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00:25 Mhm. My mhm. Everybody Yep. Just got our tea.

00:43 huh. I just had a Nice little bit of honey was to

00:51 me going. Shoot. Yeah, finished. It already is like two

00:57 . Let's go. Man on. sister's has invited me for barbecue steak

01:03 . So there you go. Good . Yeah, really, really good

01:10 . You're eating really good today. , I know what I'm eating too

01:17 . You know, I've been losing during Cove in on. I've always

01:21 Saturdays. You know, I do of miss the collage. What is

01:24 ? The philosophies we used to always on Saturday morning. I tell you

01:29 the first year is I taught Uh, the the hot bagel shop

01:34 just around the corner from my house Montrose on my wife was really cool

01:40 cutter on fresh bagels with, salmon cream cheese. Uh uh.

01:48 of cream cheese is to go with . Oh, variety of bagels.

01:52 then we eso I would bring breakfast the group, and then a few

01:57 , they don't have a kind of the students to rotate buying breakfast.

02:01 we went from bagels to Colossians. you know, Thekla's partners healthy,

02:06 they're kind of, you know, a guilty pleasure to have every once

02:09 a while, it's a hot bagel down a couple of doors Now from

02:17 age eso the shopping center that it in. They moved. It was

02:21 two or three doors down a larger . Everything slightly cleaner. Yeah,

02:27 make great. Yeah. Anyway, I'm going to go ahead and get

02:37 here. I see we're waiting for . Daniel J d. But I

02:43 say we'd started. Uh, there go. Okay. Very good.

02:49 right. So what we're gonna do is kind of it's sort of repeat

02:53 exercise that I just did or the . So we just spent uh

02:59 we just spent the last part of talking about the faces. Variations within

03:07 all flapping river dominated the Paris sequence that contains a incised valley, and

03:15 low stand attached. Delta on. looked at the faces associated with high

03:20 delta that we looked at the fill on. Then we, uh

03:25 then we looked at the mhm Then we looked at the low

03:30 a zit went off discipline. The were not gonna jump up. And

03:35 at this next Paris sequence set in . A member D and you notice

03:40 thinner. Uh, quite a bit than than the underlying Allah member.

03:45 as you're going to see that that face is very different. This is

03:49 more wave dominated. Uh, de system so consists of of three off

03:57 Paris sequences. 32 and one Usually I used the word one for

04:02 youngest one, and then I count from there. Tom. Uh So

04:07 a map of schematic map of Allah D uh, Paris sequence to maps

04:15 a zoo, This beautiful barrier island eroded into by unsigned valley that feeds

04:21 low stand delta that represents Paris Sequence and I haven't separately mapped Paris sequence

04:27 , the oldest one here. That's quite a money unit. So it

04:31 really wasn't able to map in terms sandstone mythology, but it would be

04:35 here somewhere. And once again, got a cross section that goes from

04:40 to be prime, which is approximately . So we started the barrier that

04:45 jumped in size Valley. Let me to low stand delta and then and

04:49 cross section a prime is a strike section through the valley associated with

04:55 A member D. So here's the , a cross section. Once

05:03 Gamma is on the left recessive it on the right, and the black

05:07 the court intervals. Okay, on is the high stamp barrier island

05:13 Uh, the value that cuts it it that that that valley feeds a

05:18 stand delta, uh, deposited at and Amazon's consequences of forced aggression.

05:25 , what's interesting is if we have a lower data, we notice at

05:29 top of the low stand, delta about 25 m below the top of

05:34 Hiestand Delta, so that indicates a about 25 m of shoreline drop,

05:42 that that data was flat at the of deposition. So we get a

05:46 for the magnitude of Seattle. Drop by by just looking at how that

05:50 is has descended across the cross Interestingly, the amount of drop associated

05:56 the previous Allah member was only about leaders in the area that we

06:00 So it looks like Alan Member deism aggressive or larger scale forced aggression with

06:04 or, ah, largest seat of draw. Yeah, that's kind of

06:09 in the core cross section. So is This is just the same cross

06:13 , but I'm just showing the court Thanks where I've got details and sentimental

06:19 . That's the core. If it's , that means that I'm basing.

06:22 assuming that sand based on the our signature. But of course,

06:26 in this case right there and What we see is the Hiestand

06:31 It wrote it into by a finding Valley fill that feeds on the

06:36 Delta. Once again, we'll we'll start looking at the the core

06:42 So we start off in in the Paris sequence T three, and this

06:48 always been a bit enigmatic. To . It's very un bar debated.

06:51 got these gutter casts with a monkey . Try to five very fine lower

06:56 still stones, and it looks a like a storm flood dominated delta.

07:01 pretty pro del take looking faces that upward okay into a sandstone, which

07:10 right there. So that's That's the surface at the top off D three

07:16 you can see there's a little transgressive there on overline that the rocks much

07:22 bar activated. Okay, so there's little flooding surface there, and then

07:26 into these bar debated faces open marine these. Then the storm flood delta

07:31 below and the high level of of the high level of borrowing on the

07:37 diversity of trace fossils indicate that this a a fair weather storm. A

07:43 weather dominated faces succession very different than we saw in L. A member

07:48 the underlying unity. As we course upward, we alternate between bar debated

07:54 laminated back to bar debated faces. sometimes use work lamb scram to describe

08:00 describe that laminated to scrambled, and basically represents time times when storms were

08:06 the sediment and then times in between storms when it gets a little bit

08:11 and the rocks of the sentiments were by, activated by ah, large

08:16 of robust trace bustles, indicating a , energetic environment as we pass up

08:24 the Paris equals we start to see of repose. Cross bedding on that

08:29 the migrations of dunes in the upper face. And now we have upper

08:34 face. Environment is we gradually course upwards on shallow upwards. So what

08:38 We're in the in the upper shore indicating by this cross beds. When

08:44 get to the top of the sandstone , we see parallel laminated sand

08:48 That's the foreshore or the beach. , so now we're in the shallowest

08:55 part of the Paris sequence. On , we see a nice sharp contact

08:59 . You notice that the upper part the beach is riddled with roots,

09:05 that's a severe eel exposure surface, surface the plants were living on top

09:10 on the roots of digging down to to the water table. Then we

09:15 a coal on top of that. years, I thought, Well,

09:18 the coals. They made the but it doesn't work that way.

09:21 roots indicate the period when it was little dryer on the the roots of

09:26 down to get to the water The coal represents the rise of water

09:31 that then allows the plants to be . So that's so. That's so

09:36 period of severity exposure, when the of digging down was was the period

09:40 time when that Barry Sand was exposed the air. Eventually the ground water

09:45 to rise a little bit. Or you have been substance and you go

09:49 a swampy marsh deposit or Pete. , and that's the cold. You

09:54 argue as to whether that's a or it's just, you know,

09:58 that the system is just sinking a bit. We then see that these

10:04 lagoon fits the swamp E. Coli of marsh Faces are sharply overland by

10:09 bar debated sandstone. That's the transgressive on the bar. Debated sandstone is

10:16 separated with bar debated muddy sandstone A laminated shales above that represent the

10:23 delta off the next planet, forming even set. So that would be

10:27 maximum flooding service. So, like as in in al a member e

10:36 the top of the High staff, saw roots indicating plants digging down to

10:41 the water table over lane by kind ah, marshy wetland sequence that might

10:47 subsidence and things going a bit wet then eventually wage right across the

10:52 wrote a Z. They go forming transgressive surface of erosion. Now we

10:57 a transgressive deposit that's sharply overland by trails. So we we see the

11:03 sequence of of surfaces in the wave , uh, Allah member D that

11:10 see in the river dominated Allah Member all the same surfaces. Very similar

11:16 , transgressive faces. But the Hiestand are wave dominated. Shore face in

11:22 , Member D and River dominated Delta Allah Member E mhm. Let's look

11:28 the valley, Okay, A sharp erosion all base overlay by finding

11:34 facing succession. Here is the strike section with the well logs, and

11:40 could see the valley there, little high stand and then and then the

11:45 segments of the valley. So that's section a prime. Across these two

11:50 segments on, there is the core . So again there's the valley.

11:57 cuts quite deep cuts almost 35 m . So it's a much deeper incision

12:01 we saw. An element member et said that when we flattened on the

12:05 datum, the the the degradation of and he looked like about 25 m

12:12 . So therefore, the Valley cuts . Uh, on the Valley field

12:16 got flu viel sandstone to the And then it's got these horrific Marine

12:21 kind of at the top or in middle, Very classic estuary in

12:27 Let's look what course looks like. here we have these laminated borrowed sediments

12:33 look a little pro Deltek. That's Paris Sequence D three. A little

12:40 more storm flood dominated, so detail completely been eroded away. It's completely

12:44 here. Then we see a razor contact that puts cross bedded sands on

12:50 of storm Flood proedl zone. Of , the entire Delta Front needs an

12:55 pass sequences missing there. That's a significant un conforming. You will notice

13:01 there's borrowing right away in this in in this valley field. So this

13:06 a much more marine influenced valley and that may be reflected. The

13:10 that Alum and um D in general more wave dominated. Although there's a

13:15 incision, it doesn't look like the had as much sediment. So there

13:18 be a decrease in the sediment supply with Allah member D that makes the

13:24 more wave dominated a Z. We up, we see sort of massive

13:30 stones and then we get a floating and we go into horrific sand stones

13:35 mud stones. The borrowing is kind intermediate in intensity, so by occupation

13:41 ranged on. A scale of which is no borrowing to six,

13:45 is 100% on these rocks would sort be around three. Right, So

13:50 30% borough 30 40% burrow because still lots of primary stratification not suggest that

13:56 may be some brackish stress stress in upper value field, suggesting perhaps an

14:04 environment. Oh, again, we the borrowing increases intensity up on the

14:11 top to get some hunky sands representing transgression of a shelf into the

14:17 Then we see a razor sharp and that's overlay my mud. We

14:21 see this little slug of a bar transgressive sandstone that over lies some of

14:27 mud. But overall it finds Thanks. Now the models for estuaries

14:33 we may talk about this a little more tomorrow. The tripartite model for

14:38 dominate estuaries suggests that you get the of the estuaries closed by a wave

14:45 barrier. The river feeds into the would end and the central area it

14:49 be tied influenced, brackish bay So you may have flu viel overlay

14:55 bay fill with marine faces pushed into history from the from the outer

15:02 Okay, here's a cross section that what that tripartite film might look

15:07 So you have a transgressive Fallujah faces , then a Delta faces and then

15:17 wave dominated system that the mouth of history and with So you have

15:23 uh, Central Bay Phil and then at the outer end of the

15:27 A bond that zero to the the Central bay and then Marine faces

15:32 talk. So we see that tripartite . That's that's kind of diagnostic of

15:36 estuary filled. It's all contained within valley, and it looks like a

15:42 fill. This kind of goes back discussion. We had yesterday that sort

15:46 a mere point of that which you know, So is that a

15:50 or is that low stand system it's pretty clear feeds low stand

15:53 So I'm a sort of more or call that a low stand,

15:57 but it is transgressive in nature. have a look at these low stand

16:03 . So now we're into the more faces we start off in D.

16:08 d three is laminated, were so it's It's getting really money.

16:14 a few of these little storm little gutter casts. Okay, is we

16:19 up way? See that there's that increase in bio activation. So that's

16:24 band between the three below and d above. That's right about here.

16:29 can see it's laminated here, and suddenly it's much more of our

16:32 It's a pretty subtle contact That was . Transgressive surface of erosion on the

16:40 . We're too far offshore and out sea. Much of anything. Let

16:43 go into the spire. Debated, , precaution faces. Okay.

16:47 uh, which goes into laminated sand . And, um, that's

16:57 All okay. Yeah. Yeah, just that's just marking the the more

17:03 debate above Unless part bill. that's kind of represents that d two

17:09 three contact on the top of the body shows nice. Well laminated,

17:15 , deposits representing upper Delta or upper face. And for which delay the

17:22 top of that core was not was penetrated. Okay, um, so

17:30 offshore, we can have a look the at these more distant faces.

17:38 , that's this core right here. here we see again. Beautiful upward

17:44 faces. So we see laminated sediments . Then they're more bar debated back

17:50 laminated bar Debated. They're going to quite well laminated sandstone courses upward and

17:58 razor sharp contact over lane by the shales that coarsening upward again. So

18:04 the contact between Alan member D below then Allen member see above.

18:10 you know, flooding surface is pretty to pick. I think all of

18:13 could pick that one, and you see the coarsening upward quite nicely in

18:17 overline Paris sequence. Look at the distant end of the system. It's

18:23 muddy. So there is the top Allah member E. That's the river

18:30 one that goes to the mean Okay, then there's a contact

18:39 and it goes into more bar debated and more salty. So that is

18:43 distal expression of the sequence boundary. participated silkier, slightly more energetic faces

18:52 by more distal laminated faces. Those to coursing up. They go from

18:59 of sandy mud stones gradually upwards into sand stones. Obviously, we're the

19:08 the shoreline here. So the so rocks never get up into anything more

19:12 sort of proximal shelf. Very, , very difficult kind of short

19:18 sharp contact and then went back into stones of the next overlying Allah

19:24 Okay, there is a close up shows the contact between the laminated faces

19:30 and then the barter baited phases Love believe that's the contact right there so

19:37 the distal expression of sequence pattern it's subtle. But what is interesting

19:42 if you look carefully, I'm gonna should I should blow this up was

19:47 , But if you look at where arrow is, you see that there's

19:49 really short kicking the gamma log. see that that indicates a really significant

19:54 in clay contact. So it's actually a sharp contact on the log.

20:00 , and you know the core actually like there is less clear, but

20:04 is actually more Claridge, even though got a white color. Okay,

20:08 actually has a lot more silt, though it's got a darker color on

20:12 clearly expressed by this sudden increase in gamma log. Not so clear on

20:16 resist every law. So what we've here is we've contrast ID, the

20:24 and the surface is, and the little faces of a flu viel dominated

20:30 , even set associated with what looks about a maybe a 5 m drop

20:35 sea level versus a much more wave system with much lower sediment supply,

20:41 with a bigger sea of withdrawal. here we see a much deeper incised

20:47 . The valley feels much more That's because the river was less

20:50 But because the sea level drop was , the river had no choice but

20:54 cut more deeply. So this is of interesting fight between the depth of

20:59 versus the nature of the film. addition, we saw that the the

21:06 facings thing environmental liver faces in particularly the regressive surfaces and and the

21:14 fields were very different even though the of the services themselves was similar.

21:20 between the, uh, Allah members between the sequences the top three,

21:26 of the drops by about 25 m correspondingly, there is the higher level

21:30 incision, probably because there was more a knick point exposed. Okay.

21:36 in contrast, the drop of Allah E is much less only about 5

21:40 at the scale of this cross So they both show clear down

21:45 But D shows a great level of stepping than eat. Uh,

21:51 the kind of drama that we see very similar to what we see in

21:55 In Things Like these forced crest deposits occurred the shelf edge of the Rhone

22:00 in the offshore Mediterranean. The difference these deltas end up reaching a passive

22:07 shelf edge, whereas Dunvegan is in ramp. Margin on. Of

22:14 You know, here are these all climate forms. Okay, You notice

22:17 I use an upper datum here. , so there's a bit of pull

22:21 here which is probably artificial. That probably dips, will probably okay for

22:27 of this region here, and And kind of just shows a little system

22:35 evolution off the Paris sequences. So start off. Yeah. You

22:43 we start off with aggregation all to , ALS, a combination succession.

22:48 we get the drop of sea We get decision of a Valley deposition

22:53 a low stand delta. Okay, , then we get continued subsidence.

22:58 delta goes from probation aggregation. All start to see Valley fell on,

23:04 maybe a bit of accumulation of Peru faces during the the end of the

23:08 stamp. Okay, eventually, we transgression across the top, and then

23:12 get some erosion of the top set . We see that organization of photography

23:19 both of the alum enters the differences E. This is a river dominated

23:24 and a d. This is a dominated shore face wave dominated delta.

23:34 gonna get it now. What's interesting is John Van Wagner in his textbooks

23:41 write it below the deltas. So we have a truncation surface that goes

23:48 base of channel on eventually goes into core relative conformity. Now, this

23:56 a little bit of a side. always tell the story. Atlantic donut

24:01 . What was weird is when I I when I wrote this paper I

24:06 I think I put this paper. is a paper on key surfaces.

24:10 a paper 1990. Back then we use color. So it's all the

24:15 in black and white. But if know if you read that paper,

24:18 you'll hear this story. So you all that you have a nice document

24:21 that explains the story. But one was a buddy of mine.

24:26 actually, he was. He was guy that used to work with

24:29 and we sort of got a bit a fight. I mean, he

24:33 insistent in reviewing the paper, Take sequence boundary and put it on top

24:37 the dealt. And I said, I do that, then I've got

24:40 valley that doesn't feed anything that makes sense. So I took a

24:43 The delta, you know, indifference John Brown Wagner, who I agreed

24:48 . But this this colleague was insistent the sequence panic goes above. He

24:53 get his way, and I argued him. And, uh, eventually

24:57 guy left Exxon. I went to company BP, and promptly began funding

25:02 . So maybe maybe he was required disagree with me as long as he

25:06 an X song. But once he , he was allowed to agree with

25:09 again. I don't know, never asked him, but and he was

25:13 . He used to always criticized John Wagner once he left Exxon. So

25:17 don't know, maybe those guys didn't along very well. But in this

25:21 , I thought John Bag Van Wagner's was correct, and I applied it

25:25 pleasure. Okay. And so what see is is a similarity in the

25:30 strata graphic organization of stacking patterns, the fact that the environmental faces are

25:36 different. Yeah, On one of problems is you know, the deposition

25:41 faces below and above the sequence boundary that different? So you know that

25:47 , Although I showed you what it like, you know it Z may

25:52 hard to appreciate that, you it wasn't always obvious where that surface

25:56 when I was doing the work 30 ago. You know, I've told

26:00 story so many times, and it very convincing, but, you

26:03 I mean, you know, you , that could be just a little

26:05 surface. And what I may have a big deal about being a sequence

26:09 , but a lot of other people , Well, that's just a little

26:11 off slump. It's a storm It's, You know, while you're

26:14 strata graphic significance on that contact. like, because I'm a secret security

26:18 it fits the model better. you're being model driven. Well,

26:22 could tell me if you think my is right or wrong. You

26:25 my oxen call. You wanted to a secret boundary up there and didn't

26:29 that to be an important surface at . Just noise, right? I'm

26:32 , Well, we agreed to screen Cakes. Uh, now the other

26:38 . And this is something that, I, uh, haven't talked about

26:44 . Let me see where we Here, Um hopefully is if I

26:55 a little break, it's not because just, uh I want to go

27:02 to, uh, So if you this map, uh, this is

27:19 from oldest to youngest, okay? so we start off this talk by

27:25 of focusing on on these the al member e, which is basically syriza

27:31 seaward pro grading, off flapping Delta's with. And that's kind of the

27:36 of maximum aggression there. And then I show this slide, which is

27:44 it indicates that the entire areas flooded those marine again. Okay.

27:49 you know, you could see one these here. There's a big

27:53 Okay, that one separates. f for me. There is There

27:59 a you know, someone said why you're putting a slide of all

28:03 . They're like some emphasized that the areas is you know, you

28:08 there's there's a transgression that floods 203 of of, of, of,

28:14 area. You know that that's a transgression. My my opinion. So

28:19 ? I emphasize that in between, are flapping paris sequence sets. There

28:22 these big regional transgressions. And so that transgression, you've got river

28:31 Okay, The next thing you they've dominated barriers. So Bill Galloway

28:39 talked about the fact that these big transgressions reset the page graphic the

28:44 So they're like surfaces that erase the and then some. A completely different

28:50 is done next, right? In , you know, we said that

28:55 a sequence spanning between you two and , you know. But, I

28:58 , you know, the Deltas look of similar above below. So there's

29:02 Major Paley geographic reorganization across the sequence . But there's a profound pain,

29:09 geographic reorganization across these major regional transgressive . And so Bill Gannaway and myself

29:19 kind of in agreement that the uh, the big the most important

29:31 in some ways are these big, events that that, as we

29:37 as we sort of, say, the Paley geographic clock, right?

29:43 So it's It's these regional transgressions, know. And when the system begins

29:47 pro great again, it's just a different system that has no idea what

29:52 before the river's own aggressive, that systems more wave dominated in the example

29:57 going from a to D and, know, in in sentiment ology,

30:02 know, people used this word genetically that typically when you talkto someone who

30:08 faces analysis, they think, Oh , you know, barrier islands a

30:12 . It's a different deposition system than river dominated Delta. So what surface

30:17 that with the floating service, The bounty just caused a hiccup. It's

30:21 dominated, little down step, and continues to be waived, dominated,

30:26 you flood that and you have no what deposition system is gonna occur

30:31 Which means that you don't know what sand body geometry is gonna be in

30:35 above and below flooding surfaces was the about a geometry might be the same

30:41 sequence boundaries on there was a lot infants spilled on how important the sequence

30:46 are because they are the big genetic Bill gas Bill Gallo and I,

30:52 know, based on the world we've saying, Well, yeah, there's

30:55 a shift there. You know, basically shifting faces, this truncation,

31:00 the petty geographers looked at different. you know that this sort of the

31:04 faces air pretty similar anyway. the valleys, of course, show

31:10 different internal faces between the two Paris sets. We think that's fundamental,

31:15 the difference in the ratio of river marine processes so Allah member D has

31:21 aggressive tide wave effects control the value . The is more Marine dominated.

31:26 course, that means that the values , although they're deeper so they have

31:31 , uh, more fill their more , which means that the quality of

31:36 may not be as good. These all things that are important if you're

31:40 to predict reservoir quality in an expiration and if you're tryingto understand reservoir

31:47 once you start extracting the resources from reservoir in a development or production

31:55 and so is the sequence between, is important that both scales So we

31:58 that the E E Valley Phil is well, sand dominated. Where the

32:02 Valley Phil is much deeper twice. to 3 times deeper than the

32:08 But it's got big slugs of mud . That means it's a more naturalistic

32:14 . Okay, there we go. . That Z that ends that

32:21 And, um, I'm going to stop showing for a little bit on

32:31 , you can stop recording for a bit so you can save that

32:35 And then uh, uh, move the next one as you see

32:40

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