| 00:06 | Okay. We're talking about false segments how we link up and really ramps |
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| 00:10 | false segmentation and and how it spoke vertical and lateral. And what we're |
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| 00:17 | look at now are some sandbox experiments how these things link up. So |
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| 00:27 | stage one and stage to represent three stages in the sandbox experiment, we're |
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| 00:35 | so that the north and into the 57 m It's a plane strain north |
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| 00:43 | extension. So no change in in in the in the Y direction |
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| 00:49 | just in the X direction. And we see here are different fault |
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| 00:57 | basically progressing with the amount of So here the extension is really |
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| 01:05 | Here, it's intermediate, and you see how each one of these guys |
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| 01:09 | started to grow in length there from to this From this to this, |
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| 01:18 | this to this. Get the Sorry, Professor. I cannot see |
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| 01:25 | , uh we consider representatives here. , hold on. Thank you. |
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| 01:39 | . Are you seeing just the one now? Okay, let me get |
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| 01:50 | . And I have had the laser on. Are you saying that |
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| 01:54 | Yeah, Yeah. Okay, Thank you. So, uh, |
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| 02:00 | this extent about this experiment, you see how these false start to |
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| 02:06 | They grow laterally, and eventually they up to become one through going |
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| 02:13 | That kind of thing that we talked in our problem on some of the |
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| 02:17 | plots. Here's another. Here's another of a different sandbox experiment. 10 |
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| 02:28 | here, North South extension. It's and a half percent straining here. |
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| 02:33 | pretty small amount of extension between North South Theater and 3% strain here. |
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| 02:39 | pretty increase from this stage to this . And you see the false starts |
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| 02:46 | nuclear here fought one football too, felt three full, additional 5% strain |
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| 02:55 | false of form four and five. guys have coalesced into one through going |
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| 03:02 | when we started with three. they're just a little bit more |
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| 03:06 | We've got one long through going So this is what the throw profile |
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| 03:18 | look like on those fall Since the 3% strange. I have low displacement |
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| 03:26 | . A minimum almost zero here. minimum here, here and here again |
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| 03:32 | the zero here with maximum throw here, here and here. And |
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| 03:38 | , as these it is these false , the strain increases comes. We |
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| 03:45 | a through going fall in the location the maximum changes, the minimum kind |
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| 03:52 | stay in the same place. But master changed significantly from this point to |
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| 04:00 | point then with increasing straining that maximum about the same point and the minimum |
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| 04:09 | about the same price. So uh, the original fault segments the |
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| 04:16 | is a lot of those really inherited the displacement profile, as it's a |
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| 04:22 | false evolved in Kabul s and way that in three D in thrust |
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| 04:38 | So here on the right, I've a perspective. You of Roy. |
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| 04:42 | horizon in deep water Press belt college death threat is fine. Lewis |
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| 04:51 | The sense of displacement divergence is towards north in this figure, in each |
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| 04:58 | these lows between the different structures, see the finished with related rant from |
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| 05:07 | relate relaying the displacement between these two . Another really ramp here relaying that |
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| 05:15 | segments. Um, and then here didn't laying the displaced in between these |
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| 05:21 | segments. So our displacement uh relays occurring in both the strike direction and |
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| 05:31 | the dip direction. And we'll get different minor structures in between these |
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| 05:40 | depending on how these guys go So here we're gonna have a contraction |
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| 05:47 | . I'll step over. We'll have folding environment thrust, Faulty interior. |
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| 05:53 | we have an extension of segment where felt Blanc is actually moving away from |
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| 05:59 | fall clock here. So even though overall thrust setting, we'll actually have |
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| 06:05 | extension of structures in in this So the segmentation is three G and |
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| 06:12 | on how the faults overlap, you different structures in between the different fault |
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| 06:21 | . Yes, right. So the couple slides are talk about different definitions |
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| 06:31 | trapped closure elements. So here we're at a a structured contour map of |
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| 06:36 | trap. It's just schematic fault up there inside on the left hand |
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| 06:43 | , on the right, pressed here the middle, each one of these |
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| 06:49 | lines representing a coming through 100 100 . At this point, it could |
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| 06:55 | either time or depth, and you the dip closure is defined as this |
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| 07:02 | that is just dependent on. So from, uh, I'm just |
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| 07:10 | on the depending on the trap talking 300 on down, I start to |
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| 07:14 | dependent on this false your capacity, deeper element of the trap and |
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| 07:25 | So at the tip dependent closures off from the press to the lowest |
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| 07:33 | that kids is the following. And below that I have talked dependent closure |
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| 07:39 | the scrapping ability to retention abilities dependent false feel. And in this |
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| 07:45 | the fault dependent closure goes from about down to down to about 5. |
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| 07:53 | . Constrained by my spill point Over . See, now I'm going |
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| 07:58 | down, down, down through a And then I started climb up |
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| 08:01 | So this style is my spill point the constant elevation here is about 5 |
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| 08:07 | . So this this defines my spill for the trap And the difference between |
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| 08:13 | first count through that kisses the And this spill point defines my fault |
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| 08:19 | enclosure magnitude The dip closure goes from 100 to about 300. About 200 |
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| 08:29 | of disclosure here. The false planet goes from 305 fifties. So I've |
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| 08:35 | about 150 units meters, two way time. Whatever. And enclosure |
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| 08:43 | Still on. All this is constraining . This saddle over here in 5 |
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| 08:48 | m, or, uh, or a travel ban. Right. So |
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| 08:56 | is a cross section through that showing what these elements look like. |
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| 09:00 | in cross section, there's not There is the top of my |
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| 09:07 | It represents just the disclosure. So is the let's least risky closure. |
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| 09:13 | is just dependent on good diplo, tops your capacity of whatever topsy on |
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| 09:20 | is and then below that from where contour, it's the fault. I |
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| 09:27 | a fault dependent closure. It goes that point down to my spill |
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| 09:33 | And this is gonna be a little riskier because it's dependent on the false |
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| 09:38 | . In addition to the dip closure , all of these are constrained by |
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| 09:44 | spill point over here. While I through that saddle, go through that |
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| 09:48 | . Lorne and hydrocarbons start to climb in the other direction. My free |
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| 09:56 | level, my oil water contact on gas water contact from many fall anywhere |
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| 10:02 | here if they go down as the spill point. Or it may |
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| 10:07 | higher if it goes down into the point than the trap is filled to |
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| 10:11 | maximum capacity. If it's above the point, it's an under filled. |
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| 10:17 | called an under filmed trap, and each one of those cases, the |
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| 10:22 | column pipe is the difference between the and that Water contacted the gas water |
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| 10:30 | . So the comp ICT is not same as the total closure. It |
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| 10:37 | be independent of the spill point. here, it's a really important |
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| 10:45 | So are there any questions or discussion this before I move on? How |
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| 10:53 | is it to encounter under Philip Traps filled to this point? Yeah, |
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| 11:01 | a That's a great question. It depends on your Chris Rock and your |
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| 11:07 | area. If you have a really , thick service, rock be filled |
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| 11:16 | the spill point. If you have A not rich, a low carriage |
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| 11:23 | a civility source rock, then you have probably under filled closure artists. |
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| 11:29 | we talk about individual false styles, we'll see are there. Most of |
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| 11:37 | normal fault traps are filled to the capacity. Two things like, you |
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| 11:45 | , all right. Salt based related in the Gulf of Mexico. I |
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| 11:54 | traps in the North state have multiple , rocks, a very rich |
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| 11:59 | rocks, and then he tend to filled. The maximum spoke Cassidy. |
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| 12:04 | we get in tow, thrust fault they tend to be a lot of |
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| 12:09 | are Underberg filled. And that's in thrust falls are you got a |
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| 12:16 | ? Klein on one side, and in client on the other side that |
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| 12:22 | three. The limit. The migration that can flow into the traps. |
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| 12:27 | if I've got a sin Klein over , everything to the right of that |
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| 12:31 | going to go out to some of trap only get tighter garments coming in |
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| 12:35 | the left. This incline over here the limit of my kitchen area over |
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| 12:42 | , so my skirts rock in this can be quite limited. And, |
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| 12:47 | the case of threats, false in , uh, intends to be tends |
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| 12:52 | lead to under field traps, whereas normal faults, as we see, |
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| 12:57 | much more commonly fill to the maximum . It's a good question their hands |
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| 13:12 | we leave this, Okay, I'm go on. Yeah, Are you |
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| 13:38 | that this did Closure is the least , and that's dependent on my top |
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| 13:45 | capacity and that, and we'll talk that in some way. That's dependent |
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| 13:51 | Capitol reentry. Pressure of the top certify have salt or shale or |
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| 13:57 | That makes a difference in how much this column can hold. Assault being |
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| 14:04 | best seal shell, being second best still being the least at least |
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| 14:13 | It also depends on the mechanical one of the top seal, and |
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| 14:18 | a function of hydrocarbon buoyancy pressure in aquifer overpressure. So if I'm in |
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| 14:26 | area where I have high aquifer over , that's probably gonna limit my topsy |
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| 14:32 | capacity. And we'll spend a lot time talking about that and how we |
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| 14:36 | that the fall dependent closure here depends my false capacity that's limited by on |
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| 14:46 | my fault, sealed by false And this is where it becomes |
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| 14:51 | Thio. Consider quite the spirit potential show Godreche show and things like that |
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| 14:57 | what you're falsely capacity is in This tends to be a more common |
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| 15:06 | factor than my topsy of failure But it depends in detail on what |
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| 15:12 | tops who is and what your aquifer pressures are. Okay. And |
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| 15:25 | um, this will be a kind a discussion point. Come, I |
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| 15:31 | another thrown fox play, be in . I have a well that's producing |
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| 15:38 | this corner of fault walk and Question for you to discuss is what |
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| 15:46 | the total column player If none of false seal Yeah. What? |
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| 16:01 | What pool going here? 40 Or is it in meters? |
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| 16:09 | this is 2 m. 40 Yeah, I got 40 minutes as |
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| 16:16 | . Yeah, so it's probably gonna about actually about 30 m. So |
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| 16:22 | between 27. 80 and 2800, got just dip dependent closure. So |
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| 16:31 | this little hold up better what happened false seen or not? So in |
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| 16:38 | case, my total column lighting. the difference between the crest and that |
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| 16:44 | concert that fixes the fall. So gonna be about 2030 m French. |
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| 16:56 | . And if I I'm conservative, just the closing concert here is about |
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| 17:00 | m. Be extrapolated up and down little bit. You get a little |
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| 17:03 | extra. Okay. Right now, , what is the problem? Campaign |
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| 17:12 | only foxy deal the same. We only two controllers. Yeah, it's |
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| 17:22 | be the same. It's gonna be two countries lines here because if he |
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| 17:27 | feel here, that limits the accumulation this 27 80 constitute. So |
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| 17:35 | uh, IFC steals and because you have the same accumulation of about 20 |
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| 17:43 | 40 m up in here. How about if, uh, if |
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| 17:49 | the false seal it falls A, and C also feel 260. And |
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| 18:13 | are you estimating that? Looks like a saddle down there to the south |
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| 18:20 | the 3000 contour. If you go , you go all the way up |
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| 18:27 | 27. 40 right? That's that's right. Sudan Here. I've got |
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| 18:32 | saddle, My contours 28 29 80 . So I go down and and |
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| 18:39 | this bill point here, and I'm to climb up in the other |
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| 18:42 | So this saddle here becomes my ultimate point and So if everything seals, |
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| 18:50 | a b and C steel I can this up from 27 48 all the |
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| 18:57 | down Thio are 2019 29 90 down to the saddle point since Okay. |
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| 19:10 | , yeah. So if if b c c l and a dozen you |
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| 19:18 | get about 60 m in here. ? You're also minutes fill the |
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| 19:23 | Is this 2019 80 comments over here you bet 240 m 240 to 68 |
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| 19:30 | this spill point and this crest up here. So it's, uh it's |
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| 19:38 | important to understand what you're independence. the point is and what your dependents |
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| 19:44 | points are. And this is something will come back to again and again |
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| 19:48 | we go through the court is actually will wind up for today to summarize |
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| 19:59 | went through basic concepts and definitions of and strength. That stress is force |
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| 20:05 | unit area strain is change in Change in geometry in this strain is |
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| 20:12 | that we can actually measure in the structures that we see. No faults |
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| 20:20 | organized in structural styles which are related , uh, stressed orientation stressed magnitude |
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| 20:27 | these to constrain the fault geometries, , subsided structures. We talked about |
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| 20:33 | damage zones of the relay ramps, like that. And we introduced the |
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| 20:39 | of political fault these faults to represent , sis or three D contraction from |
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| 20:49 | . And then we talk basic fought . The football, the hanging |
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| 20:54 | the football is what you would stand , where you put your feet hanging |
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| 20:58 | is where you would hang your Okay? And then we talked about |
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| 21:05 | core that that high slip zone that zone represents the main part of the |
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| 21:14 | and then the damage zones of minor and fractures that extended beyond that. |
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| 21:21 | then I basic geometric rules that they be approximated its ellipsis with length greater |
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| 21:29 | height. The throw is typically a in the middle. I play |
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| 21:38 | Lincoln throw maximum varies from tending to is a good approximation of that. |
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| 21:44 | if I know the maximum throw from seismic data straight on, what the |
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| 21:50 | of my fault isn't Helen correlate. faults and three D seismic data faults |
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| 21:57 | segmented horizontally and vertically in the Donald Plane. They're linked up by |
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| 22:05 | ramps in the vertical section, linked by phone calls and the links |
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| 22:12 | the vertical dimension, maybe extension of of depending on how the falls overlap |
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| 22:21 | three D and then the trap closure and limiting factors are dips. Bill |
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| 22:29 | talk to consult your capacity and that steel capacity depends on the mythology you're |
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| 22:36 | on Percio. Uh, most this is shared with the highest |
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| 22:42 | If you have to stop, that's . Silty top seals or not so |
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| 22:46 | that's going to be more risky. then the falsity of capacity. And |
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| 22:52 | talk about quantifying that in the session week. And that depends on what |
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| 22:58 | extent of your show Godrich show uh, thickness and the shelling of |
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| 23:04 | fault couch. Okay, all so that Z, that's where we |
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| 23:13 | break for today. We'll break a bit. Really? Any commas comments |
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| 23:22 | on anything that was covered today? have a question on the logging of |
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| 23:30 | . Yes, they eventually. Hi. Put pressure on top of |
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| 23:37 | or not necessarily. I'm not. necessarily know, okay, bit. |
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| 23:48 | really depend on the on the amount strain, the amount of extension and |
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| 23:57 | . And that's the that's the primary for those centuries. Just structures are |
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| 24:09 | throughout the world. Or is it or less constrained, like golf Mexico |
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| 24:14 | other, like deported grammars like that , their common in any deep water |
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| 24:24 | that's had little or no strange? , so so areas in the Gulf |
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| 24:32 | Mexico in between. Um, the faults you would expect to see these |
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| 24:39 | Basten's. Um, like I mentioned , a trusted environment you would not |
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| 24:47 | to see these except agreeing. For , we we have extension up there |
|
| 24:55 | you would expect to see these. down deep, where you have the |
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| 25:00 | thrust belts or you would not expect to these thank this is a general |
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| 25:19 | e mean. Typically for me, always sort of like the rule of |
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| 25:23 | . Is anything under, uh, under 50 ft displacement or something like |
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| 25:31 | ? Is this pretty like it's subsidized ? So, like what? What |
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| 25:34 | you think is the smallest? you may be able to pick in |
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| 25:39 | section 10. Sure. A little smaller, about 10 m is usually |
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| 25:45 | good a good guest. And it very much on the resolution of your |
|
| 25:53 | data. Uh, it extreme would , say, some salt. |
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| 25:58 | where you get below the sub salt . All right, then you can |
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| 26:06 | . In the worst case, you have hundreds of meters of displacement and |
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| 26:10 | see it, uh, in higher , ties back like shallow in the |
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| 26:17 | of Mexico. 5 to 10 m a good rule of film. |
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| 26:24 | put that over to the geophysicists. you have anything you wanna add |
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| 26:29 | Yeah, I would say is mostly by the wavelength. So it's really |
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| 26:35 | function of the velocity of the subsurface and frequency. So? So the |
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| 26:40 | will we get usually have slower and the high frequency of the seismic |
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| 26:46 | preserved. So it's much easier to the lower range off Resolution 10 m |
|
| 26:54 | let's say, turned up 200 m so. But as professor mentioned absorb |
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| 27:00 | doing usually held Theo deeper we the higher the velocities and more more |
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| 27:05 | of cared. So we have only frequencies preserved. So then we ended |
|
| 27:10 | being able to receive only only a hundreds or even more bigger, full |
|
| 27:18 | smaller than that. So I would it's really function off the wetland that |
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| 27:23 | we happened in the seismic and the implement dysfunctional food, the velocity and |
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| 27:27 | frequent. Thanks, David. Okay, good. Thanks for |
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| 27:36 | I'll just add to that that apply in the verticals. It also prized |
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| 27:43 | the times that the time slices and length of the false so got |
|
| 27:50 | Seeing the seismic data is really the of the resolvable part of the |
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| 27:56 | And in some cases, that may quite a bit further what we see |
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| 28:01 | the seismic data. I don't wanna the other one that questions right |
|
| 28:21 | One more question. It's about the we're talking about a heave, which |
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| 28:24 | that lateral displacement e don't see that often when, uh like a you're |
|
| 28:30 | just doing work and operate like He is being described. Usually everybody |
|
| 28:36 | about what? What do you think is? What a good way Thio |
|
| 28:41 | the thieves Thio interpret for operation firms the heat. Yeah, we don't |
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| 28:53 | . Hey, Mike, it's important mapping the fault. Gaps in our |
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| 29:00 | data in operations to the the throw the displacement are much more important. |
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| 29:15 | , so operations say, Well, you might want to estimate the heave |
|
| 29:19 | you're estimating a well path to estimate the the width of the gods own |
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| 29:26 | that you're gonna go through drilling some these long laterals that we have now |
|
| 29:34 | then the heath would be an important to consider on your right. We |
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| 29:39 | usually consider that we usually just talk the throat. But in certain situations |
|
| 29:46 | Horace Donald's, we should be considering heave as well the way that help |
|
| 29:54 | talk to taking account. The fault specifically when you're mapping is you would |
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| 30:00 | to use it to fall playing map you contour the elevation of the fall |
|
| 30:05 | its plane and then just intersect your for the upturn in the down through |
|
| 30:11 | . You just match up the contours the to the fall plane and then |
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| 30:16 | end up with the gap and it interact. So it z not really |
|
| 30:20 | Heath. But that's the only way we've a technology map of a certain |
|
| 30:28 | . Yes, you know that that's good way. Thio todo Is that |
|
| 30:35 | the he would be? That would there to be the best way. |
|
| 30:40 | in some of the some of the default steel programs they used that intersection |
|
| 30:48 | actually, where your fault is, not worried about the heat in |
|
| 30:55 | But they're trying toe constrain the fault to a single surfaced. And there |
|
| 31:02 | look at the horizon kind of troops the fault plane. And really, |
|
| 31:10 | only do that for one side of fault. But they use that Teoh |
|
| 31:14 | to constrain where the fault horizon intersections not writing anything else. Any other |
|
| 31:48 | discussion points. So if we think questions later on is the best way |
|
| 32:00 | contact you via email? Yeah, , go ahead. That would be |
|
| 32:05 | best way. And you can do by email. You can bring them |
|
| 32:10 | in when we meet again tomorrow. one of those. It's good for |
|
| 32:17 | . We're scheduled to start at 30. We will do that and |
|
| 32:24 | we'll spend the morning doing some See discussion exercises. Make sure you |
|
| 32:32 | from blackboard the slides that go along that s so that you can do |
|
| 32:37 | of those exercises a little bit Print those out. If you If |
|
| 32:42 | have that ability, I'm otherwise we'll them on screen. Mhm. But |
|
| 32:48 | take a look at those so you follow the exercises and contribute to the |
|
| 32:55 | . In fact, used the used we've got tonight. Use that |
|
| 32:59 | Take a look through those flies and . Take a look at how we're |
|
| 33:04 | use those slides. And then, , we'll use those tomorrow morning. |
|
| 33:10 | use those talk about noon, break lunch and then in the afternoon will |
|
| 33:14 | on and talk about game mechanics. right, well, thanks very |
|
| 33:25 | Take advantage of the time. I know those things from Blackboard if you |
|
| 33:29 | already, and I look forward to it up tomorrow morning. Thank |
|
| 33:36 | Thank |
|
