| 00:04 | There. We're only a minute You know, it doesn't seem like |
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| 00:09 | big deal to you. But at end of the class, you guys |
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| 00:10 | sitting there stuck in wind going. didn't he start on time? All |
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| 00:18 | . So today, what we're gonna is we're gonna cover a whole bunch |
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| 00:20 | different things. Um We're gonna finish with the bones. So we're gonna |
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| 00:25 | through the appendicular skeleton. We're gonna with the, with the girdles, |
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| 00:28 | down the arms and we're gonna look the hips. So that's another |
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| 00:32 | We're gonna work down the legs. gonna be really, really quick. |
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| 00:34 | then after that, we're gonna shift and we're gonna talk about uh articulations |
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| 00:39 | joints and we're just gonna look at characteristic we're gonna kind of walk and |
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| 00:43 | the different types of classifications and then gonna look at some of the big |
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| 00:46 | um that uh you should be familiar . And then after that, if |
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| 00:51 | have time and I, I, know, articulations usually go pretty |
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| 00:55 | Um What we'll do is we'll then into the part of a MP that |
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| 01:02 | not fun. All right. it's interesting. But most students just |
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| 01:07 | there and go, why do we to learn this? And we're gonna |
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| 01:09 | how an action potential works. We're , we're gonna kind of introduce ourselves |
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| 01:14 | this concept or this idea of ions across a membrane. And this is |
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| 01:19 | , very conceptual because we're not actually at things moving, right? It's |
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| 01:25 | be, you gotta gotta think about and kind of like, OK, |
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| 01:28 | have to understand that these are things can't see happening. All right. |
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| 01:32 | it's basically looking at electricity in the , which is kind of weird. |
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| 01:36 | . But we're gonna take our we're gonna learn it and then you're |
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| 01:38 | be the smartest people and you can around the country going Yeah, I'm |
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| 01:41 | smartest person because I understand that OK. How does that sound? |
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| 01:46 | right. So here's our starting We're gonna start at the pectoral |
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| 01:50 | right? Peter girdle consists of two bones. All right. So notice |
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| 01:54 | we're doing now is we're moving away the axis. And even though the |
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| 01:58 | and the scapula, which are part the pectoral girdle are in the region |
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| 02:05 | the axis because they um lend themselves the structures uh that ultimately form the |
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| 02:12 | limbs or the upper limbs in They are part of the appendicular skeleton |
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| 02:19 | now. You know, the the one, the clavicle as the collar |
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| 02:23 | , all right. And the clavicle that first structure. It's this bone |
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| 02:26 | here. Um it comes across so attached to the sternum and it attaches |
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| 02:32 | over to the scapula, the scapula on the back of your body, |
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| 02:37 | ? So it comes across and holds like. So and this uh collarbone |
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| 02:42 | responsible for holding your limbs out and from the body. If you break |
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| 02:47 | clavicle and when you're broken the good, that's, it's horrible. |
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| 02:52 | arm kind of collapses inward like. because that's the only thing holding it |
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| 02:56 | is this bone right here. All . Now, there's two points I |
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| 02:59 | to kind of point out to you , just kind of helps you |
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| 03:02 | to kind of see what it So you can see out here and |
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| 03:04 | can see they're labeled a chrome in sternal end. And really all this |
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| 03:08 | just telling you is the sternal end attached to the stern numb. |
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| 03:13 | And then the achromia end is attached the chromium of the scapula. |
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| 03:19 | So that's the only thing that you to be. You don't need to |
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| 03:23 | in this class. Which one's which so I could say it might |
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| 03:25 | if I ask a question about it'd be which end is associated with |
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| 03:29 | sternum. So this is like like simple level type question. OK. |
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| 03:34 | the lab, what do you Think you might have to actually know |
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| 03:37 | difference between the two. Be able pick one up and look at it |
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| 03:40 | be able to tell the difference. do you think? I don't know |
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| 03:43 | they're teaching in the lab. I , if I was teaching the |
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| 03:45 | you'd have to know the difference. right. So that's our clavicle and |
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| 03:49 | promise you we're gonna be like sailing this stuff because me showing you a |
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| 03:54 | is not the best way to learn them. All right. Again, |
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| 03:59 | stuff up, play with it. a friend, manipulate and touch each |
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| 04:05 | , you know. All right. here we have the scapula, scapula |
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| 04:10 | a uh known as the shoulder You can see why it was called |
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| 04:13 | shoulder blade. It was actually I mean, uh scapula of different |
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| 04:17 | are used as tools and as primitive uh in some cultures. And even |
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| 04:21 | man became organized, it's a thing can dig with and all sorts of |
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| 04:25 | . Now, this is located in back and it's completely surrounded by muscles |
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| 04:29 | it has a single attachment to the and that's through the clavicle. All |
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| 04:35 | . So it literally floats within muscle the back. All right. So |
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| 04:39 | kind of an interesting structure. again, when you see a picture |
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| 04:44 | this, don't panic, don't get by it. You know, ask |
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| 04:48 | question to yourself. What are the I have to know? Not what |
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| 04:51 | all the little things that they're pointing because that gets very, very |
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| 04:54 | very quickly. All right, it's we call cognitive overload. It's |
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| 04:58 | oh no, there's so much, , I'm gonna keep this simple for |
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| 05:01 | . All right. On the dorsal , we have this structure that sits |
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| 05:06 | and outward. That's the spine. . So the spine divides the clavicle |
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| 05:13 | the two halves. On the dorsal , we have a fossa on one |
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| 05:17 | , a fossa on the other the fossa above the spine is called |
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| 05:22 | sura sp fossa or the above the fossa. And then below it, |
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| 05:28 | would be the infra FASA. these are areas where muscles hang |
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| 05:34 | all right and attach so that you move and adjust your arms. |
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| 05:42 | So that those two things are things you should probably know. All |
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| 05:46 | then if you flip it over. now you're looking through the body and |
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| 05:50 | is the side that faces your So see how it's smooth versus the |
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| 05:54 | old spine, right? So this has a Fassa as well, that's |
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| 06:00 | the subscapular Fassa. So below the , so I don't know why they |
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| 06:04 | it below the scapula because if you're on a table dead, it would |
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| 06:07 | facing upward, but we're just gonna with whatever they tell us. |
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| 06:12 | But it also has muscle there. , if you can't remember this |
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| 06:16 | like what is the purpose of the . Go find a friend to give |
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| 06:19 | a back rub and you'll remember those really, really quickly because those muscles |
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| 06:22 | they get rub. Feel awful All right. You know what I'm |
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| 06:26 | about? Yeah. Ok. All . The last thing I wanna point |
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| 06:30 | here is so if you follow the and you go all the way to |
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| 06:33 | end, that's where the achromia And so that's the thing that attaches |
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| 06:38 | to the uh to the clavicle. , there's another process where you're gonna |
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| 06:42 | its name come up again. So kind of pops out. Um, |
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| 06:45 | gonna deal with that when we get a joint. So when you see |
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| 06:48 | name just go OK, it's this other process that sticks up. |
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| 06:52 | last thing that uh that is of to us is the point of contact |
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| 06:57 | the next bone. Actually, I it only touched one bone, it |
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| 07:00 | two, but now we're moving down arm. And so the other bone |
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| 07:05 | attaches to is the humerus, the . That isn't funny. Thank |
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| 07:14 | Come for the dad jokes. Learn anatomy. All right. So the |
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| 07:19 | cavity is where the head of the sits. So it's right up |
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| 07:24 | OK? It's the socket, your socket. So not a lot of |
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| 07:30 | to learn on this, but probably most that you'll see on any of |
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| 07:34 | other bones So we're gonna move down the bone. That isn't. Have |
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| 07:37 | ever hit your funny bone? Is funny at all? No, but |
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| 07:42 | still the humerus. That's why it's dad joke. All right. It's |
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| 07:47 | easy one to remember. All Structurally what we need you can see |
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| 07:51 | . So, the humorous is this long bone at the top. We |
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| 07:54 | the head, we have these two called tubercles. One's bigger than the |
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| 07:58 | . So one's greater, one's So when you see tubercle, think |
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| 08:02 | attachments, this is where your rotator attaches. So the muscles of the |
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| 08:07 | are attached to the humerus. We have a larger attachment for the deltoid |
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| 08:12 | down here. It's called the So it just stands up. It's |
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| 08:16 | , it's a notch. You can of see it about two thirds of |
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| 08:19 | way or really about a third of way down of the bone. And |
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| 08:22 | where the deltoid muscle ultimately attaches. down to the lower side, |
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| 08:30 | the distal, the distal end. what we have is we have these |
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| 08:36 | um uh articulations, these two points contact with two di different bones. |
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| 08:44 | , think of the anatomical position, ? Anatomical position, my arms out |
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| 08:49 | . So they're not this way, not that way, they're like |
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| 08:53 | So this would be the medial this would be the lateral side. |
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| 08:58 | . So on the lateral side is capitulum, the capitulum allows the humerus |
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| 09:04 | articulate with the radius, which is be the next bone that we're gonna |
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| 09:08 | at really the next bones, the . But I said that first on |
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| 09:12 | other side is the trochlea. All , the trochlea is what articulates with |
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| 09:19 | ulna. So we have the humerus it has two articulations going into the |
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| 09:27 | . The last thing I want to out is the uh protrusions that are |
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| 09:32 | out this way, there's one on medial side, one on the lateral |
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| 09:35 | . These are called the epochal. can actually feel them. You just |
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| 09:38 | of come right over here and it's those outer bumps on your arm. |
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| 09:44 | person is doing this to see if can feel it. If you go |
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| 09:47 | the medial epi, you can kind feel where the uh ulna is and |
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| 09:52 | can kind of flick your finger in and you can kind of get that |
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| 09:55 | feeling like if you're hitting the funny , ok. The funny bone isn't |
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| 10:00 | bone, it's actually affecting that ul ? And you can flick at it |
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| 10:04 | a little bit and you can get sense down the, the inside of |
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| 10:07 | arm. All right. So when see eon, it's just the bump |
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| 10:15 | protrudes outwards. So in the case the humorous, we have a medial |
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| 10:18 | a lateral one when we go down the forearm, that's where we're gonna |
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| 10:22 | the radio and the, now, don't know how you're gonna try to |
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| 10:25 | this stuff. I'm gonna tell you I remember this stuff. So if |
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| 10:27 | get that, that brain part where like, uh uh uh I can't |
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| 10:31 | which one is, which I just my arm out. And I |
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| 10:33 | OK, out here on the outside I have one on the inside. |
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| 10:36 | medial, laterally. And then I of what I learned in geometry about |
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| 10:40 | from the center of a circle to the circumference and what do we call |
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| 10:44 | distance? The radius. And so to the outside, that is my |
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| 10:49 | . That's the only way I remember . It may be stupid, but |
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| 10:52 | how I remember it. If you up with something else that's perfectly |
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| 10:57 | All right. So is on the side, radius is on the lateral |
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| 11:01 | and you'll see me sometimes stutter up . I'm uh that's me going back |
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| 11:05 | my brain and going OK. I'm to remember circles and lines and stuff |
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| 11:09 | that. All right. So between two structures, we have this intraosseous |
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| 11:17 | . What does intraosseous mean between the ? Yeah, you see this is |
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| 11:23 | hard stuff. All right, you guess what most of this stuff |
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| 11:27 | All right now, looking at all right. So the remember we |
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| 11:31 | is the medial one, right? can see it has this interesting uh |
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| 11:37 | region. All right, you can it has this end in which we |
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| 11:40 | the trochlear notch. We call it trochlear notch because it articulates with the |
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| 11:45 | of the humerus. All right, bony protrusion at the end of your |
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| 11:54 | is called the Alaron. All my wife has a pointy pointy Ronna |
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| 12:01 | she'll dig it into your back. a physical therapist and she's like, |
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| 12:05 | , yeah, you know, get muscle that is the super spinous and |
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| 12:09 | intraspinous. OK. So that's at top end. You can see |
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| 12:16 | there's other names for other structures we not need to know. All |
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| 12:19 | So this right here is the there is the trochlear knot. You |
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| 12:24 | see the trochlear knots facing towards You come all the way down to |
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| 12:29 | wrist and there's a little bit of bone that kind of pops out |
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| 12:33 | So, and you can see it and you can see it there that |
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| 12:36 | called the styloid process. It is creates the boundary and the uh the |
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| 12:42 | between the ulna and the bones of wrist, the carpals, OK? |
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| 12:49 | the radius, we're not even talking what's up at the top end of |
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| 12:53 | head or up here, right? it is articulating with the capitulum of |
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| 12:58 | humerus and you go all the way to the end and it too has |
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| 13:03 | own styloid process. So the two processes serve as the boundaries of your |
|
| 13:11 | . They're not the wrist bones, they create the articulation to form the |
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| 13:16 | and the bones to exist within that . OK. So far are you |
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| 13:21 | me? So we started with the . We went to the scapula scapular |
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| 13:25 | the humus, the bone. That all right. We go to the |
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| 13:29 | and the ulna or the ulna and radius, whichever way you wanna |
|
| 13:32 | And then now we're moving down into carpal bones. OK. Now, |
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| 13:39 | is an undergraduate class and I have keep the class clean for the most |
|
| 13:44 | . And so I'm using a mnemonic to help you understand the names of |
|
| 13:49 | carpal bones. Now, typically mnemonics use very, very dirty phrases and |
|
| 13:54 | , very dirty ideas because we tend remember those a lot better than clean |
|
| 13:59 | . So I found the cleanest mnemonic could possibly find to help you understand |
|
| 14:04 | . And I found a picture to with it, which is kind of |
|
| 14:08 | , right? And actually this artist actually really kind of cool. He |
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| 14:11 | contortionists and he does pictures like The, the one that I saw |
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| 14:16 | first caught my eye was, do remember cartoons like Tom and Jerry and |
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| 14:20 | they would get in a fight and be a cloud and every now and |
|
| 14:23 | you'd see an arm and a leg out and then stars and stuff did |
|
| 14:27 | picture like that with three contortionists where all intertwined in their legs and arms |
|
| 14:32 | all coming out like pretzels. It the wildest thing. I said this |
|
| 14:35 | too cool. And then I saw picture. I'm like, ok, |
|
| 14:37 | using it. And why are we this picture because of the, the |
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| 14:40 | dirty pneumonic that we're using some try positions that they can't handle. |
|
| 14:47 | . And that's kind of looks like . All right. Well, what |
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| 14:51 | that mean? Well, if you at the wrist, there's two rows |
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| 14:55 | bones in the wrist, four in and the other. And what we're |
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| 14:59 | do is we start at the lateral . So remember we're in this position |
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| 15:04 | we're gonna move this way and then move that way again. All |
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| 15:07 | So that's how the order goes. so we can see here we start |
|
| 15:12 | at the scaphoid. So scaphoid lunate Quri pisiform some lunatics tris positions, |
|
| 15:19 | ? And then we come back and trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate that they can't |
|
| 15:27 | . That's how we learn it. , here's the good news for this |
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| 15:31 | because this is not a, I'm abuse you and make you know everything |
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| 15:34 | the time type class. I'm not throw a picture of the wrist up |
|
| 15:38 | and say, tell me what that is. OK. What I'm gonna |
|
| 15:42 | if I ask you a question about wrist is first, how many bones |
|
| 15:46 | there be? How many bones are ? Eight for two rows? |
|
| 15:51 | Of four? I might ask you question. Which row is this bone |
|
| 15:57 | in? Ok. It be along lines or is it found laterally or |
|
| 16:02 | it found immediately that sort of Ok. I think there are far |
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| 16:07 | important things to know than to know the bones and where they're positioned. |
|
| 16:12 | ? If you're a physical therapist, better know those things. If you're |
|
| 16:15 | undergraduate in A P, you should that there's at least eight bones |
|
| 16:21 | OK. So now all these bones short bones and they don't do a |
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| 16:28 | of movement, they're united by And so there's very little movement inside |
|
| 16:32 | wrist and then moving down from the , from the carpal bones, we |
|
| 16:37 | to the next to the carpal All right, the metacarpals. |
|
| 16:42 | when you see this picture up you're thinking, man, these fingers |
|
| 16:45 | long, but really the truth is metacarpals make up the palm of your |
|
| 16:49 | . They're still long bones. So have a long bone here, a |
|
| 16:52 | bone there, a long bone there so on. You have five. |
|
| 16:56 | right. So those five metacarpals are palms and they're just numbered one through |
|
| 17:04 | , right? We start over here your thumb and we move over here |
|
| 17:10 | where your pinky is located. notice we're not talking the fingers |
|
| 17:13 | We're just talking the direction and then you get up to the fingers, |
|
| 17:18 | fingers have special names. We call phalanges. All right. A Philes |
|
| 17:23 | singular or sorry. Failings is Phalanges are plural. If you heard |
|
| 17:27 | term failings, what do you think when you hear failings? Anyone trying |
|
| 17:32 | see if anyone's into war history, know what A P X is group |
|
| 17:39 | soldiers and what do I got? a group of soldiers? They're |
|
| 17:49 | Now, if you look at you'll see that your fingers have three |
|
| 17:56 | per finger. All right. Pick finger. I'm gonna pick my index |
|
| 18:01 | and now bend your finger and you can see 123. Now do |
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| 18:06 | with your thumb. How many, many bins did you see? There's |
|
| 18:12 | . So there's two in the thumb there's three phalanges in your fingers and |
|
| 18:20 | we just number them, right? you can see here, we're, |
|
| 18:24 | basically, we have a name for thumb. We call that the |
|
| 18:28 | Your big toe is called the So is your Pollock, right? We |
|
| 18:33 | a, a flat, aha. is close. That's proximal. We |
|
| 18:36 | a, that's far, that's distal then we have one in between, |
|
| 18:40 | ? So that'd be proximal if that's way up there, what would that |
|
| 18:44 | be? It's up there. It intermediate, right? The enemy uh |
|
| 18:53 | . OK. So we have 14 that make up our five fingers, |
|
| 19:00 | per finger, two in the pollocks thumb. And we don't have real |
|
| 19:07 | names for these singers other than the . Maybe this little piggy. |
|
| 19:12 | those are toes. That's right. tough. What do you think? |
|
| 19:20 | notice how many bones here? 14 five, that's 19 plus eight in |
|
| 19:24 | wrist. 27 plus two in the . 29. Plus the humorous 30 |
|
| 19:35 | the scalp on them. And uh, um, thank you. |
|
| 19:40 | had process stuck in my head. was, it was not gonna go |
|
| 19:43 | . All right. Plus two. 32. And then how many arms |
|
| 19:46 | you have? Ok. So you learned 64 bones easy. It's |
|
| 19:53 | It's not as bad or scary as think it is. All right. |
|
| 19:58 | your upper limbs are very similar to lower limbs. You have a |
|
| 20:02 | you have an upper bone for the portion of your leg. You have |
|
| 20:05 | lower bones in the lower portion of legs. You have a wrist. |
|
| 20:10 | , what do we call a wrist our legs? Ankle? Yeah. |
|
| 20:15 | , but it's in essence the same , right? And then you're gonna |
|
| 20:19 | a palm of your foot, So you're gonna have the meta ankle |
|
| 20:24 | your feet and then you're gonna have which are like your fingers. So |
|
| 20:29 | you just learned is gonna be but it has different names. All |
|
| 20:33 | . Now, the girdle of the portion, right, your legs is |
|
| 20:38 | the pelvic girdle pectoral girdle, pelvic . All right here, the pelvic |
|
| 20:45 | exists as three bones. It starts very early on in life as three |
|
| 20:49 | , three pairs of bones or sorry of bones on each side, three |
|
| 20:54 | and then they fuse and they form larger structure. And so what we're |
|
| 20:58 | at is from the side. All . So this would be like looking |
|
| 21:02 | this direction and then this is cutting person in half and looking at the |
|
| 21:06 | three bones from the middle portion of body outward. So you can see |
|
| 21:11 | the attachment is right there, the surface. All right. So the |
|
| 21:16 | bones are fairly basic. All we have the ilium which makes the |
|
| 21:21 | bone and you know where your suit iliac crest is. That's that portion |
|
| 21:27 | your waist that sits up high, ? It kind of sits up here |
|
| 21:31 | form the girdle. Here's your iliac , right? You can feel |
|
| 21:36 | You can kind of point right All right, you guys know where |
|
| 21:40 | pubis is. That's the front We're not gonna sit here and manipulate |
|
| 21:45 | touch that right now. That's kind a private thing. OK? And |
|
| 21:49 | we have another bone that we sit . All right, that's called the |
|
| 21:55 | right. Sometimes you'll hear someone say , call it the they're mispronouncing |
|
| 21:59 | But that's OK. We're not gonna mad about the mispronunciation, but I'll |
|
| 22:02 | you remember this. Your ishi is shi. Does that help you? |
|
| 22:08 | know where the front is because everyone where the pubis is. The iliac |
|
| 22:13 | to ishi ilium is or is is pubis ilium right now, the |
|
| 22:21 | bones come together and form a structure serves as the socket for the lower |
|
| 22:28 | , right? This structure is called acetabulum. So a word you're gonna |
|
| 22:33 | at and you're gonna try to pronounce and you're gonna say it wrong every |
|
| 22:35 | time I did it for years until corrected me. It's acetabulum and it |
|
| 22:40 | vinegar bowl. All right. And vinegar bowl is something you would wash |
|
| 22:45 | hands in. Um if you're going a like a fancy dinner or |
|
| 22:49 | So that's kind of like that you know, back in the ancient |
|
| 22:52 | or it could also refer to the that was served uh uh during the |
|
| 22:58 | . So that's where the name may come from. It's one of those |
|
| 23:02 | . All right. But underneath the , see, you can see the |
|
| 23:05 | bones come together and form that acetabular the ace tab is this big giant |
|
| 23:10 | , but it's not called the big hole because we already have a big |
|
| 23:13 | hole called the frame and magnus. we got a different name for this |
|
| 23:16 | . It is a for a so and it's called the ob for Ramen |
|
| 23:21 | through the Ator for Ramon is where nerves and the blood vessels that are |
|
| 23:26 | for the lower portion of the legs through, trying to see if there's |
|
| 23:36 | else you need to know about Now, I throw this up |
|
| 23:40 | This is not the only case of where we can tell the differences |
|
| 23:45 | men and women, but this is real overt one. All right. |
|
| 23:49 | men and women have a very, different pelvis. All right. I'm |
|
| 23:53 | say men and women, but it's and female would be the correct term |
|
| 23:56 | . All right. And so you see here that for example, this |
|
| 24:00 | is called the pubic arch. A arch in females is a much, |
|
| 24:03 | broader arch, whereas the male has very thin one, if you look |
|
| 24:08 | the pelvic inlet. So that's the through which um the uh anus |
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| 24:13 | in the case of females would be the vagina travels. Uh It's a |
|
| 24:17 | , much broader, wider structure and should be for obvious reasons, but |
|
| 24:23 | can't presume that. Now this is the female pelvis is built for |
|
| 24:29 | All right, the male pelvis is built for childbirth. It's much, |
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| 24:35 | more wide and much, much more . And it also causes the unique |
|
| 24:41 | or, or, or the the in how men and women walk women |
|
| 24:46 | more of a like this where men not have that. Right. And |
|
| 24:51 | because of that shape. All And there's all sorts of unique features |
|
| 24:57 | it that we could point out that different. And there's all sorts of |
|
| 24:59 | throughout the body like this. But is one of those areas where it's |
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| 25:02 | , really overt now, moving down the hip, the hips themselves, |
|
| 25:09 | three bones collectively are referred to as oa OK. O os bone, |
|
| 25:15 | , I don't know where it comes . All right, but we come |
|
| 25:19 | the largest bone in the body, is called the femur. All |
|
| 25:24 | So just like the upper arm, have the humerus, we have the |
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| 25:28 | as the next big bone. It huge. It's about a quarter of |
|
| 25:31 | size of the height of the person which it is attached when uh people |
|
| 25:37 | up bones, what they do is , if they find a femur, |
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| 25:40 | one of the first things they measure figure out the length of the person |
|
| 25:44 | especially if all they do is find femur. You know, our ancient |
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| 25:49 | would take femurs of animals and use as clubs to subdue other organisms or |
|
| 25:54 | each other. It's a big tough , the top region is called the |
|
| 26:01 | . All right, we have the . You can see the shaft doesn't |
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| 26:04 | straight down, it comes inward and we're doing with that is by bringing |
|
| 26:08 | shaft inward, it moves our center gravity lower in our bodies. So |
|
| 26:14 | don't topple over. Not shown in picture is the gluteal tuberosity. What |
|
| 26:23 | the name of the muscle of your ? The gluteus, there's actually three |
|
| 26:27 | muscles. The gluteal tuberosity is 11 the places where those gluteal muscles |
|
| 26:34 | All right, we have canters. are again, big giant processes. |
|
| 26:38 | the reason I'm pointing them out is they're massive and overt. So you |
|
| 26:41 | see how the head sits off to side and they have this big old |
|
| 26:45 | bump and you have another bump that be the greater and the lesser |
|
| 26:50 | And these are again, places that gluteal muscles and muscles of the thigh |
|
| 26:55 | going to attach. So they cross and hold this muscle in place. |
|
| 27:04 | have con dials. So we have medial epicondyle. We have a medial |
|
| 27:09 | dial, the con dials, you see them more clearly here. The |
|
| 27:14 | Conal tells you where it's located. above the con dial, right? |
|
| 27:19 | when you think of the trochlea and think of the capitulum, when we |
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| 27:22 | about the humerus, those are con and then the area that sits above |
|
| 27:27 | is the epi which was that medial that lateral one that you can |
|
| 27:31 | All right. So we have the thing here. We have con you |
|
| 27:34 | see them in this picture. But you look at the back of the |
|
| 27:37 | , you can see them there and look kind of like 22 structures where |
|
| 27:41 | gonna articulate with the bone below And I noticed here I said one |
|
| 27:46 | with the humor, how many bones we articulate with? Two, we |
|
| 27:49 | the radius and the ulna. So the humor or sorry, the femur |
|
| 27:54 | articulates with one bone which is the . All right, we'll get to |
|
| 27:59 | Tibby in just a second. All . But we have a lateral con |
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| 28:03 | and a medial con down again, is this side, lateral would be |
|
| 28:07 | side and then above them, that be the and uh the epi cons |
|
| 28:11 | well. And then lastly, the bone I want to point out here |
|
| 28:14 | part of the thigh is gonna be patella. It's actually held in place |
|
| 28:18 | a tendon and a ligament. Um we're gonna not really kind of look |
|
| 28:22 | this too much, but what it is it protects the joint from the |
|
| 28:26 | side and it serves as a point leverage for the thigh muscles to lift |
|
| 28:32 | leg. So upper bone is the directly below the femur is the tibia |
|
| 28:41 | the lower leg. Now, there two bones here just like we saw |
|
| 28:45 | radius and the ulna, but the bone doesn't directly articulate with the |
|
| 28:53 | So if you ever get stuck, to remember what is the order of |
|
| 28:56 | bones, it goes F T F tibia fibula. So here's the |
|
| 29:02 | there's the tibia and there's the All right. So femur tibia |
|
| 29:10 | Notice that the fibula is the lateral , the tibia is the medial |
|
| 29:17 | Remember what do we do? our femurs are kind of going inward |
|
| 29:21 | so and so you can, if again, kind of get stuck. |
|
| 29:25 | I can't remember which. Remember my of gravity is where I want the |
|
| 29:29 | of my body to be the tibia bearing the weight of all my weight |
|
| 29:34 | , bearing all my weight. So the uh towards the center of my |
|
| 29:39 | . That's how you can remember the portion. OK. Now, we're |
|
| 29:45 | looking at all the fun little things are here. The only thing I |
|
| 29:48 | point out is down here. Remember have the stylus. Do you remember |
|
| 29:52 | stylus? Right. Well, down , we have malleoli. All |
|
| 29:56 | So the tibia has the medial the fibula which articulates with the Tibby |
|
| 30:02 | top. So that would be the . When you come all the way |
|
| 30:05 | , it articulates again with the lateral . And what this, these two |
|
| 30:11 | are doing with these two little processes they're uh articulating with the ankle bone |
|
| 30:19 | the tall. All right. So only one bone. Whereas when we |
|
| 30:24 | at the wrist, we had bones either side because there's a row of |
|
| 30:27 | and a row of four. All , the ankle is a little bit |
|
| 30:32 | . All right. So we start the acoa three bones on either |
|
| 30:37 | So we're just gonna focus on the bones. And then that goes to |
|
| 30:40 | femur from the femur down to the , from the tibia down to the |
|
| 30:43 | . I just flip those two things because I just pointed in the wrong |
|
| 30:46 | . So tibia and fibula, the are like, so, so here's |
|
| 30:51 | medial, here's later uh me, and lateral make that pinky wiggle. |
|
| 30:58 | then we're gonna sit on top of ankle, which is the tali, |
|
| 31:05 | . The bones of the ankle collectively called the tarsal bones, right? |
|
| 31:12 | there are a total of, let's , it was 12367. Again, |
|
| 31:23 | a mnemonic, you can go look the dirty ones if you want |
|
| 31:26 | you can make up your own dirty . But we go for tall Californian |
|
| 31:29 | medical interns love cuties. So there's tall medical California Navy, I don't |
|
| 31:36 | , do what you can. All . So this is how it |
|
| 31:39 | Here's your tali, right? The is the bone that kind of sticks |
|
| 31:44 | . So you can imagine the two sit on either side of the |
|
| 31:49 | All right. So they're coming down this. And so now your ankle |
|
| 31:54 | flexion in that. Right. It go wobble side to side because the |
|
| 31:59 | kind of hold it in a It's kind of like straight down. |
|
| 32:02 | now you have uh uh a joint moves in this direction, right? |
|
| 32:08 | can point your toes, right. really hard to kind of twist your |
|
| 32:14 | . Your heel is the next That's the calcaneus. All right. |
|
| 32:20 | you can see here there's the taus is massive bone and that's your |
|
| 32:24 | That's, you can bang on All right. So they're the first |
|
| 32:28 | . Then you go up to the bone, which is the navicular, |
|
| 32:33 | sits right in front of the Now, there's another one sits over |
|
| 32:36 | front of the cal, but we'll to that one in a minute. |
|
| 32:38 | we go taus calcaneus navicular and then have a set of triplets. We |
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| 32:45 | from the medial side and we start laterally. So we have medial, |
|
| 32:50 | lateral and the three bones are called uniforms. All right. So Taus |
|
| 32:57 | , navicular, medial, intermediate lateral . And then our last one is |
|
| 33:01 | one that's shaped like a cube called cuboid. All right. And those |
|
| 33:06 | the bones of the ankle so Ok. Which is the bone that |
|
| 33:16 | your heel calcaneus, which is the that are found between the two malleoli |
|
| 33:27 | in the hard stuff. OK? we get to just like we had |
|
| 33:34 | the palms of our hands. We the metacarpals. We now have the |
|
| 33:39 | tarsals again. We start at the side and we work our way |
|
| 33:43 | So it's 12345. Those are the tails. We work immediately to |
|
| 33:48 | All right. And then we get the right. So the, the |
|
| 33:53 | toe is called the hall. It 12 bones and then the rest of |
|
| 33:57 | toes have 123123123123. They're really, tiny bones. So if you go |
|
| 34:03 | play with your toes for a little , you'll notice that you can do |
|
| 34:06 | get the three bones because you'll see two things. But your big toe |
|
| 34:10 | just has one joint. All So how many phalanges do your toast |
|
| 34:17 | make up your toast? 14, like your fingers? Ok. Those |
|
| 34:24 | the bounds. Not hard. All . That's another 64 right there over |
|
| 34:32 | . Now, in theory, it's not. In theory, even |
|
| 34:34 | you have flat feet, you have , you have arches in your feet |
|
| 34:38 | the purpose of the arches in your is to direct the weight of your |
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| 34:43 | away from the uh the heels so the, the forces get dispersed and |
|
| 34:50 | actually can bear your weight a lot . We have an arch that's on |
|
| 34:54 | medial side, right? So think the shape of your shoe and how |
|
| 34:59 | have that, that arch actually kind built into your shoe already. It's |
|
| 35:02 | obvious. But then out on the side, you also have a |
|
| 35:06 | it's just not as deep as the arch. So your foot kind of |
|
| 35:11 | like this. And so if you a deep arch and you have a |
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| 35:15 | arch, that means you also have arch going this direction across the |
|
| 35:20 | And that's what this is trying to is that transverse arch is that third |
|
| 35:24 | ? And so what that means is that every time you bear |
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| 35:28 | when you step down, that weight those arches like a spring, |
|
| 35:34 | I don't know how I can, do it, try to do it |
|
| 35:36 | here. So when your foot goes , what you're doing is you're pressing |
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| 35:42 | like this so that the force doesn't down this direction, it goes out |
|
| 35:47 | the front or towards the back, goes out towards the front and then |
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| 35:50 | goes out through the sides and all force causes the spring to spread |
|
| 35:56 | And then once that force is what does the spring want do, |
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| 35:59 | to go back to its original shape that springs it back up and it |
|
| 36:04 | it easier to move. Kind of . Huh? Now, these arches |
|
| 36:10 | maintained by the ligaments and the tendons all the bones together. Have you |
|
| 36:17 | ever had any or do you know who has had plantar fasciitis? |
|
| 36:21 | like, worn flat? Yeah, , I have it. I've, |
|
| 36:25 | struggled with it. I have friends struggle with it. People I know |
|
| 36:27 | run, who struggle with it and you're doing is you're basically stressing these |
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| 36:35 | so that they no longer spring the they're supposed to. Instead you're stressing |
|
| 36:40 | and so that's why it hurts. . Cal, oh, it's the |
|
| 36:48 | . How did you do that? , at least you just broke your |
|
| 36:52 | . Did I tell the story? I told the story yet in |
|
| 36:54 | So I felt I was rock 20 ft face plant, put a |
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| 36:58 | on my chin, broke my put a hole in my leg. |
|
| 37:02 | awesome. At least I flew for couple of microseconds. It was |
|
| 37:05 | Isn't that awesome? We can say flown. Yes. Where? |
|
| 37:16 | Mhm. Well, so it's not much that you get flat feet. |
|
| 37:22 | happens is, is your, um, your feet start, |
|
| 37:27 | because there's nothing help supporting them and actually really kind of, uh, |
|
| 37:31 | on your toes. So, think when you're wearing flats, what are |
|
| 37:33 | doing? You're using your toes to of hold them together. And so |
|
| 37:37 | you're doing is you're actually stretching your in such a way so that they're |
|
| 37:40 | stretching wrongly. But if you look people who live their entire lives without |
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| 37:45 | first off the bottom of their feet like crazy leather, right? But |
|
| 37:50 | other thing that they do is their can actually manipulate and move around the |
|
| 37:56 | with them. When you're wearing your feet can't do that. You |
|
| 37:59 | ? So, so I thought I really, really clever when I was |
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| 38:04 | age and I started wearing Birkenstocks because they're cheap and two, they're very |
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| 38:08 | and that ruined my feet because I naturally flat feet. I mean, |
|
| 38:13 | when my son was born and they his footprint, it was like, |
|
| 38:17 | , that's my job because it was , it was just, it was |
|
| 38:19 | like he has the same type of that I do totally flat. Um |
|
| 38:25 | feet will naturally go to the shape they're, that, that they're, |
|
| 38:30 | constructed to be, right? So of you have naturally arched feet, |
|
| 38:35 | really, really super arched and stuff that. You're bouncy. When you |
|
| 38:39 | , you will actually feel the bounce you're going along. Those of us |
|
| 38:43 | are flat, we slap our feet the ground. Yes, ma'am. |
|
| 38:54 | . So that's, that's a Um So, uh we're gonna, |
|
| 38:58 | gonna look at two terms. um, so you'll hear like for |
|
| 39:02 | , runners will say I'm a, a pronator and it refers to |
|
| 39:06 | to what you walk on whether you on the inside of your foot or |
|
| 39:09 | outside of your foot. And actually terms are actually incorrect. All |
|
| 39:13 | Um, we picked up those terms someone picked up those terms and started |
|
| 39:18 | them four ft, but they're not meant for feet. They're meant for |
|
| 39:21 | else, which we'll see here in a second. But it's, it's |
|
| 39:25 | same sort of thing. And so they try to do to do, |
|
| 39:28 | again, this is this idea that a perfect way to do everything and |
|
| 39:35 | truth is, is there's not, know, we are all experiments, |
|
| 39:40 | ? You, you notice that you , you are literally a biological |
|
| 39:45 | You know, your genes have decided , to do things a certain |
|
| 39:49 | And so some of us are some of us are pronator. Some |
|
| 39:52 | us are tall, some of us small, some are blonde, some |
|
| 39:55 | dark hair, there's all sorts of , you know, and then something's |
|
| 39:58 | wipe half of us out and it's gonna be, well, it's because |
|
| 40:00 | that stupid gene. You know, couldn't run fast enough away from the |
|
| 40:04 | or, you know, maybe blonde people taste better to aliens or |
|
| 40:08 | I don't know, you know, it's gonna be, but we're just |
|
| 40:10 | and so that right there is just variation in human foot design and how |
|
| 40:18 | put those pressures. Um Maybe, know, this or maybe you're one |
|
| 40:21 | these people, uh you're a toe , you know, do you know |
|
| 40:25 | walkers, like my brother was a walker. Everywhere he went, he'd |
|
| 40:28 | like, you know, these calves like this. And I was |
|
| 40:33 | why, why, why are you like that? He just, he |
|
| 40:36 | a toe walker. He picked it early and he stuck with it and |
|
| 40:40 | still does, you know, most the time he walks like a normal |
|
| 40:43 | , but every now and then you'll him go. Yeah. Again. |
|
| 40:57 | ? Right. I mean, the is because there's a perfect way. |
|
| 41:01 | is how it's supposed to be. brother is four years younger than |
|
| 41:06 | He walks normally he can run, can do all the other stuff. |
|
| 41:09 | had four kids. So I don't how many of them are toe |
|
| 41:13 | But, you know, it's a thing I think is what they, |
|
| 41:18 | get at. All. Right, . How many of you guys wear |
|
| 41:20 | heels? What's high heels still isn't it? Right? You don't |
|
| 41:30 | your heels at all? You're on toes. They're just there to balance |
|
| 41:33 | . So you don't fall over. it bad for you? Mhm. |
|
| 41:41 | don't know. Just do what the says until it sounds like it's |
|
| 41:48 | I argue with my doctor all the . He hates it. And he |
|
| 41:54 | a son who goes here and he to ask me questions about the medical |
|
| 41:56 | . So, I don't know. talk about this stupid thing. You're |
|
| 41:59 | to make me do. All So let's talk about joint articulations. |
|
| 42:07 | A joint is where a bone meets bone where a bone meets cartilage or |
|
| 42:12 | bone meets a tooth. It's kind one of those weird things. All |
|
| 42:16 | , typically we're gonna classify a joint by its function. In other |
|
| 42:20 | what is the kind of movement that allows to do or by its |
|
| 42:26 | And again, very often you'll see different definitions because anatomist focus on |
|
| 42:31 | physiologists focus on function. All it's just a point of view, |
|
| 42:37 | ? So you'll see these different types classifications all over the place. |
|
| 42:42 | in order to understand uh joints, need to come up with these two |
|
| 42:47 | . 1st, 1st is range of . Second is degrees of freedom. |
|
| 42:51 | you ever heard that everything you need know about life you learned in |
|
| 42:55 | Have you ever heard that phrase? . Yeah. So this is an |
|
| 42:59 | of this. You go to uh your bachelor's degree, you go off |
|
| 43:03 | physical therapy school and you learn how work with a protractor all over again |
|
| 43:10 | we need to understand range of My wife is a physical therapist. |
|
| 43:13 | still has a protractor that she takes work every day. You know what |
|
| 43:18 | protractor is. That's that thing that made you buy in first grade you |
|
| 43:21 | used, right? You just sat your drawer and every now and then |
|
| 43:24 | pull it out and go. I why I have this, you |
|
| 43:28 | if no one ever made us use ? All right. So range of |
|
| 43:32 | is the normal extent of mobility. that word there, normal, |
|
| 43:38 | What is normal? Well, it's if we took all of you and |
|
| 43:41 | played with that one joint and then kind of figured out the, the |
|
| 43:46 | that we're all able to do, find kind of this, this |
|
| 43:49 | OK. So it's kind of a range. It's not like if you |
|
| 43:53 | do this, if you are, you have greater or less, it |
|
| 43:56 | mean that there's something wrong, it means that it's outside the, the |
|
| 44:01 | . All right. So it's a movement is probably the better way to |
|
| 44:05 | it. And so, uh we're about how movable a synovial joint is |
|
| 44:10 | we don't know what a synovial joint . That definition will come up here |
|
| 44:14 | . So there's different types of But we're typically talking, when we |
|
| 44:18 | about uh range of motion, we're be talking about these synovial joints. |
|
| 44:21 | right. And again, it's measured degrees. And then the other thing |
|
| 44:24 | have is degrees of freedom. Um you've taken your math classes and you've |
|
| 44:28 | your statistics, you've learned about degrees freedom, it kind of has the |
|
| 44:32 | sort of reference. It basically the of axis through which a joint can |
|
| 44:36 | move. All right. Now, we think of degrees of freedom and |
|
| 44:41 | think about uh axis, you probably of get stuck in our 3d world |
|
| 44:48 | X Y and Z axis. Does sound right? I mean, when |
|
| 44:51 | said axis, is that what you thinking? It's far more than |
|
| 44:56 | right? So when I twist my like this, am I moving in |
|
| 45:01 | dimensions? Yes. But am I along the X Y or Z |
|
| 45:05 | And the answer would be no, . So you, you've got to |
|
| 45:10 | of think a little bit differently All right. And again, when |
|
| 45:13 | hear this term or see this we're really kind of talking about these |
|
| 45:17 | joints. All right. So you'll these terms over and over again. |
|
| 45:23 | of motion is the ability of How much movement you have degrees of |
|
| 45:26 | is how many different types of axis you move along? Now, every |
|
| 45:33 | in your body has a certain degree stability and it has a certain degree |
|
| 45:36 | mobility, stability and mobility are directly to each other. All right. |
|
| 45:41 | you can graph these things and say more mobile I make a joint, |
|
| 45:46 | less stable that joint is gonna be your stability. So the more stable |
|
| 45:51 | make a joint, the less mobile going to be. All right. |
|
| 45:55 | there's this inverse relationship between these two and there's three basic factors that kind |
|
| 46:01 | determine mobility and stability. All So remember they're opposed to each |
|
| 46:07 | So if you want a stable mobile , it's just not gonna happen. |
|
| 46:10 | you're gonna do is you're gonna, you want a mobile joint, you |
|
| 46:12 | have to find that point of stability the thing just falls apart. If |
|
| 46:16 | want a really stable joint, you're have to find how little mobility you |
|
| 46:20 | in there. All right. So first thing that is important in determining |
|
| 46:25 | is the articular surface. All So for example, if I have |
|
| 46:30 | uh an articulation where I have a that has this shape to create |
|
| 46:42 | I want it to articulate with a that can match this shape, |
|
| 46:46 | I'd like a bone that has kind this shape, wouldn't I? And |
|
| 46:49 | would be kind of stable, Whereas if I did something like |
|
| 46:56 | well, before I move, before move from there, do you see |
|
| 46:59 | if I have this shape, the of that is, is limited within |
|
| 47:04 | socket, within this structure? So this could probably fall this |
|
| 47:09 | it could fall that way, it fall this way, you know, |
|
| 47:11 | could fall backwards, but it can't it might even be a little twist |
|
| 47:15 | circles, but it can't like do sorts of weird stuff if I do |
|
| 47:20 | like this and have another bone bone shaped like this. Can you see |
|
| 47:28 | I have more freedom of movement. don't fall and stop. I can |
|
| 47:32 | fall all the way down this way I'm just rolling one ball on top |
|
| 47:36 | another. Right. So there you the range of motion increases the degrees |
|
| 47:42 | freedom. Um haven't really changed based the first thing I did. But |
|
| 47:47 | we have here is we lack stability nothing is keeping this bone from just |
|
| 47:53 | off. It's like trying to stack balls on top of each other. |
|
| 47:57 | the way that I can increase the of a joint when I have less |
|
| 48:03 | , I can then put some ligaments it. All right. So in |
|
| 48:09 | words, the idea here, the are gonna are are kind of like |
|
| 48:14 | tape around an ankle, right? you've ever sprained an ankle, what |
|
| 48:18 | you do? You wrap it And what you're doing is you're |
|
| 48:21 | you're creating structure that helps support the ness of the two bones, thus |
|
| 48:30 | greater stability and still maintaining some of motion. But the more things you |
|
| 48:35 | around it, the less mobile it . Now this becomes the second uh |
|
| 48:43 | of stability. So first is just are the shapes of the bones? |
|
| 48:47 | second one would be the ligaments that surrounding it. And generally speaking, |
|
| 48:51 | more ligaments you have the greater the or the greater stability you have but |
|
| 48:56 | , this isn't the most important So the question you will see on |
|
| 49:00 | exam, I guarantee it if you this question, this is what the |
|
| 49:02 | will be. What is the factor creates the greatest ability in a |
|
| 49:07 | Don't get stuck with the articular don't get stuck with um the |
|
| 49:12 | It's muscles that matter, muscles are most important thing for stability. Muscles |
|
| 49:20 | the joints. But what happens is of the way that muscles work. |
|
| 49:24 | , a ligament has a kind of finite length. It doesn't constrict |
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| 49:28 | or, or contract, it basically is all right. In fact, |
|
| 49:34 | can stretch. You want to test out, go get a chicken leg |
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| 49:39 | , go have dinner and you know big old nasty ligament that you always |
|
| 49:42 | in, in the chicken leg and like gross, pull that thing out |
|
| 49:45 | then pull on it and see if stretches. The answer is it does |
|
| 49:50 | stretch here. You wanna see a stretch look right. That ligament holds |
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| 49:57 | finger in this position, but I sit there and do that and all |
|
| 50:01 | doing is I'm just stretching ligament, ? Muscles have tone when you |
|
| 50:12 | when you move about, you create in your muscles, the more exercising |
|
| 50:15 | do, the greater the tone, ? We, we find people who |
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| 50:18 | out kind of attractive. Do we with that? No, I |
|
| 50:24 | we're more interested in the, in couch potato. I mean, I'm |
|
| 50:30 | saying you have to love these people , but we are trained to |
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| 50:34 | oh, that person has a nice , that's ok to say that attractive |
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| 50:40 | attract. That's why we call them , right? And having that muscle |
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| 50:46 | is a sign of health, We've, we, we've built that |
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| 50:50 | our DNA to see people like And so when you see that muscle |
|
| 50:54 | , what you're saying is this is person who is, is built to |
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| 50:59 | and that same muscle tone because that can contract, can actually hold and |
|
| 51:07 | keep the tendons around a joint tight can create the stability in a moving |
|
| 51:16 | . If that makes sense when you and you have muscle tone, you're |
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| 51:24 | likely to get injured if you don't muscle tone. Think about the first |
|
| 51:30 | you go running like it's like you decide, ok, today I'm |
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| 51:33 | be, I'm gonna be healthy. all done that at least once. |
|
| 51:36 | . Today, everything changes. I'm be healthy and you go running and |
|
| 51:39 | first thing you do is you're going the track and you twist your ankle |
|
| 51:42 | ? And you're like, no, not doing this again, right? |
|
| 51:45 | because you don't have the muscle tone to help create that strength in that |
|
| 51:49 | . So muscle becomes the most important . Now, we're gonna fly through |
|
| 51:53 | stuff I mean, because joints are , really simple. Ok. First |
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| 51:57 | we're gonna do is we're gonna look the terms of classifications, we can |
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| 52:00 | them based on structure. All So you're gonna see fibrous joints, |
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| 52:05 | joints are joined together by fibrous We have cartilage joints, cartilage's joints |
|
| 52:10 | joined together by cartilage, see how this is. And then, then |
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| 52:14 | have the weird one. The thing said we're going to come up |
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| 52:17 | we have a synovial joint, a joint is this unique joint that has |
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| 52:22 | encasement around the around the joint. then what we do is we fill |
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| 52:26 | up with fluid so that we we can reduce friction and we can |
|
| 52:31 | stress. So when we think about , we typically think about these, |
|
| 52:37 | usually don't think about the other All right. So those are kind |
|
| 52:41 | where we tend to focus. And the other one thing we could do |
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| 52:44 | we can classify a joint not just structure but on the type of movement |
|
| 52:47 | allows a joint that doesn't allow any of movement. In other words, |
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| 52:51 | a mobile joint is without movement. Arthurs. So sin, you |
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| 52:56 | without and then we have some joints are slightly movable. And so that's |
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| 53:01 | a means having two states, So Ay Arthur C are the, |
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| 53:06 | know, sometimes they can move, they can't, that's kind of how |
|
| 53:09 | kind of uh interpret that term. we have Sin Arthur. We have |
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| 53:15 | Arturs, gosh, it's so hard say these words. And lastly all |
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| 53:20 | other joints that are removable, we refer to them as Di Arthurs. |
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| 53:23 | they use the prefix DY as I don't know, but that's how |
|
| 53:28 | works. All right. So what of joints do we have? |
|
| 53:32 | we have joints in terms of their . we have joints in terms of |
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| 53:35 | of joints that don't move some that move some that do move. There |
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| 53:42 | four basic types of movement. We're to see these in greater detail. |
|
| 53:45 | have gliding or translational movement. Here's one bone slips against the surface of |
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| 53:51 | without any sort of angularity. And if you have angularity, now you're |
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| 53:56 | over a bone. So now you referred to as angular movement. And |
|
| 54:00 | the easy way to think about angular is that the using your protractor, |
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| 54:04 | can see that you're decreasing the angle the two bones or increasing the angle |
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| 54:10 | two bones, rotational movement, one is turning along as long axis. |
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| 54:16 | . So if this is the long , you're turning around that. And |
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| 54:21 | finally, we have movements that don't into three categories. So we just |
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| 54:24 | we don't know, we're gonna throw in a special box. So it's |
|
| 54:26 | special movement. All right. So to demonstrate these, so that you |
|
| 54:31 | understand them a little bit more A gliding movement. This is a |
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| 54:35 | movement here where you're going to get surfaces sliding against one another. So |
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| 54:39 | can be back and forth or side side, the angle doesn't change and |
|
| 54:44 | limited. So this is gonna occur a plane joint and we're gonna see |
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| 54:47 | joints. We're going to find these types of joints here in just a |
|
| 54:50 | . All right. So in the , here is the carpal bones. |
|
| 54:54 | I borrow your arm for a Stick your hand up? So everyone |
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| 54:57 | see. And the other one because got stuff there. All right. |
|
| 54:59 | where, where are his carps? right here, right? So there's |
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| 55:04 | stylus. And so look, if take someone by the wrist and you |
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| 55:07 | this, you can feel the carpal move, right? That movement there |
|
| 55:15 | very, very limited. This is the carpal bones moving. Those are |
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| 55:19 | metacarpal sliding over the carp. So the queen's wave, I guess |
|
| 55:26 | the King's wave, I don't know he's gonna do, but you |
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| 55:29 | but that, that little wave, little movement. If you were to |
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| 55:32 | the, these, that little shift the car poles would be an example |
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| 55:37 | a gliding movement. Angular movements are more easier. These are things you're |
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| 55:44 | with everybody flecks, right? You do flex this way, right? |
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| 55:50 | can flex this way. See me , right? Look at the |
|
| 55:57 | what am I doing? I'm flexing the, at the shoulder, |
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| 56:01 | So this would be extension. This be flexion. The idea here is |
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| 56:05 | all I'm doing is I'm creating a where when I flex, I'm decreasing |
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| 56:09 | angle between the two bones. All , you can flex with your |
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| 56:15 | right? So if I do I am flexing, I'm decreasing the |
|
| 56:21 | , right? You can do it your neck. There's flex, this |
|
| 56:24 | extension. This is hyper extension going the angle that I normally would |
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| 56:29 | This would be hyper extension in the back, you know, I can |
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| 56:35 | my shoulders over, that would be , moving back up to the original |
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| 56:39 | is bringing the angle wider. That be extension. We can also flex |
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| 56:46 | the lateral plane, right? Have ever had to do this exercise where |
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| 56:51 | like? Right? That's flexing The older I get, the harder |
|
| 56:59 | is for me to do these All right, when the aliens come |
|
| 57:05 | get you, what do we call abduction, abduction? When I lift |
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| 57:12 | arms up from my body, I'm away. That's called abduction. When |
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| 57:18 | aliens return to you after they probed , what do we call that? |
|
| 57:22 | don't, we should call it So, abduction, abduction pretty |
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| 57:30 | You can do it with your legs . I like can abduct and I |
|
| 57:34 | abduct And then when I create a through the process of abduction and |
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| 57:42 | this is called circumduction. Put your foot in, put your left foot |
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| 57:49 | . That's my right foot though. my left foot in, put my |
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| 57:54 | foot out, put my left foot . And then what do I |
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| 57:58 | I shake it all about circumduction. right. Now, there is some |
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| 58:03 | extension in there as well. But idea here is you're creating a |
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| 58:09 | So notice that the joint up here or the position of this bone stays |
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| 58:14 | the same. But it's the position the bones on the distal end that |
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| 58:19 | moving. OK. Rotation. This why I'm moving a movement doing a |
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| 58:30 | movement. All right. So here different types of rotations laterally as I'm |
|
| 58:36 | outward. Medial, I'm moving So you can see up here with |
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| 58:39 | arms or with the legs. This the the shaking all about right. |
|
| 58:44 | I could do the foot. Here's rotation, medial, rota, |
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| 58:47 | medial, do it with the lateral, medial, lateral, |
|
| 58:51 | do it with my head. no, no, right, |
|
| 58:56 | medial. It's all rotation. Here's weird words, pronation, supination, |
|
| 59:04 | , supination referred to the on the specifically. All right. So here |
|
| 59:09 | my arm is in the in the position, it's like, so my |
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| 59:12 | is straight, my is straight, . So it makes kind of this |
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| 59:18 | , I'm in the supped position is we say. All right. And |
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| 59:22 | when I move my hands so that look at the back of my |
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| 59:26 | right? I have now pronated. my radius right. Here's my, |
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| 59:34 | my radius. What happens? the radius, the head here, |
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| 59:38 | head of the owner is here, now my radius is crossing this direction |
|
| 59:42 | is going underneath. All right. it's made an X right? You |
|
| 59:47 | see if I just hold here. the tops don't move right. But |
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| 59:52 | bottom does it, it crosses or over like a pancake. So that's |
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| 59:57 | I've tried to do equals and Xs that you could see. So pronation |
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| 60:01 | when my, when I'm twisting. I'm no longer in the anatomical |
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| 60:05 | Palm is facing downward, supination palm facing upward right now how the runners |
|
| 60:13 | to start using that term. I not know they should have a different |
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| 60:17 | that they should be using. And can see it up here on the |
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| 60:20 | E version and inversion. OK. gonna do these, then I'll do |
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| 60:29 | . If I am walking on the of my foot, I'm pointing the |
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| 60:36 | of my soul inwardly. So I now inverted. It's an inverted |
|
| 60:42 | All right. If I'm walking on inside of my foot pointing my soul |
|
| 60:48 | , that would be averted. So inversion and E version refer to |
|
| 60:54 | position of your soul that's what runners be referring to when they talk about |
|
| 60:58 | and supp even though they don't. . Lastly point your toe like a |
|
| 61:07 | that is called planter flexion. All , I'm flexing and decreasing the angle |
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| 61:15 | the sole of my foot is how think they are trying to use. |
|
| 61:19 | term. Planter refers to solo So plant flexion and then when I |
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| 61:23 | my toe and I point it up my knee, that's Dorsey flexion. |
|
| 61:28 | . So Planter and Dorsey flexion. the fun ones. Protraction and |
|
| 61:40 | All right. Protraction and retraction. . When I walk like a |
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| 61:50 | that would be protraction. When I it back. That's retraction, |
|
| 61:56 | All right. Maybe you don't walk a chicken or pigeon. All |
|
| 62:01 | Have you ever done something stupid? protraction? Retraction. All right. |
|
| 62:08 | another fun one. Elevation. I no idea what you're talking about. |
|
| 62:13 | . Depression is not the state you after you fail a test, it's |
|
| 62:17 | you lower your shoulders again or when go like this, I can't believe |
|
| 62:21 | score, depression elevation. What makes and primates unique among all the animal |
|
| 62:32 | ? What do we have thumbs? kind of thumbs? Opposable thumbs? |
|
| 62:41 | repos? I think if I got . Right. Yeah. Opposition |
|
| 62:45 | opposition reposition, right? That's why called opposable because they go the opposite |
|
| 63:01 | . Not too hard. Is it far? These types of practice |
|
| 63:06 | Right? You have your own cheat . You do it a couple of |
|
| 63:14 | in the mir. You'll never forget . Ok. Ok. Let's look |
|
| 63:21 | the different types of joints. How we doing on time? Huh? |
|
| 63:25 | right. We're doing good. We actually be done on time today. |
|
| 63:30 | have a couple of different types of joints. Here are the three different |
|
| 63:34 | of fibrous joints trying to keep it . The first type is called a |
|
| 63:38 | goos is plural. So gomphosis is a peg and socket joint. We |
|
| 63:43 | have one example of this in the . That is your in the |
|
| 63:49 | OK. Your teeth, teeth move . Yes, the answer should |
|
| 63:56 | Please know. All right and then . Play with it for a little |
|
| 64:02 | . Does it move around if it around? Uh you need to go |
|
| 64:04 | your dentist really, really quick. can see here. Where is |
|
| 64:08 | OK. So here's your tooth, the jaw. It's being held together |
|
| 64:12 | this periodontal ligament. That is the that holds it in place. That's |
|
| 64:17 | your tooth doesn't move. OK. type of joint is the suture. |
|
| 64:24 | suture we saw when we looked at skull, that's that special type of |
|
| 64:30 | uh joint that we see in the of the skull that hold those bones |
|
| 64:35 | in between, in that little tiny and that little tiny space we have |
|
| 64:41 | . And so this also is an joint. So it's a synarthrosis, |
|
| 64:46 | , synarthrosis, and the last one the cmos. All right here, |
|
| 64:51 | can see the interosseus ligament. basically, we have two bones being |
|
| 64:55 | together by this ligament. So this is slightly movable. All right, |
|
| 65:02 | can, we can kind of grab and we can manipulate those two bones |
|
| 65:07 | they can move just slightly. They have perfect degrees of freedom, but |
|
| 65:10 | have some. So because they have little bit of give, they're referred |
|
| 65:15 | as being Pharris. So sys Synesis you have two bones being connected by |
|
| 65:21 | ligament, a gomphosis, just your in the socket and then your |
|
| 65:25 | you can just think of the So those are the three different types |
|
| 65:30 | fibrous joints, gois suture and Then we move on to the cartilaginous |
|
| 65:39 | . All right. Now, your on your slide are slightly different than |
|
| 65:43 | because I was going over my slide morning and I looked at it and |
|
| 65:46 | said, why have I never changed stupid slide? Because the picture is |
|
| 65:50 | and it was really irritating to And so I spent three minutes changing |
|
| 65:54 | slide. So all this text is same, but I want to show |
|
| 65:57 | here the first type of cartilage joint have is a Sin Conroy. So |
|
| 66:03 | means without movement. Chond refers to . So it's a cartilage joint that |
|
| 66:08 | have any sort of movement. So a sin, Arthur. All right |
|
| 66:12 | . What we have is we have bone articulating with another bone. But |
|
| 66:17 | the two bones, we have cartilage this is the highland cartilage. We've |
|
| 66:22 | seen the examples of these when we through the skeleton, when we looked |
|
| 66:26 | the long bones and we were describing epithelial plates. What do we |
|
| 66:30 | We have bone, we have bone in between them, we had |
|
| 66:36 | So that epithelial plate is an example a synchondrosis, all right. But |
|
| 66:41 | , as you grow older, the plate is gonna become bones. That's |
|
| 66:44 | always gonna be the case. It's when you're younger. The best example |
|
| 66:48 | this is the costal cartilage bone, cartilage that right? There is a |
|
| 67:00 | . OK. So synchondrosis is a uh bone attached to another bone with |
|
| 67:06 | cartilage in between. There's no synchondrosis. The synthesis has some |
|
| 67:17 | it has some mobility. But we're going to be dealing with |
|
| 67:21 | we're gonna be bone bone and we're have cartilage in between. It's a |
|
| 67:24 | type of cartilage. In the first , we're dealing with highland cartilage. |
|
| 67:27 | , we're dealing with fibrocartilage, We've already seen. The example of |
|
| 67:32 | is the, the changes that I've so that you can see this |
|
| 67:36 | So this is the overt one. here's your vertebrate vertebrate vertebrae. Those |
|
| 67:39 | the bodies of the vertebrate in between this fi fibrocartilage disk called the intervertebral |
|
| 67:45 | . This is a synthesis right It doesn't have the name in its |
|
| 67:50 | . But throughout the body, you see other syntheses. So here is |
|
| 67:54 | osa. All right, this is sacral vertebrae. And what holds the |
|
| 68:01 | pubic bones of the os coxa together one of these syntheses and it's named |
|
| 68:07 | the two bones on either side of , it's called the pubic synthesis. |
|
| 68:11 | right. Now, that pubic synthesis cartilage. If you go and grab |
|
| 68:16 | and manipulate them, you'll see that have a little bit of give or |
|
| 68:19 | little bit of wiggle and then just childbirth. So imagine nine months |
|
| 68:26 | that pubic synthesis breaks down a little , becomes much, much looser so |
|
| 68:33 | the pubic arch and the pubic inlet have a little bit more give for |
|
| 68:40 | . And then afterwards, it will and kind of become more solid |
|
| 68:45 | But again, you can go to , a woman who's just given birth |
|
| 68:49 | you can like grab her by the and she'll like wiggle, wiggle, |
|
| 68:53 | more. So not because it's uh , you've got to think in terms |
|
| 68:57 | I'm holding the rest of the body and you'll see that give so some |
|
| 69:04 | but not free movement. Hence the amphiarthrosis. And now we focus in |
|
| 69:14 | the star of the show, the that everyone thinks about. When we |
|
| 69:18 | about joints. This is what we about are the synovial joints surrounding the |
|
| 69:23 | joint. We have a capsule called articular capsule. And so it's just |
|
| 69:27 | a fiber structure that has a synovial . You can see the synovial membrane |
|
| 69:32 | that synovial membrane is producing fluid to that joint up. Now, this |
|
| 69:36 | an exaggeration. You don't have space this between it. But they wanted |
|
| 69:40 | show you that this is a continuous surrounding this. The the area. |
|
| 69:46 | number one, bone, number each of the bones that are rubbing |
|
| 69:49 | against each other are covered with That cartilage is articular cartilage. It |
|
| 69:55 | the end of the bone smooth Go out, buy yourself a, |
|
| 69:58 | big old three piece meal or a piece meal. Make sure you have |
|
| 70:01 | leg in that. And after you all the meat off that bone, |
|
| 70:04 | at the end of the legs, got these white smooth edges. That's |
|
| 70:09 | cartilage. OK? And what this particular cartilage does, if you think |
|
| 70:15 | bone and you take two bones and them up against each other, they're |
|
| 70:18 | grind each other down. So you a whole bunch of calcium phosphate |
|
| 70:22 | right? What the articular cartilage does it creates a smooth gliding surface over |
|
| 70:29 | the two bones can rub. So don't grind each other down. And |
|
| 70:34 | with the synovial fluid which also lubricates joint as well as bears some of |
|
| 70:38 | weight. Now you have more more freedom of movement because nothing is |
|
| 70:45 | up against each other. There's less in that area. Remember what we |
|
| 70:52 | , joints like this, you can , they don't have a lot of |
|
| 70:58 | articulation. They, they're, they're of loose. And so what we're |
|
| 71:01 | do is we're gonna add ligaments all this thing. There's gonna be ligaments |
|
| 71:06 | the outside, there might be ligaments the inside. If they're on the |
|
| 71:09 | , we call them extrinsic. If found inside the capsule, we refer |
|
| 71:12 | them as being intrinsic. So that's kind of the location. And what |
|
| 71:16 | do is they reinforce structure so that can create greater stability. And because |
|
| 71:23 | have all sorts of movements, they're Arthurs. Now, we're gonna look |
|
| 71:31 | a whole bunch of different synovial joints just a moment. All right. |
|
| 71:36 | very, very different than the cartilaginous , very different than the fibrous |
|
| 71:42 | Now associated with your joints are a of tendons. All right, tendons |
|
| 71:49 | structures that muscles are attached. It's the connective tissue found within and around |
|
| 71:56 | . They come together and they form tendons and the tendons are what you're |
|
| 72:00 | to kind of pull, the muscles doing the work and they're pulling on |
|
| 72:02 | tendons to move the bones. And you've been rock climbing, you kind |
|
| 72:10 | know this, if I take a and I've put it on a rock |
|
| 72:13 | I've rubbed that rope back and forth the rock. What's gonna happen to |
|
| 72:16 | rope? It's going to fray and going to break. So we want |
|
| 72:21 | prevent that from happening. So, you go rock climbing, what you |
|
| 72:24 | do is wherever you have an you'll usually put down something like a |
|
| 72:28 | or something to protect that rope. , your body does the same |
|
| 72:33 | right? What we have are things are called bursa and, or tendon |
|
| 72:38 | and they're basically the same thing. just the structure of the shape of |
|
| 72:42 | things that give rise to the different , right? You may not have |
|
| 72:47 | of bursa and you may not even heard of bursitis, but you, |
|
| 72:50 | you are around old people long you'll hear, oh, my bursitis |
|
| 72:54 | acting up and that's what they're referring . You're probably more familiar with |
|
| 72:58 | the young person's version of this. you ever heard of carpal tunnel |
|
| 73:04 | Right. And if you start doing texting when you get the, the |
|
| 73:10 | thing, right? And really what have here is a structure that's near |
|
| 73:15 | joints, but it is not part the joints. And what they do |
|
| 73:18 | you take these tendons and you wrap bursa or wrap the tendons or these |
|
| 73:23 | around them or if there's a it's basically a sack over which the |
|
| 73:27 | is going to roll. So when tinnon is being pulled on, it's |
|
| 73:30 | over this structure to reduce the amount friction at that particular point. But |
|
| 73:36 | you have any sort of friction, gonna ultimately start doing damage and you |
|
| 73:41 | inflammation, which is what car carpal syndrome is. It's just the inflammation |
|
| 73:47 | the tendon sheets. And when those sheets, for example, inflame, |
|
| 73:52 | going to kind of get bigger and start impinging upon the tendons. And |
|
| 73:57 | when you try to move the it's going to hurt, that's what |
|
| 74:01 | tunnel is. So what they do they go in there and they cut |
|
| 74:04 | thing. Not a lot of don't do that. So we're going |
|
| 74:10 | see a couple of these. When look at these, you'll see |
|
| 74:13 | you'll see tendon sheets where you're going see synovial joints and they help in |
|
| 74:18 | terms of movement because they allow the to do their moving. Now, |
|
| 74:22 | mentioned, you know, hey, we think about degrees of freedom, |
|
| 74:27 | think about X Y and Z. don't hear fly planes or been in |
|
| 74:33 | . No one flies a plane Come on, guys, get out |
|
| 74:36 | adventure some, you know, you get a pilot's license at the age |
|
| 74:39 | 14. You could be flying a before you drove a car in the |
|
| 74:45 | of Texas. Kind of cool. course, you have to like heights |
|
| 74:55 | understand that gravity exists. What we're at here is what people in planes |
|
| 75:03 | people in boats have to deal All right, we all know how |
|
| 75:08 | go forward. We all know how go backward, you know how to |
|
| 75:09 | left, you know how to Right. You know how to go |
|
| 75:11 | , you know, you know how go down. Right. Those are |
|
| 75:14 | simple movements. Right. That's your Y and Z plane. But when |
|
| 75:18 | in a boat or in a plane you get tipped, that's called a |
|
| 75:24 | , right? So you can tip this direction, you can pitch |
|
| 75:27 | you can pitch backwards, right? can actually turn in those planes. |
|
| 75:33 | would be your yaw, right? these types of movements is probably a |
|
| 75:38 | way to think of movement along axes just X Y and Z. All |
|
| 75:45 | . Now, when you look at synovial joint and you're talking about degrees |
|
| 75:50 | freedom and talking about planes, what we do is we don't sit |
|
| 75:54 | and talk about these, we just the question. All right, how |
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| 75:56 | kind of movements does it allow? it allow one kind of movement? |
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| 75:59 | kinds of movement? More than two of movement? If we do, |
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| 76:02 | we're going to refer to them as either a uni axial joint, which |
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| 76:07 | be one movement right along one Is it biaxial? That means along |
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| 76:12 | different planes or more than two, just referred to as multi axle, |
|
| 76:16 | won't say tri axial or quad axial whatever. All right, but I'm |
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| 76:20 | going to demonstrate this. You're gonna . Oh yeah, this absolutely makes |
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| 76:23 | now that we, we can think it in these types of terms, |
|
| 76:27 | opposed to just X Y and Ok. So here's that first one |
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| 76:33 | gliding movement and the first type of we're gonna see is a plane |
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| 76:36 | It's the least mobile. That's what just saw on the wrist, |
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| 76:40 | It's very, very flat, short movements. So we say it's non |
|
| 76:45 | , it didn't allow much of All right, it falls in the |
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| 76:49 | of not even being synovial. It's , there's no movement in that wrist |
|
| 76:58 | allow movement. In one thing, have two different types of joints that |
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| 77:01 | this a hinge joint, a hinge is exactly what you'd see in a |
|
| 77:05 | . You basically, you have a that has kind of a shape like |
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| 77:10 | uh this uh cylinder and then that fits in a cup, the same |
|
| 77:15 | as the cylinder. And then what do is the cylinder rolls in that |
|
| 77:20 | . A really good example of this the owner, the or sorry, |
|
| 77:25 | humoral owner, joint part of the , there's actually three joints. There |
|
| 77:30 | two different joints, but we're focusing the inside one. Remember we have |
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| 77:33 | trochlea and we have the trochlear The trochlea has the shape like the |
|
| 77:40 | , the trochlear notch has this type shape. And so what can you |
|
| 77:43 | with your elbow? It goes up it goes down, that's uni |
|
| 77:47 | it only moves in this particular All right. Another one would be |
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| 77:52 | example of the cervical uh uh C , the first vertebrae um moving alongside |
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| 78:00 | the, um the joint just underneath . That would be the Atlas and |
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| 78:04 | axis, the Atlas is C one C one vertebrate. Uh The axis |
|
| 78:08 | the C two. And what can do with these two joints? Basically |
|
| 78:13 | you have is you have a bone sticks up and it goes into a |
|
| 78:16 | of another bone, right? And it kind of looks like this. |
|
| 78:21 | this ring doesn't allow the bone to much of anything. So it can't |
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| 78:27 | anything at all or can it, rotates? It's a pivot joint. |
|
| 78:36 | right. So it's kind of like hinge, right? But it's |
|
| 78:43 | it allows you to rotate along the axis of your body. All |
|
| 78:49 | So that would be a pivot unal one direction or one plane. |
|
| 78:55 | one point biaxial is a little bit to understand. We have two different |
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| 79:04 | of joints. We have a condyloid we have a saddle joint. All |
|
| 79:09 | . Now, if I cut my , like, so do I have |
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| 79:13 | perfectly round space or do I have an oval space? What do you |
|
| 79:19 | ? Round or oval, round or , oval? Ok. Look at |
|
| 79:26 | fist. Is it round or Oh, so let's say this is |
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| 79:32 | bone going into that cup that's Now, I can rotate this |
|
| 79:37 | I could rotate this way, So I can, I can rock |
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| 79:42 | and forth. But what can I do? I can't turn this |
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| 79:45 | can I? So what will happen I'll pop out of the joint, |
|
| 79:51 | ? So I allow movement in two planes. I can rock left and |
|
| 79:55 | . I can rock forward and That would be an example of a |
|
| 79:59 | joint. All right. The examples they use here is your radius. |
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| 80:06 | , we can go to the queen's . Look what I can do. |
|
| 80:09 | hold here, I gotta hold my , there's that movement, but I |
|
| 80:19 | twist myself out of this. If I tried to move the, |
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| 80:22 | radius, it would, it would , it would pop out. So |
|
| 80:25 | can't do that kind of movement, can go back and forth, it |
|
| 80:29 | go left and right, but it spin. That would be an example |
|
| 80:33 | condyloid. The saddle joint is very . The difference is is that the |
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| 80:37 | , the two bones that are, articulating, don't have a cup and |
|
| 80:42 | type of, of, of And notice here, I'm, I'm |
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| 80:46 | cup and ball and it's, I use that because there's something called a |
|
| 80:49 | and socket. But in the condo , I had something that was cup |
|
| 80:53 | and in the other side, the bone matched the shape of that |
|
| 80:57 | That cup right in the saddle Think of Pringles. Can you picture |
|
| 81:02 | pringle? All right. Pringles normally on each other but take one pringle |
|
| 81:08 | like a saddle, take the other and turn it upside down so that |
|
| 81:12 | saddle goes this way. All So it's like this. So I |
|
| 81:16 | move this direction. I can move direction, but I can't spin them |
|
| 81:22 | axial. Your thumb does that I can go back and forth, |
|
| 81:26 | can go this way, but I spin my thumb at all. Try |
|
| 81:31 | spin your thumb in a circle just . Even if I relax, I |
|
| 81:38 | do it. All right. That be the example of the saddle |
|
| 81:45 | The ball and socket is the easiest that when we think of joints is |
|
| 81:47 | we want to think about. These the most mobile joints in the |
|
| 81:50 | That means the bone, the head the bone, the one that's in |
|
| 81:53 | cup is perfectly round. The cup a round shape. The example that |
|
| 81:58 | using here is going to be the but your hip joint is that as |
|
| 82:05 | . But we have different degrees of , not degrees of freedom different uh |
|
| 82:10 | of motion in those two joints. let's look and see. What can |
|
| 82:14 | do with my shoulder joint? Can go up? Can I go |
|
| 82:20 | Can I spin around? What do swim? Do you swim? |
|
| 82:25 | Freestyle? Freestyle? Look at I have a lot of movement |
|
| 82:33 | Although it's just closer. This I could better fly backwards. |
|
| 82:40 | I got a lot of freedom. here ever dislocated their shoulders. |
|
| 82:47 | What do you, how do you it? Car accident? That's not |
|
| 82:51 | fun story. Fun stories are I playing rugby and then one of my |
|
| 82:57 | popped it back into place, Glenoid cavity is very, very |
|
| 83:02 | So you can pop out. It's a very stable joint which is why |
|
| 83:06 | have a lot of movement there. would be tri axle. So if |
|
| 83:10 | Triax, that would be Multiaxial because it's not just that I can go |
|
| 83:14 | way and that way and up and , I can twist as well. |
|
| 83:27 | . We have the temporomandibular joint, joint, the joints that we're looking |
|
| 83:32 | are naming the bones and what they're with. So Temporo Temple, |
|
| 83:38 | So it's the temporal bone and the . Anyone here ever suffer from T |
|
| 83:43 | J? This is what we're talking T M J. Temporal manal joint |
|
| 83:49 | . Basically, there's swelling or the doesn't open up or something's wrong with |
|
| 83:54 | , right? So what do we here, we have articulation between the |
|
| 83:59 | con. So here is the mandibular . That would be the point where |
|
| 84:04 | man goes up into the socket. can see over here we have in |
|
| 84:09 | bone, we have this little little , this little hole that's called the |
|
| 84:13 | FASA. OK. When you open jaw, what happens is is that |
|
| 84:19 | mandible while it falls down, what it does is it brings the |
|
| 84:25 | Ford onto the articular tubercle. So it falls forward, creates a |
|
| 84:32 | like action and this is the cool about the T M J the temporal |
|
| 84:38 | joint. So when you bite instead of having this a little tiny |
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| 84:42 | bitsy piece of bone to which is to resist the movement of the biting |
|
| 84:48 | . Instead. Now you have a piece of bone and when you bite |
|
| 84:52 | , the jaw doesn't slip back into hole, what it does is it |
|
| 84:56 | the jaw to slide sideways and allows to grind the material on which you're |
|
| 85:02 | . Think about someone chewing gum. example is think about a cow |
|
| 85:07 | What does a cow look like when chewing? You usually look for someone |
|
| 85:13 | gum in the classroom. You guys behaving today. I'm not gonna like |
|
| 85:19 | it out like that little old lady teach you in third grade, you |
|
| 85:22 | , but that's what it is slides it grinds material and as it |
|
| 85:28 | it pushes to one side and then slips back into the mandibular fossa. |
|
| 85:34 | is what is referred to as lateral . Next time you're chewing, think |
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| 85:38 | the movement. It's gonna be weird a second and then you're gonna stop |
|
| 85:41 | I don't wanna chew like a cow you chew like a cow because that's |
|
| 85:44 | it's built to do, right? temporal mandibular joint there is the first |
|
| 85:48 | . All right. So here we see the type of movement it allows |
|
| 85:53 | protraction. And then when you bite that tree traction, second one, |
|
| 85:58 | joint, the fancy word for the . So it's the glenoid cavity or |
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| 86:02 | glenoid region of the scapula plus the of the humerus. This is the |
|
| 86:07 | of ball and socket. Um the uh cavity is very, very |
|
| 86:13 | Um If I were to draw this . Um The easiest example I can |
|
| 86:19 | you of what it's like. It's a golf ball on a golf |
|
| 86:24 | golf ball, golf, not particularly is that if you ever put a |
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| 86:34 | ball on a golf tee, if walk away and breathe wrong, you |
|
| 86:38 | the golf ball off, you have go back and put it on |
|
| 86:40 | All right. That's sort of the third thing that's going here. |
|
| 86:43 | in order to reinforce this, what gonna do is we're gonna put a |
|
| 86:46 | bit of material on either side, the glenoid labrum, right? It's |
|
| 86:51 | some connective tissue that kind of creates stability. It creates more surface area |
|
| 86:57 | kind of stabilize the structure. we talked about stability and movement. |
|
| 87:03 | we have very little stability in this , but we have a lot of |
|
| 87:05 | and how do we reinforce this? , we have a bunch of |
|
| 87:08 | the ligaments are named for what they're to, right? So remember I |
|
| 87:12 | , there's a coro coid process. there's your process. This is the |
|
| 87:17 | . And so what you do is say, OK, I have a |
|
| 87:19 | that goes from the choroid to the . I have a ligament that goes |
|
| 87:22 | the coo across to the humerus. have a ligament that goes from the |
|
| 87:26 | cavity across over to the Humes and of these things, it's like wrapping |
|
| 87:31 | across the joint to make sure it's . All right. And then the |
|
| 87:36 | that surround the joint as well as tendons that go along with it help |
|
| 87:40 | stabilize it even further. So the your shoulders are mostly strong is because |
|
| 87:45 | the muscles and ligaments there. Not of the shape of the joint. |
|
| 87:50 | you had to have shoulder surgery Never good. Yeah, that's stabilizing |
|
| 87:58 | , right. So I had a who swam for Stanford, um swam |
|
| 88:03 | the, the big boys and the girls, right? Um He uh |
|
| 88:07 | fastest he ever got was his freshman . This is gonna matter to |
|
| 88:11 | The rest she could probably care He had to have shoulder surgery on |
|
| 88:15 | shoulders his freshman year and he never faster. Uh-huh. And, |
|
| 88:20 | he had two world records, from when he was much younger between |
|
| 88:24 | ages of eight and 12 or something that. But he swam with |
|
| 88:28 | I can't remember their names. But Phelps, he was with that group |
|
| 88:32 | people. Yeah. So, it was kind of sad. Then |
|
| 88:38 | became a triathlete, which is It was in and of itself. |
|
| 88:42 | was funny. So he, you , he was just, he, |
|
| 88:45 | a neat guy. He actually got phd in physics later. Um, |
|
| 88:48 | , and he married a girl who for, um, Notre Dame, |
|
| 88:51 | think they have fish for Children. don't know. Um, but the |
|
| 88:56 | thing about him is so he'd do triathlons, right? And you |
|
| 89:01 | the bike, he was really good swimming. He was obviously really |
|
| 89:04 | So he'd like, go through and and be the fastest out. Then |
|
| 89:07 | be, you know, cruise along the bike and then he ran like |
|
| 89:11 | funniest thing ever. I mean, was just like, and he ended |
|
| 89:14 | like 5th and 6th place because he run, save his life. Um |
|
| 89:19 | mentioning that there's lots of bursa there well. Elbow, there are three |
|
| 89:27 | in the elbow. All right, have the humoral owner joint, |
|
| 89:31 | Which is what we just looked right. That's the one that allows |
|
| 89:33 | to do this. We have the radial joint. All right. That |
|
| 89:38 | the capitulum, um uh articulating with radius and it supports this movement. |
|
| 89:45 | there's basically two bones that are but we also have a radial owner |
|
| 89:49 | . This actually just stabilizes, it as a pivot joint. And what |
|
| 89:53 | we need that pivot joint for so we can do stuff like this? |
|
| 89:58 | . That allows us to switch our around in position, right? We |
|
| 90:05 | get a lot of side to side in that joint. So it's, |
|
| 90:10 | can again the way that you do , you grab somebody up here and |
|
| 90:13 | say, OK, move this. I'll do this, it looks |
|
| 90:17 | yeah. Yeah. Oh yeah, on the radius move. But |
|
| 90:19 | that's actually my humors that's moving. actually the shoulder. So if you |
|
| 90:24 | hold this in the position and prevent from moving and try to do |
|
| 90:28 | you get very little side to moving in the, in the, |
|
| 90:31 | the radius. All right. And because of a series of ligaments called |
|
| 90:35 | collateral ligaments. There's one that's associated the radius, one that's associated with |
|
| 90:39 | ulna. So the collateral ligaments help prevent that side to side movement. |
|
| 90:43 | then we have an annular ligament that ligament allows us to do the pivot |
|
| 90:49 | . All right. So remember what did, we went from a supinated |
|
| 90:52 | to a pronated position. And the that happens is because this ligament wraps |
|
| 90:58 | and allows us to rotate along that right up there. So the annual |
|
| 91:04 | is around the neck of the radius surrounds the neck of the radius. |
|
| 91:07 | it goes around from the ulna around radius so that I can rotate the |
|
| 91:13 | along its long axis, hip a lot like the uh shoulder |
|
| 91:21 | It's a ball and socket. The is is that instead of being on |
|
| 91:26 | of a golf tee, we have much, much deeper socket. So |
|
| 91:31 | hip is actually fairly stabilized. And on top of that, we're gonna |
|
| 91:34 | an other uh lara as well. it's gonna make it even deeper. |
|
| 91:38 | you can kind of see here, is the bone and then here is |
|
| 91:43 | lam coming all the way around. that labor really kind of creates that |
|
| 91:48 | socket. So that's why you don't the same degrees of freedom. Some |
|
| 91:51 | you can take your leg and lift up to your ear, but most |
|
| 91:53 | can't do that. Ok. We very limited movement in our hips because |
|
| 92:00 | those structures. And then what we're do is we're gonna reinforce it and |
|
| 92:04 | it and reinforce it. So we a series of ligaments for example, |
|
| 92:08 | , just tells you where they are . So, between the ilium and |
|
| 92:11 | femur, the Ischo Feer between the and the femur pu femoral between the |
|
| 92:17 | and the femur. So what have done? I'm just taping, |
|
| 92:19 | taping the way you can think about . And then on top of |
|
| 92:23 | I got the muscles in my uh my back in my butt. I |
|
| 92:26 | muscles on my thighs, on both . And they cross over this and |
|
| 92:30 | reinforce the ligaments themselves. And it an incredible degree of stability in a |
|
| 92:38 | mobile joint. So there's lots of but it's very limited relative to the |
|
| 92:49 | . The last joint is the knee . The knee joint is a type |
|
| 92:57 | hinge joint, but it's a weird joint. Remember when we looked at |
|
| 93:02 | , when you look at the, not the head, but the distal |
|
| 93:06 | of the femur, we had two dials. We call that bi conor |
|
| 93:12 | there's two of them. All looks like my two knuckles, |
|
| 93:16 | And each of those con dials are of like that fist in that oval |
|
| 93:22 | , right? They allow two kinds movement. If you had one. |
|
| 93:25 | with condo, we had the cup then put that in there and I |
|
| 93:29 | rock back and forth this way or can rock back and forth this |
|
| 93:33 | But if I have two of those by side, sitting in two |
|
| 93:37 | the same shape that only allows movement one direction, back and forth. |
|
| 93:42 | can't rock one out and then rock other one out that way. That |
|
| 93:46 | create a, a great deal of . So the bicondylar structure creates a |
|
| 93:53 | hinge joint by the that structure that unique shape. That kind of |
|
| 93:59 | sense. Yes. No, you're like, just shut up. |
|
| 94:05 | , I really wanna go, I see the look on your face. |
|
| 94:07 | like, does he ever stop I do. And then I'm done |
|
| 94:10 | the day. A after this I don't talk at all people. |
|
| 94:14 | wife will. Hey, what's, did your day was? Um I'm |
|
| 94:19 | . All right. Does that make ? Because the bichon hinge joint is |
|
| 94:24 | weird structure. All right. So a condo right there and you can |
|
| 94:29 | where it sits, right? This one structure, there is one structure |
|
| 94:34 | . You've heard of the Nikes of Knee, right? Have you ever |
|
| 94:36 | someone who's ripped their meniscus, their meniscus had to get surgery. |
|
| 94:42 | just a bunch of connective tissue to that joint structure so that you have |
|
| 94:46 | cup. So the condal can then back and forth. Now, there |
|
| 94:50 | three joints in here. We have tibiofemoral joints. One is the other |
|
| 94:55 | is a con, right? So what we think about. But there's |
|
| 94:59 | the patella femoral joint, right? patella sits in front and its job |
|
| 95:05 | to protect the front side of this . If you've ever banged your |
|
| 95:11 | you're grateful that you have a right? So we have these two |
|
| 95:17 | , keys, two C shaped Now, here it is a synovial |
|
| 95:24 | . So it has an articular but it's an incomplete capsule. So |
|
| 95:28 | only on the media of the On the posterior side. The anterior |
|
| 95:32 | has tendons, right? So the is the front. So it has |
|
| 95:37 | that basically protect the front side where patella is going to be located. |
|
| 95:41 | then what we're gonna do is we're take muscles across that. That's gonna |
|
| 95:44 | reinforcing that structure and it limits the because of the presence of those tendons |
|
| 95:50 | well as ligaments that are actually All right. So again, take |
|
| 95:55 | knee, for example, I'm gonna up off my foot. So I'm |
|
| 95:58 | my foot's up off the ground. how much movement do I have on |
|
| 96:02 | knee? I can go this right? Can I go forward with |
|
| 96:05 | knee? No, there's no, can't hyperextend it except under great |
|
| 96:13 | right? Anyone ever hyper extended your ? Yeah, it's not fun. |
|
| 96:18 | done it multiple times. I can you if you can avoid it. |
|
| 96:21 | you can go with that your entire without hyper extending your knee, please |
|
| 96:24 | . So, I've hyper flexed. knee. That was the worst. |
|
| 96:29 | tell that story later. All But the other thing you can't do |
|
| 96:33 | the knee is you can't go There's no lateral movement in the |
|
| 96:38 | Right? I can't, I can't lateral flexion there. Right. But |
|
| 96:46 | interesting is when I loosen those All right. I'm gonna have to |
|
| 96:51 | it this way. So I don't my ass. All right, |
|
| 96:55 | Have you ever been kissed? Look what happens when I go like |
|
| 97:03 | . I get a little bit more in my knee, don't I, |
|
| 97:06 | there's still a little bit of rotation here if we even held this. |
|
| 97:09 | you'd see when I loosen the I get greater flexibility, greater, |
|
| 97:14 | movement. All right. So the ligaments are, are just an |
|
| 97:20 | . It's just demonstrating, you know important the ligament ligaments are, but |
|
| 97:24 | not as important as the muscles. , what ligaments do we have? |
|
| 97:27 | have one that's associated with the whereas the fibula, it's on the |
|
| 97:30 | side. So basically, it prevents abduction. So it's hyper abduction that's |
|
| 97:36 | your knee and pulling it out this . You don't want that to |
|
| 97:40 | right? You have a collateral ligament the other side, that's a |
|
| 97:43 | that's gonna create hyper abduction the other medial, your knee doesn't want to |
|
| 97:48 | that direction. So basically, you're things so that your knee basically does |
|
| 97:53 | movement. Here's ligaments that you're familiar . Have you heard of the cruciate |
|
| 98:00 | ? The AC L, right? watch enough sports, you hear, |
|
| 98:04 | , that person just tore their AC . Well, the cruciate ligaments, |
|
| 98:09 | the anterior and the posterior one, called the cruciate ligaments because these are |
|
| 98:15 | . So here's the anterior, there's posterior. What did they do? |
|
| 98:21 | cross each other? Hence the name . They create a cross one prevents |
|
| 98:29 | . So when you see that person and land and then their leg goes |
|
| 98:34 | , they extend the wrong way. when they create too much force and |
|
| 98:38 | tear the AC L. The AC is there to prevent hyperextension. The |
|
| 98:43 | L is there to prevent hyper flexion taking your foot. So this is |
|
| 98:49 | , right? And if I take foot and move it into my |
|
| 98:53 | that would be hyper flexion. So was on the uh river with |
|
| 99:01 | not my wife at the time. was my girlfriend at the time with |
|
| 99:04 | family and I went over a mini of about three or four ft. |
|
| 99:08 | foot got stuck on the rock and hyper flexed and I heard the sound |
|
| 99:14 | my knee and I got up and did what every man does when they |
|
| 99:19 | themselves in front of their girlfriend. you? OK. Yeah. |
|
| 99:22 | I'm good. I just need to it off and I did and she |
|
| 99:31 | married me because I'm tough. Then have the patella ligament patella ligaments |
|
| 99:37 | It basically holds the patella um in for the tibia or with the tibia |
|
| 99:43 | those are the tendons of the Ok. So this is how we |
|
| 99:48 | the knee in place. Yeah, what I mean. Go. |
|
| 99:54 | So that, so again, that to do with probably the, |
|
| 99:57 | the, the looseness of the So, so as a swimmer, |
|
| 100:01 | you have the, the, the ankle arms? Like if you put |
|
| 100:06 | arms out here like that. So you're, you're about 100 and 80 |
|
| 100:12 | . The fastest swimmers I've ever known the ones who can go beyond 100 |
|
| 100:15 | 80 degrees, right? They go like 100 and 90 degrees. You |
|
| 100:19 | , the people I'm talking about, ? They stand like this and their |
|
| 100:21 | kind of go downward. Yeah, that means they got greater degrees of |
|
| 100:25 | for the paddle because that's what your is of the paddle, right? |
|
| 100:29 | a motor, but it's a right? So the reason that they |
|
| 100:33 | do that is because they have looser . So the joint actually hyper extended |
|
| 100:39 | its normal point. And that's what saying. When you look at their |
|
| 100:41 | , you know, you see that , they have that kind of that |
|
| 100:44 | bow. It's just a hyperextended knee , you know, it's, it's |
|
| 100:49 | , it's all the, it's like , all the ligaments around the knee |
|
| 100:51 | kind of looser in general, but that if you look at them, |
|
| 100:55 | just not their legs, it's their , their fingers, those weird |
|
| 101:01 | that kind of do the whole stuff that. So it's, it's a |
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| 101:06 | , uh, uh, ligament structure their body. Administration. That's |
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| 101:17 | That's crazy. Not surprising. but it's crazy. Yeah. All |
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| 101:27 | . Let's see what time, how time we got here. I wanna |
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| 101:30 | if this makes sense to even talking it. Um I'm gonna leave it |
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| 101:45 | you guys. We got seven minutes the end of class. I can |
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| 101:49 | this or I can just leave it for tomorrow and tomorrow. Make it |
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| 101:55 | . What do you think? You wanna do it tomorrow? |
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| 102:02 | We'll stop here today. I'll just this on tomorrow because everything that we |
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| 102:06 | to, everything that's gonna be on test is the lecture that's already designed |
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| 102:11 | tomorrow. Plus those seven or eight . So there you go. Those |
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| 102:15 | the joints. Those are the they're pretty straightforward. Um Yeah. |
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| 102:21 | you have any questions? I'm The lab will show you the bones |
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| 102:25 | lot better than what we just So you guys who's taking the |
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| 102:30 | Are you having fun? Is is it interesting? Same thing? |
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| 102:35 | here. I'm gonna give you a . It's good that it's the same |
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| 102:39 | because that means you're gonna walk out out of the summer knowing this |
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| 102:43 | All right. That's, yeah, versa. Yeah. In theory we |
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| 102:48 | in close sync. Yeah. What see the only thing that I've said |
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| 102:56 | the slide, that's all that you to know. Uh, no, |
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| 103:02 | . So I'm not gonna go, not gonna go through these pictures and |
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| 103:05 | to exclude the things that I don't are interesting. That's way too much |
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| 103:10 | because the truthfully they don't give I think I can get some of |
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| 103:13 | pictures without the writing on them. normally what I have to do is |
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| 103:16 | have to go in there and, , and that is such a |
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| 103:21 | What's |
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