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GEOL 6390 3D Seismic Exploration - Day6 11-11-23 PM
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00:00 This meeting is being recorded. So what kind of questions do we
00:05 out there? Remote? I going that? He nobody or maybe if
00:15 look at the camera directly, they'll a picture. Ok, everything is
00:22 . All right. So the, , I sent everybody an email,
00:28 , right before lunch and, now three, maybe four of you
00:34 finished the labs. That's great. , and I thought originally you would
00:43 another class starting like a week from . But, but you don't,
00:48 , this is it for the right? Ok. So,
00:52 therefore I was afraid that no, don't want two classes at the same
00:59 . So it's ok to get me lab the Monday after Thanksgiving, that'll
01:05 fine. And if you're finished with now, that's, that's great
01:08 Ok. So, uh, just your time, do it right?
01:14 you're satisfied with it. And, , so thanks to you Kai for
01:19 that. Um, so the next I got two more topics I want
01:24 cover. This is another long this, uh, fairly long and
01:28 one after this will be, shorter and, uh, hazards geo
01:37 . So here we're gonna talk about attributes of carbon, uh, deposition
01:42 and, um, I'm gonna see I can use this fancy board.
01:47 , and the problem is I didn't spaghetti with my hands or anything,
01:51 I won't leave things on it. see how it works. Oh,
01:59 gotta be on the right hand you think? Oh, ok.
02:08 gonna sit down, we'll do that time. The next professor.
02:14 So we thought we had it. , um, carbonate. So many
02:22 you recognize this picture. Ok. that picture is from the Lamar Plumbing
02:30 where we started out this semester. a here was the, you look
02:38 this picture. This was, I the new science building, but we
02:44 SNR one that we're in here That's an R two. And what's
02:49 new science building new to me? now like 2007, 2008.
02:55 it's the one towards Cohen Road from . They cleaned it up but three
03:02 ago, this is what it looked . See how, how weathered and
03:05 it is. It's pretty ugly. , uh, the, the Fleming
03:11 all these beautiful, uh, uh, buggy porosity in it.
03:18 then the, uh, the newer just doesn't have the Georgetown formation.
03:23 has another kind of limestone in there it's full of, uh, mold
03:27 the time. I took the Ok. So what we wanna do
03:32 build basin specific workflows to identify reefs other carbonate build ups using seismic
03:41 Uh We wanna be able to recognize and other digenetic features, recognize
03:47 lobes and shoals and uh correlate cars other collapsed stations to underlying structure.
03:58 . Attributes to useful in mapping a uh environment of deposition. Our coherence
04:07 , amplitude curvature texture spectral component, lot, a lot of useful.
04:14 let's look at carbonate reefs, an picture from 1978 and um the
04:22 So here is deep water out in . Then here is your barrier
04:30 OK. So think of the barrier , uh Great Barrier Reef in
04:36 And then inside to that, we're have some pinnacle reef building up here
04:42 be the shelf margin of the continent then or of an island, it
04:48 be the shelf margin of an island in the Caribbean. And then you
04:53 have an a fall in the middle some factors in it. But you'll
04:57 that these briefs are, this picture built on the structure. So here
05:04 a cartoon from Bob and Hare did in 1978 of what the carbonate might
05:12 like on uh A two D vertical of Seismic David. Now you notice
05:19 carbonate build ups, there's very little inside because what happens the animals grow
05:25 top of each other. They're not layer, but they're rather growing on
05:31 other, but they're not good reflectors within the carbonate. I mean,
05:38 you, sometimes you might see a between so the might and, and
05:45 and sometimes you see a difference between and limestone. But within the build
05:51 , you typically don't see any So here's a carbonate brief.
05:56 structural high sediments were way down flat, flat. The carbonate does
06:03 compact, it's structurally very rigid. you have differential compaction about it.
06:10 one of the indicators of having carbonate up differential compaction. Uh Here's another
06:19 . And it's here, the the are filling in around the carbonate,
06:27 up a little bit of differential More of the same, I'm more
06:34 the same common for a carbonate to grow on a shelf edge or
06:43 a structural high. So here's a edge, there's a structural high grown
06:48 top of the ground and throwing on of a volcano on top of the
06:53 mountain three top. OK. and another indicator in this example,
07:02 carbonate is fast. I have sands jails going around it. I have
07:08 pull up in this example. I've carbonate fast carbonate in here, but
07:16 surrounded by even faster still and hydrate a velocity pushed down. Now,
07:23 a particular basin, you're gonna have same part, you know, an
07:27 , gonna fill the whole basin. everything might look like a push down
07:30 certain parts of the Perming basin, poison. It'll be a pull
07:35 Ok. No. So Zach said not your structural geologist. I'm not
07:45 Strat that leaves. I'm your carbonate . So, Zach, what do
07:54 need for carbonate to grow? Just me one of the things. Just
08:07 you what I'm gonna go to I like Maine. It's real
08:11 Um, I wanna look for, wanna go snorkeling around. Am I
08:14 find an apartment? Ok. So do you need? What's wrong with
08:25 ? Who cold? We need warm ? Ok. So you're gonna need
08:29 water. Good. You did. , hey, my next carbonate
08:33 What's the next thing you need? . Nutrients. Ok. We need
08:43 circulation. That's, that's good. . Good circulation nutrients. Ok?
08:52 party pregnant. Great wins. That will push, that will push
08:59 wind. Ok? That sounds You too. I'm not gonna,
09:03 don't think it'll help push nutrients All right. Sun wise. So
09:12 water and sunlight, right? That they're gonna grow shallow. They're not
09:18 grow in the deep, deep Ok? They're gonna grow within maybe
09:27 m deep but usually like 5 m . Ok? I mean pretty
09:33 So they need this, they need water, they need sunlight or the
09:39 . You need clean water. So means like you go down to
09:46 how far can you walk into the until you can't see your feet.
09:53 far. Ok. So, do have, do we have carbonates
09:57 Offshore Galveston? Oh, water's too . So, you got the Gulf
10:04 Mexico coming down and the currents are ? Ok. Florida's got a lot
10:09 carbonate but the currents are going So, offshore Louisiana, I can
10:18 , I can't see my feet if up to my ankle and down in
10:23 , like maybe my knees, you down to Matagorda Island or maybe halfway
10:29 my leg. Then you go down uh Padre Island, South Padre
10:36 Hey, I might be up to waist and see my feet. Then
10:40 get to the Yucatan, I can 1020 m since the water,
10:45 That's because all that sediment from the river dirty to water up and the
10:53 can qui so you have to go 100 and 50 miles offshore to get
10:57 water. And that's the furthest north in the plant. That's a garden
11:04 . Ok. Same thing happens with the Amazon river. So near the
11:12 , it's tropical. It's plenty There's a lot of nutrients, water's
11:16 dirty. There's no carbonate near the . There's no carbonates near the
11:20 You have to go quite a ways . So the water clears up.
11:25 . So those are part of it the uh hang on. It's an
11:32 . Why do they want sunlight? ? But it's an animal?
11:44 What about the L can you eat ? Do they eat it or is
11:51 more complicated than that? Ok. you guys are too young to have
11:58 saltwater fish tank? Why? Really ? And you have to be
12:06 really good at hemisphere, right? salt water fish print freshwater fish
12:13 you probably had freshwater fish tank, ? Maybe had one as a
12:16 Goldfish or something like that. You down, you put, put a
12:21 piece of petrified wood in it or nice uh piece of sandstone you find
12:27 put it in there. Everybody's It looks great to do that to
12:32 saltwater tank. The quart dissolve in water because the salt water is gonna
12:41 a ph of about 8.4. All . And freshwater, you got angel
12:47 , maybe six seven max. So the course is out kills your
12:55 if you go to the beach and a nice piece of broken carbonate cheese
13:00 , put it in your fresh water , acidic water is a calcium that
13:05 your fish. So there's lots of of killing fish. Ok. And
13:11 so I've got a saltwater tank Gotten better at chemistry, but you
13:18 , your $50 fish, I've gone a lot of $50 fish. You
13:23 the hard way and the corals have you may have learned in biology a
13:32 time ago, something called Zoey and A. So, in evolution in
13:37 past like 506 100 million years Somehow CLJ is inside the coral and
13:53 of the carbonate builder stealth. what hes if you're gonna have a
13:59 reef is the light heats the algae , producing sugars and carbohydrates which then
14:10 animal eats excretes, ammonium and other products which are now nutrients for the
14:18 goes, the symbiotic uh, which is pretty darn interesting too.
14:25 that's why you need the life. . OK. Here's an example of
14:31 Pinnacle Reef from Alberta. And you , I OK. The first thing
14:41 see, I see differential compaction See a structural high. Here's the
14:46 Reef and there's really nothing really here , to pick. I got a
14:50 bit of velocity pull up and I some differential compa here is the
14:56 So here are many of these different the colonies and they're growing together or
15:06 like what they do to my When I have palate cavities, they
15:09 amalgamated metal one filling on top of other and then in front of
15:16 this is the windward side. So waves are crashing across the carbonate in
15:21 big storm and it's gonna break pieces . These are sliding down in the
15:26 side and then on the wey then these guys get watched out
15:32 that's it carbonate is building up and shall we see the main carbonate body
15:39 here, the uh te alo, steep one and a gentle one coming
15:45 . And here's the Tinder uh made pictures some time ago. And here
15:50 at the top of the Pinnacle Reef then going progressively deeper and deeper.
15:56 you see the tower slope coming out you go deeper and deeper. So
16:00 thing is about the size and the of the Empire State Building in New
16:05 City and then you will hold How can that thing stand in the
16:11 ? Why doesn't it get? Not ? Oh, no. What
16:14 The basin is subsiding. The carbonate to the top where the shallow water
16:22 as it can get, the sediments going around. It basin continues to
16:27 . Carbonate grows up. Basin subsides grows up. So the carbonate power
16:34 pinnacles re is not exposed as a ever. It's just growing up.
16:42 happens if the sea level drops, your carbonate is exposed. Rainwater comes
16:51 . It starts to dissolve the calcium and change it into dole night has
17:00 15% ferocity now. Or uh it actually form big bugs. Ok?
17:07 , or caves here. So it and it alters if the sea level
17:13 too fast, the basin sub sinks quickly, then they say the carbonate
17:19 and it stopped the girl and it died. It was just too
17:25 Ok? Another basin up in Alberta just time choices, every two milliseconds
17:32 03 or four little carbonate reefs filled methane. And there's sort of like
17:39 upside down pool fill to the And this is kind of what they
17:47 like. I mean, you not too much on the side
17:51 what it looks like on seismic amplitude here's what it looks like on
17:56 So the coherence um images them quite . There's one from Southeast Asia,
18:04 Indonesia actually uh pretty shallow. So causes imaging problems down deeper. Uh
18:11 are the top of a big amalgamated block, little bitty ones up
18:19 This guy here, this is actually same horizon. So what we have
18:24 very strong velocity form. OK. , and how Joe he talked about
18:32 pull up with Salton, correct? how we talk about, oh you
18:43 a class, did he talk about pull ups and soult films?
18:49 So salt is fast, right? I have time migrated data, the
18:55 way travel time below salt. So gonna be much faster and on the
19:04 of the salt. So what you is flat horizon and then the salt
19:11 is above it, it gets pulled and may unfocused as well.
19:16 So that's one of the artifacts you with time migrated data. So he
19:23 showed you depth versus time migrated data salt. No, he did.
19:29 . Anyhow, but you haven't. . Everybody has taken that class.
19:33 you're gonna have velocity pull up from . You're gonna have velocity pull up
19:37 carbonates and uh you'll have velocity pushed from maybe a channel that's inside and
19:46 with soft mud. So you have effects depth migration with the correct
19:52 Takes care of all that. Uh Let me take a break.
19:58 gonna, let me write that have a pencil and uh oh,
20:16 know. Can I borrow your Eigen ? I'm gonna write myself in
20:30 Great. Thank you. All Thank you. I'll, I'll pick
20:43 up when we take a break or I stop talking, I put it
20:47 way. OK. So I can at the NY, here's the NY
20:55 , there's a crossline dip. Heres asthma, you skip magnitude. My
21:01 bar disappeared. That's OK. There's coherence image on the coherence. You
21:06 say, oh look at these little little guy growing, another guy is
21:10 another guy, another guy and they're sticking together. They're amalgamating. I
21:16 some folks. OK. Here's the of those attributes put together and amplitude
21:25 , horizontal, amplitude, radial. sorry. This is in line,
21:33 . So I find it great. . And then in line get a
21:38 deeper, cross line dip a little . So, so just different images
21:44 be uh animals and they're down here I need to fix that picture
21:51 So here's a pen OK. 14 get my, my marker. So
22:00 is gonna be around here. I'll that different ways of looking at to
22:05 . Uh Now I'm down here. . No. So the velocity in
22:13 structure to what I have with let's just think in two dimensions in
22:24 middle, I have my fast carbonate let's say it's 500 m thick on
22:30 side, left and right. I lower sands and shales. OK?
22:39 as my size and profile goes along the carbonate, I got a flat
22:44 , flat, flat, flat. what I see is what then above
22:53 carbonate, my two way travel time less. It becomes structurally high in
22:59 and then it becomes flat again. it's flat, jumps up, it's
23:03 , jumps down and it's flat That makes sense. It's not.
23:19 , it's just carbonate in the So, so if you look at
23:25 picture, let's see if I have . I have my velocity pool of
23:32 . Awesome. Um Let's look at picture. So this is uh
23:41 Here is my carbonate the top of carbonate. OK. Here,
23:47 here and then this reflector is the of the carbonate layer. But now
23:58 how it's structurally high. That's because have a fast carbonate here. Um
24:07 200 milliseconds thick and here it's about milliseconds thick. So we have to
24:14 a number to it. Let So 200 milliseconds times 5000. Uh
24:25 do 5 m per millisecond. That's good. We carbonate velocity and
24:31 10,000, ok? 1000 m at , but that's two way travel
24:42 So I have to break it in . So my carbonate here is 500
24:48 thick and here it's 250 m. you. So what happens if I
24:55 at this location? I got a of slow material. 5 250 m
25:03 fast material and then slow again A little bit of slow material,
25:10 m of fast and then slow. then to figure out what the time
25:14 , I have to say time is to thickness divided by the velocity with
25:18 player. And because the velocity is over the carbonate, the two way
25:25 time is shorter. Oh And did take Hui's class? Yeah. So
25:32 highway's class, when we talked about migration, I actually put the velocities
25:37 there. So the seismic imaging is put it in the right spot.
25:41 most of our data that you work are most of the data I work
25:47 are time migrated if you're gonna work a big company. So like like
25:51 C in the back end, they're gonna use to macaroni stick offshore
26:01 They first of all, the structures more complicated, they have less well
26:08 and we drill a hole in the in a well might be to drill
26:16 complete maybe five minutes ago to drill maybe 1 to 2 minutes. They
26:21 this down to a science. So too bad to drill a well offshore
26:27 water. Guiana, you're talking 500 , maybe 750 maybe a billion.
26:33 . We've got this big platform, drill of drilling operations. We're gonna
26:38 depth migration for them. Ok. spend the extra $2 million to get
26:43 , right. So justify that in barn, flat, flat,
26:49 I kind of know how deep everything . Yeah, the seismic data will
26:53 me image maybe some hazards, some falls, but those faults aren't gonna
26:57 offsets of hundreds of meters, kind offsets of about 20 m. So
27:01 wanna know where they are but I need them. So most land data
27:07 time migrated. And part of that because we have a lot more well
27:12 Permian basin. You're seeing more and depth migration data in the Permian,
27:16 Permian's got a lot of salt in . So it gets complicated.
27:23 The surveys from core or 3D, all time migrating. OK. Here's
27:29 from Saskatchewan. So uh they are reeds and I think they're sour in
27:35 so one thing you're gonna have with kind of fun. We have different
27:44 builders and uh kind of a weasel instead of reef. You might call
27:50 a bio herm. So it's like mound and So a bio herm is
28:02 a pile that's biologically. So let's the Proto Atlanta Ocean offshore Brazil.
28:17 is hyper sailing, meaning too salty most animals to live and all we
28:27 is blue now. Ok. Then kind of pattern we get is something
28:35 Derma. And you might, you stromatolites in the museum, there's probably
28:40 stromatolites in the hall here at some . So it's gonna be, they're
28:47 mats of blue green algae with clay between. Those are the carbonate build
28:52 they're producing in Brazil. Also, , they're doing great and why,
28:58 do they have Formato whites? Because Atlantic Ocean was hypersaline because it was
29:05 level of the, the closed Atlantic was evaporating and that's what you
29:12 So on top of the stroma like you have, you have salt.
29:15 they got an image beneath the salt then see their, their carbonate oh
29:24 shale environments. And in pre Cambrian before we had multi celled animals,
29:32 got Sperma lights. Then in this win Pagosa period. And I I'd
29:43 to look to see what kind of is building. I can tell you
29:46 that mayo scene. And today the reef builders are Co Devonian, the
29:54 reef builders are crinoids. Um El , a lot of sponges. If
30:01 walk up, copy counters, we sponges as you go up. Uh
30:06 then um contagious, it's mostly oysters . So the big, the big
30:17 play on the central base platform in Arabia, UAE, Iraq,
30:26 There are oyster because you need stuff the oysters are like, but the
30:34 are oysters on steroids. You can them at them using them here in
30:38 . They're like 3 4 ft long they're all twisted and curly. And
30:45 my friend Charlotte Sullivan who used to carbonate here, she said they are
30:51 trailer track of the, of the . So trailer trash, you
30:58 you know, throw garbage out your and it piles up. So the
31:03 , they kind of grow and they and they pile up. They're not
31:06 like growing nicely on each other. more like just tumbled on top of
31:11 other like trailer trash. So so each one's got its own particular
31:18 on seismic data. This is what Winnipeg Reef looks like in um in
31:25 Bakken area. Ok. So below you are and into Manitoba and
31:33 So here they are. Ok. pretty easy to see on vertical
31:37 And then the guy at the talisman given me this thing. They
31:41 OK, well, what can attributes ? And you can see the edges
31:44 these guys. They're still here and see the edges. I see little
31:48 ones building out here. Oh, can look at tuning frequencies. I
31:55 , hey, I, I know the rings are I can map
31:58 I wanna know which part. So I which part is Einstein? And
32:06 can't tell that from geometric attributes, , attributes. All the stuff you've
32:10 working on here to tell dolemite from . We gotta do anti inversion and
32:17 conversion. It means we need to some a little bit of well data
32:21 tell what the way it is and what's the background voc that our
32:30 Yeah, I can do that. to differentiate dolomite from limestone you need
32:40 do in pe in version. Um More Devonian pinnacle, reeds
32:47 Willis in basin and structure. Mas curvature, bigger grid, longer,
32:53 wavelengths. And uh so Bruce Har able to match. So and here's
33:01 AOL in central Texas. So we're here where my analysis, there's central
33:07 with the northern side of the midland and it's an as right and I
33:14 I'll show you some data from dining to. And here's um in eastern
33:23 going into the mid of the here's a horseshoe, a growing this
33:28 and they're down. OK. Part of what happens in Oceanic Island.
33:36 let's say Hawaii as the volcano, they on who are? I'm waving
33:47 arms. I think me push this . Thank you for your time.
33:57 . So we had an active volcano all this rock is piled on the
34:04 four. The C four is like one of these rubber track, you
34:13 , running track, a modern rubber track. So you put a little
34:18 in and then as you move, slowly comes back up again.
34:23 So we have ISOS toy. So there's a weight on it that the
34:28 starts to sink, sink. So you look at the different Hawaiian
34:35 the biggest one is the island of and that's the most recent one in
34:40 is still erupting today. Then you to Maui got a big volcano on
34:49 . A big national park on A little smaller uh in height.
34:54 , I think it's a bigger volcano Hawaii, but anyhow, a little
34:58 in height and then the next one Oahu. Uh and then why?
35:08 then you know, some of the ones and then as you go further
35:11 further west, what you see are with a ring of carbonates around them
35:19 those carbonates warm and at top. . So that's what's happening. The
35:26 are growing and they just try to up with sea level as the center
35:31 disappears. Oh, here's a, cartoon of what happened in Horseshoe
35:39 I've got a bunch of reefs coalescing here I can see some of these
35:45 like right here, I see three them on seismic uh un coherent.
35:49 see a bunch of others over here then as I come up uh
35:55 they coalesce Jowers still got more of and, and that's, that's kind
36:03 the pattern you see. So they growing on each other. So here's
36:07 top of the reef and yellow on picture on seismic data. We'll come
36:13 to this part of the data Does it also carbonate. And here's
36:18 pinnacle reef at 950 milliseconds, 940 , 30 9, 2910. And
36:31 we lose it. Ok. So can see we can map that Pinnacle
36:35 on different uh time solutions. And is what it looks like on the
36:42 data. Here's another one amalgamated over , there's a Pinnacle Reef. And
36:50 I can take, remember I talked the shape index and I could to
36:55 look at just what's the bowl and shapes. Then I'm gonna visualize them
37:02 uh a box probe and pare. here are those bowl and red shapes
37:08 uh like a 200 millisecond window. that one pinnacle reef I just pointed
37:14 shows up and I can make it by itself figure out how many acre
37:19 is in it. Each one I , you can do all kinds of
37:24 with the with GEO bodies. You say, hey, I only want
37:28 look at GEO bodies that have a that is greater than, you
37:35 50 million barrels of oil possibility, kind of thing. You don't want
37:40 look at the little So this uh the company that gave us the
37:47 parallel petroleum company. Hey, they've growing here since 1940. OK.
37:54 is all over the place. This central Texas. They found one with
37:58 barrels a day right next to this one that had a well in
38:03 but they had different oil water contacts each one. It means those two
38:07 reefs weren't connected uh permeability one to other. All the infrastructure is
38:14 All the pipelines are there. This money in the bank. They were
38:17 happy. Here is the cyano bacteria from hypersaline environment. Shark bay.
38:26 a good place to go swimming low . This is what a stromatolites.
38:32 ? So they, they call them mats and in the ancient uh rock
38:38 in pre came here and this was main carbonate build. Here's an example
38:45 uh Brazil. The big play in Brazil is was 20 years ago of
38:55 , but their carbonates are all And here's the porosity in the,
39:01 the stromatolites. Let's see here. got one centimeter here, right?
39:06 gives you an idea how, what actually, that's quite a bit of
39:09 when you look at half a centimeter . Is that bugs? Yeah,
39:18 are bugs. Yeah. A lot buggy porosity. OK? Here's a
39:27 this is a Libra field in Um And uh so up here this
39:36 all salt. No, this is . I'm sorry, here is salt
39:41 here. Here. Big salt don't to the side. And then this
39:47 salt here. Probably all salt. lot of salt in here where you
39:52 see reflectors at the salt. And here is their Sperma, that's what
39:57 trying to drill. And so, Libra Field again, all salt up
40:09 here. I don't know why they these reflections in the salt. It
40:17 be multiple. I don't know they that in as if it salt.
40:24 And then there's the basement in orange they're producing out of these uh
40:36 And this is, in this they're showing oil water contact. So
40:41 salt forms the up dip, you , and these data are depth
40:47 Otherwise this thick salt would contoured everything lot. OK. So in terms
40:56 reefs and bio herms, depending on the surrounding rock is slow, like
41:00 shale or fast and then hydrate carbonate may have a wide variety of shape
41:05 look like a dome can look like ball. These shapes tend to be
41:09 within a given formation. Uh geometric spectral attributes, eliminate delineate carbonate,
41:17 up ideally compartments that they do not without say limestone versus forest Stolle.
41:25 the most important question. Carbon there need to do and the kind of
41:30 Fred Hilton and will talk about uh build ups can be easily confused with
41:36 build up to avoid this pitfall. interpreter needs to look for other clues
41:41 put the geometric pattern in a So context might be um car stain
41:51 say, oh yeah, this consistent the carbonate if I see nearby igneous
41:58 um means I'm in a volcanic in . OK. So the next thing
42:05 um look at architectural elements of the depositional system. Here's this air view
42:15 the Bahamas and looking at carbonate sands shows, OK. So Andros Island
42:26 in the Bahama Islands and then this all everything that's blue is underwater and
42:35 things are a little bitty green and . Those are are rocks sticking out
42:40 you see it, it's got all of sediment waves, these guys have
42:44 worked. So this is all showing of material. OK? An example
42:52 a fellow uh Luis Masao when he with shell working in United Arab
42:58 here is some data before structure or here is after. Uh and you
43:05 see now he can map these on lapping, showing these faces. That's
43:13 he was interested in. And then map the pro gradations, what he
43:22 and what you can do in patrol they don't have a reflector convergence
43:27 Uh You can pick a horizon flatten it and then calculate the depth of
43:36 events above it. So you can , oh well, they're pinching
43:40 OK. So then you can see pinch out of the shower. So
43:46 is his structural dip after flat names and after structure on the go
43:56 And then he's claiming that he can the showing patterns in the data.
44:03 another one from uh the Permian basin West Texas. Um Looking at the
44:09 platform. Here's the base, here's top. So showing urban sand.
44:21 anybody been to a carbonate beach? , Cartagena might be carbonate beach.
44:31 ? Is that carbon? No Ok. No. Ok. So
44:42 beach. So you go to the Peninsula. Good place. Go to
44:48 Peninsula. Beautiful white sand, lay on the beach. 9% that sand
44:58 gone through the butt of some Ok. So it's all been
45:03 excreted, formed a little ploy and what forms the shoals. Ok.
45:08 what forms the shoals. What makes stick together? Went through the butt
45:11 the animal. Um And they get , et cetera in certain locations as
45:21 tide or the wave action moves in out, in and out. More
45:27 in a gentle beach area. Then start to a creed. Uh am
45:39 queen more and more carbonate on that nucleus and you form little eggs shaped
45:48 and we'll call that carbonate. So there's an, I mean egg
45:55 . So that's, that's common and , that's what we have here.
45:59 . In, in West Texas. we can map them, they're
46:06 great way. One thing nice about carbonate be if you can go and
46:14 out your car after you've got all of carbonate sand in there and it
46:19 hurt your vacuum cleaner. Uh, did that once down in Florida Panhandle
46:26 , oh, beautiful white. Gotta carbonate sand because think Florida is
46:31 No, not that part of not that part of Florida. That's
46:34 courts. Uh, it, it ate my vacuum cleaner up like in
46:39 hour. And that was it. had to get a new vacuum
46:43 OK. So on this picture, lot of whales and uh we got
46:48 coherence image and one of the first image, one of the first respective
46:53 is we can map the gel we can see the some of the
46:58 faces, you know, like the and stuff on the beach and uh
47:05 maybe some basement ball thing coming in well, right? We can map
47:12 . Here's some in the compost basin Brazil. He used this attribute called
47:18 , which is the ratio of envelope the square root of frequency. And
47:24 got this kind of pattern and he's some spectral components with uh he's using
47:35 green blue blending, but he's done else which uh I won't go
47:41 But there's a technique called principal components you may have heard. And then
47:47 another version of it called independent components . So it's a way of breaking
47:52 spectrum into more meaningful parts. But here he's got this pattern and
48:02 we got some well controlled. So a, well, and there's
48:05 well, what these guys are. , uh, he's got pack stone
48:14 stone brains. Uh, and Zack all talks to him because he's our
48:23 guy, right? And to me looks like concrete, broken concrete,
48:31 concrete, you know, looks like . But the carbonate spaces is a
48:39 more challenging. At least it is me when you look at a
48:42 OK? Is that a grains stone a wacky stone? And or so
48:48 I recall the, the grain the grains are actually in contact with
48:52 other and the wacky stone, the are not really touching each other.
49:01 in a finer matrix. OK? all of this uh that tells you
49:06 about the depositional environment. So here got using well control and then he's
49:13 seismic attributes to say, oh, got this kind of uh patch and
49:18 kind of patch and breaking them up way. He's also got analogs.
49:24 He's using the, if you look , if you were to look at
49:26 paper, uh he's also got analog Bahamas. OK. Here's some spur
49:34 groove features. This is on my list someplace I'd like to go to
49:41 Matos Island in French Polynesia and it's play some funny things with your
49:49 This cyan colored waters at the same level as the outside. It makes
49:54 it looks like it's bold just by choice of colors. Ok. And
49:58 bright uh a bright blue because it's top of our. Ok. And
50:03 the deep blue sea, here's my . So it's got spurs and
50:09 So the grooves where the tide pumps and out and the spurs are these
50:15 of sand bars that go in So tide goes in and out,
50:18 and out. This parch above sea got some uh vegetation. I know
50:27 Bahama Island again, the grooves, ? And this is above sea
50:35 Perfect brown, some other spurs down , that's a cloud that's a cloud
50:44 and here's Heron Island and the Great Reef. Uh You can see the
50:49 and bruise perpendicular to it, So we're gonna see those kind of
50:54 and here we are one in shallower that data set from Horseshoe at all
51:04 see this kind of corrugated pattern like corrugated piece of metal. Those are
51:10 and groups. So I've got uh magnitude di Asia coherence. And so
51:17 dipping to the northeast, dipping to north and blue, get to the
51:22 and blue, get to the north , northwestern. Under that cyan
51:29 pinch out to the south, pinch to the east, put them
51:34 pinch out to the southeast. I'm color it orange. There, I
51:38 it. OK. So this is out to the southeast and now I'm
51:44 to look at a time slice, out to the southeast. And now
51:50 start to see these burr and brood and you know, it's just not
51:56 funny pattern in there. That's the picture I showed you in the
52:03 And, oh, and here, what they look like further down
52:11 They actually have a coherence anomaly as . OK? There's some canyon.
52:21 you can not only get spurs and , but you can get erosional
52:26 And this one's uh in uh the , our Carnarvon Basin, Northwest
52:34 So this is all carbonates and we've um most negative curvature co rendered with
52:42 seismic amplitude where it's red means there's little positive part of negative curvature and
52:52 look at those two guys and bring up and you say, yeah,
52:57 mapping negative features. OK. And we can use the 3D visualization like
53:05 been doing. And I don't did I ask you to do the
53:09 bodies? I know I have an . I don't think I asked uh
53:14 , did I ask you to do bodies? No. OK.
53:18 I didn't want to kill anybody. But I've got some exercises in there
53:24 to generate your body. And as might expect, what you do is
53:30 , you play with opacity and say only going to look at anomalies that
53:35 greater or less than a certain And in this case, what uh
53:40 Wallace did? He says, I'm only gonna look at negative curvature
53:44 that are really, really negative. he gets these guys, they light
53:49 , OK? But they light up 3D and then, oh, that's
53:55 they look like in 3D and then a little movie loop of them,
54:01 it around and see how all of canyons uh interact with each other over
54:12 time in 3d. That's kind of picture. So carbonate shoals might be
54:22 cemented. The carbonate sands can be in a fashion fashion similar to quartz
54:29 , right? And shoals ridges, canyons. Other sedimentary features are driven
54:34 seismic photography, modern analogs, geologic just like we did for Quest.
54:42 . The next part is carte. this is on my bucket list.
54:49 like to go to Tuam MAOs But um this one is a
54:55 not as far and in uh so heard the word karst? OK.
55:00 I'm certainly used it a lot and is the German word or part of
55:08 . So, here's Slovenia. Over here is Italy like Trieste in
55:15 , via, via Italy or Trieste , northeast Italy. And then down
55:23 is uh Croatia and I think there's , there's a little bit more of
55:29 up here. I think that's where is from. Right. I think
55:36 there. I haven't seen her in news but any Melania you forgot about
55:42 . Right? Roberto. You don't Melania? Melania Trump. Yeah.
55:49 . She's not in the news. hiding. Ok. Anyhow, she's
55:52 Slovenia. Um, and so here's picture uh from one of these Karst
56:02 . Oh, the German name for area when it was Austria. Hungary
56:06 Karst and the Italian and the Latin is Carter. So, and the
56:13 name is Krach. Ok? And say I feel love or I feel
56:21 . So this is the Slovenian tourist telling you to go there. It's
56:26 of cool and, and here's some their stuff and say, well,
56:30 need to go visit these places. is the Karsh province. So,
56:36 , that's kind of neat. We go out there, hike around
56:41 , go in a little cave, around. That's thirsty work though.
56:45 thirsty work. Well, the caves also filled with wine cellars and
56:50 So why it's on my bucket So it mixes, mixes theology with
56:56 and drinking wine. OK. Here's type of cars. This is uh
57:02 in South China and I actually went with Huawei go and hope some of
57:07 had Huawei's class earlier. Um And I went down there, you,
57:11 know, you can do a tour the Lee River. It's uh South
57:17 and uh supposed to be a beautiful while we were having record floods.
57:23 all the things you're supposed to see the elephant rock were underwater.
57:28 And we went down real fast. tour was much faster too and rained
57:32 rained and rained. But these are cars, Towers. So originally
57:39 everything is flat. You did joints there, uh At 60 degree angles
57:46 common. The joints weather, they wider and wider and wider. And
57:52 you're left with are the tower. ? But then this is just sailing
57:58 the river. These things are they're like Swiss cheese and the water
58:03 coming out of there. And the driving the boat, he said,
58:06 , I've been doing this for 40 . I've never seen a flight like
58:10 . So it was pretty cool. get to see the touristy stuff,
58:14 I got to see some beautiful Um So here's geomorphology. You k
58:24 an undergraduate like intro to geology. you've probably seen pictures like this.
58:29 . So here's my water table down , here's my river hits the water
58:36 , here's a stream hits the water and then the water as it goes
58:45 the limestone, it starts to dissolve . So it forms paves.
58:51 And when the caves get close to surface, they'll collapse and form these
59:00 . Ok? So these are sinkholes the same calls in Oklahoma, we
59:07 to fill them with trash and then them on fire and then they burn
59:12 . Not a good thing to Not an environmentally good thing to
59:14 Oh, you might put a couple broken cars in there, you
59:19 All right. So this is the Tarin Basin in, ah,
59:24 is home for Lily. Right. . So she's from the Tardy Basin
59:30 Sinopec, half of the Royal comes the Tardy Basin and they're producing it
59:35 of order vision age uh limestone. cars. It, right. So
59:42 geology is a little bit interesting because the war time they formed all those
59:48 stains and then after they formed the , then they had a O and
59:53 come in so much like the tin is today. So think desert
59:58 those desert sands they came in, filled up these caves and the cars
60:03 . That's your reservoir. OK. it kind of preserved all the
60:08 So pretty cool. So um Bang , he was one of my phd
60:15 , Liu was his professor in, China when he did his master's
60:20 And um here is the coherence from broadband data. And then,
60:27 let's do a band pass filter. do 18 parts and let's compute it
60:33 25 Hertz and 38 Hertz. So have an exercise in, in
60:39 an extra exercise. If you're you run their spectral decomposition on
60:47 generate a volume at 20 Hertz, Hertz 40 Hertz and then we compute
60:54 on that and you're going to see things because of tuning frequencies and so
61:00 . So, here at 18 Hertz seen a lot of the channels and
61:04 , uh, 38 Hertz, he's a lot of these little round dots
61:10 are the collapse features. This channel up really nice at 25 Hertz a
61:16 bit here doesn't show up over This channel shows upgrade at 18 Hertz
61:23 show up here or here. Kind interesting, huh? And then um
61:29 guys, I think it's a reading paper here co render are getting the
61:34 frequency of the amplitude data. And , they see some of these channels
61:41 fine. And then here is green blue. When did so
61:47 So it's a coherence generated at 18 25 and 36 Hertz and where it's
61:56 . Well, those edges are seen all three attributes where it's red while
62:01 seen more in the 18 coach And up here these are where all
62:05 cars start. So you see a of those um example from uh Central
62:19 and the Barnett shale area, but now looking at the Ellenberger Dolomite.
62:25 here's the Marble Falls, Ellenberger Barnett , one of these shale reef for
62:30 in between, for what Gaq did . Um He's gonna look at a
62:38 going this way and this way, think I have a rule over
62:42 Yeah, so. Ok. What these three cars look like on CC
62:47 ? Oh, there's one, there's , there's an edge. Ok,
62:53 just it. And then what about guy in DV Prime? Oh,
62:58 beeping prime. I'm sorry, BB . Who? He's got his cyan
63:07 red edge. Ok, so I yellow, red. Uh, here's
63:13 in between this guy. Ok. then this is CC prime. So
63:20 see 123 cars and then I see the edge, 123 and then the
63:28 edge. OK. Let's go bring into most positive curvature. Now we're
63:35 pick the horizon and uh what's the positive curvature and what we're seeing where
63:43 blue, that's like my eyeball. most positive curvature has a negative
63:49 Here's the most negative curvature through the , collapsed, cars collapsed, cars
63:55 , cars collapsed, cars collapsed, lot of cars collapsed. There was
63:58 fall fault zone coming in here. , here's a little channel coming across
64:06 another fall, OK? There's the . The coherence doesn't, doesn't see
64:13 many geological features as the others. ? So it's complementary. Um And
64:20 here's some of your major cars here's a fall, there's that channel
64:29 of the thought, OK? Now gonna co render it weird, most
64:37 curvature, alright. That adds a bit and then I think co render
64:43 with most positive curvature. So some things. Again, it helps delineate
64:50 faults a little better. So I say OK, here's a fault coming
64:54 , here's a fault coming through. fault kind of comes all the way
64:59 this vault up. Here comes all way through. And then um I
65:06 I put the two of them together the most negative OK? Gives you
65:17 nice image of all of the different feature. OK? One of the
65:26 , I didn't spend much time on rotation in line amplitude gradient, frost
65:33 , amplitude gradient. Oh There's a here. There's this little guy.
65:40 , he doesn't want anybody on his . He owns no stinking geophysicist
65:45 OK? Um And some of the similar like a grade level co occurrence
65:56 attributes those are in patrol. I think I I may have had an
66:01 in it. OK. Energy. constant is the theology was not constant
66:08 the car's collapsed future. And then contrast entropy eye entropy here here,
66:18 , here, here, here, , coherence again. OK. So
66:27 , that's bad example. Here's Ellenberger the Fort Worth Base. And so
66:34 northern part of the Fort Worth Basin maybe 30 miles from Fort Worth and
66:41 Energy had drilled a well through here ran a image log and even took
66:48 core. OK? Trying to figure what these collapsed features looked like.
66:54 And you can see, yeah, right. Dave collapsed. It's bre
66:58 here is residual pay away your Uh This one is in Jamaica.
67:06 think I have another picture of Jamaica the cockpit area. And here we
67:12 in Missouri and we've got Mississippian age with cars, uh features in them
67:22 they're filled with glacial age, uh . Ok. So this is,
67:28 is Mississippian age and this is like years old, fill in the
67:35 Ok. Here we are in Jamaica we got these cones just like we
67:41 in the Lee River and Guilin and . And if I were to draw
67:50 it, you get about 100 and degree angle. OK. In
67:57 what we had was joints, then joints got digenetic altered, dissolved more
68:04 more. And what is left is , these cone features. They were
68:14 the Liu field in the Pearl River of China. Here is the reservoir
68:20 age. Uh I've got a picture . Envelope, low envelope, low
68:30 , low energy because it's not focused . So here I've got gas coming
68:36 , gas is coming up, it's everything down. So it looks like
68:42 a structural low actually, it's a affecting the gas over it.
68:49 That's what we have here. Here's coherence image, there's cars there,
68:55 the one we're looking at a couple others. And then this is a
68:59 visualization you can see. Oh there's a car there, cars there
69:02 the top of the Maya you like image of the seismic data. The
69:12 size here is the blue hole in . And uh so this was an
69:19 in 1999 when Amerco was disappearing, be eaten by BP. So Chip's
69:26 , he said, well, I to find a modern analog to understand
69:31 car. So you got to go the blue hole in Belize and,
69:34 there's chip driving a motor boat and a geologist there on the water skis
69:41 , but checking it out. So here we are, this is
69:46 of the classic uh cars collapsed. if these guys are in a
69:52 Ok. So in Mexico, in , from Mexico, Belize Honduras,
70:01 call these uh stote and uh in ancient times they would take AAA
70:10 woman like Felicia and sacrifices to the God and uh he disappear and
70:24 maybe it would rain, ok? they do the same thing, but
70:28 a different kind of sacrifice. So Anthony. He's on vacation with three
70:33 his scuba diving buds and yeah. , man, we can go do
70:37 . It's cool. Yeah, let's it. So he goes down into
70:41 uh San Notes and starts scuba explore him and then he forgets,
70:45 , there's tides here and the tides him like two kilometers inland and then
70:51 kilometers back. But uh that's like hours later and he only had two
70:56 of air. So we still have of sacrifices of young people in the
71:03 so they're, they're really cool. see them on TV, where people
71:08 . You got to be really careful the tides just pump in and out
71:12 those guys. Ok. Here are cars collapse in Arkansas in the A
71:22 basin. And what? Wooka the Viola Limestone is the one that's
71:30 uh dissolving. And you can see the, well here, it's just
71:35 rendered. Um Here's what the collapse look like on the seismic amplitude.
71:43 can see them and then you can them. OK. So collapsed features
71:49 often well eliminated by coherence, curvature shape industries, structural control of cars
71:56 often be seen as lines and curvature attributes while it's a bulk and
72:02 So it is associated with hydrothermal altered . I think I skipped over the
72:07 altered dolomite, not gonna talk about , but it's in there.
72:13 The last example is probably shirt and . So church is a word that
72:19 translate well, when I go international so ch is uh silicon dioxide crypto
72:28 , silicon dioxide, crypto crystalline So typically it comes out of a
72:36 in the ocean. OK. And and forms this very, very tight
72:42 in English. We'll also use the win um to uh to describe
72:50 So that's a common word. So here, uh here's the Texas Panhandle
72:56 part of Texas, Arkansas, Kansas. So uh Francine, he's
73:04 Kansas. OK. So he's looking the depositional environment in the Mississippian
73:11 So this church, this arrow or made out of church that if you
73:17 a spearhead, then you know what talking about. Ok. So here's
73:22 Tripoli Church reservoir and um it's not reservoir here. The reservoirs are in
73:31 and Kansas. This one's at a site in Arkansas. So here's a
73:38 on the field trip with me for . Uh And you can see,
73:43 , there's a fracture here. here, fracture, here, fracture
73:47 , fractures, fractures. There's a of vertical fractures and these faces are
73:52 fractured. So there's a, there's lot of joints, ok? And
73:58 what I want you to notice is this brown layer here and a little
74:05 of brown layer up there. That's triple lia. So I've got a
74:09 of fractures, fractures on the planes this brown stuff that is what shirt
74:20 like. So here is the tight zero porosity and triple like we come
74:29 with a limestone shirt mix. So say 50% limestone, calcium carbonate,
74:37 silicon dioxide, all from little animals are dying. Ok? So some
74:43 the animals have silicon shells, some them have calcium carbonate shells. Oh
74:50 their guts are organic carbon. So this is what makes the
74:56 So we got these rocks and the all mixed together. Ok. So
75:00 an unconventional reservoir and we're gonna get out by drilling horizontally, hydraulically
75:08 So the sweet spots are this triple named after Tripoli in Libya, where
75:17 was first found to be good reservoir . And what happens that 50% of
75:22 limestone can get totally dissolved. What have is a rock with 50%
75:28 Well, that's kind of cool. those are the sweet spots and most
75:32 the production actually comes out of So the ch has a fracture pattern
75:41 chicken wire fractures. So there's all fine fractures like a a wire you
75:47 put in around a, a chicken and that's where all the porosity and
75:52 is and the shirt itself is, zero porosity just real tight like you
75:58 like this piece down here. So let's look at one in Northern
76:05 . Here's Osage County. Uh the where the movie is coming up uh
76:11 the uh like summer moon. Anybody the movie yet? Ok.
76:16 Talk. Supposed to be a good I haven't seen yet. It just
76:20 out last week. So Osage this was uh Osage people were the
76:26 ethnic group on the planet Earth in 19 twenties. And they basically,
76:31 you watch the movie, you'll yeah, they got cheated out of
76:35 . They basically got murdered out of inheritance. So interesting, unhappy part
76:42 American history. But, uh, interesting. And one side effect of
76:50 , the complaint of one of the , um, community leaders went all
76:59 way to Washington DC and said, , the Oklahoma sheriffs and so
77:05 they're not doing anything. People are murdered and then their husbands and stuff
77:11 taking the money and millions of And that's when they started the
77:18 the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The case was this one. So
77:23 go watch the movie. It's pretty . Oh Cars Towers and the Arbuckle
77:30 cars collapsed. OK. And then the system of joints and the joints
77:39 filled with church. So I'm plotting like energy and aptitude gradient to kind
77:45 highlight the higher porosity, amplitude, higher porosity, higher amplitude reflectors.
77:55 I've got all these joints which have digenetic, we altered and they're filled
78:01 uh church, high church and then got sponges. Sponges are another one
78:08 this is important in West Texas. And there's another triple with a
78:17 OK. But produce 4 billion barrels oil out of it. It's kind
78:25 an important reservoir. OK. So spongebob. Spongebob is living on the
78:34 of the platform, the central basin and what keeps him so square?
78:40 . Alicia, she's got kids. is kind of stupid, isn't
78:47 OK. So what holds him perfectly ? Never thought about that. Did
78:56 ? So he's got, so is in Spanish. Is it Piura?
79:02 do you say needle? How do say? OK, so speak,
79:09 in Latin means needle. So he's held together by all these little
79:14 and dioxide needle. That's what holds together. It gives the bunch of
79:19 structure. So he and his family living up in the Devonian uh up
79:26 the the platform. So there he up on the platform. Uh let's
79:34 , oh see, I got to a picture. Yeah, he's up
79:41 on the platform and he's happy, happy. And, but you
79:46 he had a good life. He and then the Children die and his
79:51 die and his great grandchildren die. as they die, they're leaving this
79:55 of spec so dioxide and then there's storm or an earthquake. What
80:03 These people, you will mobilize, downhill format turbo. Now I get
80:11 of f so this is this 41 in West Texas and the green is
80:17 bunch of the, the major oil uh producing from there. So here's
80:27 picture. Here's the platform where spongebob his family were living and then when
80:32 died and there was a, a or an earthquake, they came down
80:37 they get sorted, they meander a , they fall in the channels,
80:43 get lobes, it might be So it looks like sand channel,
80:50 it's Sponge Bob with your name. . And here's what it looks
80:55 Here are these little bitty channels you here and here and here and here
81:00 here and here. So you can them. OK. So here's the
81:06 an Ellen Burger dolomite and here's the in cake. Here's what it looks
81:12 on an amplitude gradient. Oh Go here and it's bifurcating. Here's another
81:17 channel, another little channel on this There's a little meander in it so
81:25 can map them, map them Oh Here this one breaking in at
81:31 angle, you know, bifurcating. . Chalk. There's also silicon dioxide
81:40 it sucks animals. And so what have is so biogenetic, we got
81:51 , their little pelagic animals. it's not silicon, it's calcium
81:56 but they're the, the, the of the single cell animals or
82:03 I and they drop down deep in water and form a layer. So
82:12 is the Austin chalk of central And what uh Ojo Soba and Krakow
82:21 . They computed most positive curvature and looking at the fractures in the
82:28 OK? I like to chalk on chalkboard. And then they have another
82:35 they were proud of Paul's fraction We go into that, but that's
82:41 a migration thing. So here is and the Danish nor sea.
82:50 Now if I look at this what you see is I got a
82:55 of little faults in the chalk and a detachment surface and then kind of
83:00 slump. So I've got different kinds fractures in the chalk. In the
83:07 shock, they're formed from tensile stresses North Africa broke away from North
83:15 Thanks. And that's we formed the in the Austin chalk in the North
83:21 . The chalk comes down. It's the consistency of toothpaste on the ocean
83:28 . I have an earthquake or a storm that toothpaste moves down that half
83:35 slope and forms a mass transport complex the mass transport complex isn't in shale
83:43 sands is in chalk, but we the same patterns. So here on
83:51 picture, you can see we get little rotated blocks and then eventually a
84:00 as everything just slides down. And here on this picture, you
84:04 see some of the rotated blocks. this porosity is preserved and those kind
84:10 fractures is where the oil is in North Sea chalk place. Here's some
84:16 . So this is basically a mass complex. Here's the crown fall and
84:22 everything is gliding downhill. Another picture the same he's calling it a headscarf
84:31 this picture. And then here he's red green blue uh uh imaging using
84:41 . So uh church can be deposited from the water column where it exhibits
84:47 little intrinsic porosity, but it shrinks tectonic expresses can give rise to different
84:54 porosity. So the shirt the silicon it goes through from church to Opal
85:09 to Opal B to Opal A. gets smaller and smaller, it's giving
85:16 water and it gets these little fracture fractures. That's a lot of the
85:25 . Thanks. Uh If the carbonate digenetic, we removed from maturity line
85:32 , resulting, triple light can have high porosity. Tt can also be
85:37 with a living organism. You have shirt from spongebob. Ferocity is due
85:43 the dissolution of dissolution of the spring and the fractures in chalk can be
85:49 due to tectonic stresses after deformation like the Austin chalk or sedimentary slumping during
85:56 like in the North state. I think I'm gonna skip hydrothermal do
86:04 . I want to kill you And yeah. So any questions,
86:15 lot of stuff on carbonate, any from are distant people. I'm
86:26 I'm looking in the computer to see they're in there. No question.
86:33 . Jessica still awake. Just All right, you're still awake.
86:41 . Good. All right. Any from you guys? If you
86:47 you're gonna ask Zach, he's our guy, right? OK.
86:54 So we'll work on the lab a more then four o'clock, I'll get
87:02 last lecture and some of you will quit early. I can stay if
87:09 like this meeting is being recorded. jump. OK. So anybody out
87:22 on the other side, Jessica and Javier or Pada, they are
87:28 Good. OK. So I spend half an hour, 45 minutes on
87:33 web looking for the kind of image have seen hundreds of times in my
87:40 . And then I realized that most the time I see it, I
87:45 it as an advertisement. OK. it might be an advertisement in the
87:51 APG Explorer article. It might be advertisement in oil and gas uh
87:58 It might be an advertisement in the edge and it'll have a company like
88:04 or uh Western G CO or You know, one of the big
88:10 showing here's an image of a salt with time migration. Here's an image
88:17 depth migration and it seems like nobody's published much of that. So you
88:27 it as advertisements all the time and just noticed, you know, I
88:31 some other real pretty images of new but as advertisements, I found a
88:40 in a book, but I didn't to spend $70 to buy the book
88:45 London Geological Society, uh unsolved So what I had hoped to give
88:54 was an image of velocity pull up and without depth migration and I can't
89:04 one. So we'll ask how to one at his leisure. He probably
89:08 where to find it. They were common 25 years ago when depth migration
89:15 40 years ago, when death migration important. OK. But so
89:22 I have to lean back to one my publications because the one that kept
89:25 up when I said Velocity Pull up a paper that I wrote and that's
89:32 the way it is. And uh this image and let's look at the
89:38 image and this is answering Zach's What we uh have are the same
89:48 build ups in Indonesia. It's a different survey, but they're shallow carbonate
89:54 underneath it, we've got a time of most of, of curvature,
90:03 positive and negative both underneath. Oh coherence underneath those pro films, uh
90:12 pro films carbonate build up. And you look at the carbonate build up
90:19 I can't, I'm not in house what we have I velocity pull ups
90:28 and then we get an image in of the shape of those carbonate build
90:34 . Why? Because it, it the the time structure. OK?
90:41 really those reflectors underneath should be pretty are pretty flat. And instead we're
90:48 the carbonate build up. Now in image below this one came from my
90:55 , a fellow called Thiago Alves uh Portugal and he's worked a lot with
91:02 data. So this might be from and here we've got a salt diet
91:06 . So you see the salt diet , get the salt diet here.
91:12 ? And this is the pull up . That's the pull up underneath.
91:15 should be reasonably flat because the soil faster. It's distorting that image and
91:23 migration. We'll fix that. So can find a lot of images of
91:27 migration and of salt where it's pretty and I can find a bunch of
91:33 of time migration assault where you get and I can't find it to compare
91:40 because guess what the people who are do that are the big companies because
91:44 talking a million dollars to do a de migration of a big salt
91:49 Uh You're gonna wanna sell it. not gonna be publishing a paper,
91:53 gonna be marketing and university people. man, we can write algorithms and
91:59 can write papers. But 3d migration any kind is really painful requires big
92:07 . And 3d depth migration is is our resources. So I just
92:13 I attempt to answer um that question I failed with getting the sample I
92:24 . OK. So the last lecture want to talk about is shallow marine
92:32 and potential growing houses. And here's example at home, home for
92:48 Oh, yeah. And this was ? 2016 and oh, I think
92:57 was a quarry here, you so they were taking, they were
93:00 some rock out, they were a too aggressive. And up here uh
93:06 got uh a crown f and then is just collapsed on top of
93:13 OK. So that's, that's a . So we have the same thing
93:17 mass transport complexes. There's the ground and here are the kind of morphology
93:23 landslides. It's geology. So you words and lots of examples,
93:30 So we've got a rotational landslide. see how things kind of the blocks
93:36 like this. Here, you have , a rockfall, apples, debris
93:44 . That's kind of like we just with the crown fall uh creep.
93:49 is common in California and Oregon, cetera. OK. So different
93:58 So here also is uh Colombia and you have to think of um the
94:07 . And so um we're here in Caribbean Seas and this is south.
94:17 . So Colombia is here. So is up and this is the Magdalena
94:22 . So the Magdalena River, it a lot of floods and you'll see
94:26 in the newspapers every 23 years with flooding in the Magdalena River. And
94:32 here you see these little channel. uh Gloria Romero as part of her
94:38 dissertation at ou, uh she had to 3D theme and then two D
94:45 surveys. So this is the bit map and you've got these numbers.
94:54 B, 33 34 44 3750 51. Here's 50 A and what
95:04 are, they're the locations of cable from the, of the telecommunication table
95:11 went from Cartagena and served most of America and went up to places like
95:16 York. Ok. So it just all the way around the coast and
95:20 . And so there'd be these massive . Uh And sometimes the ones that
95:27 associated with channels, you'd have these currents coming down and other places you'd
95:36 uh mass transport complexes. You have this lumping of sediments into the shallow
95:44 . And this is how, and the years, 45 1945 there
95:49 a cable break. 44 there was cable break. 37 there was a
95:53 break. So after World war 21 the fellows at the uh at uh
96:00 University Bruce Hazen, he was, , I'm a submariners, ok.
96:10 World War Two for the US And he's the one who first mapped
96:15 , the uh seamounts in the Pacific using sonar and so forth because the
96:22 submarines could hide behind them. So Japanese submarines couldn't, couldn't see the
96:28 submarines. So they did a lot the theme work. And after World
96:33 two, he went to this location said, well, what's going on
96:36 there that we keep, we keep these cable cuts and then they mapped
96:42 mass transport complexes and turbinates. So is the first real documentation of what
96:47 . So like late forties or early . And he's the one he's an
96:54 a Thorpe Marie Thorpe, they're the that wrote this Petry map of,
97:01 the world that you see all over place. Uh uh and you
97:09 geology departments, etcetera, you with the noan of grips and
97:15 OK. So here's uh one of lines without an interpretation with an
97:21 So they got, you know, of normal sediments. And here is
97:26 transport. Number one. And oh some sediments started to fill in
97:31 then mass transport, number two, sediments started to fill in mass
97:35 Number three. Uh and then here's transport number four. And then there's
97:42 one on top. So these things of keep flowing in the same area
97:46 they fill in that road. Here's example from uh Hitam. It sound
97:54 British Columbia and this is very, well documented uh because it's a peace
98:02 , OK. The western coast of and it's a F word and it
98:07 the base for the Canadian Pacific So this is where the Canadian Navy
98:12 . And then up here they have dock facilities in the shower or
98:17 And what happened? They had one these big slumps and all the sediment
98:24 down and moving and when it moves water, it forms a tidal
98:30 Now was it wasn't a 15 m wave, but it was like a
98:35 m tidal wave and it destroyed their . It didn't hurt the ship.
98:40 Navy's there, let's go map everything you know, within a couple
98:45 go map everything. So this is map they produced using soar and some
98:51 the architectural elements. You see, see debris flows, you see crown
98:57 and crown fall. You see these ridges and it's not the pressure ridge
99:07 poor pressure. It's a pressure ridge I'm over at uh I don't know
99:19 house and she says, hey, gotta move this refrigerator. We're moving
99:23 refrigerator and she's got a carpet, moving it and the carpet is
99:28 buckling, buckling those kind of pressure . Ok? So it's not like
99:33 pressure. It's like because you're moving sliding, you're buckling the carpet in
99:41 . OK? So you see in fact, these will be
99:47 they're gonna be thrust falls in, the sediments. OK? Then you're
99:52 have these out runner blocked and little areas in the sediment. Well,
100:01 are the architectural elements with some of . Here's one from uh Nigeria Mass
100:09 Complex. We were able to map coherent. So this is one of
100:12 first publications uh offshore Nigeria. We're look at this line going 00 prime
100:22 the direction of the mass transport complex PP prime in the strike axis.
100:28 happened to be another one here. we're gonna focus on this guy uh
100:32 near the C four. Here's what looks, here's the fault on top
100:40 this is the mass transport complex. then here is the strike you.
100:47 it's this kind of ugly piece of . And as a seismic professor,
100:54 know how to filter all that out make it smooth. But that's what
100:58 supposed to be. That's the OK. Another survey from uh
101:07 Couple of things, we have something looks like a channel here. It's
101:12 a canyon with rocks moving down the and then we get these kind of
101:19 coming through here. So we'll look coherence again and here what we have
101:29 sediments are breaking off of the canyon just working down slopes. They're all
101:36 there. And then we get these with a little block at the
101:41 Another stripe here and a stripe there a stripe here and some stripes there
101:47 see, see a bunch of So let's go zoom in on
101:51 We're gonna call them glide tracks and colors at the time. So we're
101:58 at different avenue and you can OK, this is dipping down to
102:02 north, this is dipping down to south. So I've got a little
102:08 . There's a lump here and here's coherence image, right? So I
102:14 an out runner block like that picture Pit Aid sound. I showed another
102:20 block and then you can see, there's a whole bunch of these guys
102:25 stuff is just sliding downhill. So a, a zoom, here's the
102:32 track, here's the out runner block you can see uh it's about 250
102:38 . It's pretty big and here's the vertical slice of the seismic data.
102:43 what the outer out runner block looks in front of it. Right here
102:47 the outrun block, the pressure Here's the cartoon from Kate Sound of
102:54 tilted block and the pressure ridges in . So this is part of mass
103:00 debris flow. Uh Yomi Oyedele, did her master's thesis in this room
103:10 the uh Sigs escarpment, Green Gulf of Mexico time structure maps.
103:16 1.8 2nd shallow, then we drop way down to 2.8 seconds. So
103:22 big escarpment and here is the uh image, a couple of faults up
103:34 and here is the edge of the and the show uh GPS.
103:41 And then down here, yeah, little things, I think these are
103:45 runner blocks and then she ran uh positive curvature and most negative curvature.
103:56 what you have are ridges and cutting down this slope. So what's
104:06 material is at the top of the earp and then glides down and pushes
104:17 rock and sediments to the side. it tends to make these little scooped
104:22 areas and ridges in between, scooped area ridges in between. So the
104:29 thing to think about it is is you've ever been on a, a
104:35 , you been on a glacier, ? Because if you haven't, you
104:39 go quick because they're melting on All right, you better see them
104:43 . Ok. So you got a . So for in glacial geology,
104:48 have the glacier coming down and when , the speed, so that's the
104:56 word. The speed of the glacier is equal to the speed of melting
105:01 the front. You get this conveyor of ice and rock moving downhill,
105:07 it doesn't go any further. So it does that at the end,
105:11 get this big pile of rock. grew up on one of those piles
105:16 rock, they call it Long So east of New York City,
105:20 Island is 100 and 20 miles It's the terminal moraine from the ice
105:26 . If you've been to um Cape terminal moraine from the ice age,
105:33 . So it's just like this conveyor . Now on the sides, you
105:37 lateral moraine. So if you go uh Athabasca glacier up in the,
105:43 uh National Park in, in uh and British Columbia, then you'll see
105:51 got the, the rocks on the as well. So that's what we're
105:56 here at the bottom of the Gulf Mexico, except there's no glaciers.
105:59 it's just rocks kind of slumping down . Salts underneath it, moving things
106:05 a little bit. OK. So worked this part as part of her
106:13 master's thesis. And here is uh nice horizon. Here's a nice
106:21 So this is a structural low and is a mass transport complex called a
106:30 . Here's another one on top of , they've got slightly different textures so
106:34 could pick the difference between them how looking at the pattern. OK.
106:41 let's go look at this time Here, here is a coherence
106:48 Here is the mud and sediments going into a structural, Well, you
106:54 see it's a low and then here the side, it's got some little
107:00 thing because I'm waiting on the So here's my slump event and then
107:06 tries to fill that structural well. . So what we have is mini
107:14 are going down, salt is coming stuff from the where the salt is
107:19 down, that's slumping, filling in mini basins. You fill those in
107:23 sediments coming from on shore, let's them, spill, spill,
107:28 spill, spill, what we call , Bill and Bill. There we
107:34 . That's the process. So same set. Uh Mad Dog field in
107:44 Gulf of Mexico. Let's go look some of these mass transport complexes.
107:49 see the tilted blocks of sediments. here's one, there's a little later
107:59 and then I don't think she colored in. Here's another one underneath.
108:05 . So that's what mass transport complexes look like. And then you got
108:10 sediments on top and then uh the vertical sw. Now let's look at
108:17 it looked at on a, a sw through coherence this time. So
108:22 and this is what that mass transport was very incoherent. Here is one
108:29 these glide tracks uh coming down and from a, a big block,
108:39 mean, and there's the, there's glide track right here. This end
108:51 OK. Different Gulf of Mexico survey to be depth migrated mass transport
109:00 A mass transport complex. B here's top of the mass transport complexes.
109:08 then inside you've got trapped pieces of ridge area that can be charged with
109:17 so they can be a potential drilling . Some pictures that more of the
109:25 here are the little at the foot the mass transport complex. You get
109:30 fresh sheets at the top, you rotated blocks uh coming down here.
109:38 can see there is a rotated there's a rotated block, here's a
109:43 block, here's a rotated block and one brought some program. The other
109:51 we have as a potential growing hazard dewatering or CSIS. So what happens
110:01 we are you, we lay down and with 100 m of the
110:09 the pressure is such that you drive the water and the clay drink.
110:17 then we go from what Monte Marilla to nite or whatever the next one
110:24 in a clay sequence. And each you go from one clay to the
110:30 , they become smaller and smaller. take less space because of higher
110:35 Ok. Well, if you're taking less space, you got shrinkage going
110:41 . How am I gonna deal with shrinkage? I'm gonna have cracks.
110:46 , if you're any kind of self-respecting , you're gonna have sear sectarian nodules
110:56 in the shape of foot can, are those things that grandpa had.
111:03 have to have to tell people where book is now. OK? And
111:08 made great book ends. OK. here's CES is an example in the
111:13 Sea. Little bit faulting in this and more faulting in that shell,
111:19 faulting in that shell. OK. this fellow uh Dewhurst who, who
111:26 the study of CYESIS. Uh He's these little basically faulted maps, shrinkage
111:35 of four different horizons and they all a different pattern. OK? Not
111:41 good thing to put your platform in from. And I've got a time
111:51 here at this red level and then slice at this green level. I
111:58 polygonal bulking here. I've got thinner in there. So this is what
112:06 center's patterns start to look like. should have some other pictures as
112:12 OK. Then I can clean it a little bit. OK. Here's
112:21 shale dewatering from the North Sea five wise, what the heck is
112:32 A little more organized that child watering . There's another note outside area are
112:41 good on Fall team? And the choices is 1.5 through this area
112:50 Then one, um, wha area Norwegian sectors. And then I guess
113:01 funny kind of pattern. This is generation again. Ok. Jod
113:09 Sorry. And a log. So this analog is just a mud
113:17 again. We have clay, it water in it wet as it dries
113:24 through evaporation. The clay shrinks and curls up the aqueous. It's a
113:33 different. We're shrinking and we're curling . So the CSIS is shrinking it
113:39 then it curls up. There's one Angola, we've got normal faulting or
113:49 , normal faults. And then down all is very, very tight.
113:56 we gonna fall in? That's, center again, Alberta Canada. That
114:05 , here's the seismic time slice, slice coherent. And here the little
114:12 are filled with gas. It's kind cool. And then here's shale dewatering
114:19 compaction in the North Sea. So very, very shallow. Ok.
114:24 I got some channel edges or a shower. He just pattern, we
114:36 little pattern. This is CESA shall watering again, little shower or
114:43 Now you get the channel is not anymore. It's some kind of compaction
114:49 . Um Cracks due to compaction deeper then very shallow. We infill with
114:57 AJ OK. Then shallow gas, have to worry about shallow gas.
115:07 There was a big blowout at Well, in 1985 the platform
115:14 people died. So you have to the North Sea. Now, Gulf
115:20 Mexico, Caian Sea, I would almost every place in the world.
115:25 , before you drill, you need put a hazard survey in. So
115:29 not drilling through uh shallow gas. this is, this is gas coming
115:35 to the surface, but we got chimneys and pock marks. Ah,
115:43 one is from in Siberia. So is the author of this paper,
115:48 Vasili and you know, nothing, , nothing. And then one day
115:54 plane was flying over and say what the heck happened there. It
115:58 happened overnight in 2015. And what is, you know, the earth
116:04 getting warmer and the hydrate and um permafrost is melting and the gas can
116:17 up and like to blow out from , not neces, not a
116:23 but just pressure blow it out. the fear is if you get enough
116:28 this explosive methane released from permafrost, , that methane is gonna drive global
116:38 even more and then we'll have more more and if everything's become unstable and
116:43 ain't, there won't be anything we do about it. Here's a image
116:49 the North Sea. Uh I think got from Korean Geological Survey, same
116:56 of pattern but submarine. He's got lot of little small blowout and then
117:02 big one and then some moderate OK. So go to uh Nigeria
117:13 . Here I see a whole bunch pock marks in the ocean floor at
117:18 C four, a little deeper. see some faults. The pock marks
117:22 following the pattern. Deeper. Still and 50 milliseconds. I start to
117:27 a channel 225 milliseconds. I see channel. So let's look at those
117:32 bigger. Here's my deeper 12, milliseconds. There's a channel coming
117:39 here's another channel coming up. Oh die. Appears we talked about the
117:46 day. Um And, and I a fault here and a fault
117:54 So let's come up a little I see my fault a little
118:01 That's where my channel was. That's my channel was. I'm a little
118:05 still. Oh Look, a lot these pock marks are following the
118:12 A lot of these pock marks are a fall and then these ones are
118:17 the edge of the channel and these following the edge of that other meandering
118:22 . So there's the channels. So maybe I'll try to put my
118:26 there and you see, I got talk marks here and then talk marks
118:31 . So I've got fault control and control. Uh channels of um park
118:40 . So we'll look at uh line I prime LL prime KK prime JJ
118:48 . So JJ prime is gonna cross faults down here and this fault I
118:53 prime is gonna cross that fault. prime is gonna cross a channel once
118:58 one will cross the channel, maybe . So here is I, I
119:03 here's a fault coming up. here's my pock mark. Here's my
119:09 mark. Oh, high amplitude, amplitude, high amplitude, high
119:14 high amplitude, what's happening? Gas coming from ground deeper. It's charging
119:19 sediments right next to the falls keeps up, keeps coming up, hits
119:23 water bottom and goes and then the go into suspension and the current takes
119:28 away. OK. And then here's other JJ prime a fall coming
119:35 fall coming up fault coming up fault up. You can see a little
119:42 of charge of gas underneath here, little charge of gas coming up
119:46 Same thing. Gas is coming up . They go, here is the
119:54 a channel here, here is the bank. Here is like the point
120:01 . I've got differential compaction. I can't call it a fault but
120:06 call the zone of weakness above Gas is coming up and you can
120:10 a little gas here. You can a little gas here and then it's
120:16 water bottom both and then the gas day, the sediments get taken away
120:21 I have a depression, same thing this one. Now, it,
120:26 turns out if any of you are oceanography and so forth. They've discovered
120:31 the uh Gulf of Mexico, west of uh Central America, all different
120:39 in the world. There are these synthetic animals that are living in these
120:47 . So they just, they eat bacteria eat methane. And then there
120:53 these, you know, giant tube that 6 10 ft long, they
120:57 the bacteria and then little crabs that the tube worms. And so there's
121:04 whole community of animals that have evolved eat methane expulsion. So now,
121:14 only are they, you don't wanna near a beach. That's, that's
121:17 good because you're gonna release gas and gas change the density of the
121:22 Your platform might sink, your boat sink, you can also catch on
121:26 . Ok? But there are also reasons. Now, you need to
121:30 them and not grow too close to . You wanna preserve these things,
121:39 ? Uh Here's one offshore Gabon. it's looking at the, in the
121:43 here and then it's just deeper water . We're looking in the water column
121:50 what we've got here in coherence is shale dye up here. All these
121:55 pock marks, there's a 3d view you die up here, Pockmarks,
122:06 , Pockmarks. You can see what look like. Broad coin.
122:11 guess what kind of fault control, , same pattern. Here's one Taranaki
122:20 different survey. Not far from the you looked at and these are pock
122:27 that are preserved in the deeper part the data. So they got these
122:34 , funny looking things here and kind elliptical game, lots of sedimentary Strat
122:46 features over here and then ah negative anomaly, there's marker's eyeball uh where
122:55 most positive curvature has got a negative over his eyeball. So they're kind
123:01 bowl shaped and low coherence edges. . So those are pock marks that
123:08 preserved since we're in Texas. Um worked for Nor Kro and started with
123:20 we started using neural networks well, years ago. OK. Uh And
123:27 so theory was using a neural network machine learning technique and he picked through
123:34 A horizon B and what he's he's, he's picked together oh,
123:43 five or six different attributes, frequency envelope, things like that.
123:49 then he went and he said, , this is the gas chimney.
123:53 is a gas chimney, this is gas chimney, this is the gas
123:56 , this is not a gas this is not a gas chimney,
123:58 is not a gas chimney, this not a gas chimney. And then
124:02 train the neural network to try to what you gave as training data.
124:12 ? And then separate them and come with a volumetric prediction. You have
124:18 , to validate it also on you don't use it to train.
124:22 here's his gas chimneys using a neural approach. And you can see on
124:28 image, all these gas chimneys are by faults and then he's got a
124:36 in here. It's not really controlled the channel just by default.
124:43 This might be the last one is plow marks. So here is a
124:48 Sea survey. We're looking at this and this level is, you
124:56 you got this kind of ugly broken . And in 1999 I knew how
125:02 fix that. I had all kinds filters to make that real pretty and
125:07 . Well, it turns out is not the problem. Here's a time
125:15 . So where it's black, it means the time. So I have
125:18 a peak and where it's red the . So I has seen trough.
125:23 as simple as that. Ok. what the color means. Here's your
125:29 , here's the water, a 90% of the iceberg is below sea
125:37 , then the iceberg has something we a heel like the keel on a
125:43 . Ok. On the bottom of boat. Well, if the water
125:46 shallow, that iceberg keel is going drag in the soft mud, it
125:52 gonna fall form a plow mark or teal mark. Ok. So here's
125:59 plow mark and let's go pick Ok. Uh, winds going from
126:03 southwest, I'm gonna go and o winds change direction, going the
126:08 direction. Ok. I mean, what happened, the winds and currents
126:12 changing. So those icebergs are drifting one direction, they change direction.
126:17 what happens? I've got these quail and it might be, you
126:22 I think it might be a couple meters deep, you know, and
126:26 you get a north sea storm, all the sand off of the beaches
126:29 Norway and fill in the fill in low spots and then I have more
126:36 . What I have, these plow are filled with sand and then they
126:40 filled with gas. If I drill them, I have the problem that
126:45 showed you the picture in Norway of platform falling over and the gas
126:52 So these are the drilling hazards we in the North Sea, but many
126:56 places in the world because you have remember uh during what order, division
127:05 , most of the world's continents were with two kilometers of ice. That
127:13 one of the mass extinctions. And so that you're looking at or
127:19 sediments. Well, guess what? gonna have not gonna, you're gonna
127:23 plow Marx, you'll see P Mars in Libya and other places you don't
127:28 of it as the glacial area, it was glacial, you know,
127:33 million years ago. And that, part of the depositional environment and features
127:40 see in the data. It is a drill hazard because it seems
127:45 Here's the ball mark. So this just the amplitude shows a great
127:50 Let's throw some attributes at it. yeah, coherence kind of maps the
127:57 of them. I won't say it's like I say, it's inferior because
128:02 see the acquisition footprint going left to and the dip as me of dip
128:09 with the amount of colors we had the time. Yeah, it shows
128:13 that it's an indentation that's very, clear. OK. Here's one from
128:20 Barents T and so it's work. oh Best go. So I can't
128:31 you who he was. I but know the Koreans had done a lot
128:34 work up here as well. So look at these guys, these are
128:39 flow marks, all these things, are glacial plow marks on the sea
128:47 . So shallow photography and drawing high resolution shallow features. First of
128:54 , one thing we're interested in, can provide analogs for deeper structures that
129:00 less well resolved. So if we what the seismic response is that a
129:05 frequency of shallow things, we can filter that response back and get an
129:11 . Well, what do we see five kilometers deep? OK. Then
129:17 transport complex have a distinct seismic texture can be recognized on seismic action and
129:23 the amplitude data as well. Shale features are difficult to interpret on vertical
129:31 but easily seen on attribute time differential compaction over deeper channels can give
129:38 to shallow folks, shallow hazards are fault controlled, resulting in one year
129:45 of mud volcanoes and gas chimneys. of course seismic attribute, amplitude is
129:51 an attribute. I mean it's it's the simplest one is the one
129:54 directly measure and it can show similar better resolution of geologic features than the
130:00 sophisticated or fancier ones like I showed in the plows. So any comments
130:07 that today in the US Gulf of after so Deep Horizon disaster? Have
130:24 watched the movie? Ok, Have you watched the movie?
130:30 he was studying, he was, was studying carbonate, you know,
130:34 the time. Ok. It's a , it's a good movie, it's
130:38 good movie. Um And um, since that time, two things happened
130:45 the US, we had mm S Management Services and they were the ones
130:57 , how do we sell for offshore of um property for oil and gas
131:08 and they manage the safety and then did a third thing and I forgot
131:20 the third thing was. But trying to get the most money out
131:25 the play and trying to have everything safe. You don't want the same
131:32 doing that. You really want a organization. So M MS has been
131:39 into three groups and the one is , we would work in a typically
131:45 of offshore Economic Management. So when operate in the Gulf of Mexico.
131:52 you get a 3d survey, you required by law to give them a
131:59 of your data. It doesn't have be your best depth migrated data.
132:02 could be time migrated data. There certain restrictions you have to give them
132:07 so that they can evaluate that you serving the American taxpayer by producing oil
132:20 . You know, not leaving a in the ground, etcetera. After
132:28 years that serve those, those data public. So if you're looking for
132:34 domain data, I know this because did it on Wednesday, one of
132:39 gals that Heather is working with at and we could get data that were
132:45 1999 but we could not get So it, it's got a 25
132:51 and then those data all become So if you need 3D data to
132:55 with as a research project, you get almost everything from the Gulf of
133:00 , there's a website you just download , but it's gonna be 2024 25
133:05 old. OK? You can also 3d data from New Zealand and a
133:11 harder to get it from Australia, you can get it from Australia just
133:16 harder because their website is not And then from Norway, you can
133:20 a lot. So times are Now it used to be, nobody
133:24 get data from offshore arms. So boem is the, so they,
133:33 are the ones that you working for company or academia would probably work with
133:40 than anybody else. And then they that if you're going to drill a
133:45 water. Well, you, you're gonna map that reservoir and how
133:51 I going to produce that reservoir as as possible? And an oil company
133:56 the money out as quick as So time and money are important,
134:01 you are now required to have a team map a shallow reservoir by
134:10 maybe half a kilometer kilometer deep. you're going down 10 kilometers, let's
134:16 a half kilometer, a shallow reservoir if there's a blowout like Deepwater
134:23 you can shunt that oil into that reservoir. So you have to hook
134:29 of that up, you have to it and you have to put the
134:32 in so that it's not gonna go the water column and cause billions of
134:37 of losses for the oil company through , but also all kinds of environmental
134:44 that we're still recovering from. So uh that part of our industry has
134:50 changed a lot. So shallow hazards , are important. And if you
134:55 internationally counterintuitively, they're even more sensitive safety and environment than you would think
135:12 . Like in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in Kian Sea, when the Soviet Union
135:19 those platforms, it's just mess there's on everything. Well, they don't
135:27 that anymore. No. Damn, did that to us. So if
135:31 going to be an operator like Chevron en I, you've got to have
135:35 those safety things and then uh perhaps work offshore Nigeria, really, really
135:46 about human safety. Like, we don't want any of this colonial
135:52 where life is cheap because we're a country. No, you're gonna
135:57 every bit is safe as you are the US. So it's very,
136:02 , in the contracts and everything, kinds of details about what you're gonna
136:06 and how you're gonna do it, you're gonna have safety training and train
136:09 local people, et cetera, et . So it's kind of a,
136:12 different world than it used to Ok. So I'm gonna hang around
136:17 six o'clock and if there's any questions pop up, um, and,
136:24 , we'll do the test on it'll be 20 questions, hopefully 20
136:30 and, uh, and we'll go there and uh, uh, t
136:36 gonna send you a note in a of days on how to download
136:42 uh, software. If you wanna it from your home computer, kids
136:46 help you. Um, is that ? Good. 30. 40.
136:56 , I'm gonna give you a couple bonus questions but study hard anyhow.
137:01 . All right. Yeah. The, the bonus. I like
137:05 bonus questions instead of uh, curving because at least you were, at
137:11 you learn what you don't know. know. Yeah, you can email
137:20 to me if they fit. I , you can put it in if
137:24 , um, your email on the . That's cool. Uh, it'll
137:31 , if you have it in Power if you're not using the notes
137:36 if you just have them as a , you know, like in a
137:39 or something, make it a it'll be a lot smaller but you
137:43 that right? Ok. Um, the bus stop there and then I
137:56 send the. Ok. Is that you want to do it?
138:04 Ok. Ok. That's cool. all right with that. Ok,
138:09 you're gonna send it to tire but by uploading it, right?
138:13 Ok. That's cool. That's the for everybody. Make sure Jessica and
138:17 know that. Ok, so. . Ok, good. All
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