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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors (Fall 2022) - 10_04_22_Lecture
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00:00 it's like full cells will survive and . Oh exactly, don't look like
00:17 , no. Yeah. Mhm. isn't this? Okay, okay.
00:48 , that's wrong. Uh Alright um let's go ahead and get
00:58 Um That's wrong, it should be flip down one. So we're here
01:06 we're here. Okay, right So we'll get through, I don't
01:13 if we'll get through all of but we're gonna get finish up part
01:17 for sure here shortly, then get most of 13, the rest of
01:22 . So um let's see, so we have chapter 14 which is broken
01:29 into kind of two parts. Um the Probably the problematic part coming up
01:38 the start of 14 or can be the reduction potential. So just to
01:45 you a heads up on that, can be a bit confusing, so
01:48 well I'll hopefully uh make it less . Not more confusing. Um All
01:58 , what else? So we got usual stuff, Blackboard quiz this
02:02 Smart work. Um Oh that's the thing. So this Friday. So
02:08 schedule er opens for exam two. , so that's coming up On the
02:15 22nd. So if you need to a note of that um I'll mention
02:21 in the next email. It'll come thursday anyway, just be aware of
02:28 . Um yeah, so the next is covering three chapters, so 1613
02:33 14. Okay. Um Anything else to say here? Uh Okay,
02:42 a little bit about last time. kind of recap so again we're going
02:47 my tablet so I saved this because didn't eat all the way over
02:50 All right, this is my source what that and and in the form
03:02 electrons right? My electron source. . Um I'll stop eating them.
03:12 Okay. I'm sure many of you hungry as well. You probably haven't
03:14 either so. Alright. Um So 13 recovering basically metabolism. Okay,
03:24 metabolism the way header tropes do Okay, us if you're confused,
03:29 just ate that apple. That's the way I can get my carbon and
03:33 . Okay. Not just an apple but I think other complex organic
03:39 Okay, so remember that the autotrophs need C. 02. Okay,
03:46 we'll look at those guys in chapter but for now so we went through
03:53 hetero trophy in in terms of respiration causes and respiration. Which of course
04:01 you contrast with fermentation, we're, both cases we're oxidizing a more complex
04:11 and breaking it down to smaller components um respiration. Of course we're going
04:16 the way to C. 02 Two and water and this won't go
04:20 further. You can't break down 02. It's too stable. Uh
04:25 just too much energy to try to it apart. So um so this
04:30 where it ends. So that's that's complete oxidation which occurs in respiration whether
04:34 remember that um both aerobic or anaerobic can occur by respiration. Um fermentation
04:43 to an incomplete oxidation. You still energy left in the molecules here.
04:49 bacteria that can eat these things as carbon and energy source. Okay.
04:53 that's the nature of fermentation. I think we'll probably get to that
04:56 the end today. Okay. But and so we looked at a couple
05:01 things to remember here. Right? we went through this whole process and
05:04 see this again. Okay. Um this represents kind of how energy is
05:10 . Right? So it's always this here to remember public energy requiring with
05:15 releasing processes, right? Occurs at places here. Right? So it
05:21 an electron source. Right? And source is thinking that the food,
05:26 ? The apple. I just munching , right. If you're an inorganic
05:32 , like a little trophy, then gonna be something like ammonia or H
05:37 S hydrogen sulfide things of that Um Then there's gonna be,
05:43 there's going to be um it's going be a so you have the source
05:49 the source itself generally doesn't isn't. thing that interacts with with where it's
05:54 . So the electron transport chain of product is the real is the the
06:00 a respirator organism is the area where get this energy capture occurring and in
06:07 form of a gradient. Okay, the source itself doesn't really interact with
06:13 components. It's more you break it and in certain stages you capture those
06:17 . So capturing electrons capturing energy and have special molecules to do that.
06:22 any D. Is very common In biological systems. So any D
06:27 reduced, grabbing the electrons then goes electron transport chain. So this is
06:33 of the the engine, so to . You got to keep fueling it
06:38 , filling it with, keep filling up with electrons. Keep flow
06:42 Very important. Okay. And then way to keep the flow going is
06:48 arrange these components in in terms of they're best at. So some molecules
06:53 really good at giving up electrons. are better at grabbing electrons.
06:58 And so you kind of put them that order and that allows flow to
07:02 . And you have the one that's , the strongest grabber of electrons you
07:07 at the end, that's the terminal er uh if you're an arab or
07:11 capable of aerobic respiration, it's If you can use something else if
07:17 it can be nitrates, very sulfate, iron etcetera. Okay,
07:22 this is all about keeping the flow okay left to right in this
07:28 And then those those energy releases as transfer electrons, you release energy that's
07:36 to pump protons out. Okay, proton pumping is I wanna say probably
07:44 universal biological process. Unless unless you fermenter and that's all you can do
07:53 that's not gonna be a part of . Um But for everything else
07:58 And so um this represents stored energy energy here. Okay, we're stuffing
08:04 protons on one side. Right? if we give them a a way
08:09 release the energy, they'll do So how do we do that?
08:12 have to get them going down a , right? So high, low
08:17 positively charged. They can't just go the membrane by themselves but they are
08:22 by the hydrophobic membrane. But you're up this like a battery. You're
08:27 up charge, so to speak. basically have as well learn to hear
08:32 again, thursday. But the this motive force is two things. It's
08:38 uh concentration difference. High low because gladly go downhill. And then there's
08:46 charge, right? Because not shown really. But most most cells are
08:52 charged on the interior. Okay. into why that is But for now
08:59 know that that's that's generally the Its negative charge inside the cell with
09:03 to the outside. So you have charge attraction right, positive likes
09:07 So you have that force. And have the concentration difference. So those
09:10 things make up the proton motive Okay, now how do you how
09:15 you release the energy? So it's back to this concept in the
09:19 . Right? We see it time again. Right? The electron transfer
09:27 energy. We couple that with the requiring process the pumping of protons.
09:31 ? Then we we have this A P a c a T T sent
09:35 . That's the way in which protons come back into the cell and they
09:39 high to low and release energy. again, using the same concept
09:45 And so that energy release is used produce a T. P.
09:49 Okay. As you see here. , um I think I said at
09:53 end yesterday, if you're skeptical about , you can just you can just
09:57 this part off, right? You block this part. Right? And
10:03 you do that then everything stops pretty . That's the old bag over the
10:07 tied off. Right? And you have any oxygen there? No terms
10:12 er everything just basically halts. Right in about eight minutes, your proton
10:18 are all gone no more https your doesn't like that. So that's the
10:22 it goes. Okay, so all keeping electron flow going, which that's
10:27 way you're gonna eat all the Okay, Not all the time,
10:30 that's why you have to continually fuel to maintain this of course. Also
10:36 have a byproduct of we give off . This process. Any energetic bio
10:41 process gives off heat. Right? we actually can use that as well
10:45 control our body types. Right? we get that from two.
10:49 so, um again, so we're do is kind of look at some
10:54 the nuts and bolts of this Um Obviously this is the last time
11:01 hear hear when you talk about Okay, we'll look at 13
11:06 The first part of 14 is kind more the nuts and bolts of this
11:11 . But let's talk a little bit basic terms about energetic. Six.
11:16 , so here um so basically we three parameters we look at and bio
11:24 . Okay, so you have you you're looking at this or when you
11:29 about this or researching it, you think in terms of a system.
11:37 . And your system can be a reaction. It can be a series
11:43 metabolic reactions. It can be an cell. It can be um It
11:49 be an ecosystem. Right? So can look at the energetic of all
11:52 things. Okay. And your jury at in terms of bio biological
11:59 So it's a usable energy that delta . That's what life can do something
12:04 . Okay, you can put that work and do stuff. Okay,
12:09 the total energy or in therapy is delta G. Plus entropy right?
12:14 times entropy. So entropy is that referred to as like the random
12:21 Uh order more order means less entropy randomness. Like think of ethanol vapor
12:31 going into gas, right? That's random. That's more increasing entropy.
12:37 . Um And so making things Right, putting together. Right?
12:42 basically reducing entropy and that requires energy do that. Okay. Generally processes
12:49 are more random. Higher entropy does energy. Okay. So anyway,
12:56 you can basically lump you know biochemical into one or two groups. Either
13:03 release energy or they require energy um go and you know and there will
13:10 some A spectrum has a spectrum of . Um Some are very energy
13:16 Some are very energy releasing and everything between. Okay. And we call
13:21 extra ionic and organic. So it's about that delta G. Because that's
13:25 gonna do the useful work. usable energy let's say. And so
13:30 ionic and organic. You may have spontaneous non spontaneous okay. Um Third
13:37 metabolism and metabolism. Okay, so to cata bolic process, this would
13:44 my left that off. But this be anabolic. Okay. All
13:49 Right. Um So there's require energy in organic processes require energy positive delta
13:57 . Energy input needed to make them opposite of cattle bolic metabolism. Energy
14:04 negative delta G processes. So, know, running back to the previous
14:09 right, combine energy requiring with energy processes. So basically that's what you're
14:14 , combining negative delta G processes with processes um to make the positive delta
14:21 processes work. Okay. And so different ways this occurs. Okay,
14:28 as mentioned when you look at looking by products of a system. So
14:33 define the system again, can be reaction, a series of reactions
14:38 tissue, organ, whole body a ecosystem. So it depends on how
14:44 define it, but they can be and closed systems. And so the
14:48 of living things obviously is we can with the environment, right? We
14:54 in, right? We breathe we supply our body with materials and
14:58 get rid of stuff. Right? we're open systems which biological systems are
15:02 that. Okay. We just take basic example here of this chemical
15:08 right? A plus B. To C. And D. Um in
15:12 closed system. Um Let's say it's a test tube, right? You
15:17 a cork on your test tube. , there's no exchange with the
15:21 You're not manipulating it, That right? A. To B.
15:27 give C. And D. Will to what equilibrium, right? There
15:33 the equilibrium. So at that point is no net change really.
15:38 And so then you're pretty much Okay, But an open system you
15:42 exchange, right? So you can add supply A and B. And
15:47 to make C. And D. . And D. You can go
15:49 make something else. So metabolism. things are always pretty much interconnected.
15:55 products of one or two reactors for next step and so on and so
16:00 . So um so this um this a good thing obviously for us,
16:07 ? Because the open system you're never reaching equilibrium but you're always going toward
16:16 . Okay, so when you do equilibrium you are then considered what
16:25 Yeah. Bed. Right. Right. So don't come to
16:30 So I'm close to equilibrium than you more likely. So um so I
16:37 to stay with off as much as . Okay, so um so the
16:45 this this manipulating delta G. how can that happen? So um
16:53 you can make a process that may inherently positive delta G. Okay,
16:59 can actually make that go. And of course happens in biological systems all
17:02 time. Okay, because these processes attitude, you can add them
17:07 And if the net result is negative G. Then it's likely it will
17:13 . Okay, so here is just a reaction in like also so we
17:19 glucose and phosphate to glucose. Six . Okay, that is a positive
17:26 G. Uphill, right. Takes that's another way. Actually. Look
17:30 it. Right, This is a . When you're trying to roll it
17:36 , you know, it's gonna take lot of energy. Okay, it's
17:39 process. Okay, so how can still make this go? Well we
17:43 it for example here with a P hydraulic sis Alright DPR analysis is
17:49 negative 30 killer jewels promote killer jules kind of the unit for for bio
17:56 um So you can see that's a process. Okay And so we can
18:03 these together. Okay and if the result is an overall negative value,
18:09 it is then that's a process that work. It will it will
18:13 Okay so of course this is all mediated by enzymes. Right? That
18:18 these things um 80p hydraulics is contributes the energy input to make this process
18:26 okay. Um So that's you it can be A. T.
18:30 . It can be there's other sometimes other nucleotides. GTP is sometimes occurs
18:36 certain processes. Um So the point it's not solely always a teepee but
18:43 it is um that contributes to these to make them go. And so
18:48 course gradients. So we saw that a proton gradient right? In the
18:51 example. Right so that's a form stored energy. Right? We can
18:57 it again, combine an energy releasing energy requiring process. We can couple
19:01 to a proton gradient. Can be for lots of things. It can
19:06 not just to make a T. . S. But we can use
19:09 to move molecules in and out of . Okay. Use that energy to
19:13 that. Okay, so using gradients that purpose is common in all biological
19:19 . And you as well. Um and then manipulating reactant and
19:25 Okay so this is the equation. don't need to memorize this. Uh
19:32 not gonna do any kind of calculations it's just a show. So
19:35 And B. Are your react mints your products, P. R.
19:39 . And D. So you can the ratios of these. Okay.
19:45 that can possibly influence what the final G. Will be. Okay.
19:53 so let's just look at the effect that here. Okay here's our
19:58 So we're just gonna plug in Values which were 10,000 fold excess of reacting
20:05 products or hundredfold excess products uh reacting products and just see how that affects
20:13 outcome. Okay so basically just focused here. So here is our 10
20:18 the fourth or 1 to 10,000 minus to minus four Xs. Or that
20:25 minus 100 ratio. That in either we're manipulating that built the G value
20:32 make it negative. Okay So if have an excess of of a reactant
20:39 it could be a microbe finds itself a situation where it's doing a process
20:43 positive delta G. But it's in of so much reactant that actually can
20:50 if it's if it's high enough okay and that that can happen in
20:55 environment in certain in certain situations. . And so remember that you can
21:02 generate this ratio. Not just by reactions but you can take away product
21:10 take away product very quickly. That also create that ratio. Okay and
21:16 metabolic reactions you know reactions product can reactions for the next process and that
21:22 influence the ratios of these things. so uh so again edited the right
21:29 an A. T. P. . Asus reaction can make this go
21:32 it negative delta G concentration gradient can this. Manipulating ratios of products and
21:40 can influence this. Okay And so this this is certainly this phenomenon.
21:48 know bacteria living in obviously among millions other microbes and a lot of these
21:53 exchange materials between them and so very this could be an influence in in
22:00 delta G. In these processes. so um before you ask any questions
22:10 Sue let's look. Okay this is to seem very basic. Okay very
22:15 . He's going oh my God why you doing this? Okay because I
22:20 seen it too many times in the . Um that yeah you may understand
22:25 but maybe you don't understand Okay as as it may seem but so we'll
22:29 go through it. Okay so just at this. Okay tp hydraulic sis
22:35 teepee formation. Okay then this question a positive delta G metabolic process
22:45 E. Anabel is um is one could be linked to a teepee
22:52 Okay could it be linked to a for me? So you have here
22:57 a positive delta G. Process out . Could it be linked? Two
23:03 this exam question? A teepee Oh sorry polls open. There you
23:13 . We haven't done in awhile so that's not bad. So my hope
23:26 not 5050. That's my help. disappoint me. Huh? But I
23:36 want the majority of the wrong answer . So Maybe 50 50 is
23:41 I just put the difference 15. . Right okay. Side right Counting
24:19 3 2 1. Okay but let see we got forgot. Okay so
24:34 2 33. Okay okay. Um so who picked B? Why'd you
24:57 B? What's your logic? I talking to him. Sorry you go
25:05 then flip a coin. Right. I think mm Okay. Right so
25:34 would so so by your logic then positive delta G. Process should be
25:41 to what? No you answered B are false. It's the same.
25:52 energy could be linked to a teepee . You're disagreeing with that statement,
26:03 ? I don't want to stay with . I'm gonna I'm gonna you'd be
26:07 student would come to my office and be like that but I get it
26:11 of you because it's in there. so start again. A positive G
26:20 what to make that deposit go. so based on the two examples
26:31 what would be some a process that make that go if you linked it
26:36 what? Right, which is which ? Yes so a TB hydro sis
26:43 be linked to this process. Not T. V. Formation.
26:49 Yeah. What? What? he's right. The way we talked
26:57 it is correct. I see. is exactly why I had to put
27:03 question in here because I A positive G. Process positive G. Process
27:13 energy. You got to make it . How would um It could be
27:20 work with that. Both of them positive delta G. S.
27:25 This is pause. This is that's next question. This is a
27:35 My plan is not working here dang . Hold on. Positive Delta
27:43 Is that 1? Alright. That's negative delta G. Okay. Is
27:51 so that's what you want. A to a positive delta G process.
27:55 that's the only way positive G. go this example. Okay, so
28:00 requiring with energy releasing. Okay, . If you wanna think of it
28:09 way. Yeah, but why the ? Right? You can't you can't
28:18 if that's what it is, then don't want to link another plus 80
28:25 delta G. Process to it. look at this question. Right,
28:33 look at this one. Kind of opposite. Yeah. Yeah. Question
28:55 . All the same thing I linked and couple to our united with pick
29:04 favorite synonyms. Okay. Um catalog processes such as cellular respiration release
29:14 based on the information below. You assume they won't be released from tablets
29:21 could be used for forming a So not not talking about an apple
29:29 um it's asking about capitalism metabolism in years. Nothing. Okay.
30:18 counting down. Trying to figure out . Yes. It's correct.
30:51 Yeah. So um yeah. I you're you're reading and cantab realizing multiple
31:01 a day. Okay. Um and you know, you're breaking those molecules
31:08 , you're releasing energy and you're capturing to make a T. P.
31:12 okay among among some of the things do. Okay. So yeah,
31:18 is linked to coupled to associated with I can't think of other synonyms.
31:29 They're together. They're hooked up. right. Um One makes the other
31:36 okay, just think of that. makes the other go okay, so
31:41 kind of look at it in this . Okay. So um so we're
31:48 kind of link how a teepee works . Okay, so again,
31:54 Big stuff to smaller stuff basically breaking down. Okay. Um All
32:01 back up a little bit. so our example here is like colossus
32:05 cell respiration, glucose oxidized to Two and water. That's okay.
32:11 we'll see when we go through this , um energy release occurs at different
32:17 at the point overall there's a net of energy and we're gonna use that
32:23 metabolism. So here comes Annapolis. Over here. Alright. So it
32:28 be nuclear ties to make D. . A. Could be amino
32:31 Making it to make a protein. can think of a number of other
32:35 , I'm sure. And so that's stuff that requires energy. Okay so
32:40 input to Annapolis. Um So what's link between these things? That's how
32:45 teepee fits in. Okay. So course remember that heats heat losses.
32:51 the process. You always have some loss. Uh ADP ADP so ADP
32:58 . So this is formation of a , right? So energy released contam
33:02 is used to make this that this looking just at the ADP and phosphate
33:10 ADP that that circle it. This in itself is a positive delta
33:27 This is negative delta. Okay so gonna associate link couple together.
33:38 over here this is more positive. so the next part of this 80
33:48 Hydraulic Sis, right so that part me switch with purple. Okay so
33:58 part on this way. Arrow that that is a negative. So I'm
34:11 separating. Alright, I'm just right right here, right separating these right
34:18 . Okay, so uh on an side that takes energy positivity and we
34:25 that from Hyde relies NG A. . P. Two ADP and phosphate
34:30 this side, on the left capitalism releases energy, that's where we can
34:34 ADP and phosphate and make a So that's and you're doing this while
34:38 sitting there, you've already done this bazillion times since you've come into class
34:43 day long, You're doing this completely and breaking them down over and over
34:48 . Okay. Um and because you're doing various types of work in your
34:56 , right? And granted most of think of work as actively, you
34:59 that but there's stuff going on inside body that work as well.
35:03 So um and this of course T. P. Is not the
35:08 thing, but it's one of the ways that you're able to do
35:13 Okay fuels fuels these various processes. remember there's two things, there's a
35:19 formation, there's a teepee, hydraulic each and they're different in terms of
35:25 plus sign. One plus delta And one minus delta g.
35:30 I think that's really. Yes, think people tend to think of it
35:32 just one thing. It's a right? And it's always you know
35:38 off energy. No, because a itself obviously is broken down and then
35:44 form and reform and those are ones releasing, one's energy requiring. Okay
35:50 and again that concept I mentioned earlier requiring with energy releasing. Okay,
35:58 can be this but it can be stuff like concentration gradient and whatnot.
36:04 , so um any questions about Okay, so one of those things
36:09 just have a look at it and it sink in. Okay. Um
36:14 if that doesn't work, just repeat to yourself a million times between now
36:17 exam too. Yeah. Yeah. again on top of this are enzymes
36:31 in this. Okay, so enzymes likely be buying some of these things
36:35 well as the substrate. And that's kind of the the the binding of
36:39 teepee and hydraulic sis creates like the the enzyme receive the energy receives the
36:46 in that way. Okay. So the water is simply one of the
36:52 one of the reactions in the So as you cleave off that basically
36:57 off the terminal phosphate and that joins with water and formed the P.
37:03 . The uh that's actually uh not can see why because some of the
37:10 is not absolutely correct. So it's the O. And the ages are
37:12 in there. So you can get ADP and phosphate. Okay.
37:17 But the more important thing is remembering energy releasing energy requiring and where do
37:23 fit in the process? Okay. right. So, Okay. Redox
37:31 . Right, so let's look at one. Try this one.
37:41 um capturing electrons in there in different of the process. Um is how
37:49 capture energy and we'll put that to later in the process. Um So
37:57 right, oxidation reduction is critical to is where we capture electrons using Oftentimes
38:08 things like N. A. Or using in A. D.
38:13 . S. As a way to a process. So uh so oxidation
38:19 occurs all the time in metabolism. . And so one of the things
38:26 is in biological systems is often electron moving around is is in the form
38:33 hydrogen atoms. Okay. Not always naked electrons. Okay. Okay.
38:52 me put the timer on. One you can do is kind of follow
39:00 hydrogen, you know. All Let's count down be seems to be
39:41 consensus. Okay, so as I , if you're transferring hydra jin's,
39:51 typically transferring electrons. Right? So you look at pirate bait and lactate
39:56 here and here and then we see A. D. H. It's
40:01 A. D. Right? Where the hydrogen or electrons go?
40:07 so they pirouette grab them. Pirate reduced to form black tape.
40:13 and A D. H. It lost them to become A.
40:18 . H. Is the reduced So the N A D H N
40:21 . D pair. Okay, N D. Plus is the electronic grabbing
40:30 . Any D. H. Is reduced form. So you have reduced
40:33 oxidized form to these. Okay, the para bait. So the other
40:41 some people sometimes do is so pirates . Its accepted. These electrons become
40:49 and India has become oxidized. now in terms of N.
40:52 D. And lactate, they're just end product. So lactate lactate is
40:57 being oxidized or reduced. Any Is not being oxidized or reduced.
41:01 just the end product of those two reactions. Okay, so people often
41:06 , okay, well if any of agents become reduced, well then any
41:10 these become oxidized. No. no, not in this reaction.
41:16 , so again, the end product or simply just the end products.
41:24 . The reduction oxidation occurred to this , oxidation to this one,
41:31 Okay, so um so of course is uh in the course of this
41:39 actually what happens in fermentation, fermentation . But in respiration, uh costs
41:45 respiration, we're gonna we're gonna generate of these. All right, so
41:49 actually gonna see the opposite reaction more the N A D N A
41:53 H. And we're gonna capture electrons the form of A. D.
41:57 . And make a lot of those the process. Okay. So um
42:03 if you not quite sure there's that the pneumonic device oil rig,
42:10 oxidation is loss, reductions game. I realized it can be kind of
42:14 . Well if something is gaining, should be getting bigger. It should
42:19 getting reduced. Right? But that's the terminology. Okay, so reduction
42:24 gain oxidation loss and he always we're occur together. Right? Something is
42:30 reduced then something is giving it electrons becoming oxidized. Okay, so those
42:35 always occur together. Okay, so there are differences in terms of how
42:42 strong an oxidizing agent can be. , that goes back to what I
42:48 to earlier. Um Mark, because articles are better at giving up electrons
42:54 oxidized. Some are better at grabbing becoming reduced. Okay. And so
42:59 will vary. Of course. And uh this is a reaction will see
43:03 and over again. At least in unit. This for example of lighthouses
43:09 cell respiration and glucose oxidized to SEO water is then oxygen produced to
43:16 Okay. And so the obviously, sure we're all aware that many things
43:23 substitute for that. Right? It be different types of sugars can be
43:29 , It can be fat. Um can even be nucleic acids. So
43:34 things can substitute for glucose. now, um again, the
43:43 Right. So we look at glucose inherently it's a comparing glucose to
43:49 02. Okay, glucose is a unstable molecule. So, if you
43:54 three dimensionally here, you can remember those atoms are at angles to each
43:59 at bond angles. Right. And have we have electron clouds right around
44:05 . Um that can repel each other being negatively charged. Right.
44:12 you have a lot of repulsion which is why you have various bond
44:15 . Right? So all that in big molecule like that. Well,
44:19 all these electron clouds and proximity to other. That creates instability.
44:25 Which means there's energy in this Right. That's where the energy is
44:29 the putting together of the atoms there electrons being shared. And um that's
44:36 we can we can capture that by this thing down to smaller molecules and
44:41 that through redox reactions. Okay so . 02 by contrast is a very
44:47 molecule. Okay um you can't really can't break that down but not in
44:53 systems. Uh That's an end product it's a gas generally. Okay it's
44:59 off but in photosynthesis of course. auto trophy. You can do something
45:05 CO two. You can build it . Okay. But just sticking with
45:10 the cost of some respirations. So we're doing there is basically breaking down
45:15 six carbon molecule to two of these baits. And as you'll see pirates
45:21 of the fork in the road in of it all depends on the cell
45:25 and what it can do. But often the fork in the road where
45:29 go next. Right. Do I to respiration? Do I go to
45:33 ? It all depends on what it's of doing. Okay. But you
45:38 capture energy, you know, you off those electrons from glucose and you
45:44 an A. D. H. ? Also as you go from pirate
45:48 CO two. And so transferring to carriers. And so that's how we're
45:53 capture energy. Ultimately realizing the fruits that we'll get to electron transport
46:00 right gradient information. The gradient and forth. Okay so in an embolism
46:08 C. 02 and you can see obvious contrast between this. Alright,
46:14 making this glucose. Okay, gotta together these things. That's a lot
46:21 energy to do that. And so autotrophs, if you need lots of
46:26 to do this, because you're building molecule and energy can come from
46:30 Right. Photo water trophy. It come from breaking down in organic
46:34 That's what the little trophy will Okay, but a tremendous energy input
46:39 do to do this. Okay. so the um again both sides involve
46:51 reactions. Right? So we're actually reducing C. 02 in this process
46:57 adding electrons back to it. Um so just a word about uh
47:06 carrying molecules. So uh energy molecules general, so you can call energy
47:12 obviously A T. P. We is one of those. Okay.
47:15 but N A. D. Uh the oxide becomes reduced? So that's
47:21 energy molecule. Another one will C A D E F G H two
47:26 T P is another one. We that we see that actually in in
47:31 in protein synthesis it's uh is the contributor in that process. Um But
47:39 so at the end of the don't worry about this structure whenever you
47:45 a reaction involving in A D. always see it kind of looks like
47:48 . Okay. And so what's going ? Is this the part blocked here
47:52 where the action is occurring. So Sophie it receives two electrons in
48:00 form of hydrogen. And what happens so this is obviously aromatic ring.
48:08 rings can have what's called resonance so can can move around in here.
48:16 , so two electrons are received from two hydrogen and one of the hydrogen
48:22 fit on it. Okay. But is left off. Okay. No
48:27 . Okay. So when you see reaction written like this is because in
48:31 . D has gotten those two electrons one hydrogen but one is remaining.
48:37 it's sitting out here. Okay, any D. H plus H.
48:40 uh but again we're going to generate lot of these in as we go
48:45 glycol assist down the respiration. Um And the fermenter one that ferments
48:54 not uh it relies mainly on a . P. As its energy molecule
49:00 not a lot of it as we'll . Okay, so um okay to
49:07 a teepee. So substrate level false . There's two in us. There's
49:12 ways. Okay, um substrate level relation is easiest to understand.
49:19 because all you're doing is taking a that's phosphor related and just handing that
49:24 to an ADP molecule to make a . That's it. That's all it
49:28 . Okay. And there are 22 in my classes and some respiration where
49:35 occurs. Okay. Um the net net gain of a tps this way
49:41 not a lot. Okay. But does happen. Okay. By far
49:47 greater 80 P generation is activated foster . So for a call that the
49:54 we went through with the membrane and electron transport chain and the proton gradient
49:58 all that. That collectively is oxidative relation. If we do the process
50:05 light then it's photo phosphor relation. , because both both have similar mechanisms
50:13 ? Both are about generating this proton . Both involve a series of electron
50:20 , both involved in a teepee Right, So they have all both
50:25 us have that in common. Um so but what it does it
50:30 you a lot lots of a P. Okay. Um and so
50:37 mechanism we'll talk about next time but as I explained earlier, it's really
50:42 the attraction of these protons for the inside of the cell negative interior as
50:48 as the concentration difference. So both those produced a proton motive force.
50:53 , So uh part in terms of one. This is kind of closing
50:59 part one and then we'll talk a bit about um the next part.
51:04 . Which is kind of putting this together and looking at the process.
51:08 , so here I just wanted to this at you. So we've got
51:14 carbon sources. Okay and basically what doing is we're growing up,
51:19 we're going up in bacterial culture I with this data from e coli um
51:24 the flask, remember the batch right? We have a flask immediately
51:29 and we grow it using these various sources. Okay, Under different
51:35 Right. So in blue. Well we go there, so kind of
51:39 of it in terms of this. , the table of components here.
51:45 , so we've got uh source, , so the source is going to
51:50 um source is going to be the source here. Alright, so that's
51:56 source of electrons. But again remember these compounds get oxidized they're gonna for
52:01 A. D. H. And actually the thing that goes to the
52:04 . But this this is the these are the sources for those
52:07 Okay then we have an accept er we have in blue, these guys
52:12 grown aerobically with oxygen. The red was grown with nitrate. So that's
52:19 respiration. Okay and the green one actually fermentation. Okay and so there
52:25 go aerobic anaerobic fermentation. Okay so with equivalent carbon source. Right so
52:33 we do basically to see how much and biomass is basically, what's the
52:37 of living material in that flask after grown it? Right, the biomass
52:42 this room is all of us if all stood on set on the same
52:46 at one time, that be not biomass in this room. Okay so
52:50 it's measuring growth. Okay so you see the bio mass quantities here.
52:56 So with the equivalent carbon source, process use the most biomass. Let's
53:05 at all three representatives ethanol. Here's here. Okay. And there's ethanol
53:18 . Look at ethanol or if your or any any anyone that's in blue
53:23 compared to red, You know, can see the numbers are higher on
53:27 02. Okay. That that relates to what we'll talk about next
53:32 which is 02 is the most powerful grabbing chemical. Okay, so it
53:40 it really uh that equates to a of energy, more energy being
53:44 Okay. Um think of as being stronger gradient if you will. Okay
53:52 so uh something like nitrate which is bad. I mean you have a
53:57 off but it's not that big. . But nonetheless it's still not as
54:02 as 02. Okay, so you're that equates to less energy always equates
54:06 less growth typically. Okay, so it's not there's not that big a
54:11 . Um in terms of delta It will translate into a little bit
54:16 energy a little bit less growth. . And that's just the nature of
54:19 oxygen molecule that's because of 02. what we call it has the highest
54:25 potential of biological systems. Okay. now the worst is fermentation.
54:33 so you see the amount of energy get through fermentation using ethanol is not
54:39 . That's because fermentation doesn't get a from oxidative phosphor relation. Okay Which
54:46 where you get most of the P. Production. So we'll look
54:50 that later. But fermentation doesn't give a lot of energy. Okay But
54:56 Metro's can grow right you know fairly if as long as you give them
55:02 of sugar typically. Okay and no fermentation is always without air no
55:08 Okay um I mean it's basically fermenters cause cavities in your mouth. Okay
55:15 that that fermentation needs acidity, acidity break down your enamel on your
55:20 Okay so they can certainly have have impact. Obviously fermenters are what make
55:26 favorite beverages. Okay so um so are they're definitely good. Okay but
55:32 so the other thing here is yeah process of respiration. So anaerobic aerobic
55:40 anaerobic to um fermentation pretty significantly Okay but anaerobic respiration although number two
55:51 know it's not a severe drop So anaerobic respiration can be quite
55:57 Okay um Okay so any questions so one of the things to know note
56:07 as you're going through this. Okay you're going like causes to water and
56:13 to see co two and water. there's obviously like 60 or 70 different
56:19 reactions. You don't need to memorize . Okay. No no basically what's
56:24 this slide. Okay so these Okay molecules not not the structures but
56:33 it's really about stages what goes in what comes out of each stage.
56:38 ? That's the level to notice. so we start with glucose six carbon
56:42 2 to 3 carbon pyre bates. and so what goes in what goes
56:49 and energy production? Right so energy here A. T. P.
56:55 . T. H. Then pirate pirates kind of the fork in the
57:00 . Which way do we go? can be fermentation can be respiration,
57:07 . Then it begins with this stage form A. C. Look away
57:12 get some C. 02 loss we some A. D. H.
57:15 . Then the Krebs cycle more energy produced. And then that involves electron
57:22 chain lots of A. T. . So the respiration route is of
57:27 going this way. Okay that's all . Okay that's oxidative phosphor relation.
57:38 that route of course is fermentation going way. Okay so again stages what
57:43 in, what comes out? What's energy being produced? Okay um and
57:49 we'll go through each of these um it's a metabolic pathway, you're gonna
57:55 some reactions but again I'm more focused the stage as a whole what's going
58:01 . What's coming out and the energy ? Okay so we'll look at these
58:06 by one and like colossus the first these. So what can be a
58:14 confusing having just said metabolism is negative G. Which it is okay but
58:23 a net an overall net negative delta . Okay. Which means it can
58:30 be a process that does require some . Okay, but focus on
58:35 The overall the net result. And so that's the case with like
58:41 . Okay, so number one does require auction to go. Okay.
58:50 Number two, uh It does require input of energy at the beginning.
58:56 . So the thing of the like reactivity of the molecule itself may require
59:03 it be given more energy. to make the process go. So
59:08 of analogy back to the hill, here's our negative delta G process.
59:18 downhill. So if you've got a up here. Okay, um you
59:26 to put in some energy to make go right? We have to wedge
59:31 a two by four. What have to get that big rock rolling?
59:35 ? So that represents a little bit energy having to be input.
59:40 But the overall net result is much . Right? So a lot of
59:44 release. But we have to get ball rolling first. And that's that's
59:49 atypical for biological processes or any kind bio energetic process. Okay, gotta
59:56 some energy in the beginning. But gonna get a surplus back of of
60:01 negative delta G. Okay. Um so that's what happens. That's what
60:07 have what we call energy investment So you see a teepee participating hide
60:14 ng hydraulic sis and those phosphates being to different intermediates in the process of
60:20 analysis. Okay. So eventually we to the six carbon glucose down 2
60:25 3 carbon molecules that surround the Don't worry about the name. But
60:30 we are going to capture energy back here. Let me erase this uh
60:38 energy harvest. Okay. So here in A. D. H.
60:46 A. T. P. All . And we we put two in
60:49 we get or out for a net 2 80 ps. Okay. Um
60:55 so this way of making a P. S. Remember that's that
61:02 level phosphor relation? So you have phosphor related substrate. Right? That's
61:08 the phosphate to ADP to make a . Okay. And so again that
61:12 . Okay. What goes in What comes out of eight?
61:16 Two of those and energy production. . So we're gonna accumulate these guys
61:24 any dhs along the way. So I think each each stage produces
61:32 A D. H. At different different amounts. Okay. Um So
61:41 this is the cost of pathway. likely most familiar with the Meyerhoff for
61:47 Meyerhoff partners cmp is what is typically um That's what we do but there's
61:54 alternatives to this. Okay. Um that's what this is about. So
61:58 what we just looked at here and alternative is called pathway or E.
62:05 . For short to my knowledge only pro carry its uh precarious that have
62:14 typically also have the E. P. Or E. M.
62:19 . They'll have this one right? the main one. But they may
62:24 the E. D. Pathway in to that. Okay. And those
62:28 have this are typically your gut Okay. Your E. Coli salmonella
62:34 um the what this pathway does is enables it to use what are called
62:43 sugar acids that you see here. glucose is what we call Aldo sugar
62:49 the alba high group at one These have a car box group.
62:53 acidic sugar acids. These are very in the secretions of the gut.
63:00 your intestine secretes mucus to kind of food pass through helping absorption and that
63:09 is high in these kind of sugar . Okay. And so if the
63:14 has a pathway to use that over then you can get energy from
63:18 So again it's common commonly seen in times, gut bacteria, E.
63:24 and so forth. Okay but again know it's an alternative that allows them
63:29 use a different carbon source but they have the E. M.
63:34 Pathway as well. Of course that's they rely on. But they may
63:39 this in addition to that. Okay this is called the pintos phosphate pathway
63:44 shunt. Um I think we even this pathway. Okay and again um
63:52 in addition to in addition to what have already the E. M.
63:55 . M. B. Pathway. E. Coli has all three of
63:58 . Okay. Um but all that can get energy from this pathway,
64:04 pintos phosphate pathway, you can see it's many from bio synthesis.
64:09 They used the building blocks to make different types of molecules amino acids,
64:16 , et cetera. So these the for this pathway is really to make
64:21 things which can be made in different blocks. Okay so more bio synthetic
64:27 but if needed can can be used make energy. Okay so so it
64:33 of alternatives to what you can do addition to the typical E.
64:39 P. Pathway. Okay um now questions. Okay so the uh so
64:51 we're gonna look at um kind of processes here. So fermentation on the
64:59 , respiration on the left. Okay this is common to both.
65:05 Glad cause this is gonna be common both processes. Okay. And so
65:10 respiration you get all this other Okay so here's your uh Krebs cycle
65:17 on transport chain. Uh so we have Arabic anaerobic respiration. Lots of
65:23 produced. So that's all involved in in fermentation. We focus on really
65:31 this is this is the soul energy for a fermenter in this process here
65:36 collis is Okay and so it's about a fermenter? It's about sustaining that
65:44 . Okay. For the respirator, ? The sustaining comes from supplying a
65:50 source, right? Um uh supplying , right? Keep oxygen there,
65:57 in. Or your anaerobic respiration supplying for the fermenter. It's um basically
66:05 like Carlos is running. That's the way to get energy. Okay.
66:11 how do you do that? you have to keep regenerating N.
66:14 . D. H. Okay, you form this and like analysis.
66:20 ? So that cause this is basically very simple terms. It can be
66:25 things other than glucose glucose, A. D. And A.
66:32 . P. And just keeping it A. D. P.
66:36 D. D. Okay. Okay, so A. D.
66:44 . Okay. And phosphate. So these three things, alright,
66:52 go to make pirate bait. Will to make an A. D.
66:56 . And go to make a Okay, so as long as we
66:59 glucose supplied or a sugar supplied, have to keep regenerating that as
67:07 Any D. That's what keeps my going. Right. So the any
67:11 that's formed has to keep going back we're going to keep glenn Collins just
67:16 along because that's the only way to energy here. Okay, so it's
67:20 about regenerating that N. A. . In a large sense.
67:25 And so the end product, so additional reactions that you see here the
67:33 form lactic acid or ethanol. These that really the main goal of these
67:41 to regenerate N. A. That's kind of what they do.
67:45 and so as long as you keep that you'll produce energy. Okay and
67:51 fermenter keeps growing. Okay so again does involve redox reactions here.
67:59 And so uh I hear you're again reactions right for a fermenter for right
68:06 produce this. And so here's the production. So you got to keep
68:09 going. Okay. Hence it circled . Alright so let's look at a
68:15 reaction. So lactic acid fermentation which do in your muscles. Okay um
68:22 up lactic acid of course. Kind causes the pain a little bit.
68:27 uh so again start here cause this how we're gonna make energy. Okay
68:34 so the products of that. A. T. P. And
68:37 . D. H. So we to then convert that back to
68:39 A. D. Okay so we these three components. Okay so what
68:50 being oxidized is A. And D. H. Is it
68:54 Para bait? Is it C So what's being oxidized in the lactic
69:02 fermentation? Okay so A. And . B. H. B.
69:22 bait. C. Lactate. What's oxidized? Mm. Okay Counting down
70:01 three. You're not sure. Just something that's right. Okay here we
70:14 . Alright so yeah A. Is oxidized. It's N. A.
70:19 . H. Being oxidized. Giving up and pi rate is reduced.
70:25 ? Pirate reduced um regenerating the A. D. So similarly in
70:32 alcohol fermentation. Okay so pirate We actually have a. D.
70:36 box elation occurring. So C. is given off the form to
70:41 right? And then that is um to be reduced to ethanol,
70:50 Just follow the difference here right around carbon group. Okay. As is
70:58 electrons. And so in India is oxidized. Right? So again purpose
71:04 resupply these molecules to fuel like causes keep that going. Okay. Um
71:13 thing about fermenters, Don't worry, answer. Um So the thing about
71:21 uh fermenters, right So the dilemma have it is um you know low
71:30 low energy but you know as long he keeps supplying them lots of
71:34 right? But of course that's what whole wine and alcohol industries, beer
71:39 have you fermentation is to make alcoholic is all about. But you keep
71:44 happy with lots of sugar, Or things like hops right there using
71:51 , brewing grapes, right? Wine . So um keep supplying carbohydrates.
71:58 . And they'll do this but what often come against is the end products
72:02 make. Okay so the these small , these small alcohols are inhibitory to
72:09 and so the road of certain certain know if you don't get rid of
72:13 stuff as they're growing that's going to their growth. So they've developed um
72:20 that used to be maximum like about alcohol like 2030 years ago.
72:26 they can go up to like 14 16% because they've improved the yeast strains
72:32 make them able now to withstand these acidic conditions and can grow to a
72:38 to a higher level, producing more as a result. So yeah,
72:42 end product they're making inhibit them. and of course, keeping air out
72:46 the air out of the process, out of the process. So um
72:51 you know, like I said, can be significant in terms of under
72:56 right conditions they can grow and um can uh their metabolism can be significant
73:05 a result. Okay, So that's finish up 13 and get into 14
73:13 , folks, so. See you then. Yeah.
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