| 00:15 | Oh bye, bye. Alright let's go ahead and get started. |
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| 00:41 | You may remember from uh about and was a few minutes later this |
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| 00:48 | last lecture, I dropped an f not recorded though thankfully. So everything's |
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| 00:54 | today, so that's good. Um , so we are nearing the end |
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| 01:02 | this first unit. Okay. And really annoying. And um but the |
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| 01:14 | is not for another week yet, you've got kind of a weekend between |
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| 01:18 | kind of if you haven't already been this material, you've got another two |
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| 01:23 | . Well not quite, but um got time to put it that |
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| 01:27 | Okay? So if you are having , you need help, you know |
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| 01:32 | I'm at. Okay. So uh also remember of course to sign up |
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| 01:40 | a time slot. Okay, So you're not familiar with casa, all |
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| 01:43 | more reason to get that going just follow the instructions in the |
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| 01:48 | All right, it's all spelled out there, so you have to register |
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| 01:52 | if you've already done all that stuff , you don't need to do it |
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| 01:55 | . But obviously if you're new, need to do that process. So |
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| 02:00 | wait until the last minute. Uh week's quiz on blackboard is different only |
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| 02:06 | a sense, it's a little more , so it's kind of meant to |
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| 02:10 | somewhat of a warm up for the because it has questions that cover the |
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| 02:17 | , all the all this stuff and know one. Okay, so chuck |
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| 02:20 | 131145 and six. So you'll see probably not on every single topic, |
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| 02:29 | give me a good sampling of all chapters on that quiz. So it |
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| 02:32 | like I think there's like 20 24 5 questions or something like |
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| 02:40 | Of course you have more time, like 45 minutes. Um So |
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| 02:44 | so just you'll have that coming up through monday and then the mastering the |
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| 02:51 | one there is due on monday. chapter six, which is what we're |
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| 02:54 | today. Okay, so today is of the what we refer to as |
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| 03:00 | flip mode, which basically just means kind of using quicker questions to kind |
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| 03:05 | build the discussion around. Um and throw some slides in from the lecture |
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| 03:10 | in there as well to kind of some things. Um but so do |
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| 03:17 | you know your questions certainly let me the so this chapter, so we're |
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| 03:22 | of um Chapter one We kind of on certainly touched on on aspects of |
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| 03:30 | a historical perspective medical microbiology because everyone here is assuming the majority are going |
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| 03:36 | be in healthcare as a nurse. and you go, okay, what |
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| 03:41 | doing now you may not metabolism and . How is that directly going to |
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| 03:46 | me as a nurse? Okay, probably not. Okay, you're not |
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| 03:52 | go into the hospital start growing bacteria anything. Okay. But you |
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| 03:58 | you have to think in terms of know how we figure out how to |
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| 04:04 | the effects of a pathogen. How we figure out what they do and |
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| 04:09 | we can fight them of course is on growing them and growing things are |
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| 04:13 | on knowing how they metabolize. And so stuff in five and what we're |
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| 04:19 | talk about six go hand in hand each other from that aspect. So |
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| 04:23 | yeah directly will it you know you're be having your hands in this in |
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| 04:28 | nursing school. Yeah you're gonna take nursing school, you will be taking |
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| 04:33 | but so you probably see a lot stuff again. Alright so think of |
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| 04:36 | from that standpoint to okay so but try to uh no one grows certainly |
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| 04:42 | iron is one of those. Um you have macronutrients and micronutrients. Iron |
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| 04:46 | actually one of those that's really important for you but also for pathogens that |
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| 04:53 | may be infected with. Iron is nutrient that you kind of both are |
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| 04:56 | for. So they needed needed for and they have molecules that try to |
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| 05:00 | it away from your body uh because needed for their growth and so we |
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| 05:04 | course for many functions. So um yeah so they're growing in your body |
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| 05:10 | using your stuff as nutrients. Okay uh anyway so we'll start so six |
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| 05:16 | kind of Kind of I'd say it three different parts to it. So |
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| 05:21 | one is kind of the here are might look at as here are the |
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| 05:27 | influences. So things like ph and and solid concentrations. Right? How |
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| 05:36 | can affect growth and and types that very well adapted to living in extremes |
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| 05:42 | these conditions. Okay then um we at then kind of what's required nutrient |
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| 05:50 | . So how do we construct? think actually as I'm talking about |
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| 05:53 | I've got a flow chart kind of it. Right? So basically what |
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| 05:58 | doing here is seeing looking so This is one way to look at |
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| 06:02 | . Right? So you have a of course multiplying very rapidly, which |
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| 06:05 | what bacterial cells can do. But that this obviously looks like a lot |
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| 06:10 | change going on. And it is it also represents um uh food intake |
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| 06:18 | things like like all system respiration we about and other processes in metabolism to |
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| 06:26 | the process. Because this takes lots energy to do this. So you |
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| 06:28 | energy if you're gonna make new cells need lots of protein synthesis. So |
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| 06:33 | that kind of goes together and of understanding whatever this thing is, what |
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| 06:38 | needs to grow. Okay, so kind of these kind of things we'll |
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| 06:41 | on in this uh chapter and we've two days to cover this. So |
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| 06:45 | got plenty of time to finish this up. So I'm probably gonna get |
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| 06:49 | to uh around somewhere in here. . And leave that for thursday. |
|
| 06:56 | so um so let's start with the question. No not yet. So |
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| 07:02 | is kind of the road map here little bit. Right? So requirements |
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| 07:06 | microbe, you know what those maybe on what nutritional type is. It |
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| 07:11 | a head a trophy. This is a trophy for something else. It's |
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| 07:16 | photosynthetic. Okay um so we have and chemical factors. Uh So things |
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| 07:23 | 10 ph salt concentrations. Okay so the osmolarity relates to the hyper tonic |
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| 07:30 | tonic that that thing osmosis diffusion of um Chemical factors. So essential nutrients |
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| 07:38 | those that you must supply can't make . Okay macro micro nutrients growth factors |
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| 07:45 | well expand on these as we go . Um oxygen tolerance is another |
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| 07:51 | So we'll look at um how bacteria have if you put them in front |
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| 08:01 | oxygen depending on the species, they varied responses. There's like a spectrum |
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| 08:07 | responses um depending on whether they can it, whether they cannot use |
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| 08:12 | whether it's toxic to them. So we'll look at that. So that's |
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| 08:16 | a important consideration. So you know humans like to think that the way |
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| 08:23 | do things and how we operate metabolic and so forth is that's how everybody |
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| 08:29 | do it right in the natural world that's not the case in fact certainly |
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| 08:33 | precarious. Um The not using oxygen actually more common uh being being a |
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| 08:41 | that doesn't use it or has other of metabolizing without action tends to be |
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| 08:45 | common than those that use it. And so we have the division the |
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| 08:52 | types of names for these what we a row, tolerance types. |
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| 08:57 | Faculty of aerobic anaerobic. All again on their their usage or toxicity in |
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| 09:04 | cases to oxygen. Okay growth So you take you take this group |
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| 09:10 | nutrients, both macro micro maybe growth and you kind of put them |
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| 09:15 | Mix it up kind of like a and it can be of course in |
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| 09:21 | forms and different types depending on what doing. We call complex and defined |
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| 09:27 | . And then there can be you might say functions for the media |
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| 09:30 | depending on what you're doing is just a general purpose. You likely have |
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| 09:35 | of nutrient nutrient broth, that's kind a general purpose media to grow different |
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| 09:40 | of hetero troughs typically. Um Enrichment might need to if you're looking for |
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| 09:47 | particular type of organism in the You may need to grow it in |
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| 09:51 | special way that favors their growth. you're looking for some kind of a |
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| 09:58 | process they do and you can grow in a way to enhance that uh |
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| 10:03 | and differential media. Um Those are again to kind of weed out things |
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| 10:09 | don't want favor those things you want grow uh and so forth. So |
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| 10:14 | , we'll expand on each of these as we go along. And of |
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| 10:18 | the other thing is the the consistency the form you want liquid you want |
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| 10:24 | and that too can vary because you have a consistency that's in the middle |
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| 10:29 | solid, we call it and each its particular purpose. Okay. And |
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| 10:36 | certainly one thing before we go so last thing is cell numbers, |
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| 10:40 | rate growth curves. And so you a particular type on some sort of |
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| 10:47 | formulation and then you maybe you want see well how well kind of grow |
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| 10:52 | that. Okay, so that's where get into how how a there's a |
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| 10:57 | profile that that microbes will do and will vary depending on what is going |
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| 11:04 | in these kind of things. So explore that a little bit here. |
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| 11:07 | not gonna be any kind of calculations do. You're not gonna have to |
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| 11:10 | any kind of growth calculations, but may see a couple of equations, |
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| 11:16 | you're not gonna have to calculate Okay, but we will go through |
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| 11:20 | of that stuff. Okay, so all right, So let's look at |
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| 11:26 | question 1st. So this is kind addresses the first part of I put |
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| 11:32 | like in three parts. So the part here is um kind of environmental |
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| 11:37 | if you will that affect growth and you'll have procreate types that can we |
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| 11:46 | live on the fringes extreme conditions um we have names for that. And |
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| 11:52 | these names pertain to a particular So we have three types. What |
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| 12:02 | the three types try below all have common with respect to the given |
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| 12:07 | So here's for that part of the . Sorry. Uh Here's the second |
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| 12:12 | . Here's your option. So A E. Okay So type one, |
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| 12:16 | 2. Type three. So B. C. D. True |
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| 12:24 | are none of them true? Mhm. You're not sure would you |
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| 12:58 | best guess? So we actually have questions in a row coming up. |
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| 13:21 | . Including this one. Right Positive seconds for any stragglers. Okay, |
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| 13:36 | we go. 321. Okay. there's another reason putting this question up |
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| 13:48 | um one of those test taking things don't be afraid to pick the answer |
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| 13:58 | that says none of the above for the above. Okay. There are |
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| 14:01 | people students that are adamant about not picking them because I'm trying to trick |
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| 14:05 | . Okay. No right process of . You go through each one and |
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| 14:11 | decide based on that. So the the answer here is none of the |
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| 14:15 | . That's true. Okay So um right. All capable of growing in |
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| 14:22 | presence of 02. No this one not be able to do that. |
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| 14:27 | do that. Okay. People growing above 50. No this guy is |
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| 14:33 | psych profile fridge. You can go the fridge but he can't grow in |
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| 14:37 | temps and high salt only this one halo file. I'll roll a cph |
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| 14:47 | this one instead of file. Okay again, the point here is that |
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| 14:55 | have types that uh So for temperature and um um ph temperature osmolarity. |
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| 15:05 | those three characteristics most if you take life, it's always gonna be this |
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| 15:12 | of for all three of these It's gonna be typically this kind of |
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| 15:16 | curve right where everybody falls in kind around the average values L curve. |
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| 15:23 | living things are in the in that that middle range. Okay. Whether |
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| 15:27 | temperature we call Meso files right And depending on what book you use |
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| 15:34 | will be slightly different borders. But files 15 C. Two 39 40 |
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| 15:44 | . At the upper end. Music , your own profile. Okay. |
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| 15:49 | The new travel file, that's the right, right in the middle, |
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| 15:53 | ph seven. So about 6 to range, that's where most living things |
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| 15:57 | uh temperature temperature osmolarity. Uh Normally oh I can't remember like 80.1% .9% |
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| 16:08 | think salt concentrations or so in freshwater saltwater environments have freshwater terrestrial. About |
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| 16:16 | . Don't need to know this value marine value in marine waters like 3% |
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| 16:20 | think. But anyway, that's where life is. But you're always gonna |
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| 16:25 | types. They're out here on the , right? Upper. Upper or |
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| 16:30 | right. And that's where things like alcohol file above ph eight a video |
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| 16:39 | below about ph six um temperature. ? Museum files. Most of most |
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| 16:46 | is a music file. But you your hyper thermal files, thermal files |
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| 16:50 | 50 hyper thermal files above 80 C sacrifices are kind of below 15 |
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| 16:58 | C. So cold loving. Um so uh and uh in terms of |
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| 17:06 | , so that's kind of its own thing. It's not really most. |
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| 17:11 | , I can't say most life on is obligate anaerobic. Were obligate. |
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| 17:16 | robes, Right? We must have . I'm not so sure that most |
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| 17:20 | things, that's what they fit Okay. I and certainly not in |
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| 17:24 | microbial world. But nevertheless. So so let's look at I'll touch back |
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| 17:30 | this here in a second. But look at this concept here is the |
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| 17:32 | I want to get to. So look at let's see how we do |
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| 17:35 | this one. The growth profiles of bacterial strains with respect to temperature show |
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| 17:42 | , Y and Z. Which one the widest range of thermo tolerance. |
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| 17:49 | tolerance. Oops, there we go . And that's as the concept there |
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| 17:56 | basically the issue of tolerance versus optimal . Okay, but don't worry about |
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| 18:03 | . And answering the question. Okay me put the timer on. Okay |
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| 18:38 | Okay let's see. Okay b yeah course it's it's it's it's why it |
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| 18:48 | a range range right? Which can grow. Okay. And so compared |
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| 18:57 | X. And Z. Very narrow um and that's that's not atypical. |
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| 19:04 | . Um E coli actually has a range of ph it can tolerate okay |
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| 19:11 | four to near eight. So that's that's four phds which is a |
|
| 19:16 | And so e coli can remain viable the whole spectrum. So it gets |
|
| 19:22 | this concept of tolerance versus optimal Okay so if you wanted to grow |
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| 19:28 | . And you want to grow at temperature at which it functions optimally. |
|
| 19:33 | of course grow at this temperature Okay. For why you want to |
|
| 19:37 | it at this temperature that's going to it's optimal temperature for Z. |
|
| 19:40 | Right there. Okay. But there's there's ranges around that that can be |
|
| 19:46 | or it can be narrow depending on type, everyone has its own |
|
| 19:50 | Okay so if they're not here if grow it at this temperature for why |
|
| 19:56 | here in this range? Okay. not really gonna be growing, it's |
|
| 20:02 | to remain viable viable means is not still functioning but not really growing fast |
|
| 20:07 | at all. Okay now how long can remain viable at the temperature will |
|
| 20:13 | . Okay may not be for a time but it can be for a |
|
| 20:17 | of time. Okay. And these are all varies from species to |
|
| 20:22 | what they can do? Um Some the adaptations That allowed them to thrive |
|
| 20:29 | here at 50 something degrees. That's if you want to grow Z |
|
| 20:34 | grow it at 50°, that's optimal Right? You wouldn't want to grow |
|
| 20:39 | at 40. Okay. Um Similar y if you wanted to grow y |
|
| 20:46 | want to grow it at 35 or that is. Okay. Not at |
|
| 20:52 | . Okay because it's only tolerating It's not it's optimal growth. |
|
| 20:56 | Okay so there's tolerance versus it's not temperature. It can be ph it |
|
| 21:00 | be osmolarity. Right so all these conditions can there's there's particular values for |
|
| 21:09 | three that will allow best growth for strain. And there's other values values |
|
| 21:15 | above and below the above and below where it may be able to tolerate |
|
| 21:20 | but it's not really growing well. so tolerance versus optimum optimum. Okay |
|
| 21:29 | so any questions about that tolerance versus growth. Okay so um and some |
|
| 21:39 | don't have very little tolerance at If you don't have them at the |
|
| 21:42 | temperature then they fall apart basically. but some have some some range. |
|
| 21:48 | here so this goes kind of the I guess halo Philip bacterium would likely |
|
| 21:55 | living in an external environment around That is blank with respect to its |
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| 22:04 | . Sailor environment. Okay, so a file. Okay. So what |
|
| 22:12 | the outside be versus what's going on of it? Okay. Okay 54 |
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| 23:09 | 22 21. All right, here go. 321. Okay, so |
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| 23:19 | see. Okay, so we've got bacterium. Let's wait for that |
|
| 23:29 | Okay. And so it's a halo . Right? So it's in a |
|
| 23:33 | salt environment, right? It loves in high salt environments. So it's |
|
| 23:37 | of salt out here. Okay. molecules, whatever type. Right? |
|
| 23:44 | of them compared to a few Okay. That of course is screaming |
|
| 23:49 | an external environment like you said. hyper tonic, right? It's hyper |
|
| 23:53 | here every time. So for um there's natural bodies of water that |
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| 24:01 | like this great salt lake in Utah lake. Forget where it's at um |
|
| 24:09 | red seat very salty. Uh And can these things can live in salt |
|
| 24:16 | 2025% salt super high. Right? they are facing, What issue are |
|
| 24:24 | gaining or losing water to their surroundings ? Right. Water is going to |
|
| 24:31 | hyper tonic side. Okay. So but they have adaptations that they've evolved |
|
| 24:37 | to counteract it. So they have special pumps that will keep solute concentrations |
|
| 24:43 | inside. So they don't lose so water. So they can pump things |
|
| 24:47 | salutes uh in to increase the level concentration. So they have ways to |
|
| 24:54 | in this environment obviously you have if you're gonna live in an environment |
|
| 24:56 | this, they can do that. they are that that's what they face |
|
| 25:00 | losing water to the surroundings. So, um, the header files |
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| 25:06 | any type of extreme of file, guess. Sorry. Okay, um |
|
| 25:13 | , uh, let's um okay, again, just to recap. So |
|
| 25:17 | are kind of the three parameters. looking at 10 ph similarity uh and |
|
| 25:22 | see there and we've talked about the hypersonic before, um, either losing |
|
| 25:28 | or gaining water to surroundings depending on the tenacity of of inside the |
|
| 25:37 | Okay. The terms you should be with the terms, I'm not gonna |
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| 25:42 | you to know the absolute temperature but if you see me as a |
|
| 25:46 | , you know that you're amazing right? These live at ambient |
|
| 25:51 | um pathogens or music files, They at 37 C, which is your |
|
| 25:55 | temp, right? Psych profiles. worry about the trophy wife. |
|
| 26:01 | But psych profiles, cold loving heat loving. So, um, |
|
| 26:08 | terms that should be pretty um, know, alcohol file basic right? |
|
| 26:13 | not hard to remember. So, , so the one thing to kind |
|
| 26:20 | bring all this together here a little is in terms of the tolerance versus |
|
| 26:25 | and the three conditions here is this . Temp ph osmolarity all effect blank |
|
| 26:35 | in a cell. So think very just like basic word, very |
|
| 26:44 | what function and they sell. So these three conditions you're trying to keep |
|
| 26:48 | particular thing happy in the cell, . Happy in the cell, this |
|
| 26:54 | , these components. You're really trying keep happy by having these conditions. |
|
| 26:58 | right. What would that component It's not hard. We all have |
|
| 27:06 | . We can keep these guys happy the cells and during the cells |
|
| 27:11 | Yeah, I do. Thank you buying molecules. You keep this one |
|
| 27:16 | by molecule happy then everybody's happy, something at me. Yes, proteins |
|
| 27:25 | proteins happy. Everyone's happy because proteins all the functions in the cell. |
|
| 27:30 | ? You keep those happy in the functioning for the most part. |
|
| 27:35 | um and so Autumn Temp. So too high a temp the member |
|
| 27:41 | proteins have structure right there folded Right? And if you put too |
|
| 27:46 | heat on, they kind of unfold if it's too cold, they can't |
|
| 27:49 | because they have flexibility and they bind typically and so cold has has the |
|
| 27:55 | effect. So not good. So hot. Too cold can't function |
|
| 27:59 | too acidic to basic remember proteins fold based on different interactions. One of |
|
| 28:07 | being charged. Right, negative positive . Okay, you alter ph then |
|
| 28:12 | affects the charge. And then again up. They can come apart. |
|
| 28:16 | ? Um optimal results. Saw you around proteins affect charge and interactions. |
|
| 28:24 | you know it's really about you know optimum conditions of 10 P. |
|
| 28:27 | And austin area all about you know what's what what are those values keep |
|
| 28:34 | proteins functioning. That's really what it's . Okay. Is that okay? |
|
| 28:40 | um so when you fiddle with or change go away from optimal temperature optimal |
|
| 28:48 | optimal osmolarity essentially messing with the protein in the cell and that's what they |
|
| 28:55 | not like that. So that's that's they can or they may have a |
|
| 28:59 | tolerance for it. So that's that's of where that how that all fits |
|
| 29:02 | . Okay um Alright so here we into um nutrients so nutrients what do |
|
| 29:11 | need to grow? I mean we're on microbes obviously but it's a surprise |
|
| 29:16 | anyone. Anything. Okay so here an example of phosphate is a macro |
|
| 29:25 | requirement for life. Okay. It found in what? Mhm. Okay |
|
| 30:20 | anybody. Not sure. Okay counting 21. Okay it's found in some |
|
| 30:35 | like your phosphor lipids will happen but all uh some carbohydrates have phosphate. |
|
| 30:41 | all proteins um for you but not for sure. But yes on the |
|
| 30:52 | gasses. Okay part of that. goodness phosphate ester bond linkage. |
|
| 30:59 | The sugar phosphate backbone. So Um so nutrients. Right. |
|
| 31:06 | H. O. N. S. uh those make up 98% |
|
| 31:14 | the nutrients are biomolecules. So this here let me say this again for |
|
| 31:22 | bacteria increasing the amount of of this you increase this nutrient A through e |
|
| 31:28 | do that and you typically get a bump in growth. Okay. It |
|
| 31:38 | exerts the most influence in terms of how many if you're growing microbes up |
|
| 31:45 | want to get a bunch of bunch them at the end? This is |
|
| 31:47 | be the one thing you fiddle with enhance that. The others have an |
|
| 31:54 | but this one really has the major . Oops weird. There we |
|
| 32:17 | Sure there's likely some pretty good hints on the screen. Okay. All |
|
| 32:35 | counting down 210. Okay. Yeah guy. Right. Carbon okay carbon |
|
| 32:50 | carbon based life. Right. We about this I think back on day |
|
| 32:53 | already um The that's one of the influence next. I would say that |
|
| 33:01 | don't need to know this. But second on the list would be after |
|
| 33:04 | would be what anybody have a Yeah nitrogen is number two But it's |
|
| 33:10 | a close number two. It's a bit of ways but but certainly |
|
| 33:15 | So um it takes a long time get limited for carbon before you can |
|
| 33:18 | limited for nitrogen. But anyway so C. H. O. |
|
| 33:22 | P. S. Right so these think of this chemical or this carbon |
|
| 33:29 | I call it. Right that can almost any bio molecule, right? |
|
| 33:33 | . N. A. R. . A. Um proteins. |
|
| 33:37 | lipids, right? If we start other atoms to it. Right? |
|
| 33:40 | phosphate and an end. Right? s then we can basically build you |
|
| 33:47 | amino acids. We can build carbohydrates etcetera etcetera. Right? So that's |
|
| 33:52 | why it's the um has the biggest . And so the essential nutrients. |
|
| 33:59 | these basically these are all essential nutrients . Right? Because you have to |
|
| 34:03 | them. Right. So microbes can't these things, they have to get |
|
| 34:08 | from the environment um In different in ways. Okay, in different forms |
|
| 34:12 | should say. So nitrogen typically is not for most things is through something |
|
| 34:19 | ammonium ion or maybe something a nitrate . So it just depends. |
|
| 34:26 | So the point is it's not you're providing. And as and in the |
|
| 34:30 | writing as ammonium sulfate or whatever. ? It's a form of these of |
|
| 34:35 | different elements. And so uh that cool macronutrients. So macro micro just |
|
| 34:46 | the amount you need them. I at this as these are typically grams |
|
| 34:51 | leader these are typically micrograms or less tiny amounts. Okay macronutrients are basically |
|
| 34:59 | you see there A B C. . E. Mike religions are things |
|
| 35:04 | like nickel um cobalt tungsten, these of typically metals that are that are |
|
| 35:12 | of enzymes that are needed in a tiny quantities. Growth factors is a |
|
| 35:17 | like um very common one trillion growing is blood, blood serum serum is |
|
| 35:28 | fraction of blood contains lots of Um Things like vitamins can be growth |
|
| 35:35 | . Okay. Uh oh, Okay. Um and so these typically |
|
| 35:42 | constituents that you have to add in for them to grow. So maybe |
|
| 35:45 | can't make an immediate low acid, have to add it. So that's |
|
| 35:48 | be a growth factor for it. we can't make us vitamins of some |
|
| 35:52 | and you have to add it to it grow. Blood is really has |
|
| 35:56 | number of different factors in it. often when you add blood, you |
|
| 36:00 | it because you know that enhances growth you may not necessarily know what's in |
|
| 36:06 | that's causing the growth spurt. Uh it may just be too much of |
|
| 36:10 | pain to kind of figure it out blood has a lot of stuff in |
|
| 36:13 | and trying to figure out which is one thing that's providing the magic growth |
|
| 36:18 | this. You don't really care. just know that blood will and just |
|
| 36:21 | it in. Okay, same with , but it's very common for pathogens |
|
| 36:26 | grow them with blood or on blood or and or add serum to it |
|
| 36:32 | well. Um Okay, so the ? Well why is because carbon is |
|
| 36:43 | is the central atom for many of biomolecules, carbon based life. That's |
|
| 36:48 | that what that means. And so you're made of molecules are made of |
|
| 36:53 | primarily, well you better supply yourself that stuff if you're gonna need to |
|
| 36:57 | more of it. Okay, so again same thing. Right. So |
|
| 37:04 | the the carbon is gonna be the abundant in terms of looking at cells |
|
| 37:10 | a percent basis, dry weight basis for the reason we just mentioned. |
|
| 37:16 | so the what? So DNA RNA course contains C H. O. |
|
| 37:26 | . P. Right, proteins contain all contain this core. Alright. |
|
| 37:32 | contain ch Oh okay. And then proteins of course have n lipids actually |
|
| 37:41 | vary somewhat. They can have some np carbs can have an addition, |
|
| 37:48 | have philosophy so variations. But you see that the what's common among all |
|
| 37:52 | them is the ch. Oh And you don't have to supply H |
|
| 37:57 | if you have organic compounds, the , hydrogen is always there with |
|
| 38:02 | Okay. And so anyway, so you know, that's what you need |
|
| 38:08 | supply in order to grow anything really you to grow. So um |
|
| 38:16 | to this point, any questions. , so now we're gonna take a |
|
| 38:22 | bit of a bit here to talk oxygen. So this is I call |
|
| 38:27 | topic your book does but it's called tolerance. Alright, so intolerance may |
|
| 38:36 | right phrase either because we certainly don't air, we need it. |
|
| 38:43 | it's it's we have to have that our optimal growth. Okay, |
|
| 38:48 | um but the Okay, so, thing about living in an oxygen |
|
| 38:55 | Okay, So, recall from right. Chapter five we just finished |
|
| 39:06 | uh oxygen and aerobic organism options at end. Right, turmoil. Except |
|
| 39:12 | So but it turns out that auction interact with other components in the |
|
| 39:19 | Okay. And it can think of as in chemistry, right? You |
|
| 39:26 | have reactions to make products, But you may have sometimes that those |
|
| 39:32 | will produce like unwanted side reactions. , But interacting with other components. |
|
| 39:39 | ? Maybe not a lot, but still does it. Right. |
|
| 39:42 | so your yield is not all going end product, but you have these |
|
| 39:45 | reactions going on that's kind of analogous what's going on here. Okay, |
|
| 39:49 | oxygen is a term except er in but it can also interact options completely |
|
| 39:54 | of a reactive molecule and interact with enzymes. And when that happens you |
|
| 39:59 | end up forming these what are called oxygen species. It's R. |
|
| 40:05 | S for short, Okay. Which basically these things. Okay. Including |
|
| 40:14 | peroxide. Okay, that too. are all kind of reactive molecules that |
|
| 40:20 | cause damage. They can interact with that can interact with nucleic acids and |
|
| 40:25 | cell components and damage them. that's the price you pay for living |
|
| 40:31 | an oxygen world. Okay. And you use oxygen or not. |
|
| 40:38 | So even they sell us a complete a rope. Just use auction in |
|
| 40:43 | metabolism at all auction can still get and interfere with, you know, |
|
| 40:48 | produce these what we call radicals. . And so whether you use auction |
|
| 40:54 | not, you are susceptible to damage this fashion. Okay. So what |
|
| 41:00 | you do? What do you have ? Ok. You have protection against |
|
| 41:06 | chemicals that are formed. Okay, your own cells have these this |
|
| 41:12 | Okay, so let's look at this first. Okay, so try this |
|
| 41:19 | . Okay, there's a way we measure. So this medium is fluid |
|
| 41:27 | medium is what you use to assess zero tolerance of a micro. |
|
| 41:36 | You want to figure out? Is it how's the hand? Can |
|
| 41:41 | use an auction? Can not use . And so you you make those |
|
| 41:45 | based on a growth pattern you see this medium? Okay. So this |
|
| 41:50 | asking uh which choice for which choice the zone zone 123 or four in |
|
| 41:58 | diagram correctly matched with the proper aero type or type of mode of how |
|
| 42:06 | handles oxygen. So, when we these terms of micro aero file faculty |
|
| 42:10 | , how we describe the different Right? There's five of them. |
|
| 42:14 | , so we're trying to see Which matched with the right one. |
|
| 42:55 | Oops, sorry, another question coming after this. Yeah. So we |
|
| 43:07 | this. another question then we'll kind stop for a second and recap. |
|
| 43:11 | going on here? Right Counting Down 8. I see. I think |
|
| 43:28 | that's that's correct. That's correct. if you're into one's own that means |
|
| 43:35 | grows throughout this medium. Okay. certainly gonna be faculty give okay uh |
|
| 43:41 | if you're growing in this zone up . Okay, that's definitely aerobic. |
|
| 43:47 | and MicroAire files are going to be some part of this three zone and |
|
| 43:52 | of course we're down here where there's oxygen you're an antelope. Right? |
|
| 43:57 | that's like most everybody selected. That's . Okay, so let's get another |
|
| 44:03 | then. We'll kind of tie this together here. Okay, so three |
|
| 44:10 | were grown abc and fluid. So , the media we just saw before |
|
| 44:16 | you're not that it'll prove a certain of pattern and that's how you make |
|
| 44:19 | determinations. Okay, so we see patterns here. Abc so which one |
|
| 44:24 | the least amount of S. D. Cattle a's and or peroxide |
|
| 44:29 | . Okay, so that's those are three important things really that this test |
|
| 44:37 | boils down to. Okay, Um Yeah and you get yourselves have |
|
| 44:52 | three enzymes and you know that when do if you had a cut and |
|
| 44:59 | pour hydro peroxide. You see it . That's that's catalyst that's reacting with |
|
| 45:04 | oxygen or the peroxide rather to produce bubbles. That is super oxide. |
|
| 45:14 | these three are the protective enzymes protect cells from oxygen. You got |
|
| 45:21 | Anything that lives in 02 is gonna to have something some level of |
|
| 45:33 | It's called super oxide. Disney We'll see it on next slide, |
|
| 45:43 | hmm. Okay, counting down Okay, so let's see. We |
|
| 46:04 | the C. D. Okay, B. If you answered B. |
|
| 46:13 | be. So um the least So B. Is an anaerobic obligate |
|
| 46:24 | cannot have auction to grow. In , it's toxic to it. |
|
| 46:29 | so down here is no is no . 2. Okay. And so |
|
| 46:37 | where it can grow. It's the place it can grow because it lacks |
|
| 46:40 | three of these enzymes. Okay. the least amount would be be in |
|
| 46:45 | it probably has nothing. Okay, terms of protection thus it cannot withstand |
|
| 46:51 | level of oxygen. Uh see um one that's in the middle. That's |
|
| 46:56 | micro aero file. Okay. So can handle auction but just not at |
|
| 47:03 | levels. Right? Not at atmospheric . Uh It's just that's because she |
|
| 47:09 | the enzymes but maybe is lacking one them or just has a lesser concentration |
|
| 47:14 | them. So it doesn't have it protection just not the full blown protection |
|
| 47:19 | a does a has the max protection it's able to grow because A is |
|
| 47:25 | in a. Is it's growing the level of oxygen. So it has |
|
| 47:29 | have the max max protection against And so A would have probably would |
|
| 47:34 | the most amount of these enzymes. second and then be third. |
|
| 47:41 | so looking at these types described In of their protection 1st. Okay. |
|
| 47:52 | and so it's all about these Okay, so these are the protective |
|
| 47:55 | . So here is um the three super oxide Disney taste is what takes |
|
| 48:03 | is the free oxygen radical or super radicals they call it. So the |
|
| 48:09 | enzyme here, this is S. . D. This is the shorthand |
|
| 48:12 | of this is S. O. . Okay. And so that will |
|
| 48:16 | it down into hydrogen peroxide still But then we have cattle and or |
|
| 48:22 | to handle that and neutralize it forming which is harmless of course. |
|
| 48:27 | So um so the Catalan reactions where have oxygen formed as mentioned earlier, |
|
| 48:32 | blood cells you put hydro peroxide a to cut and bubbles and that's what's |
|
| 48:37 | on here. Okay. Because your obviously have this protection and so so |
|
| 48:44 | all about these three enzymes. So the microbe have all three doesn't have |
|
| 48:53 | some are not some of the others have had them all but just at |
|
| 48:56 | levels that will determine its where it grow this gross pattern in this |
|
| 49:00 | Okay. And so if it has of them then it has auction is |
|
| 49:05 | to be toxic to it'll kill Okay. Um and so if you |
|
| 49:10 | at the patterns here. Okay. uh in terms we can first just |
|
| 49:17 | it down in terms of Arab and faculty. Okay. So you're Arabs |
|
| 49:22 | have oxygen have to have it. . There's a difference. So some |
|
| 49:26 | tolerate atmospheric levels. Some cannot. so that's the distinction between Alberta and |
|
| 49:34 | and macro arrow files. Okay. so microphones have protection but just not |
|
| 49:40 | same level. Okay. And They actively use 0.2 in their metabolism. |
|
| 49:48 | aspire to inspire aerobically. So any uh do not use oxygen. |
|
| 49:57 | And there's a distinction. The arrow . And Arab can live in an |
|
| 50:02 | world. The obligate anaerobic cannot. so that's that's the difference. So |
|
| 50:09 | common in that they cannot they don't oxygen. They don't re spire |
|
| 50:13 | But they're different in terms of. can handle living in oxygen and the |
|
| 50:18 | can't. Okay. And so uh if they're not aspiring aerobically then what |
|
| 50:24 | they? They're either fermenters, they or they expire and aerobically. |
|
| 50:32 | And so again, without 0.2 is . They don't they don't have the |
|
| 50:36 | enzymes aero teller. And I do them. Okay. And they can |
|
| 50:41 | in the presence of auction. So . Two types are the either or |
|
| 50:46 | can grow with or without it. . They're they're fine either way. |
|
| 50:51 | . And so of course they can oxygen if it's present whatever. So |
|
| 50:57 | not toxic. They have to protect enzymes. E coli is a perfect |
|
| 51:01 | . It it can it can grow . It can inspire aerobically. It |
|
| 51:08 | respond and aerobically and it can So it has three options that can |
|
| 51:12 | utilize. Okay. Um And so one pattern that often can be confusing |
|
| 51:19 | distinguishing between the faculty and a robe the arrow tolerant. Okay. So |
|
| 51:26 | got to say both go throughout the . Okay. But you have to |
|
| 51:31 | on what's the difference in growth at top. Okay. So you see |
|
| 51:35 | a difference there with the faculty of arab compared to the zero tolerance. |
|
| 51:40 | the arrow tolerant. Arab was more less kind of homogeneous growth throughout the |
|
| 51:44 | tube. Okay. Not really any from top to bottom. Whereas there |
|
| 51:49 | a difference in the faculty of the in terms of the top growth |
|
| 51:53 | But there's more growth at the top at the top. Because of |
|
| 52:00 | Because oxygen provides more energy. So because the fact that you can |
|
| 52:07 | oxygen, it can get the advantage that oxygen metabolism that provides more more |
|
| 52:13 | TPS. Right fact tolerant and robe it can't doesn't use oxygen. So |
|
| 52:19 | doesn't get that boost in terms of more energy. So remember more energy |
|
| 52:25 | A TPS equates to more growth. . And the fact that it has |
|
| 52:30 | advantage if it's in the high level oxygen it can get more energy marty |
|
| 52:36 | more growth. Okay. Compared to area tolerant and a robe that can |
|
| 52:42 | in this 02 world. But it take advantage of utilizing it to get |
|
| 52:47 | growth. Okay. Um, any about that. Okay. So in |
|
| 52:54 | bacterial world, in the pro carry world, the majority are really your |
|
| 53:01 | aero files, your aero tolerant and and your faculty of types are more |
|
| 53:07 | among the precarious world than our you're Arabs. There are some of those |
|
| 53:13 | sure. But in terms of just , there's actually more of the micro |
|
| 53:17 | files. Um, there are tolerant and faculty types. Okay, so |
|
| 53:24 | kind of shift a little bit into into putting growth components together into a |
|
| 53:31 | . Okay, so now we do and we can distinguish between different types |
|
| 53:36 | medium. Okay, so this is , what kind of growth medium is |
|
| 53:40 | ? Okay, so now we're putting components together in a recipe and when |
|
| 53:45 | do that, you can actually formulate into different types. And this is |
|
| 53:50 | about one particular type. Okay. need to show that premature. Let's |
|
| 54:28 | . I actually couldn't think of Let's take a look at that. |
|
| 54:29 | see it in real time. Like the things go up and down. |
|
| 54:35 | how it's like polling it shifts as wind blows kind of thing Went over |
|
| 54:42 | on to a 1 - six who's win. So it depends on does |
|
| 54:47 | believe yellow the b people they believe yellow blue, yellow bees. Um |
|
| 54:57 | bees are correct. Um So in a medium. Okay. Really? |
|
| 55:08 | two basic types defining complex. Um So the easiest way to remember |
|
| 55:17 | is if I gave you a periodic and a calculator, you could figure |
|
| 55:24 | all the atoms and the amounts that in a defined medium. Okay. |
|
| 55:33 | you know exactly, you know all chemical formulas. Right? So you |
|
| 55:36 | this this this right? This this right? And that yeah, you |
|
| 55:44 | absolutely take a period chart, atomic blah blah and figure out whatever everything |
|
| 55:49 | in there and how much? that's the essence of a defined |
|
| 55:52 | Okay now we're close. Right? not quite because we've added these two |
|
| 55:58 | . Right? So in a pep or beef extract, you don't you |
|
| 56:03 | that supplies C. H. M. P. S. |
|
| 56:05 | So don't forget forget these C. . O. N. P. |
|
| 56:11 | . So you can you know these in there. Okay. But you |
|
| 56:15 | know the exact amounts. Okay, that's when you do that then it |
|
| 56:21 | a complex medium. So even if have all these that that are the |
|
| 56:26 | of a defined medium. If you add a pep tone a one of |
|
| 56:31 | complex nutrients then that trumps everything that of words. It um uh It's |
|
| 56:39 | overrides everything else. So if you like a beef kept on beef |
|
| 56:43 | a soy protein what have you then becomes a complex meeting. But if |
|
| 56:48 | leave them out right if we eliminate take them out then it would be |
|
| 56:52 | defined medium. Okay so so what these things? Right. Uh Let |
|
| 56:58 | just yeah I got it the next . So let's look here. So |
|
| 57:03 | is um different different media types. complex media sometimes called rich media. |
|
| 57:11 | if you look at complex versus defined on these. Okay one versus the |
|
| 57:18 | complex media has a lot of things there has like amino acids. It |
|
| 57:23 | vitamins, it has proteins. Um that has of course the C. |
|
| 57:28 | . O. M. P. . But has a lot of preformed |
|
| 57:31 | right on defined medium. So something this is M9 for example. |
|
| 57:40 | That is a medium or bacteria growing we have to make everything from |
|
| 57:45 | You're gonna have to make their vitamins their amino acids. Um Make different |
|
| 57:51 | right to grow right because they just the minimal elements to do this with |
|
| 57:56 | to put them together. If you on a complex medium. Like this |
|
| 58:01 | . Okay up here. OK the Tony East extract. So these are |
|
| 58:08 | of trip tone. It's really just rich protein source. Think of eating |
|
| 58:13 | , it's like eating getting bacteria meat , right? Meat can contain you |
|
| 58:18 | preformed nutrients gonna continue the medial it's gonna contain vitamins and things. |
|
| 58:24 | those are things that doesn't have to . If you have to make something |
|
| 58:29 | you can grow fast, right? remember to make stuff means what do |
|
| 58:32 | gotta do? You gotta turn genes , you have to turn pathways on |
|
| 58:36 | blah blah. Right? That takes . Okay to build stuff. Takes |
|
| 58:40 | . Right? If you don't have do that, that's energy you can |
|
| 58:43 | to grow. And so if you're on a complex media is generally in |
|
| 58:50 | beginning much faster because they don't have can get up and start growing, |
|
| 58:53 | have to make a bunch of It's already there. It's like being |
|
| 58:56 | a buffet line. Right? Put in and go okay. And so |
|
| 59:02 | the essence of a rich versus or which is defined, right? But |
|
| 59:08 | when would you use both one or other well defined medium? If you |
|
| 59:13 | want to figure out what are the requirements for something then you want to |
|
| 59:18 | the proportions of everything and what you you have in there exactly. So |
|
| 59:22 | can manipulate these things. Okay um you wanted to get lots of growth |
|
| 59:28 | fast, generally use a complex But in reality what you do and |
|
| 59:36 | complex medium I mean something like like back up one, something like |
|
| 59:43 | I mean erase this stuff up Right? So something like this is |
|
| 59:50 | you use. Okay where it's a they used to call it. So |
|
| 59:56 | don't want to confuse you two were to say just forget. Okay but |
|
| 60:00 | they used to call this was um semi semi defined medium. You don't |
|
| 60:06 | that term in the books anymore. it basically is a combination of both |
|
| 60:10 | and complex but we just call it just call it complex. Right? |
|
| 60:13 | is a complex media but that's the of medium we use because you'd like |
|
| 60:17 | have sources that provide preformed materials for growth but a carbon source, this |
|
| 60:24 | actually a better carbon source carbon energy than this stuff is Okay, pep |
|
| 60:31 | and beef extract. So you can can you can just make a lot |
|
| 60:35 | glucose and just keep feeding it to cells and they'll keep growing. But |
|
| 60:40 | is the stuff you know because I to this is why did an industry |
|
| 60:44 | cells. And so I that's why know and stuff but um and grow |
|
| 60:48 | quality. So the point is though medium for fast growth, lots of |
|
| 60:56 | defined medium, completely defined medium more like nutrient studies, things like |
|
| 61:02 | Okay um and so other constituents here see so uh this one here. |
|
| 61:11 | so things like be so literally they these things typically from the slaughterhouse |
|
| 61:18 | gross as that sounds right. They'll all the scraps and scrapes up and |
|
| 61:22 | either boil it or they'll just do enzymes that kind of stuff and that's |
|
| 61:27 | they use and they take that glop that's what becomes the growth medium or |
|
| 61:33 | complex medium and all this all this all these things are powders, powdered |
|
| 61:39 | you put on take off the shelf add it together and you mix it |
|
| 61:42 | okay. But then also you're likely with things like yeast extract. Okay |
|
| 61:48 | you can add complex nutrients that are rich in certain things. So east |
|
| 61:53 | is rich in B vitamins and B are a lot of the respiratory Pathways |
|
| 61:58 | talked about last time in Chapter So uh again they provide a quick |
|
| 62:07 | nutrients that allow for fast growth. um fastidious. So the only thing |
|
| 62:13 | had to say about that if something fastidious, okay it means they have |
|
| 62:20 | media list that's like a mile Okay, like a laundry list of |
|
| 62:25 | because they're deficient in so many So you have to supply Amino acids |
|
| 62:32 | vitamins and this and that and the . It's really dealing with fastidious bacteria |
|
| 62:37 | a pain in the butt because making media is you know you have like |
|
| 62:41 | different bottles of stuff that you have add and weigh out and put in |
|
| 62:45 | they have so many nutrient requirements. typically the fastidious bacteria is right? |
|
| 62:51 | that grows on this Like e coli easily a nutrient that's not fastidious. |
|
| 62:57 | ? But if you have to add other ingredients to supply its needs then |
|
| 63:02 | is. Okay. Um Yeah I it fastidious bacteria is being annoying bacteria |
|
| 63:09 | for the person having to grow Um Okay so let's kind of see |
|
| 63:16 | we can apply a little bit of learn the metabolism. So this isn't |
|
| 63:21 | clicker question anyway so um so in auger we just talked about okay what |
|
| 63:28 | the carbon source in there? You got three choices. Yes. Yeah |
|
| 63:37 | do see A B. C. . There but it's a forget it |
|
| 63:43 | me what do you think is a source here? You have one in |
|
| 63:49 | chance actually have a two and four but there is a chance of getting |
|
| 63:53 | right Beef extract is one anything It was it probably is this thing |
|
| 64:05 | . So both of these are actually carbon source. And what's the nitrogen |
|
| 64:13 | ? Remember nitrogen to end? We're within being that what did you |
|
| 64:21 | before Pepitone and beef extract that's your source. So um same for both |
|
| 64:30 | so think of it kept only beef as meek right. Full of |
|
| 64:35 | full of all kinds of stuff. . And certainly certainly carbon. Right |
|
| 64:39 | they're all gonna have that carbon Right? And you got the atoms |
|
| 64:42 | it. Right. So they're gonna full of that stuff. Okay. |
|
| 64:46 | Now technically auger could be a carbon , not a nitrogen source, it |
|
| 64:54 | be a carbon source, but there's very many bacteria that can actually eat |
|
| 64:58 | that way. There's a handful. not not not common. Okay. |
|
| 65:05 | Okay, now, so here's another . Okay, so this is one |
|
| 65:10 | you're gonna have to maybe a head . Right, mold this over. |
|
| 65:16 | so the first one is which medium they go back to Chapter five. |
|
| 65:22 | ? Chemo autotrophs. Right. What would that grow on? Okay, |
|
| 65:28 | the way to approach this is hopefully remember what an auto trophy is. |
|
| 65:34 | , that's step one. Step two What is the media a media |
|
| 65:41 | Media see what's the carbon source. , what's the carbon source in |
|
| 65:47 | And B. And N. And then C. Okay, |
|
| 65:52 | For definition of an auto trove match with one of those three media or |
|
| 66:00 | combination. So it's really just zeroing looking at the media recipe. What's |
|
| 66:06 | carbon source? Does that match up ? It being an autotrophs. |
|
| 66:14 | let me open that up. over here. I'm not sure. |
|
| 66:42 | okay. I will give you a and say there's only one medium pipe |
|
| 66:57 | will fit with this guy or Okay. Only one not. It's |
|
| 67:03 | a combination of A. And Or B. And C. It's |
|
| 67:05 | one. Okay Counting down from Okay. 5432. Okay here we |
|
| 67:37 | . B. And C. Alright. Um So let's just start |
|
| 67:44 | what is the what what what kind carbon source with the chemo autotrophs grow |
|
| 67:53 | ? That's really disheartening. What kind source would the autotrophs grow on? |
|
| 68:02 | medium C. Carbon source. What's carbon source in C. C. |
|
| 68:12 | . Autotrophs? U. C. . That's the only one carbon glucose |
|
| 68:19 | . New glucose. And what did tell you? I think at the |
|
| 68:23 | of semester the autotrophs autotrophs thing is that messes with people and I didn't |
|
| 68:29 | say that because if you didn't automatically so too. And I said what's |
|
| 68:32 | autotrophs too? That's why I said disheartened because at this point it's got |
|
| 68:38 | be automatic. You don't even have hesitate too. Just like that. |
|
| 68:44 | so when you go back you got know these people just got just like |
|
| 68:50 | that D. N. A. the model for inheritance. It's just |
|
| 68:57 | do what you gotta do repeat to autotrophs. Sio two sio two. |
|
| 69:03 | . Hetero trophy more complex forms of . Okay so what does the chemo |
|
| 69:10 | grow on? Does it grow on C. A. And be goodness |
|
| 69:20 | . And B. Carbon Carbon complex of carbon not c. 0. |
|
| 69:31 | repeat rinse lather repeat eight million times now. and next week. Next |
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| 69:38 | , whenever the test is. So , these are about, do you |
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| 69:43 | what this means? And then does match up with the carbon source of |
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| 69:49 | media? Okay, That's it, for this. We'll finish up six |
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| 69:56 | |
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