| 00:08 | I hope everybody had a good had a very busy weekend. I |
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| 00:13 | to a conference. Usually conferences are where scientists go where we get to |
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| 00:19 | with colleagues and rejuvenate ourselves and revive . And so while this is normally |
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| 00:25 | case, I came back and I'm exhausted, I'm just like ready to |
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| 00:29 | up in a ball and today, we're gonna do is a little |
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| 00:34 | As I went over at this I'm like, man, this is |
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| 00:36 | the worst lecture ever. Not because subject matter is hard or anything like |
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| 00:40 | , it's just that it doesn't seem there's any like central theme to the |
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| 00:44 | and it's much easier to understand something there's a central theme that you can |
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| 00:48 | ok? Today I learned this. like today is like today I learned |
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| 00:51 | bunch of stuff. And so what gonna do is we're going to first |
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| 00:55 | at glial cells, we're gonna look reflex arcs, we're gonna look at |
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| 00:58 | the brain organizes itself during development, we're gonna jump over after the reflex |
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| 01:04 | and we're gonna look at the organization the spinal cord, so it's just |
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| 01:07 | of like going all these different All right. So if you find |
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| 01:11 | like, you know, going south they're like, I'm not paying |
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| 01:16 | just, you know, ask a , anything like whatever, whatever, |
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| 01:22 | to kind of get yourself woken So, um what I'd like to |
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| 01:25 | is I'd like to start here with glial cells. So the last thing |
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| 01:28 | talked about on thursday before last was mentioned specifically the types of neurons that |
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| 01:35 | found in the nervous system, they're the only type of neuron but the |
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| 01:39 | one, the pyramid cell. And we kind of grade them out here |
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| 01:42 | that we can focus here on these cells. Alright now the supporting |
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| 01:48 | there's a variety of them alright, there's specifically six that we're going to |
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| 01:53 | at, there's gonna be four in central nervous system to that are found |
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| 01:57 | the peripheral nervous system. Alright. much smaller and they don't play role |
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| 02:02 | in signal, sending signals in the system. They are literally just a |
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| 02:07 | self, the term you'll see often you'll see, glial cell glial literally |
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| 02:12 | glue and so they're like the glue , they, you know when the |
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| 02:16 | first discovered these, you know, like well it kind of holds everything |
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| 02:20 | so they're the glue cells. Uh other word you'll see is neuro |
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| 02:24 | which if you want to read you could probably go in neuro glia |
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| 02:26 | that's how our brains work. But pronounced neuro glia all right, and |
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| 02:32 | what I'd like to do is just of walk through these things um and |
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| 02:37 | going to kind of break down um look at each of the the only |
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| 02:41 | we don't really talk about is the cell uh and I'm just gonna mention |
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| 02:45 | the Schwann cell is akin or like astro site in the peripheral nervous |
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| 02:51 | Alright. And that's as far as ever need to know for the |
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| 02:54 | So because we don't know a lot it, they're there, they've kind |
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| 02:57 | entered into modern textbooks over the last years, even though they've been studied |
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| 03:03 | much much longer. Typically if information its way into a textbook, it's |
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| 03:07 | 20 years old. So it's as as you are. Alright, |
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| 03:11 | so these are much much smaller. are capable of dividing. So they |
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| 03:15 | my topic in nature. Uh It matter which one you are. Uh |
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| 03:20 | I mentioned, they don't transmit nerve . They typically outnumber neurons 10-1. |
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| 03:26 | way I like to think about It's like a football team for |
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| 03:28 | You don't like football just sorry, it's an easy analogy. How many |
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| 03:34 | are on the side of the football ? Think about this for a |
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| 03:39 | Anyone. No one here knows. . Thank you. That's what I |
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| 03:45 | to hear, Yell out at me you're wrong. I'm not going to |
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| 03:48 | idiot. I'm going to just say . That's not right. Try |
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| 03:51 | Alright. 11. Alright, so is a wonderful number. Who is |
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| 03:55 | more who do we claim? I'm use that word claim is the most |
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| 04:00 | player on the football team, All right. So, you |
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| 04:05 | everyone talks quarterback quarterback quarterback quarterback, ? It's like the quarterback is the |
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| 04:09 | . V. P. The quarterback the one that scored the touchdown even |
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| 04:12 | all he did was throw a Right? The quarterback. We've got |
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| 04:15 | defend the quarterback. The quarterback looks because of the other 10 players on |
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| 04:20 | team. And look at that What we see there, Who is |
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| 04:24 | most important player in the nervous neural cells or neurons, Right? |
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| 04:31 | makes the neuron looks so good? the other cells, alright, these |
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| 04:35 | glia. So they're almost a 10-1 . They make up half the mass |
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| 04:39 | the brain, right? And they half the volume of the nervous |
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| 04:44 | So there are lots of them. small and they're important. But we |
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| 04:48 | them because they're not sexy. All . So we're gonna we're gonna show |
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| 04:54 | why they're kind of important here. right. So I mentioned there are |
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| 04:58 | types for in the central nervous We have the epidermal cells. We |
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| 05:00 | talked about them a little bit. We have the alexander sites. We've |
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| 05:04 | talked about them a little bit. have astro sites and then we have |
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| 05:08 | glia. Again, one of those when you look at and go to |
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| 05:11 | glia, but because we have to things sound fancy shmancy, we'll give |
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| 05:16 | some weird accident, call it micro . Alright. And then out in |
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| 05:19 | peripheral nervous system we have satellite Like I said, we're going to |
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| 05:23 | of ignore them and then the other the Schwann cell. The other name |
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| 05:26 | the Schwann cells called the neural Alright. And typically what I try |
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| 05:30 | do in an exam and I'll give both names. So you're not sitting |
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| 05:33 | going whatever. But Schwann cell has his the historical name and again over |
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| 05:37 | last five or six years they're moving from epitomize names or epitomizes nomenclature. |
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| 05:43 | they renamed it the neural Emma And so you start seeing that more |
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| 05:48 | in more modern texts, the modern . Alright. So where do we |
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| 05:55 | all these cells? It doesn't matter you're talking about a neuron. Doesn't |
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| 05:57 | if you're talking about a glial They all originate as an olive garden |
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| 06:03 | as an OPC. Alright, so all these different types of cells can |
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| 06:09 | from an OPC. So it's all intercept progenitor cell. Now when you |
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| 06:13 | all the good in your sight So the main thing you should think |
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| 06:15 | it makes all the good in her and or the glial cells and that's |
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| 06:18 | fine. But apparently evidence suggests that gives rise to neurons as well as |
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| 06:24 | type of glial cells. All So these are all throughout the nervous |
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| 06:29 | . And what they'll do is that signaled to migrate and move to where |
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| 06:35 | need to go. And what you're see is that they have around them |
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| 06:39 | areas along their their dender sides called cones. And the growth cone is |
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| 06:45 | something that is detecting the environment around . Looking for chemical signals that drive |
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| 06:52 | of that dangerous that dendrite in that of where that signal is coming |
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| 06:57 | All right. And so when there's that occurs, the surrounding tissue says |
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| 07:02 | been damaged. We're not gonna talk what that signal is or why it |
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| 07:05 | . But that's your body talks to in that way. And basically sends |
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| 07:09 | these chemical signals says damage has occurred . We need tissue to replace the |
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| 07:15 | tissue. And so that would be chemical signal. And it stimulates these |
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| 07:20 | of cells to differentiate and migrate into areas and the mature and fill up |
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| 07:25 | areas as mature. All good inter . So what did you all |
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| 07:32 | The underside looks like? Well, talked about this is the cell at |
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| 07:37 | in the central nervous system that is for my elimination. So you can |
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| 07:40 | out here here's the cell body or soma. And then what it does |
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| 07:44 | all these extensions off it. This why it's called the olive Gom. |
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| 07:48 | danger site. Many extensions. And these extensions do is they go and |
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| 07:52 | wrap around and they create that biotin for the neuron around which is |
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| 07:59 | They can have lots of these dender coming off these these myelin nations. |
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| 08:05 | so here's an example, can modulate to 50 axons. Is that an |
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| 08:10 | number? Just answers lots. Their job is really that insulation created |
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| 08:19 | Myelin sheath, what they do is interesting. So not only do they |
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| 08:24 | up the transmission by grading those nodes ranveer and those mountains sheets between |
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| 08:30 | they inhibit the ability of a neuron regenerate itself. Right? So when |
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| 08:36 | occurs that neuron can't regenerate because you all good inter sites already there. |
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| 08:41 | right. Produced a whole bunch of peptides that help control neuronal function. |
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| 08:48 | remember what we said? The sexy in the nervous system is done by |
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| 08:51 | neuron. What does the neuron It sends signals. Alright. And |
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| 08:55 | kind of ignore. What do the cells do? Except for like this |
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| 09:00 | 20 minutes. And so one of things that it does is it helps |
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| 09:03 | neuron perform its function by sending proper to allow it to do what it |
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| 09:10 | . All right. And when we about it, it's like oh well |
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| 09:12 | just the Myelin sheath. So it up transmission. Alright. That's how |
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| 09:17 | learned. No religious site acts just the elegant underside except in the |
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| 09:25 | N. S. And its organization is very different. So if I |
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| 09:29 | back here to the elegant underside. our cell body. Here are those |
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| 09:34 | . And that's where you get these own sheets here. The individual cell |
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| 09:38 | around multiple times. So that each these my own sheets represents one Schwann |
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| 09:44 | or neuron homicide. All right. they're similar to the elegant inter |
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| 09:49 | They form those violence sheets and they're for the regeneration of nervous tissue. |
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| 09:56 | because these are the peripheral nervous you can kind of see perhaps why |
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| 10:00 | be important. I'm not sure if actually give the lecture on damaged |
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| 10:04 | I think I figured that out. I may talk about it later, |
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| 10:07 | let's say I have a nerve fiber a neuron traveling from meat over to |
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| 10:13 | wall. And damage occurs at some in between there. Now, if |
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| 10:17 | have my own sheets wrapped all the around, I have basically a track |
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| 10:22 | that neuron to where it needs to . So if damage occurs, what |
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| 10:25 | do is destroy up to two where attached and I extend the neuron using |
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| 10:32 | um Myelin sheaths as a guide to me where that neuron needs to |
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| 10:37 | It's very slow. It's painstakingly Um but it is a way that |
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| 10:42 | can regenerate neurons in the peripheral nervous . Keyword in the periphery or peripheral |
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| 10:47 | system. Although gender sites prevents Ask your sights, Why are we |
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| 10:58 | Master sites? Because they're discovered in play baseball. No 1's got like |
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| 11:07 | smiles out of that. Okay, ? Why do we call them |
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| 11:15 | do you think shaped like a Right. They are the most abundant |
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| 11:24 | cell. When you think of glial nine times out of 10 you're thinking |
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| 11:27 | these they're star shaped and again, got to imagine here you are. |
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| 11:32 | neuroscientists. The only thing you have to at this point is a basic |
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| 11:37 | . You've got this cut of You look in there, you see |
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| 11:40 | cells stained and it has this weird shape. So you call them the |
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| 11:44 | cells. That's the only reason that named that. Alright. So, |
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| 11:48 | really important though. Alright. Much the work of the nervous system is |
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| 11:54 | upon the presence of the astro And this is kind of trying to |
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| 11:57 | you a little bit of these. right. So one of the things |
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| 12:01 | do is they provide the physical space the for the neurons. In other |
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| 12:05 | , they're the scaffolding on which the tissue is built. So, you |
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| 12:10 | imagine I'm holding a neuron over I'm holding a neuron over here. |
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| 12:14 | keeping these two neurons from touching each . I'm making sure these two neurons |
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| 12:18 | touch each other. All that stuff being accomplished by the astrocytes. |
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| 12:23 | they established the physical structure of I the brain, but just so the |
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| 12:27 | system should be fine. Alright. control the chemical environment. All |
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| 12:33 | because they're the ones that make up part of the blood brain barrier because |
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| 12:37 | are found at the synapse because they're with these neurons and holding them in |
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| 12:44 | the way that neurons get the fuel need, and the chemicals they need |
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| 12:48 | primarily directed by the astrocytes. They stormed glycogen and they're capable of |
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| 12:56 | . Icis meaning they can release glucose at the the when neurons need |
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| 13:03 | Alright, Really? What they do they don't the big lie that we've |
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| 13:08 | everybody since the dawn of time is is the primary sugar of the |
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| 13:12 | It's not what they do is you glucose and you cut it in half |
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| 13:15 | you end up with three or 23 sugars. That's lactate. Alright. |
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| 13:21 | what the brain wants. And so not glucose. It's the half |
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| 13:26 | And so it provides those to the to provide the fuel. So, |
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| 13:30 | neurons don't get the fuel that they directly from the blood. They get |
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| 13:34 | from the neuron, Or sorry, the astro sites that are regulating what |
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| 13:38 | in and out of the brain Alright. They also control the honest |
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| 13:44 | We talked about how messing with the can be such a big deal to |
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| 13:49 | tissue. Well, the astrocytes are responsible for ensuring that the surrounding environment |
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| 13:55 | the environment that it wants for the . So, we talked about playing |
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| 14:01 | role in exchange. It's a blood barrier, right? It actually plays |
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| 14:06 | role in repairing damaged nerves tissues. , it can act in an immunological |
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| 14:13 | . That's not its primary function, it plays a role in that. |
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| 14:16 | right. It can serve as scar . So when damage comes along and |
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| 14:20 | destroyed cells, you're gonna end up this big giant gaping hole that needs |
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| 14:24 | be filled. Astrocytes multiply and fill up the gaping hole and basically |
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| 14:29 | that mass to fill it up. had a student a couple of years |
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| 14:33 | saying, and this is the wildest ever heard. Always get great stories |
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| 14:36 | you guys and came up after class , oh, dr wayne. It |
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| 14:39 | after this lecture. I got hit the head with an ax when I |
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| 14:42 | a kid. Right? He showed the scar. I mean, it |
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| 14:45 | just like, I was like, , Really? So yeah, what |
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| 14:49 | there? I said that's what happened all that nerve tissue died. |
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| 14:54 | All the neurons died. Something has fill that space and that scar |
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| 15:00 | And it was here the astra sites it. All right. So, |
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| 15:04 | can stimulate the elegant inter sites and them what to do as well. |
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| 15:08 | , they're kind of boss cells is of the ways you can think about |
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| 15:15 | . We looked at the dependable cells a little bit when we talked about |
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| 15:18 | blood brain barrier and they are the that line the internal cavities. |
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| 15:22 | when you're talking about the ventricles and talking about the uh cerebral aqueduct and |
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| 15:27 | on, this is the type of that you're finding there. All |
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| 15:31 | You can see poorly that. And is a fixative issue that their cilia |
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| 15:37 | their surface. So, you can what they're doing is they're they're producing |
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| 15:42 | spinal fluid and pushing it along its . That's the purpose of the |
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| 15:46 | All right. They have a basement and that base membrane is primarily |
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| 15:52 | And what they do is they create permeable barrier between that cerebral spinal fluid |
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| 15:58 | and the tissues underlying. So there regulators of what is allowed to pass |
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| 16:04 | these two areas. And we also about how they made cerebral spinal fluid |
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| 16:11 | we have the dependable cells in those of cord plexus, right up next |
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| 16:16 | the capillaries. You can pull materials of the capillaries and make cerebral spinal |
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| 16:21 | farmers. So, for the longest , micro glia were like the little |
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| 16:30 | Children that no one cared about. right. And so, what you |
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| 16:34 | here is like the very very basic our understanding. Go to a couple |
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| 16:39 | these conferences, you see some people talking about micro ugly and all of |
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| 16:43 | sudden it's like we could we should give a whole lecture to these |
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| 16:47 | They're very, very valuable cells. right. They make up about 10 |
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| 16:51 | 15% of the cns there primarily sitting doing nothing for most of the |
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| 16:56 | But when damage comes along or if an insult that somehow finds its way |
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| 17:01 | the central nervous system. This is you alert them, they are resident |
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| 17:05 | act like resident macrophages. Now, know you haven't had immunology and we've |
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| 17:13 | the term before means big eater. what macrophages are as their cells of |
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| 17:19 | immune system that are responsible for seeking pathogens or damaged tissue, consuming it |
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| 17:26 | getting rid of it from the side damage. Alright, so that's what |
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| 17:30 | what a macrophage does. And so can imagine why these things are sitting |
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| 17:34 | doing nothing most of the time because don't have a lot of damage in |
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| 17:38 | brain at any given time. All , basically just sit around and |
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| 17:42 | hey, brain stay alive. Brain , sure, I'll do that. |
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| 17:46 | when something happens and they're activated now start moving around through the tissue and |
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| 17:52 | to the specific sites of damage in to repair what has happened. All |
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| 17:58 | . And so the first thing when repairing something, if you knock down |
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| 18:01 | building, the first thing you have do is remove the rubble. And |
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| 18:04 | that's their job is they're removing the so that the repair can actually take |
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| 18:10 | . Alright, So there the immune cell of the central nervous system. |
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| 18:14 | , this becomes really, really important valuable to understand because we talked about |
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| 18:18 | blood brain barrier, right? Blood barrier separates the central nervous system from |
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| 18:22 | rest of the body. The rest the body has the immune system to |
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| 18:26 | care of itself. The brain or central nervous system has no immune |
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| 18:32 | In other words, nothing on the can tell what's going on on the |
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| 18:35 | and vice versa. So, it's types of cells that play the important |
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| 18:41 | of immune response. All right. , they can remove damaged materials, |
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| 18:46 | can recognize infectious infectious agents, They as what are called a pCS androgen |
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| 18:51 | cells. These are the things that other types of immune cells to the |
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| 18:56 | that's going on. All right, gonna back up here for a second |
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| 18:59 | give you a very, very one explanation of immunology, every cell in |
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| 19:03 | body knows what's going on, What does is it has a little molecule |
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| 19:08 | itself, and every protein that you , it takes a little copy of |
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| 19:13 | , or a little piece of it puts it on its surface and says |
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| 19:16 | system, do you recognize this? if the immune system recognizes it, |
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| 19:21 | alerts the immune system that something bad happened. So, when you get |
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| 19:24 | by a virus, a virus uses own machinery, cellular machinery to activate |
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| 19:31 | immune system, The only way that's happen is if it knows that there's |
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| 19:34 | infection going on. So every cell constantly presenting self and non self |
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| 19:41 | If there's non self available self meaning that my body makes non self things |
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| 19:45 | shouldn't be there. If it's a self the immune system is alerted. |
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| 19:50 | . And that's what an A. . C. Is. Is every |
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| 19:53 | in your body is roughly in a androgen presenting cell that there are specific |
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| 19:58 | in the immune system that are a that are there to alert higher order |
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| 20:03 | cells. Right? And that's what thing is doing alright. Plays a |
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| 20:09 | in preventing inflammation within the cns. , inflammation is a bad thing that |
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| 20:14 | says more. Water goes in creates , damages tissues, creates a cycle |
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| 20:20 | bad things going on. So the here is we don't want that to |
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| 20:24 | normally when you get infected, think when you cut yourself you get a |
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| 20:27 | red area that's inflamed, right, by a mosquito, a bee, |
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| 20:33 | ? Get exposed to something you're allergic , you get localized inflammation. That |
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| 20:41 | what it's trying to avoid is localized . So micro glia the easy thing |
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| 20:47 | think about immune defense cells. It a type of macrophage. Get through |
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| 20:53 | how do they? This happens very on development. So while you're developing |
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| 20:57 | don't have a blood brain barrier, don't have a bloodstream. And so |
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| 21:00 | happens is there? All right, embryology, you start off as a |
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| 21:07 | cell. You begin dividing dividing dividing differentiate. You end up with three |
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| 21:11 | layers of cells in the Durham Ectodermal Durham. All right. Those cells |
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| 21:16 | then destined to go to different parts body to create the skin, nervous |
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| 21:20 | , so on and so forth. before you actually have a circulatory |
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| 21:24 | right? You have brain tissue actually formed. It's very early on just |
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| 21:28 | you have a heart that gets formed before you have a circulatory system. |
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| 21:32 | that's where it comes from is while being developed. Good thing we don't |
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| 21:38 | to know that stuff. I'm telling if this is just a little |
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| 21:44 | if you ever have an opportunity to developmental biology Alright. I encourage you |
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| 21:49 | do so. All right. Just the sheer amazement of how you exist |
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| 21:55 | a as a person. The number things that could possibly go wrong on |
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| 21:58 | daily basis while you're developing is And the very fact that you exist |
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| 22:05 | beyond miracle. I mean it's just how, I mean the very first |
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| 22:10 | the class is like this is what on day one. This is what |
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| 22:13 | on day two. This is what on day three. You do this |
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| 22:16 | like six weeks and then it's like week six. Like this is what |
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| 22:19 | during week seven. This is what during week eight. That's that's how |
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| 22:25 | specific we understand development. So it's really cool to watch or learn |
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| 22:33 | So most textbooks spend a lot of talking about all these different things here |
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| 22:39 | I think it's good that our textbook because you can really get lost in |
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| 22:42 | minutia and basically what it says is , the nervous system is primarily responsible |
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| 22:48 | receiving and processing information so that your can respond appropriately to these types of |
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| 22:55 | . That's really what it boils down . Right? So we have sensory |
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| 22:58 | that are found in the periphery. , this is core to understand the |
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| 23:02 | system. We have sensory neurons that out in the periphery that take information |
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| 23:07 | send that information up to the central system which processes and then sends information |
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| 23:13 | motor pathways to the structures that are to serve as the responsive structures. |
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| 23:19 | right. So the integration portion is you think about the central nervous |
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| 23:25 | that's what it's doing. It's taking these bits and pieces and putting it |
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| 23:29 | . You can take stuff stored in , you can be stuff that you're |
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| 23:33 | experiencing and you can actually take those things together. Come up with a |
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| 23:38 | and your body will respond inappropriately All right. And it says, |
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| 23:42 | do I need to do with I can store it up. |
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| 23:45 | So for example, I'm seeing this now. I know that I'm gonna |
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| 23:49 | tested later. I'm gonna put it in memory All right. Or I |
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| 23:52 | say, for example, hey, experiencing this and I'm being told to |
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| 23:56 | this now, so I can act it right away. Or I could |
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| 24:00 | receiving a whole bunch of information and of it is unimportant to me right |
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| 24:04 | , so I can just flat out it. So your body is processing |
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| 24:08 | your brain is processing information constantly trying figure out what it needs to do |
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| 24:13 | it. Alright. And this is we talk about neurons, that's what |
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| 24:17 | are doing now. The sending part when we're going to stimulate a |
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| 24:25 | a gland or some other cell. . And typically we're gonna we're gonna |
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| 24:29 | this down a little bit further a later. But we have motor signals |
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| 24:33 | can go to muscles like movement, it doesn't mean just muscles for |
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| 24:38 | You can go to muscles that are muscles that are smooth, write and |
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| 24:42 | your digestive system what to do, kidneys or whatever. All right. |
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| 24:49 | other things that it can do. fact that you recognize that you're sitting |
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| 24:53 | their chairs right now is called self . I think therefore I am |
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| 24:59 | Got a whole department can talk about with you. But that's that |
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| 25:03 | General consciousness. The perception of senses fact that you can smell perfumes and |
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| 25:10 | or smell barbecue. Right and that smells good, Right? Or |
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| 25:17 | you're walking across the street over here colon, not colon. Yeah, |
|
| 25:21 | colon, right? And you can the sewage coming out of the |
|
| 25:25 | Like that's just smell. There's there's all sorts of senses and we |
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| 25:32 | that stuff regularly. That's the right? The fact that you can |
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| 25:37 | language not just english, but some you are bilingual. Some of your |
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| 25:42 | , you're able to communicate multiple different . That is a function of the |
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| 25:46 | system is communication. And there's very regions of the brain that play a |
|
| 25:51 | in that we're gonna when we go the brain is like they're that |
|
| 25:54 | right? There is responsible for That region, right? There is |
|
| 25:57 | for speech which are two different reasoning you're capable of making rational |
|
| 26:05 | So for example, you guys can see the garbage can right up |
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| 26:08 | This is the gross example if you in here and there was trash on |
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| 26:11 | garbage can sitting on top was a on a plate and it doesn't, |
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| 26:16 | know, hadn't touched the garbage and were starving. You could rationalize or |
|
| 26:22 | eating that piece of cake. And now you're saying I'm not gonna touch |
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| 26:25 | because I'm well fed and I could go three days without eating that |
|
| 26:28 | But if you were starving, you reason why you should do that, |
|
| 26:35 | ? We make choices daily. I'm that as a dumb example. But |
|
| 26:40 | mean everything you do, whether you up went to bed what time you |
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| 26:43 | to bed. Whether you put on , what clothes to put on |
|
| 26:46 | Whether or not to check your messages you came into work or to school |
|
| 26:51 | morning. All that stuff. His memory is another big thing. Taking |
|
| 26:57 | . Not just the stuff that we're about in this class and other classes |
|
| 27:01 | everything and whether or not to store for long term purposes or just get |
|
| 27:05 | of it right? I use the on thursday. I think if you |
|
| 27:11 | about it I say think about your . Can you remember what they look |
|
| 27:16 | that? Very first crush. Does pull does your memory get pulled out |
|
| 27:21 | say this is that person? Or if you walk by somebody who's wearing |
|
| 27:25 | clone or the perfume of that person spark that memory. Right? That's |
|
| 27:31 | integration of internet information coming through. then there's emotion. There might be |
|
| 27:35 | attached to that, right? It's oh I hate that person. I |
|
| 27:39 | that cologne. I hate that Right? Emotion is our responses to |
|
| 27:49 | of these things that our brain is . And so the nervous system has |
|
| 27:54 | these unique functions. And when we through we're just going to kind of |
|
| 27:57 | out the different areas that are doing rather than asking how does it do |
|
| 28:02 | ? All right, there we Now. I hate this slide. |
|
| 28:08 | hate that your book talks about but it's in the book and I'm |
|
| 28:11 | going to point it out really Is that developmentally the brain moves are |
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| 28:17 | as it moves neurons in very specific , depending upon which stage of development |
|
| 28:23 | in. If you're an embryo uses way after embryonic development, it uses |
|
| 28:27 | second way and why is this Well, it just shows you that |
|
| 28:32 | is organizational stuff that takes place. what we want to point out is |
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| 28:36 | even though everything is more or less once you're an embryo, once you've |
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| 28:40 | formed and you move beyond that into functional organism, things still can be |
|
| 28:47 | . Its just there's a different method it uses. Okay. So what |
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| 28:52 | uses during embryonic development is something called migration. And what radio migration basically |
|
| 28:58 | is. And we looked at this briefly, we said, the brain |
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| 29:01 | all these different layers of the cortex you're gonna find these cell bodies have |
|
| 29:05 | layers. And so when you're talking radio migration, you'd ignore where the |
|
| 29:10 | are and you move up and down them using um glial cells as the |
|
| 29:16 | to get to where you need to and that's how your brain gets |
|
| 29:20 | Right? So you can imagine multiple in a cake. I'm just gonna |
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| 29:24 | and I'm going to go up and through those layers to where I need |
|
| 29:28 | be. Alright. And the glial are sending the chemicals signals to tell |
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| 29:32 | where you need to go. All . In the adult however, we |
|
| 29:38 | move up and down through the Instead you move within the layer. |
|
| 29:45 | . So you've already been established where need to be but if we need |
|
| 29:48 | move neurons around, we're going to back and forth to where we need |
|
| 29:53 | go and make connections across the All right. And so that would |
|
| 29:57 | tan gentil migration and then this is picture. They show you what you're |
|
| 30:04 | . I don't know what the hell is. It looks like some sort |
|
| 30:06 | alien flexing their fore limb. Don't about it. Just think in terms |
|
| 30:11 | layers by going back and forth through layers. Or am I moving within |
|
| 30:16 | layer Now? The reason these neurons move to where they need to go |
|
| 30:27 | to do with this growth cone. they're using a process that is not |
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| 30:32 | to the central nervous system. It's how cells move around the body |
|
| 30:37 | nowhere to go. So, if have an infection, how does an |
|
| 30:40 | cell know where it needs to Well, it uses this process called |
|
| 30:44 | taxes. Chemo tells you it's chemical is the movement part basically I'm You |
|
| 30:51 | look at and go chemo taxi if want to. It's not But And |
|
| 30:55 | the idea here is there are molecules are being released that can be either |
|
| 31:00 | or repulsive and it drives a neuron where it needs to go. So |
|
| 31:07 | we're looking at in this picture, stupid little green orange cone thing is |
|
| 31:13 | end of a neural, at the of a dendrite, right? And |
|
| 31:16 | dendrite has out here, this would this is all inside the cell, |
|
| 31:23 | ? And so at the edges of , you're gonna have receptors for these |
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| 31:27 | chemicals. And so, if there a chemical that says come this |
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| 31:31 | it grows towards where that chemical is from. Kind of like how a |
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| 31:35 | follows a blood trail. It's following chemical trail to where it needs to |
|
| 31:40 | . But if you have a criminal don't go this way, then it |
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| 31:43 | withdraw itself. And so you have neurons basically expanding and contracting in different |
|
| 31:50 | and being forced in a particular All right now, there's other types |
|
| 31:56 | chemicals that can produce other responses you cause then drive to branch, for |
|
| 32:01 | , it might alter the sensitivity to cues that it's receiving. So in |
|
| 32:07 | words, oh, I'm normally you're to be excited. But here, |
|
| 32:10 | not going to just be excited, gonna be super excited, that sort |
|
| 32:14 | thing. All right, So neurogenesis dependent upon this chemo tactic response. |
|
| 32:23 | words, I'm dependent upon chemicals to me what to do and what this |
|
| 32:29 | to is this idea that the brain not a static organ. And what |
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| 32:37 | means in english is the brain that have today. Is not going to |
|
| 32:41 | the brain that you have tomorrow. . It is constantly remodeling itself and |
|
| 32:47 | in such a way so that it better uh connections with the neurons that |
|
| 32:54 | to be connected in order for you remember something or do something or process |
|
| 33:00 | . And I'm gonna ignore the text there. You can read I want |
|
| 33:03 | focus on this little picture that I know where I found but it's a |
|
| 33:07 | good summary of this neuro plastic behavior the brain. So, each of |
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| 33:13 | circles represents a neuron. All The lines represent the solid lines represent |
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| 33:21 | connection between two neurons. In other , some sort of synapse. And |
|
| 33:24 | , you can see here this central , right, is synapse, sing |
|
| 33:30 | that neuron, with that neuron, that neuron and with that neuron. |
|
| 33:33 | then you can see that there's a on those neurons and the synapses between |
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| 33:37 | two neurons. And so we have is we have a neuronal pool. |
|
| 33:40 | what this picture is saying is saying during neurogenesis when we design the brain |
|
| 33:46 | when the brain is being organized. is a relationship of those cells at |
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| 33:51 | time. All right. So, born when you start licking keys. |
|
| 33:59 | noticed that babies like everything. Put in the mouth. That's how they |
|
| 34:03 | the world, they're tasting everything to out what is food and what is |
|
| 34:07 | food. Right? So, what's on is you can now see here |
|
| 34:11 | have these two neurons that weren't But what we're gonna do is we're |
|
| 34:15 | start making interactions as a result of experience that we're doing All right. |
|
| 34:22 | , in other words, I'm going as a neuron send out dendrites and |
|
| 34:28 | to interact with other cells. And I'm going to test whether or not |
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| 34:32 | is a connection that needs to be . And so this is going on |
|
| 34:37 | early on. So, you can here we've expanded right, expanded the |
|
| 34:43 | pool. Alright. We've created multiple as we continue to do whatever that |
|
| 34:50 | is. All right, what's going happen is we're going to strengthen certain |
|
| 34:57 | and we're going to lose other And that's what we see here, |
|
| 35:01 | ? We see the strengthening between this of network and up here. We |
|
| 35:06 | that we're losing interactions there. And ultimately what we do is we create |
|
| 35:13 | pattern of interaction between those areas where making those strong interactions and then we |
|
| 35:18 | completely lose those areas where we have interactions. All right now to try |
|
| 35:26 | help you understand this and I don't if this is going to make |
|
| 35:29 | But whenever you remember whenever you are anything, this is what's going |
|
| 35:33 | So let's say you are creating a , right? Let's say you're eight |
|
| 35:38 | old and you're roller skating for the time, I don't know if |
|
| 35:42 | rollerblading, whatever, Alright. And very first time and you're sitting |
|
| 35:46 | you're learning how to do it, , and you're learning how to |
|
| 35:48 | okay, I go slide, slide, slide slide, you're doing |
|
| 35:52 | and you get better and better and until finally become a super speed |
|
| 35:58 | right? So that means now, time you get on the whatever the |
|
| 36:05 | , your brain automatically has the pattern redo what you learn how to |
|
| 36:12 | It doesn't have to relearn the This is what a memory is. |
|
| 36:16 | a pattern of neurons firing within that after it's been created. I can't |
|
| 36:25 | . So it's not just an idea stored in a single cell, |
|
| 36:30 | It's the number of action potentials that firing in between the cells, the |
|
| 36:34 | cells as they communicate in a specific . And there have been some incredible |
|
| 36:39 | that have been done where they've taken , they did this in humans |
|
| 36:43 | but not exactly the same experiment. took rats and they put these Basically |
|
| 36:49 | into their brain and they train them they were to do a figure |
|
| 36:54 | a maze like this, right? in the middle of that Figure |
|
| 36:59 | they had a wheel. So the had to go around the eight, |
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| 37:03 | to the wheel, run on the a little bit and then they jump |
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| 37:05 | and then do the other half the eight and do the wheel again and |
|
| 37:07 | just repeat that pattern over and over . And then what they could do |
|
| 37:11 | then they recorded what was going on the brain at the time, in |
|
| 37:14 | of the pattern that was being generated they could actually see when they would |
|
| 37:19 | the rat and throw it in the and say rat time to go run |
|
| 37:22 | thing. That would say okay I'm my maze and would know what to |
|
| 37:25 | . And you could see before the got to the wheel whether or not |
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| 37:29 | was going to stop and actually run the wheel or if it would make |
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| 37:32 | mistake and go the wrong direction. you could see the pattern being generated |
|
| 37:37 | the action actually occurred. Now they this similarly in humans, but it |
|
| 37:43 | not that they made him running a . What they did is they made |
|
| 37:45 | watch videos and so it was a that they would watch over and over |
|
| 37:49 | and then they recorded the brain patterns brain waves that were being produced and |
|
| 37:53 | they would interview them like an hour two later and say what was in |
|
| 37:56 | video and they could see the pattern generated in the brain. So when |
|
| 38:01 | was right, it would be matching they did. And if it was |
|
| 38:04 | , you could see where the mismatch . That's kind of cool. So |
|
| 38:09 | is how memories are stored is through pattern or this through pattern. |
|
| 38:16 | the term plasticity means malleable or All right. So, when you |
|
| 38:22 | you're a plastic, that means the is changeable. Alright. Old dogs |
|
| 38:30 | tricks the whole nine yards. We capable. We just don't like |
|
| 38:36 | Don't you hate learning these stuff. . So, what this slide does |
|
| 38:48 | says, all right. So, brain has integration in other words, |
|
| 38:54 | neurons that are found within these Alright. So information itself is going |
|
| 38:58 | be very, very coordinated and it's because the neurons are grouped together in |
|
| 39:04 | specific ways. So that there's interactions those groups. These are called pools |
|
| 39:09 | circuits. We're gonna look at specifically in the next couple of |
|
| 39:13 | And so when we see those it's a functional groups of neurons that |
|
| 39:18 | information and forward it to someplace All right. So, you can |
|
| 39:22 | of a small little tiny mini computers are communicating with each other because they |
|
| 39:26 | very specific things. They can be and they can be distributed. When |
|
| 39:31 | say localized, it means you can at a very specific part of the |
|
| 39:33 | and say all that processing is done . When we say distributed means some |
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| 39:38 | is done here and then that information sent over here and processed over |
|
| 39:42 | All right. One of the most parts of the brain is the visual |
|
| 39:47 | processing centers. We talked about the cortex being in the occipital lobe and |
|
| 39:52 | 100% true. That's called V Alright. V for visual one for |
|
| 39:57 | first area, primary visual visual But there's a V two, there's |
|
| 40:02 | V three. These are the There's a V five and it goes |
|
| 40:05 | the way up at least V 20 I've seen it. And if you |
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| 40:09 | at where that stuff is localized, goes all the way from the occipital |
|
| 40:12 | , up towards frontal lobe, down the temporal lobes. It is that |
|
| 40:16 | are primarily a visual creature in our is processing video all the time. |
|
| 40:23 | , well not video but visual All right, there's gonna be a |
|
| 40:28 | number of input sources and output In other words, we're not going |
|
| 40:32 | throw everything into a neuronal pool and you to process it. Alright, |
|
| 40:37 | specific information is being processed. It be integrated with other information, but |
|
| 40:41 | not going to take all the information something at the same time. And |
|
| 40:46 | could be either simple or complex. this is going to be looking at |
|
| 40:49 | four basic types of circuits. We ask if it's a simple circuit or |
|
| 40:52 | it's a complex circuit. Alright, . And this is just a simple |
|
| 40:58 | . The more neurons there on a , the greater number of synapses there |
|
| 41:02 | . So, the greater number of , that means there's going to be |
|
| 41:05 | to process information. Alright. That's a function of synaptic delay. |
|
| 41:14 | what we're looking at here is the definition between simple and complex. All |
|
| 41:20 | . This is as basic as we get in a simple circuit. What |
|
| 41:24 | have is we have one cell and cell. One cell is communicating directly |
|
| 41:28 | the other cell. Pretty simple, it? Information flows in one |
|
| 41:32 | It goes from cell a to These are not very common in the |
|
| 41:38 | nervous system. They're comin in the nervous system, not in the central |
|
| 41:43 | . So, great. That means central nervous system must be complex. |
|
| 41:48 | right. And this is an example a complex circuit. So, here |
|
| 41:52 | , we got cell A. We cell B. A. Is communicating |
|
| 41:55 | B. But B is also communicating A. All right. So, |
|
| 41:59 | A stimulates BB stimulates A. Or may tell a not to be |
|
| 42:04 | So, there's a feedback between those cells. And this is very, |
|
| 42:08 | simple because we're just looking at two , most neuronal pools consist of hundreds |
|
| 42:12 | not thousands of cells. So, is basic as it gets Now. |
|
| 42:22 | the context of these circuits, there four basic types of circuits. All |
|
| 42:28 | . So here you can see these are very simple circuits. Why are |
|
| 42:31 | simple circuits? Do we see any in the opposite direction? And |
|
| 42:37 | No. Alright. So what we here is a circuit that is both |
|
| 42:41 | converging circuit and the other one is diverging circuit. The converging circuit is |
|
| 42:46 | over here, you can see we a whole bunch of cells, |
|
| 42:48 | B. And C. All converging on D. Alright, this |
|
| 42:54 | and this cell and this cell are communicating with cell D. To tell |
|
| 42:59 | D what to do. So information being condensed downwards as you're moving through |
|
| 43:05 | pool. Alright, so in a circuit, these are very very common |
|
| 43:11 | of this is salivation, not salvation . Alright, when I salivate, |
|
| 43:18 | gonna be processing multiple pieces of information the same time. I'm getting information |
|
| 43:24 | my visual circuit. I'm getting information the old factory. I'm getting information |
|
| 43:30 | the gustatory. I'm getting information from sensory, the somatic sensory. So |
|
| 43:36 | , taste, smell, vision, those things together are getting to me |
|
| 43:42 | it's like hmm this makes me want salivate right? And you can think |
|
| 43:49 | something that makes you want to I don't know, a freshly baked |
|
| 43:52 | with ice cream on top. You smell it? You see it |
|
| 43:58 | it touches your mouth and melts a bit in your mouth. All |
|
| 44:02 | All of that together. It's just homer Simpson drool. The diverging circuit |
|
| 44:10 | opposite. Alright. Information from a neuron A. Is being sent to |
|
| 44:16 | . C. And D. And . And so on, and so |
|
| 44:18 | . It's spreading the information outward. right. So example of this might |
|
| 44:25 | walking. Alright then. Signal to my muscles to contract to lift my |
|
| 44:31 | is also telling other parts of my to maintain balance and posture. In |
|
| 44:35 | words it's not just going to the neuron responsible for lifting my leg |
|
| 44:40 | It's also going to the many other said neuron but muscle many other muscles |
|
| 44:45 | help me stay upright when I lift foot up, the information is being |
|
| 44:51 | rather than localized the two weird The ones that are complex and hard |
|
| 44:57 | understand is the rhythm generating circuits. this is the rhythm one and the |
|
| 45:01 | after discharge. Alright, so in rhythm circuit, what you have here |
|
| 45:05 | a positive feedback loop. This one has three. As an example. |
|
| 45:09 | here A B and C. Is stimulating B. A. Is |
|
| 45:12 | stimulating. C. C. Is B. And B. Is stimulating |
|
| 45:19 | . So what you're doing now is input is coming in and repeating itself |
|
| 45:24 | such a way that you're making a and bigger signal. All right. |
|
| 45:29 | the idea is is it's like putting snowball on the top of a hill |
|
| 45:34 | the signal starts going downhill. But causes you to re stimulate. So |
|
| 45:39 | get a bigger signal as you keep back and back and back. And |
|
| 45:43 | your signal gets bigger and bigger and . We see these specifically specifically |
|
| 45:51 | And for example, anything that's just in and in nature, the most |
|
| 45:56 | one to think about is breathing. . You're not gonna learn about breathing |
|
| 45:59 | you get to the respiratory system in two or a and P. |
|
| 46:03 | breathing is simply a series of action that increase in terms of their number |
|
| 46:09 | frequency. And so what you're doing think about a breath, breath starts |
|
| 46:14 | slow, it gets big, And then what you do is when |
|
| 46:19 | stop it all and then it relaxes muscle again. And then what you |
|
| 46:23 | is you start off a couple of potentials and that relates to more and |
|
| 46:27 | . Is that causes the muscles to more and more and more. And |
|
| 46:30 | where you're getting that inhalation. That's rhythm pattern. So see if I |
|
| 46:39 | draw it dark. So it's like in terms of the pattern goes up |
|
| 46:45 | then it disappears and it goes up and over and over and all those |
|
| 46:50 | , it's just increasingly larger and more action potentials. The actual potential aren't |
|
| 46:57 | larger, it's the frequency of them the number of them that's really increasing |
|
| 47:02 | after discharge is even walk here. so in this case we have |
|
| 47:07 | There's 456 different neurons. And you see is there an output neuron in |
|
| 47:13 | little circuit here? Can you see ? Here's our output neurons notice that |
|
| 47:20 | the other neurons are converging on this . But if you look at this |
|
| 47:26 | you can think of these the lengths each of these individual neurons as that |
|
| 47:32 | equals how long it takes for a to get from that from that soma |
|
| 47:38 | that neuron. So to get from that is gonna be a lot faster |
|
| 47:44 | it takes to get from there. what I'm doing is I'm throwing another |
|
| 47:47 | so each of these results in a arriving at a different time In that |
|
| 47:53 | one neuron. So what you can here is that the original signal starts |
|
| 47:57 | here and it arrives in this last at different times, it would be |
|
| 48:02 | boom boom boom boom boom. So of having one signal and getting wonderful |
|
| 48:08 | , you get multiple responses from that neuron from that single signal because it's |
|
| 48:13 | through a whole bunch of different circuits different neurons, I should say. |
|
| 48:18 | right, the higher order. Thinking how we believe we process information is |
|
| 48:28 | stimulating through these types of circuits. did I lose you on those four |
|
| 48:37 | divergence? That's pretty easy. Would agree? Yeah, these two are |
|
| 48:41 | little bit complex. No questions. ? Um Well, got it. |
|
| 48:50 | can go home, explain to mom open the dog show where in the |
|
| 48:55 | it works. I'm just kidding. cut open the dog. All |
|
| 49:02 | So what are the properties of neuronal ? Alright. We know that they're |
|
| 49:06 | . That can exist in these different of ways. They're basically developed during |
|
| 49:11 | development, Right? And then we're to use that plasticity to basically change |
|
| 49:17 | relationships. All right. So, you think of every physiological process in |
|
| 49:23 | body being dependent upon the proper signal sent, then what you're looking at |
|
| 49:29 | is these the importance of these neuronal ? Alright, very very simple circuits |
|
| 49:36 | regulate very, very complex behaviors. kind of the neat thing. And |
|
| 49:41 | of the things that they can regulate produce are these unique things called |
|
| 49:47 | Alright, now reflex can be either reflex or spinal nerve reflex. And |
|
| 49:51 | we're talking about here is a way creating responses independent of thinking you don't |
|
| 50:00 | to process and think about a I'll just give you a simple example |
|
| 50:05 | you take your hand and stick it a hot stove, are you gonna |
|
| 50:09 | there and wonder whether or not you move it away. What do you |
|
| 50:14 | ? And then what is your response you move your hand away is usually |
|
| 50:19 | right, It's not like oh my is burning ouch. And then you |
|
| 50:23 | your hand away. So the reflex something that occurs independent of the processing |
|
| 50:32 | the higher orders of the brain. the strict definition, the textbook definition |
|
| 50:41 | a reflex is a rapid, pre meaning, involuntary reaction of the muscles |
|
| 50:49 | glands, some sort of stimulus. so we've got some definitions in |
|
| 50:52 | What's a stimulus? A stimulus is a check you get from the |
|
| 50:58 | It is a sensory input that initiates reflex. You can now understand why |
|
| 51:03 | call them stimulus checks. If I you money, you will spend |
|
| 51:08 | Right? Right. Isn't that what did? That's what I did. |
|
| 51:12 | me money, I'll spend it. got things like there are lots of |
|
| 51:15 | I want to buy. All rapid meaning. It takes very few |
|
| 51:20 | to get this to happen. It's pre programmed. That means the |
|
| 51:24 | is going to occur the exact same every single time. If I take |
|
| 51:28 | hand and stick it on a hot , you're gonna move your hand |
|
| 51:30 | If we get another hot stove put hand on it, you're gonna do |
|
| 51:32 | exact same thing. You're not gonna wait a second. I'm gonna process |
|
| 51:37 | . Alright? And then when the time you come to a stove, |
|
| 51:39 | your reflux going to be All Pre programmed. It's involuntary. That |
|
| 51:48 | no conscious intent and you can't suppress . That is the coolest part. |
|
| 51:55 | most reflexes are going to be integrated the level of the spinal cord. |
|
| 52:01 | what I said? The brain and spinal cord of the central nervous |
|
| 52:04 | They process information. So we're talking spinal cord here. What we're doing |
|
| 52:08 | we're not thinking about it, we're an initial response that occurs all the |
|
| 52:15 | . The exact same way we're doing . We have basic reflexes. These |
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| 52:20 | unlearned. These are built in responses someone looks at you and smiles. |
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| 52:25 | natural response built in is to smile . You ever looked at a baby |
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| 52:32 | a baby for the first time, the baby know we know who you |
|
| 52:36 | ? No, you look up and with the baby and you go, |
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| 52:39 | baby is so cute, you're so . And you put the smile |
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| 52:42 | What does the baby do you sit and go, ah, no, |
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| 52:45 | smiles or she smiles at you. is an innate response. In an |
|
| 52:52 | . It is not trained to it just does. So the other |
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| 52:59 | is the condition. This is right , this the knee reflex. I |
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| 53:04 | remember the name of that reflex. basically it's a it's a feeding |
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| 53:08 | If you touch a baby right here it'll come and we'll then clasp and |
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| 53:14 | suckling. Maybe it's the suckling Alright, But that's built in. |
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| 53:21 | didn't know how to suckle. It starve to death. Alright? And |
|
| 53:24 | there's the conditioned response. The condition , this is the Pavlov and Pavlov's |
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| 53:30 | thing. Remember Pavlov? Pavlov had dog? What he do? He |
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| 53:34 | the bell, fed the dog, , The bell fed, the dog |
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| 53:36 | , the bell didn't feed the What did the dog do? That's |
|
| 53:41 | the story is. But I think attacked Pavlov. Like, where is |
|
| 53:45 | food, dude? Right. But , that's salivates, right? Because |
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| 53:49 | association became when the bell rings, given food, my natural response to |
|
| 53:55 | presence of food is to salivate. right, That's conditioned. You're all |
|
| 54:02 | if we had a buzzer in this and it rang at 10 till you |
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| 54:06 | would get up like an army of and then start marching out of the |
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| 54:13 | . Because you were trained for 18 . When the bell rang, it |
|
| 54:16 | time to move to my next This is the reflex arc. This |
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| 54:24 | a picture. You should memorize not for the reflex, but it's also |
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| 54:28 | to show you the division between the nervous system and the central nervous system |
|
| 54:34 | you're gonna see it over and over over again is really what it gets |
|
| 54:36 | to. All right. So, gonna use it right now for the |
|
| 54:41 | arc and then we're gonna come back you'll see it again and you're gonna |
|
| 54:44 | , oh yeah, that would be good idea to actually learn this. |
|
| 54:48 | , what we have here is this functional unit. All right. And |
|
| 54:53 | you can see over here I've got electric nail, you know, it's |
|
| 54:56 | because it has lightning bolts coming out it, right? And you can |
|
| 55:03 | I'm sticking the electric nail into the here and then you can see information |
|
| 55:08 | being passed into the central nervous system then something is going on and then |
|
| 55:14 | comes back out. That makes me . Right? Actually, what is |
|
| 55:19 | ? Really? I touched something I pulled my hand away. Really |
|
| 55:25 | basic reflex. Right, so this the smallest circuit you can create in |
|
| 55:32 | nervous system. It's showing detection processing . There's actually five steps in |
|
| 55:42 | There's not just three because I'm detecting here and I'm processing over here. |
|
| 55:47 | I need to get that information to spot where I'm processing. So where |
|
| 55:53 | detecting that's called the receptor. So input is detected at the receptor, |
|
| 55:59 | takes that information converts it into the of the nervous system, which is |
|
| 56:04 | be action potentials. That action or potentials plural is then sent along |
|
| 56:10 | pathway called the a different pathway. you're gonna have some teachers or some |
|
| 56:15 | who get around you and they'll say , that's fine. That's actually it's |
|
| 56:19 | pronunciation is different. But when you're it next to effort, which is |
|
| 56:24 | other one african different in texas sounds awful lot of light, so different |
|
| 56:29 | different? Makes it a little bit . So we have a different pathway |
|
| 56:33 | is into. So this is all system out here and then once we |
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| 56:38 | into the spinal cord now we are the place where processing is going to |
|
| 56:43 | place. This is the integration Alright. When we see the central |
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| 56:49 | system we're referring to. Now in particular example, this integration center includes |
|
| 56:56 | interneuron. You won't always have an , you can have several inter neurons |
|
| 57:02 | what you're doing is you're processing You're saying when I get poked by |
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| 57:06 | electric nail there's gonna be some sort response that's gonna be elicited by the |
|
| 57:12 | center. You just have to stimulate by telling it that you've just got |
|
| 57:15 | and then what's gonna happen is the signal is then sent out via the |
|
| 57:21 | pathway. Alright, so now we're out in the periphery and we go |
|
| 57:26 | the thing that's going to make the or the response that is the |
|
| 57:30 | Er So receptor a fair pathway integration , different pathway to effect or the |
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| 57:37 | er causes the effect. Whatever it to be in this particular case, |
|
| 57:42 | poking over here, I'm moving away a response to being stabbed. Were |
|
| 57:48 | or whatever you wanna call that up in this basic reflex arc. Note |
|
| 57:58 | information is not going up to the . All right. Does that mean |
|
| 58:02 | information doesn't go up to the No, but the response is not |
|
| 58:08 | upon the brain processing the information. . You can do it yourself, |
|
| 58:12 | home, find attack, take that , slam your hand on it. |
|
| 58:15 | what happens. Your hand's gonna be away and then you're going to start |
|
| 58:20 | me. You're not gonna curse me . You're going to curse me |
|
| 58:25 | right? Because that signal not being here in this basic pathway also has |
|
| 58:30 | pathway to send itself up to the . So, you can say, |
|
| 58:32 | , when I'm in pain, what the words that I say? Usually |
|
| 58:36 | ones. Now, there are different of reflexes. All right. And |
|
| 58:45 | they're just being categorized and sub categorized so on. So, this is |
|
| 58:49 | example of mono synaptic synapses versus policy synapses. And again, all the |
|
| 58:56 | tells you is that when you're mono , that means there's only one synapse |
|
| 59:00 | this process. If your policy that means you have more than |
|
| 59:04 | Alright, so mano synaptic are very basic simple reflex. It's the |
|
| 59:09 | simple one you can have. And , we're looking here. I love |
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| 59:13 | pictures here. So here we're doing . The knee jerk reflex. |
|
| 59:16 | this would be the mono synaptic. can see here I'm hitting the tendon |
|
| 59:21 | being detected in the stretch receptor. information is going via the a fair |
|
| 59:25 | pathway into the integration center? But we don't have an interneuron here, |
|
| 59:30 | only synapse that's taking place is between different fiber and the or sorry, |
|
| 59:35 | different fiber and the different fiber. there's only one synapse, hence mono |
|
| 59:41 | . All right, so there's no input thats going to modify this. |
|
| 59:45 | just very, very basic. So hit the tendon because of the need |
|
| 59:48 | kick. This is the Polish synaptic . The one we just looked at |
|
| 59:53 | the last slide was an example of synaptic. And here what we're doing |
|
| 59:57 | we're doing stupid things in the We're taking a Bunsen burner and we're |
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| 60:01 | our hand over it. Don't put hand over a burning Bunsen burner. |
|
| 60:05 | hurts a lot. And you can burning my hand information is being or |
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| 60:13 | is being detected by a sensor receptor receptors up through the different pathway into |
|
| 60:19 | central nervous system. Alright, so in our integration center, here's the |
|
| 60:24 | fiber, it's being uh synapse sing an interneuron. So there's the first |
|
| 60:30 | that interneuron plays a role in the and it terminates on a second neuron |
|
| 60:37 | now you're onto that different pathway and going to be down to the |
|
| 60:42 | Now there's other things that are branching here that we're not seeing. So |
|
| 60:47 | I move my arm this direction. that for every agonist there's an antagonist |
|
| 60:51 | there's all sorts of other stuff information to go up to the brain. |
|
| 60:55 | so in polish synaptic you can have inputs coming in and other information going |
|
| 61:02 | from that particular synapse. We're just seeing it in the basic synapse. |
|
| 61:10 | right. So the simple definition one multiple synapses and we have inter neurons |
|
| 61:17 | the palace in Epic. Another way can classify these is how are they |
|
| 61:23 | in the body. Alright, So going to learn in the next unit |
|
| 61:28 | the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic is portion of your nervous system plays a |
|
| 61:34 | in then in involuntary structures in the . In other words, basically affecting |
|
| 61:40 | organs. Can you make your heart down? No, I saw one |
|
| 61:46 | to shake here. No, I . Right. Can you speed your |
|
| 61:49 | up? Right? But when that that you're really, really attracted to |
|
| 61:53 | up to you hold your hands, you deep in the eyes and |
|
| 61:56 | you know, you're really pretty or , you're so attractive to me, |
|
| 62:00 | heart's just gonna go no matter how you try to make a stop, |
|
| 62:06 | and you're probably gonna turn red and gonna be sitting there going I don't |
|
| 62:08 | to turn red, but you have choice. And if you're thinking I |
|
| 62:11 | want to turn red, it's probably get worse, right, right? |
|
| 62:14 | autonomic, I have no control over . So an autonomic reflex is that |
|
| 62:20 | occurring in response to that particular whatever it happens to be in this |
|
| 62:25 | . What they're trying to do is , look, I can detect the |
|
| 62:28 | of food in the digestive system that's create that reflex loop to cause the |
|
| 62:34 | muscles to contract and relax so that begin processing that that's an example of |
|
| 62:41 | . I can't tell my digestive system and when, not to digest |
|
| 62:45 | It does so naturally by virtue of presence. Somatic, on the other |
|
| 62:51 | , deals with voluntary control. when I'm moving my arms around my |
|
| 62:56 | around stuff like that, that's Alright. It's skeletal muscle and that's |
|
| 63:01 | we're looking at here. So, though it's a reflex, a reflex |
|
| 63:08 | independent of voluntary ideas. Right? I put my hand on that |
|
| 63:16 | I'm gonna jerk it away. I have to think about jerking away. |
|
| 63:19 | an autumn. That's an automatic That's what a reflex is. It's |
|
| 63:23 | a voluntary structure. That's doing the . That's what it's called. |
|
| 63:29 | All right, autonomic is. I control it whether I think about it |
|
| 63:34 | not it does so because it's pre in the body. Again, think |
|
| 63:41 | heart digestive system, kidneys, those of structures. How we doing on |
|
| 63:49 | . Oh, good. It will done, I think. Right, |
|
| 63:52 | time. All right. So, far I have I have this has |
|
| 63:57 | lecture lived up to its promise of all over the place. Yeah, |
|
| 64:01 | apologize. I mean, it's just that's how the chapter was written and |
|
| 64:05 | want to stay you know, true the chapter. Still, you're not |
|
| 64:08 | to jump here and jumping back and . I just want to keep it |
|
| 64:12 | along. And one of the weird that this textbook does is that in |
|
| 64:18 | of dealing with the anatomy of the system, I really want to take |
|
| 64:21 | sip and I have a hard time that. One of the weird things |
|
| 64:26 | it does is it works from the cord up to the brain and most |
|
| 64:31 | go the opposite direction, they go the brain down to the spinal |
|
| 64:35 | And so our starting point in terms anatomy is going to be the spinal |
|
| 64:39 | . All right now, it doesn't that it's wrong. It's just |
|
| 64:43 | It's weird and I think part of is because the author of this particular |
|
| 64:50 | really spend so much time talking about , wants to just kind of |
|
| 64:53 | Alright, we're just talking about Let's deal with this structure where the |
|
| 64:56 | take place. All right now, terms of structure, remember the spinal |
|
| 65:02 | exits out? It's connected to the and exited out the skull via the |
|
| 65:07 | and magnus. Alright, it's enclosed a whole bunch of bones. So |
|
| 65:10 | can see here here the vertebrae or vertebrae you can see there's the spinal |
|
| 65:15 | that's the body, that's the bone on one side. And we wrapped |
|
| 65:19 | all the way around it. And bone is sitting there encasing and protecting |
|
| 65:25 | spinal cord. And we said when protecting the spinals were not when we're |
|
| 65:30 | the central nervous system, we have , we had meninges, we had |
|
| 65:33 | spinal fluid, right? And we the blood brain barrier. And that's |
|
| 65:36 | going to be there as well. in the context of what we're looking |
|
| 65:40 | , just all those protections, the are still present. There's some uniqueness |
|
| 65:46 | it, but there's still all And when we look at the spinal |
|
| 65:50 | , we can subdivide it into regions upon their location. So very similar |
|
| 65:55 | how the vertebrae were named cervical thoracic and so on and so forth. |
|
| 66:01 | the way down. We have the thing. So, we're gonna have |
|
| 66:04 | cervical region. We're gonna have a region. We're gonna have a lumbar |
|
| 66:08 | , will have a sacral region. have a cock sigil region as |
|
| 66:11 | And those names are associated to where nerve fibers exit out of that spinal |
|
| 66:21 | . All right. And we'll get that a little bit later when we |
|
| 66:23 | about the spinal nerves. So if take a slice through and look at |
|
| 66:30 | cross section, you can see at in this cartoon, there are two |
|
| 66:34 | areas. We have an area that's matter. Alright. White matter is |
|
| 66:38 | on the external surface and then we this internal darker area which is called |
|
| 66:44 | matter. Alright. And we already about white matter and Gray matter. |
|
| 66:47 | matter is primarily fibers. So axons between two points. Gray matter is |
|
| 66:54 | cell bodies where information is being Okay, So structurally we have these |
|
| 67:02 | different areas. All right. if you look at it, you're |
|
| 67:05 | to see it and again, it on which section you're looking at. |
|
| 67:09 | gonna have the anterior in the post . So, this would be the |
|
| 67:13 | surface is the posterior. They're using and ventral. Again, it's just |
|
| 67:18 | kind of a nomenclature or terminology change taking place in recent years. But |
|
| 67:23 | are kind of flattened. This particular picture. It's not but in most |
|
| 67:27 | it looks like someone kind of took round structure and flatten it a little |
|
| 67:31 | and there's two major grooves that sit . I'm just gonna use the names |
|
| 67:36 | are here rather than mine. on the dorsal side of the posterior |
|
| 67:40 | you have the dorsal medial sulcus and it basically pushes down all the way |
|
| 67:44 | . Like. So, and then have the ventral medial medial fissure that |
|
| 67:48 | of comes in and so you can that there's this very small area that |
|
| 67:54 | connects the two sides. You could grab those two fishers and spread |
|
| 67:59 | You're still connected. But it's a very small portion of connection. All |
|
| 68:05 | . And no matter where depending on you are, you can see the |
|
| 68:08 | and shape of this change a little . So what I want to first |
|
| 68:12 | is I want to focus on the matter. Alright, So it's |
|
| 68:16 | Right? These areas? So, want you to imagine this this spinal |
|
| 68:23 | coming out of the screen and moving towards you. All. All |
|
| 68:27 | So basically we're looking at a patient's . So what these are? These |
|
| 68:31 | columns, Right? So if the cord is like this, you'd see |
|
| 68:34 | going up and down. But that's you're lying out. These white matter |
|
| 68:40 | are moving out towards you and the are called particularly. Alright, that's |
|
| 68:45 | plural, ridiculous is singular. There's of them. And so what you |
|
| 68:50 | is you just take a half. pick pick your favorite half or you're |
|
| 68:53 | or a right person conduct Twix. right. Sorry. That was a |
|
| 69:00 | of commercials. Now at that. weeks. Alright, so pick your |
|
| 69:04 | . So over here, this is dorsal funicula. This this right here |
|
| 69:09 | the lateral funicula and down here, the ventral fin Nicholas. So there's |
|
| 69:16 | per side, one in the back the one in the back, one |
|
| 69:19 | the front, one in the That's pretty simple, posterior anterior and |
|
| 69:24 | or ventral dorsal lateral. All Now, what these are. Is |
|
| 69:31 | they contain within them Bundles of fibers are traveling between two points. All |
|
| 69:38 | . So they're basically a whole bunch axons that have been bundled together and |
|
| 69:43 | now traveling up towards the burying or from the brain down through the spinal |
|
| 69:49 | to a specific location within the spinal . What we refer to these ascending |
|
| 69:57 | descending bundles as as we call them . All right, It's attract they |
|
| 70:04 | if they're going up to the they contain contain sensory fibers. If |
|
| 70:08 | coming from the brain, they contain fibers. And so now, if |
|
| 70:12 | go back to that original picture I you with the different in the different |
|
| 70:17 | coming into the body is sensory information into the central nervous system? Is |
|
| 70:23 | information coming out of the central nervous would be motor. Right, So |
|
| 70:28 | information going up to the brain would sensory information coming down from the brain |
|
| 70:33 | the spinal cord would be motor before heads on out. And so the |
|
| 70:39 | which we're going to learn some of a little bit later represent axons that |
|
| 70:43 | traveling together via similar origin or via destinations. Alright, I'm just gonna |
|
| 70:49 | this really, really briefly who here in Sugar Land just a couple of |
|
| 70:53 | . All right, in order to to Sugarland. What highway do you |
|
| 70:57 | ? 59? Right. And if are on 59 just south of uh |
|
| 71:06 | freaking to name the megachurch, it's there liquid thank you liquid church. |
|
| 71:13 | are six lanes of, of highway before you got to Lakewood, you're |
|
| 71:21 | there near Sheppard. There were about lanes or five lanes. Those five |
|
| 71:26 | are formed by streets coming off out downtown called Louisiana and A bunch of |
|
| 71:34 | coming off of 288. Right? if you ever driven that, it |
|
| 71:38 | , really sucks right? There's a bunch of traffic there, but because |
|
| 71:41 | spreads out all of a sudden now got people who can go where they |
|
| 71:43 | to go, some people are going exit and go via 6 10 north |
|
| 71:48 | 6 10 south. But if you're down to Sugarland, you're gonna stay |
|
| 71:52 | the lanes that lead down to But for a period of time, |
|
| 71:56 | traveling 6:10 are going to travel along the people of going to 59 when |
|
| 72:02 | talking about tracks. That's kind of same thing. You're traveling between two |
|
| 72:06 | . Right? So from you of , you're getting on 45 to 2 |
|
| 72:10 | to 59 then you're heading down 59 you're going to victoria, but you're |
|
| 72:14 | exit long before you get there, going to feel like forever, but |
|
| 72:19 | not too bad. Right? And the same thing. The tracks are |
|
| 72:23 | to tell you, I'm joining in I'm going in a specific location or |
|
| 72:28 | got a specific destination point. And nice thing about the tracks is what |
|
| 72:32 | going to see is that they're named where they start from and where they |
|
| 72:35 | up. We don't need to know . Now when we get there, |
|
| 72:38 | get there. Right? But today don't need to know that when you |
|
| 72:43 | to the gray matter of the spinal , you're gonna see that it's primarily |
|
| 72:49 | shape. So this is just from different textbook using different colors. We |
|
| 72:53 | this already. Right over here we the different fibers coming in. This |
|
| 72:58 | be our integration center. We've got fibers going out. Alright. And |
|
| 73:03 | we're integrating here. And so what going to find in the gray |
|
| 73:07 | Remember our cell bodies. And so cell bodies represent where integration for certain |
|
| 73:13 | are taking place. So what we ? Oh no, just died. |
|
| 73:19 | get batteries here. Mm hmm. , let's see if we are we |
|
| 73:43 | again. There we are. So you if you look at this, |
|
| 73:48 | we have what we have here are unique names for. So like when |
|
| 73:54 | had the white matter, we had , right? We had a dorsal |
|
| 73:58 | and ventral funicula here. What we are what are called horns. So |
|
| 74:04 | gray matter remember represents where cell bodies located. It doesn't ignore or you |
|
| 74:11 | kind of ignore that accidents are going originate there, but they're going out |
|
| 74:13 | the white matter, the gray matter primarily cell bodies. And we have |
|
| 74:17 | areas that are called horns. So just gonna use this right up |
|
| 74:21 | That's kind of a horn. That there is kind of horn. This |
|
| 74:24 | sticking out on the side is kind a horn. Different areas. It's |
|
| 74:27 | little bit more obvious, but this is not particularly obvious. And so |
|
| 74:31 | have names for those horns, just we have for them, particularly, |
|
| 74:34 | have the dorsal horn or the posterior . We have the ventral or anterior |
|
| 74:39 | . And then over here on the we have a lateral horn. And |
|
| 74:42 | each represent something unique that's being processed . Because if it's an integration |
|
| 74:49 | processing takes place in the integration center the gray matter. All right, |
|
| 74:54 | , this picture is again terrible. color coded so that you can see |
|
| 74:58 | is remember a ferret information, sensory is coming in and it's going to |
|
| 75:03 | of two places. All right. two places it's going to go to |
|
| 75:08 | it's going to be processed as somatic . So, if it's coming from |
|
| 75:11 | skin that's somatic, right? if I put my hand on a |
|
| 75:16 | stove, I'm gonna take that and my arm away. That would be |
|
| 75:20 | , right? Or it's gonna be meaning if it's something in my digestive |
|
| 75:25 | , it's going to come in from digestive system and it's going to go |
|
| 75:28 | out to the digestive system. So it's somatic in nature, what it's |
|
| 75:33 | do is it's going to go up to the dorsal horn. Okay, |
|
| 75:38 | that's where sensory input is. If visceral in nature, it's going to |
|
| 75:44 | be up here in the door but it's gonna be in a slightly |
|
| 75:47 | area. It's gonna be a lot to the lateral horn. So what |
|
| 75:50 | can say is that sensory input is going to have neurons for processing, |
|
| 75:58 | the gray matter of the dorsal Mhm. That's the first part. |
|
| 76:03 | wherever you see blue up there, is sensory input coming in the latter |
|
| 76:08 | the ventral then deal with motor Alright, this is where the cell |
|
| 76:13 | of the motor neurons originate. you can think about that loop, |
|
| 76:17 | ? I have information coming in. terminate here on the inter neuron in |
|
| 76:24 | dorsal horn and then I'm going to a syn at or send an axon |
|
| 76:29 | to stimulate a neuron down here in the venture or the lateral. If |
|
| 76:34 | a somatic signal, I'm going to to the ventral horn. If I |
|
| 76:42 | an autonomic sin signal, I'm going go to the lateral horn. |
|
| 76:48 | So let's put it together real I put my hand on the hot |
|
| 76:53 | since your input goes to the dorsal , I move my hand, That |
|
| 76:57 | somatic. So the signal to move hand originates in the ventral horn. |
|
| 77:05 | right. I eat a big It goes into my stomach. My |
|
| 77:10 | begins to digest in response to that . So the information of the detection |
|
| 77:16 | the food and my digestive tract is to be going to the dorsal |
|
| 77:21 | And then the information to cause the muscles to start doing their little dance |
|
| 77:26 | going to be found in the lateral and then the information goes out and |
|
| 77:32 | to wherever it needs to go via different pathway. All right. I'm |
|
| 77:38 | that look up there. So, remember you've got to think about that |
|
| 77:41 | process We did? Right sensor. different pathway into the integration center. |
|
| 77:48 | center is going to be the gray and then it's like, where do |
|
| 77:52 | do? So I go in and terminate in the dorsal and then that |
|
| 77:57 | that gets sent to either ventral or or ventral or lateral, depending if |
|
| 78:02 | somatic, ventral, lateral autonomic and out via the different pathway and then |
|
| 78:10 | to the defector. If I'm What's my defector? If I'm |
|
| 78:21 | what's my factor? Look at your up here? Making an asset out |
|
| 78:25 | himself. What is it muscle? skeletal muscle? All right. That's |
|
| 78:32 | key word there. If I had autonomic, it can be smooth |
|
| 78:37 | cardiac muscle or a gland. I smell the cheeseburger or the brownie |
|
| 78:46 | whatever it is that makes your mouth watery. I begin to salivate. |
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| 78:49 | defector is your salivary glands. so with regard to the meninges, |
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| 79:02 | Dura Matter has single layer instead of , right? It basically provides stability |
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| 79:08 | the spinal cord between the dura matter the bone. There is a layer |
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| 79:13 | fat that's in the epidural region. epi is above dura. So above |
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| 79:19 | dura, that epidural would be epidural . Meninges continue along the spinal nerves |
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| 79:29 | you can see here and they continue a little bit um The area underneath |
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| 79:36 | have the subarachnoid space still has So there's still a subarachnoid space. |
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| 79:41 | what's interesting and it's really hard to in this picture much. Let's do |
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| 79:45 | this way that right there and that there, those are called the identical |
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| 79:50 | ligaments. And so you can imagine spinal cord, it's kind of like |
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| 80:00 | chord. It just kind of flops . So how do you keep things |
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| 80:06 | flopping around? You tie them And so the lenticular ligaments are basically |
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| 80:13 | the spinal cord all along its length the side so it moves with the |
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| 80:23 | . Okay, yeah, since I this in my hand, I'm gonna |
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| 80:31 | this still but notice your spinal cord kind of dangles, right? So |
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| 80:38 | it's still moving with your vertebrae, still not really tied down here at |
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| 80:43 | bottom of it is. And what needs to do that is called the |
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| 80:49 | terminology. So you can see it , it comes straight down and it's |
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| 80:55 | little green thing that's tied down right . And what that does is it |
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| 81:00 | holds a cord in a straight position it doesn't move. Except when you |
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| 81:11 | , the spinal chord grows a lot than your bones do. So the |
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| 81:15 | of your spinal cord is like about long, right? But your vertebrae |
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| 81:20 | like this, so it's a lot . So the end of the spinal |
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| 81:25 | , that's true is right up here L. one and L. |
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| 81:29 | It's called the Conus terminally. But spinal nerves continued down through that vertebral |
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| 81:37 | and they exit out at the proper between the vertebrae. Hence why we |
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| 81:43 | or number are spinal nerves based on exit point. That mess of spinal |
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| 81:50 | . It's called the kata Aquafina Easy to Remember Kata. Its tail. |
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| 82:01 | , horse, it looks like a of horses tail. All right, |
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| 82:07 | the structure is like that. if you went through and looked at |
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| 82:10 | those spinal nerves that are exiting, 31 of them paired. They're going |
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| 82:14 | through the inter vertebral framing based upon location. So the reason we're able |
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| 82:18 | name the parts of the spinal cord because each each part of the spinal |
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| 82:22 | has its own spinal nerve exiting out particular location that it needs to. |
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| 82:27 | see two enlargements. There's gonna be here and there'll be an enlargement up |
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| 82:32 | , which represents those nerve fibers that then going to travel down, exit |
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| 82:37 | their proper location and then travel down the limbs. Alright, so just |
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| 82:42 | more fibers exiting at those particular even though there's not, there's just |
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| 82:49 | nerves is really what we're trying to at. So the first one is |
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| 82:53 | be the cervical that's up high, for the arms and then the lumbar |
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| 82:57 | is for the legs. So I here three extra minutes. I apologize |
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| 83:03 | that when we come back. Hopefully gonna slowly work our way up to |
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| 83:07 | brain stem and up and into the so we can see all the pieces |
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| 83:10 | . There's all right. It will more organized than the garbage that we |
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| 83:16 | through |
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