
| 51:54 | nucleus, not because it needs picker in there, but it just does |
|
| 51:59 | of the assembly in the nucleus. that that is an outlier retroviruses again |
|
| 52:05 | their own reverse transcriptase. And but they do integrate into the host |
|
| 52:11 | they do go to the nucleus. . So um now whatever the type |
|
| 52:18 | virus, the process of animal there is a process of once it |
|
| 52:25 | host and gets inside is um getting captured in genome in there. |
|
| 52:31 | And so depending on the viral it may do this at the uh |
|
| 52:38 | up as um at the outer membrane or it may do it at the |
|
| 52:44 | . It just depends. Okay. it may use a vehicle to do |
|
| 52:48 | or it may not. And so first example here is uh membrane |
|
| 52:53 | Okay, so uh enveloped virus can this like the measles virus. And |
|
| 53:01 | the envelope of course is a lipid layer just like the cytoplasmic membrane is |
|
| 53:08 | too are completely compatible. They confused each other. And so for types |
|
| 53:13 | do this, the envelope of the melds with the psychopathic membrane. But |
|
| 53:20 | that's always gonna be specificity, Except it's gonna bind specific. These |
|
| 53:25 | proteins bind to specific receptors and that the fusion with this host cell and |
|
| 53:33 | they captured is enters the cell. . And then quickly becomes uncoated. |
|
| 53:41 | can um it can sometimes bind with list ozone and digest it producing the |
|
| 53:48 | . Um sometimes it may have its enzymes to break it down. But |
|
| 53:53 | point is it's happening outside of the and Gm gets released now variation of |
|
| 53:59 | is using a vesicles in the Right so it's using the viruses using |
|
| 54:06 | the host cell uses for other Right? So for example the process |
|
| 54:11 | receptor mediated in those psychosis. That's ourselves used to bring cholesterol in for |
|
| 54:18 | . Okay. And so hepatitis C recognizes specific receptors on the surface that |
|
| 54:27 | um facilitate or will induce the endoscopy process. So they basically becomes |
|
| 54:35 | Bye. A vesicles. Okay then confused with license on and release the |
|
| 54:42 | . Okay. And uncoated. So encoding process again is to just release |
|
| 54:47 | free genome so they'll be copied. um the D. N. A |
|
| 54:53 | . Right so the first two are viruses. The coronavirus adenovirus will will |
|
| 54:59 | absorbed through endo psychosis formula vegetable Um and the process will be finalized |
|
| 55:08 | the nucleus. And so that's where genome is finally uncoated. Is that |
|
| 55:12 | nucleus right here? Okay so um you know they're all receptor very |
|
| 55:21 | Right, That host virus recognition. and depending on how it does the |
|
| 55:28 | , you know, it can be profusion of membrane endo psychosis or in |
|
| 55:34 | psychosis completed at the nucleus. Okay um now a couple of variations if |
|
| 55:44 | will of what ammo viruses can So uh the building of new viruses |
|
| 55:53 | um can occur. It often occurs the end of plastic particular um bob |
|
| 56:02 | are produced then go on to the . And so those so those organelles |
|
| 56:07 | be a part of the process for , um it was an enveloped virus |
|
| 56:13 | . Those viral proteins that are part the envelope. Right? Will be |
|
| 56:18 | and placed as you see here in membrane. Okay. And so as |
|
| 56:25 | cell virus exits it acquired, it around and acquires that envelope. |
|
| 56:31 | The process of budding. Okay. you see here. Alright, um |
|
| 56:37 | is a process that can occur at rates. It can be slow. |
|
| 56:42 | ? So there's a term called shedding like shedding hair. Right? Where |
|
| 56:51 | silken shed virus, they call So the host cell can be |
|
| 56:56 | Right? But at a lower rate these viruses budding off. Okay. |
|
| 57:02 | so the cell post up can remain in those cases of course this can |
|
| 57:06 | up and it can overwhelm the self you see different variations. Okay, |
|
| 57:13 | now the so this kind of side side comparisons here. Ok, |
|
| 57:21 | most most types will fit into their groups but as I mentioned, there |
|
| 57:25 | be outliers here and there that don't all the rules. Okay, but |
|
| 57:29 | didn't have viruses? Uh the nucleus typically a part of that process. |
|
| 57:35 | . Um the just because the way cells will work, you know, |
|
| 57:41 | can have translation outside the nucleus and inside the nucleus. So you're gonna |
|
| 57:47 | parts occurring. Um both both locations DNA viruses. Okay. Um are |
|
| 57:54 | virus is um general generally occurs all of nucleus and cytoplasm. Okay. |
|
| 58:02 | although again there can be variations Okay so let's uh look at an |
|
| 58:09 | of a D. N. A . This is papilloma virus. So |
|
| 58:11 | causes cervical cancer in women. There an effective vaccine for it though. |
|
| 58:19 | but it's being a DNA virus, ? It's one that goes to the |
|
| 58:24 | , it's one um that is So so it's been a virus can |
|
| 58:32 | be at the mercy of the host in effects. Okay. By that |
|
| 58:37 | mean tied to the growth rate of host cell. Okay so with the |
|
| 58:44 | of cells papillomavirus infects epithelial cells um cells themselves. Skin cells for example |
|
| 58:54 | differentiated. Right so you haven't called cells. Okay. But you're kind |
|
| 58:59 | the building blocks cells if you Right so basal cell well that differentiate |
|
| 59:05 | a correct site which is actually quickly fast growing cell. Makes your skin |
|
| 59:10 | of course you're are multiple layers and top layer of skin cells are constantly |
|
| 59:15 | reproducing because your sloughing off old cells replacing them. Okay so uh but |
|
| 59:22 | cells will not become critical sites until given chemical signals by the body. |
|
| 59:28 | so um so the papilloma virus that , right? Infecting a basal |
|
| 59:36 | Okay basil So it's not gonna be growing cell until it begins to signal |
|
| 59:43 | differentiate? Okay so the papilloma virus not going to really be replicating either |
|
| 59:50 | remember that nucleus contains DNA polymerase and cell type is not actively dividing then |
|
| 59:56 | know then the virus likely isn't rapidly . Uh That is um if it |
|
| 60:04 | on the host DNA polymerase, remember some DNA viruses that carry their |
|
| 60:07 | So they don't have that restriction But those that require the host plant |
|
| 60:12 | , they are at the mercy of host cell. Okay. So uh |
|
| 60:18 | with these basil types of cell papillomavirus can integrate. It's a DNA |
|
| 60:25 | that can integrate into the host Right? So ammo viruses that do |
|
| 60:31 | , they form what we call a virus. Okay, so the pro |
|
| 60:37 | to profane change. Except it's an virus, not a bacterium virus. |
|
| 60:41 | , so the pro virus state is integrated state violent genome in the host |
|
| 60:47 | . Okay. And so the and most likely to happen again in the |
|
| 60:53 | cells. Jack. So the uh depending on where that virus inserts itself |
|
| 61:01 | the chromosome that can affect, you , genes functioning genes. And so |
|
| 61:07 | all are aware that cancer is a of uncontrolled cell growth. Okay, |
|
| 61:12 | if it inserts itself in an area all about genes controlling soul growth. |
|
| 61:18 | then that can of course affect And cancer cells can result in that |
|
| 61:25 | And so but as the those that integrate in this fashion um or |
|
| 61:33 | But don't cause any issues as they into carrot. No sites. So |
|
| 61:38 | cell growth. So division. All is of course ramping up in the |
|
| 61:45 | cell division now now we're becoming got signal let's differentiate and we're gonna begin |
|
| 61:51 | grow. So then of course is HPD production as you see around here |
|
| 61:58 | . Okay. And so the cells shedding viruses at this point. |
|
| 62:05 | Um and so yeah it's a type that's tied to really the growth state |
|
| 62:10 | the hotel here because it dependent on preliminaries that it has. And so |
|
| 62:17 | we see PPV virus again double stranded virus um on coats at the |
|
| 62:25 | Okay relies on the host. Okay you see parks and cycle occurring out |
|
| 62:32 | translation into develop proteins that need to back into the nucleus and assembled in |
|
| 62:40 | and then exit nucleus and then the cell. Okay so um lots of |
|
| 62:47 | going on in different locations during its cycle. Um Any questions about |
|
| 62:56 | Yeah you're right. Oh the pro is analogous to the profile page. |
|
| 63:05 | both of those are aware the the DNA is inserted into the host |
|
| 63:11 | So they just they just were referring a animal virus. They call the |
|
| 63:15 | virus when it's a bacteria virus they it profane. But basically look the |
|
| 63:21 | . Did you have a question? you're going over the celebration. |
|
| 63:33 | That it's all about the rate of production for this guy of course depends |
|
| 63:41 | having DNA preliminaries to copy its And so in the basal cell formed |
|
| 63:46 | cells aren't really dividing. So you're seeing that enzyme really in the |
|
| 63:52 | And so when it's still begins to now you see it accumulate and that's |
|
| 63:58 | the HPV can can copy its own and initiate replication. Why why is |
|
| 64:13 | able to be what? Because it on the word, inserts in the |
|
| 64:19 | . So that inserts in the area involved in critical gene function particularly related |
|
| 64:24 | growth growth and regulation of growth. that's when it can cause cancer. |
|
| 64:31 | . Yeah. And I don't know that that HPV how specific it is |
|
| 64:39 | me. I think it's very randomly anywhere in the chromosome. I think |
|
| 64:44 | Land of Faith which has a very the site it goes to. I |
|
| 64:49 | I'm not 100% sure but I think can history you can insert randomly anywhere |
|
| 64:55 | think. You know I think I think so. Yeah. Okay that's |
|
| 65:01 | I mean. I think so in cases it can cause cancer in some |
|
| 65:03 | it won't depend on where it lands the chromosome kind of thing. Is |
|
| 65:12 | uh some I don't know what kind a combination it is. I don't |
|
| 65:17 | to speak. I'm not 100% sure . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. |
|
| 65:24 | , yeah, yeah, that's how psychogenic viruses work is by that makes |
|
| 65:28 | retrovirus as well. Yeah. okay. So here's a question that |
|
| 65:35 | us into um, RNA viruses. . So yes. This concept of |
|
| 65:41 | plus minus R N a check. , um, so we have a |
|
| 65:49 | and granted granted this is a you know, simplistic kind of representation |
|
| 65:56 | a genome, but Just to keep simple. So hypothetical minus single stranded |
|
| 66:01 | virus is 10 rabbit nucleotides long. one below is most likely its |
|
| 66:08 | So hopefully right off the bat can one of these. Okay, they |
|
| 66:15 | left with two choices. And so choice then is having to recall what's |
|
| 66:20 | capability of a minus genome. When does the minus genome represent? |
|
| 66:27 | . What can, what can be with it? And that's really the |
|
| 66:30 | process. It also assumes you have kind of remember some of your intro |
|
| 66:42 | . This is how a transcript is into a pipe peptide. You have |
|
| 66:49 | remember that. Remember some of that too. Mhm. Mhm. |
|
| 67:29 | Okay, mm hmm. Here we . Let's see. Oops stock. |
|
| 67:43 | , Alright. About 50. So um, who answered? |
|
| 67:54 | why did you pick a see you terms of a key? Uh |
|
| 68:14 | maybe maybe on the right track. , anybody else? Yeah, |
|
| 68:26 | Starting crudo uh, yeah, we on the right track. So it's |
|
| 68:35 | a so if it were a plus which would it be? That's |
|
| 68:42 | Right. Because see can be directly into a protein. Okay, so |
|
| 68:48 | nature of the plus and minus So the mind plus genome is one |
|
| 68:52 | is the coding information. It can directly translated into protein. Right? |
|
| 68:57 | has the elements of the of translating sequence. Right? The AU |
|
| 69:05 | Star code on and so forth. . So and so and also remembering |
|
| 69:10 | a ribbon zone. Right. This our ribs. Um Right. five |
|
| 69:15 | to three crime is how they Okay. And so looking for the |
|
| 69:21 | G code on first and then So that's this is a plus |
|
| 69:25 | Right? That of course B. . N. A. Because there's |
|
| 69:28 | diamonds in RNA. Okay, so a plus strand with the code |
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| 69:33 | Okay, the minus strand wouldn't have elements. Right? It will be |
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| 69:38 | into as you were kind of leading would be copied into a plus |
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| 69:42 | Right. And so this could be a this could be uh a Yugi |
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| 69:50 | example that the three prime. So minus strand the clustering. |
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| 69:58 | Um All right. So when we at I'll come back to that question |
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| 70:05 | . Alright. Here escaped with the . Um All right. So you |
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| 70:10 | Arnie virus. Okay, so remember two groups here the and what the |
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| 70:18 | ? The deal conservative template for either . Which is the Plus RNA virus |
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| 70:24 | um uh to make an actual Right, that's the minus genome. |
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| 70:30 | it can be a retrovirus for its . Okay. And of course it |
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| 70:35 | that route because retroviruses integrate into the chromosome. Okay, if it's going |
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| 70:39 | do that it's gonna be D. . A. Okay. So um |
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| 70:44 | let's look at the plus and minus virus. So it kind of at |
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| 70:48 | beginning right? We kind of went it and so once more. Just |
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| 70:54 | when I put this thing in I start with um showing first the |
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| 71:03 | product. Right, This is what leading to. Okay, so um |
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| 71:10 | are the virus is gonna make Franti looked like this. Right? You |
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| 71:14 | to have multiple genomes, multiple obstacles protein. Right? Keeping it |
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| 71:20 | We're just going for it could be course many more than that. So |
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| 71:25 | nature of works. Right. The independent in the primaries, lots of |
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| 71:31 | genomes. Okay, that was the . So again, it's the number |
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| 71:35 | things. We have lots of Right? So lots of minus genomes |
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| 71:40 | then cutting lots of pluses and these be simultaneously translated into protein and packaged |
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| 71:50 | partners. Okay. So yeah, have to go this route because we |
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| 71:55 | lots of genomes. Right. And can't copy this in the plus has |
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| 71:59 | go plus minus plus. Okay, minus RNA viruses single stranded again. |
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| 72:07 | the end product. What do we ? Lots of minus RNA genomes plus |
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| 72:12 | . So we can copy that into multiple transcripts minus plus. Okay, |
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| 72:19 | then simultaneously translate in the protein and into mind of strength because that's the |
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| 72:27 | of virus it is. We're going package those into our parts. |
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| 72:33 | So it's all about what's the viral is affecting and what's the end |
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| 72:40 | Going to have to be lots of of genomes, lots of proteins. |
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| 72:43 | depending on the genome type minus or , it's going to go through maybe |
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| 72:49 | different routes to get there. But the end end game is the |
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| 72:53 | . Make lots of projects. so um the the that's it. |
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| 73:02 | maltese ruminating on this for a Um Any questions? So it's really |
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| 73:09 | getting the plus minus steaks and comfortable that. Okay, so uh we |
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| 73:16 | stop there and pick it up Thanks |
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