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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture14_1019
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00:00 Okay, so, you guys can here, this is exam two,
00:04 is the distribution for the for the exam, the average is about
00:08 Not the best average I've ever but not the worst. This has
00:13 a consistent with what I've seen during pandemic. Uh Yeah. Uh you
00:19 , it's harder to study on your . So this is not you guys
00:22 you guys are actually in classes, for two semesters, when you're at
00:27 , hard to self learn and this type of scores we saw. And
00:31 if you've been self learning for a , it's really hard to get yourself
00:35 into focus. Now, I will out the one of the things
00:40 I always put the standard deviation and reason I do that, it kind
00:43 gives you a sense of spread. right. So, when the standard
00:47 small, that means the grades are of compressed together when it's wide,
00:51 means it's spread out. You can of see, it kind of trails
00:54 on the ends, but otherwise, you got rid of the trailing on
00:57 ends And look, there's 95-99, high was 96, so yeah.
01:03 right. You'll see, I it's still clustered towards the middle,
01:07 we do kind of have that weird in the middle there where it kind
01:11 does this, but again, this just one exam. How much is
01:14 exam worth? Mhm. 50% would awesome. 15, 20%.
01:22 Yeah, there's for example, Then the homeworks arrest. Right?
01:26 that's this is only 20% of your . So some of you are freaking
01:29 . I see the look on your , you're like, I can see
01:32 using bad words. But let's take look here. All right. So
01:39 is comparing unit one and unit All right. So unit one is
01:44 . Unit two is orange. What you see going on here? If
01:48 look at these at the graph, you see that there's more orange moving
01:52 this direction then there's blue. So what's what are the grades doing?
01:58 going up? Why if the test lower, Why is it going
02:04 Can anyone give me, what do think you change your studying? That's
02:09 . Alright, so part of it to do with focusing in on homeworks
02:13 stuff like that. But the other it tells you what's actually going on
02:16 the exam, there's actually more lower on the, on the second
02:21 And so that's pulling some of the downward when you look at the exam
02:25 . But overall the class is performing than you guys are doing better Because
02:31 is actually what actually matters now. , this is just a snapshot of
02:35 it looks like today? Remember we another exam and then another exam.
02:39 there'll be a snapshot after the third after the forest fourth exam. So
02:44 is very typical. About an 88 about where an a minus remember this
02:48 any sort of extra credit. So you've been doing extra credit, just
02:51 ahead and add in your points on of that. Right? But about
02:55 is about an 88 that seventies a bit low. It will it will
02:59 up. I promise you on the exam you'll see it creep up that
03:03 will definitely creep up. That's showing the abc range. Look at that
03:07 . It's like this, it's a thing and then all down there what
03:11 looking at when you see from 0 4 and all that. Those are
03:14 that dropped the class that haven't dropped class and they're pulling everything down right
03:19 so everything's going to spring forward. if you're panicking first, don't
03:24 All right. I know that's easy me to say because I sit up
03:26 and do this. But because I've this for so long already know what's
03:29 to happen, right? It's this what statistics are for for being able
03:35 identify patterns and this is the pattern see all the time. Now.
03:39 going to happen is those grades are disappear. That's going to shoot up
03:43 little bit and those groups of students the 44-40-49, some of them will
03:49 before you drop come and talk to . I'll help you make a decision
03:54 the truth is is some of those move up into the D and into
03:57 sea range. Why your answer is ? Why the same thing you told
04:04 before you change the way you All right. The purpose of the
04:09 credit is to force you to think what you're doing right and what you're
04:13 wrong. If you have never done before an exam and never after an
04:17 . That's what the extra credits all . It's to help you self
04:21 Because if you keep doing the same that's getting you the grade that you
04:24 like, then what grade are you to end up with the grades you
04:28 like? So you got to ask question, what am I doing Right
04:32 what am I doing wrong? Am studying the right information and my studying
04:37 ? Am I just skimming things like used to do in high school?
04:41 , let's face it, that's how approached high school high school's easy
04:46 Right? The hardest thing was getting ? Yes. And then staying awake
04:52 here. You are getting yourselves ready jump into a world where people are
04:58 to depend on you to not kill . Have you thought about that?
05:04 what nurses are don't give them the medicine, right? So part of
05:11 is learning how to manage yourself your and study. So you know what
05:16 doing? All right? This is safe zone. So, if you're
05:19 getting the grade you want think about am I studying the way that I
05:24 , Should I go back and listen what I said on the very first
05:27 of class for 30 long minutes. 30 long minutes? Oh my
05:31 I can't believe he's talking about how study and ask yourself the question.
05:35 you think the guy that went through and then graduate school and then stayed
05:40 school? Because you liked it so . Might know how to do well
05:43 school. Mhm. Maybe you And do you think the guy that
05:49 to actually have fun? Because I to school in New Orleans?
05:54 Might know how to balance between fun play and doing work and figuring out
05:59 to be most efficient at getting the done so I can go out and
06:04 . No right. My hope for of you and my desire. My
06:12 . Everything I want you to do to achieve your goals. All
06:16 There's not a single one of you I don't want you to achieve your
06:19 every single one of you. I you to go and be able to
06:22 the thing that you are setting before say, I want to be a
06:26 . I wanna be a doctor. want to be a dentist. I
06:27 be a physical therapist, occupational speech therapist. My missing any respiratory
06:35 . Any of those things I want to achieve that goal. Alright.
06:40 it's gonna require a little bit of . And so if you haven't modified
06:44 how you approach your education, your are going to be delayed for
06:50 If not unachievable. All right. , the good news is that life
06:55 you lots of second chances. But you have to wait and wait and
06:59 nothing worse than having to wait to your goals. All right. So
07:05 this scares you, I want you start coming to see me. All
07:10 . My office hours are no longer to be on teens. All
07:15 Teams is easy to avoid. Because how do I know this?
07:20 had teams open every day. Every , Thursday four. However many times
07:25 met. I don't know how many that's been a lot. I got
07:30 three people show up. All Office hours 10 11 Tuesday thursday
07:36 R. 2 to 21 G. right. You don't know that
07:40 You know, look on the Go look on the syllabus nor my
07:43 . I'll be available from 10 to . Every Tuesday thursday. I'll be
07:47 to talk to you about your Tell you how you're feeling what you're
07:52 . I'll talk you off the I'm not going to push you off
07:55 ledge. But if there are some that might need to drop I will
07:58 like this might be time to do . But there are some of you
08:02 need a little bit of motivating, ? Motivating motivating. All right.
08:08 might be all right. You can it. You're down in here.
08:10 don't want to be there. Let's you how to get up to
08:13 If you're over there that B plus , you want to be an a
08:16 range yada yada and nine times out 10. And I've had students ask
08:22 this. You're great turn as bad you think they are. I mean
08:27 of you are looking at because they No, they're not. I had
08:30 student come in just a couple days in another class and I'm failing the
08:34 . We looked great. You're not the class, you're not getting the
08:37 you want, but you're not failing class. And I showed him
08:40 that's kind of cool. It's kind nice to know when you're not failing
08:44 that's kind of inspiring, isn't As opposed to Oh and how do
08:48 know this? I've never told you my stories telling you one story
08:52 Organic chemistry sophomore year Prof didn't give partial credit. The only grade you
08:59 was you got it right. You it wrong on the organic chemistry exam
09:02 average on the second exam was a and he curved so it's basically a
09:08 curve. So if you have a , you still have to see imagine
09:14 a class where you got a zero it was still worth the sea.
09:18 you think anybody was motivated in that ? No. So we just kind
09:22 showed up and let fate take its . That's what it was like.
09:28 I understand I'm not this is not foreign idea, but I'm trying to
09:33 you understand that you are competing against very, very large body of people
09:38 get into the programs that you guys to get into. So I'm just
09:43 to get you guys motivated and excited what you want to do. Everyone
09:46 gonna be nurses or whatever it was you want to be. So that
09:51 , are there any questions about the you guys can go look at your
09:55 starting today? Yeah. The question , is there a curve at the
09:59 of the semester? So this is good question. It's a fair
10:02 All right. But remember the curve applied at the end of the semester
10:05 it doesn't apply to each exam, ? So I'm gonna figure out what
10:08 grades are and I'm gonna do what done here after each exam to show
10:11 what it looks like. But at end of the semester, that's why
10:14 everybody do this distribution curve. And gonna basically figure out where the
10:18 B. S. And C. After I figured out what everybody's great
10:21 then I throw your extra credit on of that, so that shifts you
10:24 the curve without shifting the curve. makes sense. So if you end
10:28 I'm just gonna use a nice grade you had an 88 average and you're
10:31 oh I got an a minus or got a B. Plus and then
10:35 get your five points on top of and all of a sudden now you're
10:38 around pretty happy, aren't you? , but it's not worth calculating now
10:43 who cares besides you? Because it matter because it's only halfway through the
10:51 , we got 50% of your grade to go 75% before the drop
10:55 I bet anything else You guys know S. R. two is.
11:04 pretty new reconstructed building. Here is . R. one not my
11:09 the ugly little brown building next that's my building, second floor.
11:15 just have to walk onto this side the building halfway down the hall.
11:19 right, you have plenty of You don't all have to go rushing
11:23 today. But if you're concerned about , that's what you need to do
11:27 you need to come talk and that's for all your professors don't don't be
11:31 to talk to him. Alright? here because we want you to learn
11:35 material. Now this unit is two of muscle and then 44 lectures on
11:47 uh nervous system. All right. so what I want to do today
11:52 I want to focus on kind of macro ideas behind the muscle. But
11:56 we do that, we're gonna interrupt muscle. We're gonna talk about smooth
12:01 . All right. We don't talk cardiac muscle because we kind of leave
12:04 for the heart unit an M. . two. But cardiac muscle is
12:07 similar to skeletal muscles. So, you understand skeletal you understand cardiac.
12:11 . There's just some small nuanced Smooth muscle, on the other
12:16 is a little bit more confusing. in the sense that there's uh it's
12:20 hard. It's just different. All . The same mechanisms are involved.
12:24 need calcium. You need at p acting and mice and working that cause
12:29 . But structurally as you can see little cartoon up here, muscle looks
12:34 , very different. Alright. Smooth muscle looks different. It kind of
12:38 to me like a ham. You where it's been wrapped and bundled
12:43 And that's what that does. Is represents where the fibers are and where
12:48 contracting. And so when you're dealing smooth muscle, you're looking at individual
12:55 that don't merge with other individual And remember how we talked about skeletal
12:58 being big and that their multi nuclear it was emerging of different cells during
13:04 . So, you end up with very large cell with lots of
13:08 smooth muscles. Just the individual they're individually uh they're kept separate.
13:13 don't merge together like that. So united nuclear, much much smaller.
13:18 they have this weird shape, skeletal has a tubular shape that's very,
13:23 long. There's no stark Amir's what we have is we have these
13:28 that represented by these little circles that called dense bodies. The same proteins
13:33 you found in the Z lines. when we talk about the Z line
13:35 you look at it like this and see the proteins but it's the same
13:39 but they're not arranged in the same they're kind of scattered around. So
13:43 end up with these diamond shapes all the place and they're kind of held
13:47 position by intermediate filaments. And so you get a contraction, what happens
13:52 is that you're squeezing towards all these bodies. So that's why it kind
13:56 gives that ham like appearance right where kind of being squished in all different
14:02 . Now, there's lots more cross . And so and that's a result
14:06 there being more mice in an And that's what the lines are
14:10 That's where you're going to see the and and acting. So they're going
14:12 the dense bodies. And there's some characteristics about these thick and thin
14:19 So the thick filaments are a little longer and then the thin filaments don't
14:24 troponin. Now here's where I get quiz y'all. What is troponin do
14:28 guys remember from thursday? It was was the hinge. Right.
14:35 So we don't have a hinge. means the thick and the thin filaments
14:39 able to interact a little bit more . All right now I mentioned the
14:44 filaments. They just kind of hold into place. All right now,
14:48 other weird things is that smooth muscles connected by mechanical junctions, meaning that
14:56 basically have these gap junctions in Some of them are going to be
15:00 coupled. That means each smooth If you get a contraction one muscle
15:05 might affect the next one and so . Not all of them do
15:07 but some of them do that. talk about that in just a
15:10 Um It has a really well defined plasma particular that does the role of
15:16 of sequestering calcium. So, calcium is important. But typically they're
15:21 associated with these little tiny imaginations that can see on the surface and these
15:26 imaginations are called calvary. Holy all . And you'll see cal viola again
15:31 a P. Two when they talk blood vessels there are no t
15:35 So basically everything is really close to surface of these cells. You don't
15:40 to go diving in deep to do . Now where you gonna find smooth
15:45 is typically in the walls of your organs. So basically wherever there's a
15:49 . So, blood vessels is an place to think about digestive systems.
15:53 place to think about respiratory system. place kidneys, you can kind of
15:58 getting a sense of like, oh , anywhere. There's a tube.
16:01 going to see a smooth muscle. . Typically you're going to see these
16:05 arranged in sheets. And so you kind of see here, there's these
16:09 and over and over again. It's of these sheets. And if you're
16:11 at this, this is fibers coming at you. So, it's just
16:15 of fibers. Typically you'll have one runs parallel to the tube. So
16:21 you have this long tube, like then you're gonna have fibers that run
16:26 the tube alongside it. And then also gonna have fibers that run around
16:30 tube, circumferential. E and typically we have two layers of smooth
16:36 . Now, it's not always the . Once I've said that, then
16:39 going to go into these other Go wait a second. There's three
16:41 , there's three here. Why is always why there's three? You told
16:44 there's two. And it's just because in in some of these other systems
16:50 you have a lot of muscle you're gonna have multiple layers. All
16:55 . And so you can think about like this. I have this one
16:58 going along parallel and what that's going do with the two. But it
17:03 is to make the tube shorter. ? So it squeezes at this direction
17:07 then you have circumferential. So it's squeezing the tube in this direction.
17:12 right. And then the digestive you can kind of think about
17:14 What am I doing if I put in my esophagus or in my in
17:19 down on my uh a small I want to squeeze and kind of
17:24 things forward like in a tube of , but it also helps to actually
17:28 the tube smaller. So it kind works like a worm. So both
17:31 these muscles together helped move materials through tube. All right, now,
17:37 just using this uh digestive system as example. All right now, this
17:43 you where we're going to see smooth . It's responsible for involuntary movements.
17:49 right. And we we we haven't distinguished the sympathetic versus parasympathetic system
17:56 but basically things you can't control. ? And so this might be the
18:01 of blood flow, for example, of materials through the digestive tract of
18:05 urinary track uh movement or resistance of flow in the respiratory system. And
18:11 during pregnancy contraction relaxation of the uterus just examples of where you can see
18:17 muscle. This is in no way exhaustive list. You have smooth muscle
18:22 your eye that contracts and relaxes in to light, right? You can't
18:28 that. If I shine bright light your eyes, your eyes are going
18:31 contract to prevent light coming in. then when you get in the
18:36 your eyes dilate in response to the , right? You can't just
18:40 Well, I want to open up pupils a little bit more. That's
18:44 something that's voluntary. Mhm. This where smooth muscle gets kind of
18:51 All right now, remember what I , calcium is there at P Is
18:55 ? All right. The mechanisms for a contraction are exactly the same.
18:59 binds to act and creates a cross , pulls the acting towards the midline
19:04 where you're going to see my So all that's the same. It's
19:08 chemical uh pathway that actually allows us happen. Instead of it being calcium
19:15 future opponent which pulls triple mayes and of the way, which allows active
19:19 and interact in a teepee to break bond. What we have here is
19:23 have a signal transaction cascade calcium is to enter into the cell and be
19:30 through the sarka plasma particular um in to an electrical signal. All
19:35 so next potential is going to uh this to happen. Calcium is going
19:41 bind a signaling molecule called cal module . And it creates this complex called
19:46 calcium cal module in complex. Now see this If you stay in biology
19:53 the upper levels, you'll see this and over again. This is a
19:57 uh interaction and how module in is a regulator defector of other things.
20:03 in this particular case, what it is it's responsible for turning on a
20:09 that's called myosin light chain kindness. is why it's M. L.
20:13 . K. It's abbreviated there. right. Now, remember I said
20:16 named things for what they do or they look like. And this is
20:20 case where they named it for what do. It's a myosin light
20:24 So, it tells you what it's . And it's a kindness. All
20:28 now, molecular biology alphabet soup can very, very confusing. But whenever
20:33 see the word kindness, what you're is you're going to be foss for
20:37 another molecule. That's its purpose. . And when you foster for later
20:43 , what you're doing is you're either it on, which is almost 90%
20:47 the time you're changing its activity, ? You're activating it. In some
20:51 , you might be turning it That's not what's happening here. But
20:55 want to point that out. what we take we take this inactive
20:59 and we activated using calcium ca module . All right. So, it's
21:03 flipping the switch and then what Myosin chain does this milestone? Like
21:08 It's the one that cost four relates mayas and head. All right
21:14 remember when we talked about skeletal we had ATP and ATP activity in
21:20 Miocene. We don't have that My son like chain kindness is doing
21:25 activity imparting energy so that the head start interacting because we don't have troponin
21:31 triple my assassin. We don't have worry about those two things interacting.
21:36 we have to do is just turn and cause the head to move and
21:41 . And that's what my son like is doing. So it's a different
21:46 . Right? All the same elements kind of they're right. I mean
21:51 and ATP Miocene enacting. It's just we get them all to interact is
21:56 . We're using a signaling cascade through module in and myosin light chain
22:01 All right. Now, if you're at this and going this is molecular
22:04 and it scares me and I don't it and start freaking out.
22:09 All right, just think of it a mouse, you know, like
22:12 series of dominoes this happens and this and this happens and I get a
22:17 so calcium comes in activates cal ma activates Myosin. Light chain kindness activates
22:23 in contraction occurs. So it's slightly . Right? Big scary names.
22:30 the end result is the same calcium contractions and that's what we're trying to
22:36 for here. So you get those bridges. You get the power stroke
22:40 the other fun stuff as a result the activity of my assimilate change.
22:46 if you look here it talks about 10 ATP there is some ATP activity
22:51 it's different and how it works. I want to go into that
22:54 The Mlc. Huh? So what really doing here is that really that
23:04 is the energy You're basically when when 80 P gets broken, you're releasing
23:09 . And so what you're doing when in skeletal muscle is the A.
23:13 . P. S of the mission imparting energy so that the head will
23:18 . All right. So what miz light chain kindness is doing is actually
23:21 the head in position so that it do this and then the ATP actually
23:26 the breaking and so on and so . That's why I kind of want
23:29 ignore that because we don't tend to on the T. P.
23:32 Activity. That mice and light chain is the one that becomes important in
23:37 the head in position as opposed to already being in position. It's just
23:43 different sort of activity. So that's you get a contraction. How do
23:51 relax saying we're doing skeletal muscle with causes a contraction. Get rid of
23:57 calcium. So you got pumps right sits there and pumps out the calcium
24:04 once you pump out the calcium there's cal module and calcium or calcium kalamata
24:08 complex complexes that means you can't activate supply chain kindness and then there is
24:14 another molecule that comes along and removes phosphate from mice and like Jenkins that
24:19 that off. And this is gonna true whenever you see any sort of
24:22 cascade, anything that gets turned on be turned off. All right.
24:26 so we're not showing that part of picture here, but just understand everything
24:30 turned on. Had to be turned . All right. Mhm. Thanksgiving
24:38 coming up. You're getting a little . I know it's a whole month
24:40 . But are you getting excited? starting to think about your turkey
24:44 you know? All right. Get nice and stretching The reason I bring
24:47 up because one of the things that's nice about smooth muscle is that it
24:52 through what is called a stress relaxation . And basically what this does it
24:57 for that hollow organ. So, a muscle gets pushed against or pulled
25:03 , typically the response is to to that push. Right? So if
25:10 pull on you, you're gonna naturally against me so that you don't get
25:14 . All right, this is the thing. If you get pushed,
25:17 going to lean into the push so don't get pushed away. Skeletal muscle
25:22 . Does that all right, with muscle basically what it does, it
25:28 does the exact opposite. It's in It basically says, oh, I'm
25:32 pushed against. Well, I'm better . And so this is how your
25:36 behaves. This is why you can three plates of turkey and potatoes and
25:42 and stuffing and whatever the green thing your parents put on that plate,
25:47 know? And then your 234 crescent and then your cranberry sauce and the
25:53 . And don't forget the three pumpkin and the two pecan pies. I'm
25:59 little excited. Yeah. Okay. . I got the stretchy pants.
26:07 right, elastic bands because it will expand outward. Alright, so basically
26:15 for a greater volume to be there a strong opposing contraction. Second thing
26:23 smooth muscle. We talked about how an optimal length and skeletal muscle that
26:27 you expand or stretch a muscle too , it has to do more work
26:32 get back to an actual contraction. muscle didn't like that. It actually
26:37 just as efficiently. If you keep so you can stretch it half its
26:44 twice its resting length, or you compress it down to half its resting
26:48 in. It does just fine. weird thing is this word right
26:54 hyper plastic, smooth some smooth hyper plastic. What that means is
26:58 capable of multiplying and dividing to increase numbers. Now, the example we
27:04 in this because it's not throughout your body, Your entire body doesn't do
27:07 is the uterus. Ladies, your when you're not pregnant about the size
27:12 my fist, maybe a little bit when you are fully pregnant at full
27:17 , We're talking the size of two . All right. Well, I
27:21 it's baby plus placenta. Right. all the water and what not.
27:25 really not water, but All So how do you get from this
27:29 the size of two basketballs? you have to multiply and divide the
27:33 and that's what's going on. Hyper . All right. You usually hear
27:37 word hyper plastic or hyperplasia in reference cancers because cancer cells are hyper
27:44 They're multiplying dividing at an accelerated but that doesn't always when you see
27:48 word or hear the word hyper Don't always think cancer just means multiplying
27:52 dividing. All right. So smooth can multiply and divide really?
28:02 Okay. All right. Now, regard to the contractions, the way
28:09 we innovate a smooth muscle cell, that the uh fibers the neurons have
28:17 of having a terminal end. What see here is you see a series
28:22 synaptic uh really these are called I'm . I've got to look at their
28:27 . I'd vesicles stuck in my So very cost cities. So,
28:30 can think of it like basically beads a chain over and over again.
28:34 instead of there being a neuro muscular . Like we saw in skeletal
28:39 Instead this very costly, just kind above the smooth muscle, it's not
28:45 interacting directly with that particular cell. . And what it does is it
28:50 the neurotransmitter and that neurotransmitter just kind diffuses along the surface of the smooth
28:56 and that causes the underlying cells to . All right. So you don't
29:03 get a contraction necessarily because you may get enough neurotransmitter. But what it
29:09 do is it brings some cells closer threshold. It might change the
29:14 So, maybe you already have a that's undergoing a normal rate of
29:18 But the neurotransmitter comes along and you more contractions or less contractions and the
29:24 of the contraction is going to be upon how much narrow transparent. Now
29:28 this is being done through the autonomic system. All right. You can't
29:33 your smooth muscles contract. Just it's gonna happen. Right. And so
29:38 they're doing is they're responding to whatever environment is. Right. So that's
29:45 we say autonomic. It's uncontrolled. right, now, that good.
29:53 on, be nice. How you smooth muscles, they're going to be
29:58 in one of two different types of . You have cells acting independently of
30:03 other. So, I'm gonna just these three these three people are
30:06 They're not connected to each other Right. So, as if I
30:11 all three of them to contract to smooth muscle cells, this one may
30:15 this one may not this one may there acting independent of one another.
30:19 so when they are discrete units, going to be what is referred to
30:25 a multi unit smooth muscle. All . So, they have uh neuromuscular
30:31 . You can see a little cartoon . They're saying here's the very
30:34 it's sitting over the individual cell. so each individual cell is going to
30:40 independently of the other cells. And we see these, they're all over
30:44 place. So you can see it the large blood vessels that be like
30:46 a order and whatnot in the small , your hair follicles is an easy
30:51 to think about. Have you ever the hair stick up on your
30:54 You know, out of fear or or whatever it's like on one
30:58 it's doing it. But on the arm it's not And you're like,
31:02 are you scared over here? You ? So, that would be an
31:07 there. So, the eyes, the lens and the irish.
31:10 I was talking about the pupil. , that would be your irish,
31:16 decide. So, the question is would some cells basically respond whereas others
31:23 . So, one of the things we are not going to talk about
31:26 uh pacemaker activity and smooth muscle All right. So, typically,
31:30 mean, this is you don't need know this. Alright, so just
31:33 of So, typically, what's going inside inside of smooth muscle cells,
31:38 have this kind of pacemaker activity. , if you were to look at
31:42 voltage inside of smooth muscles that kind goes up and it goes down like
31:46 just in kind of a general Right. And so some cells will
31:51 reach threshold and fire off a series action potentials which result in contractions.
31:57 right. So you might have some that are at the peak. So
32:02 them some neurotransmitter might bring them over . Some might be in the valley
32:06 brings them just close to the So that's why they're going to have
32:10 responses because of where they are within context of their pacemaker activity. All
32:16 . That's just one example. You , there's other reasons why as
32:21 Okay, but that's probably good The second group is the single unit
32:27 hear each of the individual cells are to each other via gap junctions.
32:32 if one cell responds creates an action , that action potential then spread to
32:37 other cells within that single unit. right. So you might have a
32:44 within their that is gonna be self . So again, it's going up
32:48 down and has that pacemaker activity. so it can reach threshold. And
32:52 you get threshold then the cells are going to respond. The difference is
32:56 it's not a very fast response. I say fast in the sense of
33:02 versus microseconds. All right milliseconds is really, really short, right?
33:10 And so you can imagine here is get one cell, it begins to
33:13 , but it takes a couple of for that signal to get to the
33:17 one and the next one. you see the slow wave of contraction
33:22 the muscle. All right. The the whole are the census she um
33:27 right. So the only a portion the cells are going to be self
33:31 . And then that impulse basically moves the individual cells so that it doesn't
33:38 in one fell swoop. Like a like skeletal muscle. Does it kind
33:41 spreads over the sensation. But they contract as a single unit. That's
33:53 I need you to know about smooth . All right. As you go
33:57 the other systems in A&P. They're going to start pointing out these
34:02 that are dependent upon smooth muscles in activity. And I think just this
34:06 enough to springboard you into an understanding smooth muscle so that when you go
34:11 see them, you'll have a better what's going on. So, what
34:16 like to do is now spend a time talking about muscles on the macro
34:20 . So, we've done micro right? We know what's going on
34:23 the individual cells. So let's look the big picture. If you're in
34:27 lab, you're probably already doing origins assertions, but we need to kind
34:31 go there now. Alright. So muscles move bones. Alright. And
34:36 where movement comes from. We have terms referring to the attachment of the
34:40 to the bone. We have the and we have the insertion.
34:45 Origins typically are found in the stationary and they're typically what we refer to
34:52 a fleshy attachment. So here we're at the bicep you can see up
34:56 this is the origin that fleshy attachment basically the epitome. She um poorly
35:01 by your professor attached to the periodicity in the bone up here.
35:08 so what this is going to it's going to distribute the force as
35:13 pull towards the origin. All So that's what we're doing. The
35:19 is the mobile attachment. In other , it's the one that's pulling on
35:22 bone that's going to move. It has a fibrous attachment which is a
35:27 . So here we see the That doesn't mean that you're not going
35:29 have tendons on the at the It's typically though not formed as a
35:34 . All right. In some that's why it says usually catches
35:38 So it kind of just kind of continuation of that epic museum. So
35:43 focuses the force on something to cause bone to move. So the forces
35:48 here which is going to cause movement that bone towards the muscle and then
35:54 force is being distributed up there at origin with regard to the muscles.
36:03 muscle can be an agonist. When hear the word agonist, you just
36:07 to think this is the one or muscle or the muscle groups involved in
36:11 a movement. All right. For agonist, there's an antagonist. The
36:17 opposes the movement. Alright? And it does is it helps stabilize the
36:23 and slows down the limb at the of a fast movement. All
36:29 when I'm contracting the agonist, the needs to relax or the muscle doesn't
36:35 . All right. And then when move the opposite direction the antagonist becomes
36:42 agonist and the agonist becomes the Alright, so just using a simple
36:51 , use the chair because chairs are . Right? As I'm lifting
36:56 this is my agonists, this is . This has to relax in order
37:03 this to move as I'm putting it , The movement is really here,
37:09 there. Okay, we have innovation these two muscles that where one is
37:17 stimulated, the other one is being from being stimulated. Alright, that's
37:22 innovation. Innovation inhibition. Excuse Innovation. So if I'm stimulating the
37:28 basically preventing the antagonist from contracting and Severson, you'll also hear the term
37:36 gist. A synergistic is simply a that stabilizes the body during movement but
37:42 actually play a role in that Now yesterday I was working out and
37:47 was a girl on a young woman a treadmill and she was wearing a
37:54 very small top so you can see muscles in your upper body,
37:59 And it was the most interesting thing you could see because she wasn't moving
38:04 this like you'd expect when you right? Because that's what you normally
38:08 moving on. She wasn't moving her but you could see the muscles in
38:12 upper back actually contracting as synergistic during running, you know? So that's
38:19 kind of an example what the center would do. two primary types of
38:29 . These are actually kind of easy versus isometric. Alright. An isotonic
38:36 is when you create tension that's going remain constant during the entire movement.
38:44 . And so we have two different when that contraction occurs and you're creating
38:49 tension. You're going to move the load being whatever it is that you're
38:53 to move. Concentric is when the gets shorter while you're moving the
38:58 E centric is when you're moving the and the muscles getting longer? All
39:04 , so chair back to the What do you think the chair
39:13 £2 £3 £3 £5.00 Good. All . Does the weight of the chair
39:18 change in the course of me lifting ? No. All right. So
39:22 amount of tension I have to produce order to let the chair is going
39:27 be a constant doesn't matter if it's the ground. It doesn't matter if
39:29 up in the air. It's the amount of tension. Would you agree
39:32 me on that? Okay, So when I lift the chair I'm
39:37 to create an isotonic contraction because the stays the same. Right? I
39:42 to create enough tension actually cause Once I create that tension, then
39:46 chair moves. What happens to the right from here to here? What
39:52 muscle shortens. So that's a concentric . As I put the chair
39:58 what's happening to the muscle? It's e centric contraction. All right.
40:05 what I'm doing in the eccentric contraction this case is I'm not letting the
40:09 fall. I'm controlling the rate at the chair is being put down.
40:13 why the muscles stretching. All So concentric makes the muscles get
40:18 S centric makes the muscle get In both cases, the tension that's
40:24 produced remains constant because the load, mass of the load stays constant.
40:31 an isometric muscle or isometric metric the muscle itself isn't going to change
40:37 . Instead, the tension builds up keeps building up. You're just not
40:43 the length of the muscle. Now was a real popular exercise routine that
40:49 would use in the 70s. All . So, I want you to
40:52 back in the day, you see when you guys were six stayed
40:57 state were sick, stay home from , you stay on your phones and
41:00 stuff. We had the joy of television because not everyone has cable because
41:05 mean, that was how long ago was. And so what they would
41:07 is you? T like this person public access television basically going, okay
41:13 and this is for the moms were at home doing laundry and what not
41:17 with me, lift up the put down the basket, you
41:20 And then there was the isometric which is basically All right, everyone
41:23 your arms together and yes, create tension. Oh, yeah. Can
41:30 feel the burn? Can you feel burn? Yeah. All right.
41:37 , if you're not going to play with my game and I see the
41:40 of you too cool for school All right, think of the
41:46 Can I move this wall? Ye little faith. No, I can't
41:52 the wall. It's too heavy, too big, it's permanent.
41:56 I can lean up against the create a little bit of force,
42:00 ? Not a lot of tension, ? But I can start pushing up
42:03 it and push and push and Does my muscle length change at
42:09 No, be easier if I probably up against systems so you can see
42:14 little bit better. Okay against the . Door is not going to
42:18 I hope. All right, So , I push up here and I
42:22 create more and more force. More muscle length isn't changing, is
42:27 No, but I'm increasing the amount tension that I'm applying to that
42:32 That would be an example of an contraction. All right. Now,
42:36 next slide is just the same slide different pictures. Okay? It's basically
42:41 to show you this and this is they started testing to see what muscle
42:45 do and stuff. And so basically would take a muscle out of a
42:49 and then they would apply a small to it. Then they shocked the
42:53 because it would respond to the electrical . Right? And so, if
42:56 can get the muscle to contract, what you're doing is you're showing
43:00 you know, this this concentric or contraction, but in this case would
43:05 concentric as it's contracting upward, lifting with it. But here, you
43:11 you can stimulate it but the weight's heavy. So the muscle is contracting
43:16 it's not creating enough tension to lift weight and that's why the muscle stays
43:19 same way. All right, so so good, skeletal muscle stuff is
43:27 pretty simple, right? Once you past the molecular stuff. Now,
43:33 muscle has four characteristics, but your lists five. So four plus 1
43:38 contract album, it means it forcibly when stimulated. It's excitable.
43:44 should I tell you guys another Alright, here's an error.
43:48 I grew up in el paso all . Um and we'd go over to
43:52 to drink at a very young as soon as we had, as
43:55 as we had a friend of the going over to Mexico, this was
43:58 the cartel's got really, really scary dangerous. Um and you go into
44:03 of the bars and the guys walking with electrodes and they'd be sitting
44:07 click, click, click, click. And, you know,
44:09 all see a lot of military because we have a military base
44:12 And of course, when uh young drink, they try to prove how
44:16 they are. And so that's what were for, is the electrodes.
44:19 they'd walk around saying, who's strong to taking on the voltage and,
44:22 know, some soldier would come or you can try it yourself,
44:25 you basically like, pay a dollar you grab on the two electrodes,
44:30 ? And then they would start cranking the voltage and they would see how
44:34 you could hold on to the and you never could because well,
44:40 mean, the soldiers would always be , I'm so tough and they'd be
44:43 , this already contracted and then you that electricity out, and then it
44:47 be too painful and they'd be stop and they do it. I
44:51 one friend figured it all out. do you usually go in there and
44:55 just relax, hold on to the and it started cranking it up.
45:00 what do your muscle do in response electricity? So you're not fighting
45:05 You just let it go. So you ever want to place that bet
45:13 . Okay. So excitable right there , I'll So when you stimulate them
45:20 you need to stimulate them, it be a simple electricity but typically it's
45:23 to be through calcium. They're That means there's gonna be some sort
45:26 stimulus that's going to excite them. extensible if you notice that you can
45:33 . My muscles can stretch so they stretch along the resting line. They're
45:38 . Which means once I've contracted them can return back to the original shape
45:44 lastly there plastic. And that means constantly debt based on their usage.
45:48 right. In english. What that is when I work out my muscles
45:51 bigger when I sit on the sofa do nothing. My muscles get
45:56 Very easy. Okay, so let's of see all this stuff. All
46:00 . One of the things that muscles is they have what is called a
46:04 shortening cycle. All right. So basically three phases to it? S
46:08 uh amortization stays and finally concentric What this is is a preparatory counter
46:16 . Alright. Can you picture yourself for a second, right? If
46:20 have you ever see JJ watt have do that. That vertical when it
46:24 up flex five ft. Right. like like jumps up something that's like
46:29 tall from the ground. So what he do? Because you just do
46:32 like from from this position and then jumps up. What does he
46:37 He goes down and then he All right. So, what you
46:43 saw there that downward movement is that movement? Basically what you're doing is
46:49 actively stretching the agonist muscle. All . And what you're doing is you're
46:55 energy there that then can be quickly over into the concentric phase. So
47:01 the stretch allows you to create force converting it to heat first and allows
47:06 to propel yourself upwards in that All right. So this is a
47:12 of movement. This preparatory movement that increases uh the amount of fibers that
47:18 be recruited because you're stretching first. right. Typically you see this in
47:24 jumping in any place where you're changing . All right. Oh,
47:29 Watch somebody about to do the long . Right? Hey, stretch upward
47:36 then when they start bouncing forward, know some of you guys have been
47:41 , some of you guys are still think about the movement. You do
47:45 about a basketball player. Even at the free throw line Now. Uh
47:53 . That's e centric amortization concentric through stretch shortening cycle. All right.
48:01 lot of graph stuff here that gets very confusing to look at? Don't
48:04 about It's not that hard when you're with concentric contraction the race the ratio
48:11 to velocity is inversely related. All . So, what that means is
48:16 greater the force, the slower the . All right. Why? All
48:25 . Mhm. We're going for the today. All right. The more
48:33 I have. Right, I'm gonna to use more force to pick this
48:38 . It's going to be a lot to do so And that makes
48:43 Mhm. Stop that. Right, to lift it up, Right.
48:53 going to be a lot slower than . Mhm. It's a matter
49:00 Real easy. Okay, so, less force you have, the faster
49:06 muscle contraction. All right. You to picture it? Make it easy
49:10 your life? You guys work out many guys lift weights? Do resistance
49:13 ? Great. £5 weight. How girls can you do with it?
49:21 . £50 weight. How many girls you do? Two? And it
49:27 a lot of effort to do so velocity. Each inter contractions, it's
49:32 opposite. The more force there is faster the contraction. Okay, so
49:37 a direct correlation, direct relationship between and velocity. So, as you're
49:42 down, the more force that you're , the faster you go. All
49:48 , The last force, the slower go now again. Think about that
49:52 weight. It's nice and light. ? What are you gonna do?
49:56 basically trying to keep yourself from hitting in the knee, aren't you?
50:00 what you're gonna do is you're going slow yourself down so that you don't
50:05 yourself. All right. So you need a lot of force. You're
50:08 slow the muscle contraction down most so . Yes. So, you can
50:16 about like this. I don't want muscle. It's I'm taking my time
50:20 allow it to get to it back its original length. Because remember because
50:25 starting off in a contracted state. the muscle has to lengthen this
50:30 That's in the example I'm using with your barbell. Right. So the
50:36 is when you're in a centric you're the muscle has to get longer.
50:40 ? It's stretching outward. Hold his . Yes. Right. Because what
50:46 doing is I'm going this way. , that's a really bad word,
50:49 it? I just I never even about it. Like that contraction means
50:54 smaller. I mean, did you get schoolhouse rock? All right.
51:00 mean, that was my that was education. Schoolhouse rock. So contraction
51:03 a shortening. So in east centric still call any centric contraction even though
51:08 muscles lengthening? Yeah, it's Yeah, scary parts muscle fibers in
51:20 alignments. Alright, Muscle fibers can found in pin eight muscles or non
51:26 eight muscles. A pin eight muscle when the muscle fiber is oblique to
51:32 tendon, you guys know what the of bleak means right? It means
51:37 parallel to, it means it's some angle too. Okay, so the
51:45 the angle, the less force is transmitted along the length of the
51:49 Alright, so you can see over this is a pin eight pin eight
51:53 eight. This is circular, but still a pin eight muscle because the
51:57 is not parallel to the tendon. right. And so what's happening is
52:02 basically you're saying here's my tendon. pulling in an oblique angle instead of
52:07 the length of the tendons. So not getting as much force for
52:11 I'm basically pulling the muscle to the is really what this is saying.
52:17 you do get greater forces due to density of cross bridging, but you
52:22 get that muscle force that you'd get you're getting down here in the non
52:26 eight. So in the non pin . Now you're dealing with parallels,
52:31 ? So when I contract this, pulling on that 10 and contracting
52:35 I'm pulling on those tendons when I'm here and pulling on that tendon in
52:38 same direction. So, I'm getting really, really fast velocity. So
52:44 is power. This is velocity. , velocity. That makes sense.
52:54 of a rope. Right? Used be a wow. Well used to
53:01 something I could pull on, So, if I pull in this
53:05 , I can make that thing move . But if I'm pulling the rope
53:08 this direction, I can't make it fast. Right? It's going in
53:12 different direction. So pin eight muscles , Non pin eight muscles, velocity
53:27 . Good news is I'm not going have you identify them right. Ap
53:31 . You have to identify them. I'm gonna give you guys a hint
53:33 how things work. All right. , there's 500 or so plus skeletal
53:39 . I think it's closer about All right. Their names typically tell
53:43 either location or position or structure or or shape or origin and insertion or
53:48 . So when you look at a , ask the question, what is
53:51 telling me? All right. here's an example of orientation. What
53:56 rectus mean or sound like to you . Right. It might be
54:04 Might be latin. It might be . I don't know which I'm
54:08 I wrecked us. I guess would latin. Right. But can you
54:12 the word erect out of that? right. So, it tells you
54:17 orientation. It sits up and down . That one's an easy one.
54:25 about bree vous? What does that like? It means short. But
54:30 does it look like to you All right, sure. All
54:35 Major minor, vast us period. large, huge. Okay, So
54:43 start seeing now it's like, this is not as difficult and you
54:47 have to take four years of latin understand this stuff. Right? How
54:52 shapes? What's the deltoid? Like triangle? Right, okay. What
54:58 a rhombus? Mm Flashing back to grade. My kids are doing
55:04 polygons right now. Right. It's that two parallel sides. Right?
55:11 . Quadratic this four sides. I mean again shows your shape.
55:18 then here's things that are named for actions. An abductor. You're
55:24 All right. Abductor for the Yeah. Or something that just brings
55:31 down, extend, sir. It's flexor. Yeah, elevator,
55:40 Elevate or there and then opponents do you see? So all of
55:48 sudden now of the 500 muscles you're to ultimately learn over the course of
55:53 life. And again, if you're on the nursing school, you will
55:56 to learn them all. You'll never them ever in your life, but
56:00 learn them. All right, you'll able to look at this and
56:03 okay, what does this muscle Oh, it's an abductor. It
56:10 lift. Right. It's an extensive extends. And so all of a
56:16 now it's not this foreign language that's beat you up and scare you and
56:20 it seem tough. Let the people A and M and texas. Worry
56:24 scary things. You guys if you how things are named or what those
56:30 mean? All of a sudden. you're going to understand the muscles
56:35 Now, the muscles are levers. now we're gonna do is we're going
56:39 attach our discussion here back to the of joints. All right, Because
56:44 we said joints play a role in our movement, muscles are moving
56:50 And so what we're looking at here we're looking at levers, muscles are
56:54 systems. All right. For those are planning on going into medicine,
56:59 medical school, you have to take . Why do we take physics so
57:02 we understand this? All right. , what we have here as a
57:06 , lever is simply a straight stiff that fix goes from one fixed point
57:11 another and that fixed point here is fulcrum. All right, So we
57:15 what are called movement arms and that's the distance from the where the force
57:21 being applied to that fulcrum. All , So this would be uh the
57:26 force. So here's a ball be ball is basically wanting to go
57:30 So to keep that ball elevated right , I have to apply a force
57:34 to prevent that from going. So would be the resistive force. That
57:37 be the applied force. So you can imagine if that this is
57:43 this way, but if you can of that ball, that ball would
57:45 that arm would fall down. So keep the arm from falling down,
57:48 have to push on the other side lift that ball up. Okay,
57:54 when you think about muscles and skeletons, this is how you kind
57:58 think of bones are the levers, ? The joints serve as the fulcrum
58:05 the muscles are the applied forces. right, you're applying the force to
58:10 some sort of resistance. There are different types of levers to are prominent
58:16 the body. One is very, rare. All right. The first
58:20 lever is like what we just saw here. Okay, you can see
58:24 have some sort of load it wants go down and in order to keep
58:29 load elevated, I have to apply force on the other side of the
58:33 . Now, this is a really mechanically disadvantaged form of lever.
58:38 don't have a lot of these in body. That's too much energy.
58:42 right, so, we don't see Here's an example of one basically uh
58:47 head wants to fall forward, So how do I hold my head
58:51 ? I have muscles in my pulls my head up and keeps it
58:56 . Yeah, that's an example of first class lever. Second class levers
59:03 kind of like will Barrows. I looking at this, trying to figure
59:07 , but I guess it's like this push down to keep that up.
59:10 right, because this side, right don't want to fall down. All
59:14 , So here's your fulcrum right? is the weight and then the force
59:20 you're going to apply is in the direction to lift that up, because
59:24 can imagine no force that that is of them want to fall down this
59:28 , so to lift up that resistive , I'm gonna pull up right
59:33 so you can see the focus is the far end, the resistive forces
59:39 the applied force and the fulcrum. the example would be here,
59:45 that's your calf, right? The struck him. I'm never going to
59:49 it right? Always called gassed It's just easier. But what do
59:53 do if I want to lift myself on my toes, right? There's
59:58 resistive force folk. Um is my right? And I'm pulling upward to
60:04 me up. Not a lot of , but it does give you a
60:09 advantage. This is the most common . Think of the shovel. All
60:14 , there's my resistive load. You also think of a broom, I
60:17 stuff in so I want to lift up. Where's my phone from?
60:21 phone comes up here. And so I'm doing is I'm applying the force
60:26 the fulcrum and the resistive force. all my movement is in between.
60:32 again, the example, the biceps your resistive force. I want to
60:36 this upward I contract. There's the , There's where my forces being applied
60:43 me to lift. Alright, these third class levers are the most common
60:48 of levers in the body. So should be aware of the three types
60:53 what they're doing, where the position the applied force and the resistive force
60:58 to the fulcrum is ready to sprint the end. This stuff is actually
61:08 bad. You guys like white meat dark meat chicken, which is
61:14 Dark meat. Who likes white Who likes dark meat? I usually
61:20 to get a fight going because you one or the other. There's never
61:23 of like, I don't care. ? Thanksgiving time. It's like are
61:28 getting the breast where you getting Right, that's right around the
61:34 stretchy pants. All right. When look at a bird, you can
61:42 the white meat in the dark meat , very easily in humans. Not
61:45 much. I'm gonna see if I'm just jump ahead. A couple
61:47 You don't need to I'm just gonna just so you can see this right
61:52 is what human muscle looks like. you see white meat in there?
61:55 you see dark meat in there? , so our muscles are basically a
61:59 of white meat and dark meat. huh. So I'm going to go
62:02 . So there's muscle fibers in our that have these characteristics that are both
62:08 and dark. Alright, some cells going to be uh type one Some
62:13 are gonna be type two. And these type one and type two have
62:16 some characteristics how fast they twitch, much power they produce and how fatigue
62:21 they are. Alright, so a one cell is a slow twitch.
62:26 that means is it takes a long for it to develop force and it
62:30 a long time for it to come down and relax the fast twitch muscles
62:34 are the type to you get quick , quick relaxation. All right.
62:39 kind of a burst. All The type of power they produce because
62:45 is slow. It doesn't produce a of force. Whereas the Taipei because
62:48 going you know quick contraction, you a lot of force very, very
62:53 and then you release it now in of fatigue because this takes a lot
62:57 time. These are really really efficient typically resistant to fatigue. So,
63:02 ones are slow twitch resistance to fatigue don't produce a lot of force.
63:08 twos are just the opposite then. there's two types. Type two A
63:12 B. They're inefficient. They fatigue and they have very very low aerobic
63:17 . Whereas the reason these are so fatigue is because they're aerobically capable.
63:25 . Some bubble both of Sure why ? Here we go. Yeah.
63:33 these are the examples of the different . Now this is these are
63:39 Okay, right up here. This exaggerations. Just a visual representation.
63:44 typically speaking you can think of your as being about 5050 of each
63:47 All right. But you can think someone who's a marathoner. Sorry
63:51 They're going to have more of the one. Then they are going to
63:54 the type twos. Whereas a sprinter example have more type twos, then
64:00 would have type ones. And actually actually done studies and this is just
64:04 example of that where it's like if look at the ratio of fast twitch
64:07 slow twitch, you can see the differences between different types of athletes and
64:13 they have. All right. So type one. Remember our aerobic
64:19 So what they are is what we to as oxidative. They use the
64:23 phosphor relation pathway. So it means you start with a molecule of
64:26 you go through glycol is is you through a process of converting pirate bait
64:31 acetyl coa a and then it goes the citric acid cycle and then eventually
64:36 through the occident fossil relation pathway. know we never talked about this.
64:39 if all those words are foreign to , that's fine. You know,
64:43 me test it on that. But it means if I start with black
64:47 , I go through lots and lots steps to get my A.
64:49 P. And I get lots of but I need to have oxygen available
64:52 order to get that. All The Black Political the type two they
64:57 like palaces. So they only use first step. And so they would
65:00 a very very short amount of Or a very small amount of ATP
65:04 get it quickly but they burn through quickly so they fatigue faster. So
65:08 why Glass Clinic is the fatigue And so again we come to our
65:14 picture here and you can think most are a combination of this. All
65:19 . Type one and Type two are red muscle. So how why
65:24 Well it happens to be the amount myoglobin that's found inside the cell.
65:29 glove. And remember we said when talking about skeletal muscle is um related
65:36 hemoglobin and it binds up oxygen. why do I need oxygen?
65:40 it's there for this aerobic cycle so can make lots of ATP. So
65:44 why you see the type ones having myoglobin. All right. The type
65:50 not a lot of myoglobin in You don't need it because you're not
65:54 oxidative fost correlation. Yes sir. a good question. Let's see that's
66:07 on this slide. Turn it it's three slides away. Yes. So
66:10 amount of muscle type you have in of the distribution is genetically determined.
66:17 we're going to look at a slide talks about that in a second.
66:21 . That's another hand up over Okay. All right. Now this
66:28 already talked about in terms of how work, in terms of recruitment and
66:32 . I just want to reiterate that that, you know, ultimately,
66:37 know, the muscles that are in muscle named muscle like in the belly
66:41 the muscle, they're all going to fatigue double. Everything is going to
66:45 become fatigued. But one of the that we overcome fatigue is in the
66:49 or the ways that we recruit Alright, So, we recruit motor
66:53 , the smaller detention we have to the longer it takes for us to
66:58 . The more motor units we have recruit, the quicker it is.
67:01 gonna fatigue. But you can think this is like, I'm not gonna
67:03 all my muscles all the time. only need to use a certain number
67:06 motor units. And so I can through different groups of motor units to
67:11 that contraction. Right? But if using more motor units to do a
67:17 a larger load, there's fewer motor to rotate through. So, that's
67:21 fatigue faster. So, going back the £5 versus the £50 weight,
67:26 ? I can sit there do £5 almost all day. Right? But
67:31 I do £50 weights, I can do about six or eight personally before
67:36 just like I can't move my Right? I'm fatigued now. All
67:40 . That's when you're going to do the whole yeah, this counts,
67:43 it? Right. And so it's I've burned through all the energy and
67:50 burned through all my fatigue double All right. Let's talk about muscle
67:59 and hypertrophy. Alright. Again, means just getting larger. All
68:06 Yeah. When you exercise a All right. When you get
68:12 you're not adding in more muscle cells that muscle. All right. You're
68:18 more muscle fibers acting and Matthiasson inside cells that you're using. Okay.
68:24 , what happens is is that the I'm just going to say it's like
68:27 big. What happens is as you out and exercise that muscle gets fatter
68:32 fatter and fatter. That's the individual gets fatter because you put in more
68:37 in mindset. So hypertrophy is a of the power and force that you're
68:47 because you're creating more of those mile brill's to do the work that needs
68:53 be done. And it makes it for you to do that work.
68:57 . Type two fibers. Which what he? Type one or type
69:02 Type one. What's this 1? . So type two has a greater
69:06 for hypertrophy. All right. And can look at this this guy's running
69:11 . This guy is a sprinter. right. Why? Because you have
69:16 force generation. Right? He needs have that burst speed to be able
69:21 get to his max velocity very, quickly because he's running a very,
69:26 short distance and that's what it's all . Is creating this burst potential.
69:30 right. He is not going to putting a lot of force. He
69:34 to have endurance. Alright, So one doesn't grow fat and thick the
69:40 way. All right. Now, performance, right? Typically has more
69:48 and doesn't fatigue quite as quickly. , so hypertrophy basically gets in the
69:54 of the capillaries, basically, the get fatter, so it gets harder
69:58 get fuel to them. So, why these fatigued much much quicker now
70:04 your questions in the genetics. This guy actually looks like my college
70:10 and he worked out, worked worked out. He's not going to
70:13 any bigger. The guy workout with now has this kind of body
70:16 He's type one. I'm type two off with the dad bod. This
70:21 what I look like without much clothes . Mhm. Mhm. Hurt my
70:27 with all the laughing. Yes. , I'm a Type two. All
70:32 . I've got a hulk nick. mean, if you look I have
70:35 19" neck. It's really, really . Right? And it's been that
70:40 since high school. I was a and I was a linebacker when I
70:43 football because I just have that body When I work out I don't look
70:48 this, I just get bulkier, ? I'm a type two. So
70:56 determined if you are a Type when you work out this is what
71:00 going to look like. Notice the £98 weakling, which is what we
71:04 to call it back. Then if read comic books atlas in the
71:07 you know, the kicking of the , hey, you want to look
71:10 . If you look like this, can make you look like that.
71:12 answer is no, that's not We can definitely give you more
71:15 We can definitely give you, you , the appearance of more muscle,
71:20 because you're type one, they don't the same way, you're definitely stronger
71:25 better shape, but you're never having same sort of definition. All
71:30 In other words, you cannot change muscle type, you can only produce
71:34 improve the fitness of the muscles that been given. So they're the exact
71:44 in terms of in terms of Now. Remember, males have greater
71:48 mass. Right? And it's it's many, many reasons for that which
71:53 not going to go into right now it's just complex and lots.
71:57 But women your your type two, are some type two women out
72:03 I mean who you can go work , but you will never look like
72:06 guy when you work out you I , you might look a little bit
72:10 that, right? But a toned is not going to have that male
72:16 type ever, right? They're going have the female body type with all
72:20 muscle tone is kind of how it out. Mhm. So, high
72:27 resistance training give you the type of that we're talking about, right?
72:32 basically type two fibers become more, can become more oxidative. In other
72:36 , you can move type A's or bees to Taipei's, but you'll never
72:42 type ones and turn them into type . Here's what I'm trying to get
72:47 . So let's talk about exercising. good for you, right? And
72:53 exercises, right? Uh Look, not going to dog on you.
72:59 firmly believe for a very long I didn't really believe it. I
73:03 espoused it that we're born with a number of heartbeats and you didn't want
73:06 waste them. Okay. No. school worked out like, like a
73:13 got to college and I said, know, drinking and and eating is
73:17 lot more fun than working out. , you know, and then I
73:20 old and realized you can't do that to work. So what type of
73:26 out should you do? Well, . Alright, so resistance training does
73:33 couple of things First, you get cytoplasmic density. That's a fancy word
73:37 saying more mile fiber rolls or more skeleton, write some more acting and
73:44 , it increases the circles the size cytoplasmic curriculum. In other words,
73:48 able to hold more calcium and your tubules become more apparent. So what
73:56 does? It basically allows you to greater hypertrophy. So you get greater
74:02 speed. So you basically become stronger . All right. That's in essence
74:08 resistance in spring training does. So get greater calcium release, that gives
74:13 greater speed, greater power. It decreases blood muscle ph during exercise.
74:18 , basically you can get more acidic up. So, you've heard a
74:22 Gasset cramping, That's what it's referring . So, the latest fatigue and
74:27 greater endurance. All right. But not going to give you the type
74:30 endurance that you need to run a aerobic endurance training. Right?
74:37 this could be like yoga or it be like just jogging or whatnot.
74:41 that increases aerobic capacity. Alright, , over here, sprinting and weight
74:47 gives you stronger, more powerful and tone for the type twos that you
74:53 . This will increase your endurance. right. So it increases your maximum
74:59 power. All right. And what means is, for example, if
75:02 runner you can run the same distance with the same perceived effort. All
75:06 , So put that in english if go run a mile it takes me
75:10 minutes, the amount of work it me to run that mile may not
75:15 . I can do it a little faster, but I won't feel stressed
75:19 doing so, it will become easier do so. And the runners know
75:22 , right? All right, increases size the number of capillaries, which
75:27 you get more fuel. You have mitochondria produce a T. P.
75:31 you get your oxygen and you're you're or your mitochondria to be able to
75:35 the hp you need in order to that endurance. So that's what this
75:40 of activity does. So, what you do to exercise? What do
75:44 think should you do resistance training? should you do a rub extreme?
75:52 ? All right. Again, your matter, right? But it should
75:56 both. Don't just sit there like wife, she refused to do any
75:59 of resistance training and she's like, don't I don't want to do resistance
76:03 . Looks like Yeah, but it's to make you stronger, more
76:08 And we have three boys. So have to be Mhm. Yeah,
76:14 on and would benefit, you Right. But remember most of
76:20 if we went back to that most of us sit with that 5050
76:24 now. I mean, you a type one when you see
76:27 right? This is the person that around and they're just rails,
76:32 Basketball players. For the most part mean, think about the seven ft
76:37 player. I'm not talking to Charles they're just big. In fact.
76:41 right. Hey, we can make of Charles Barkley makes fun of
76:45 All right. But they're tall and . So they're primarily type ones doesn't
76:49 they don't have type two. Just that they're primarily type one. They
76:52 incredible endurance. Anyone here played right? And when you played
76:59 what is that? That's endurance, it? Yeah. Okay. Last
77:08 . Yeah. What happens if you nothing? All right, Well,
77:12 become like camp. All right. , you lose skeletal muscle mass,
77:18 basically lose tone. You start looking this All right, muscle that is
77:26 used. Body is not going to energy. So, muscle becomes uh
77:30 trophic and basically starts breaking down. is an example of atrophy.
77:35 obviously, in this particular case this a person who had a cast
77:38 But this shows you what it When we talk about atrophy. When
77:43 wearing a cast, you're not actually the muscles to support weight and
77:48 The cast is doing the work for . And you can see here this
77:51 what a normal leg would look This is what happens when you stop
77:56 that leg. Can you see the ? All right. So,
78:01 it's uh you'd lose size, tone power. It can be reversible,
78:06 person. But if you kill off fibers, they're not going to grow
78:12 . Alright, muscle cells, Once disappear, they're gone forever. When
78:17 come back. Since we're done. much time did I have? I'm
78:21 . We're done a two minutes. thought I was gonna be done
78:25 Alright. When we come back, we're gonna do is we're gonna jump
78:27 and then the rest of the semester nervous system. All right. I
78:32 . The first part is actually It's just basically navigating our way
78:36 And then the last part is the stuff, which is like how your
78:38 and ears and stuff works. we are now moving on into a
78:42 system. Yeah. Have a great .
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