| 00:02 | Okay, testing testing. Alright Welcome. Uh let's see what we |
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| 00:13 | here. Alright, so oh it's be that, hold on, let |
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| 00:20 | something. There we go. almost. Hey, there we |
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| 00:45 | Okay, so few announcements so of I think we all know that I'm |
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| 00:52 | activate this. Uh Okay so announcements of course today is and so hopefully |
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| 01:14 | look at the material beforehand, watch video, right? Uh and you're |
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| 01:18 | on it, We'll find out and same thing, we'll do the same |
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| 01:23 | on Tuesday Part two. Okay, um weekly quiz one that starts |
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| 01:34 | it's gonna be open monday through friday monday. Okay, It'll cover the |
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| 01:41 | one stealth. You covered this weekend and whatever we talked about in chapter |
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| 01:47 | today. Okay. Um if you in lab lab, don't be confused |
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| 01:55 | the lab quiz is today thursday through lecture quiz, friday through monday, |
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| 02:02 | ? So don't get those two things . Okay, um Smart work. |
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| 02:08 | the first smart work assignments due Uh Okay, so as we go |
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| 02:14 | today um if if you are not well on these questions, number |
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| 02:22 | all the questions gonna be posted after . Okay. Um there's like 12 |
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| 02:28 | , 12 quicker questions. Okay. your score is not super fantastic, |
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| 02:33 | wouldn't jump off a cliff but I be concerned. Okay. Um you |
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| 02:40 | , if you think you need maybe it's flexible on your own whatever |
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| 02:44 | just uh if you get like I know 40% of the points or whatever |
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| 02:50 | should go, hmm maybe I need do something here. Okay at least |
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| 02:56 | assess yourself activist. Okay so um the other thing is uh ticker ticker |
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| 03:05 | County day of course academic. What's about? What's that to do with |
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| 03:09 | ? Because if you're free you're absolutely to to collaborate consult um on these |
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| 03:17 | . That's fine. Okay but you take a session I. D. |
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| 03:22 | you see there. 8945 91 and to your neighbors outside. Okay. |
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| 03:30 | is an absolute violation of academic You will the hammer will come down |
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| 03:34 | and all those getting the, getting session I. D. And I |
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| 03:39 | find these things out. There are logs and things I can look at |
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| 03:42 | reduce this. So don't do Why would you wanna help somebody who's |
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| 03:45 | even here? Crazy. Alright so don't risk. Okay so um alright |
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| 03:55 | do have to finish up a little of chapter one very short but we |
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| 04:00 | going to start with, I remember last time we talked about the before |
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| 04:05 | after question. Okay um and so did that before. I'm just pulling |
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| 04:10 | the data from last time. So look at that same question again. |
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| 04:18 | and that's this. Alright saw this . Let's see we had 22 people |
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| 04:30 | it correctly last time. 100 Okay so let's see there any |
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| 04:48 | Looking for the true statement if there one Okay. Timer's on winding down |
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| 05:21 | . 87654 21. Okay. Well had 22 answered correctly the first time |
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| 05:41 | more added to that total. So it's G it is jeep |
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| 05:50 | None of these are true germ theory fermentation doesn't does not that doesn't explain |
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| 05:55 | disease. That's coach postulates uh ecologically you are a consumer not a producer |
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| 06:04 | . Aren't you carry? Uh Some diseases may be caused by more than |
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| 06:09 | microbe, correct? But a single can only cause one disease incorrect. |
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| 06:17 | . Um The example there was streptococcus cause strep throat or the fever. |
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| 06:25 | . Handwashing with soap is not this and sepsis or more correctly. Probably |
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| 06:33 | they call um What's the term? There's another term I think of it |
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| 06:41 | it's not disinfection. Disinfection is inanimate , right? Not living tissue. |
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| 06:47 | so vaccines work by stimulating your body produce antibodies. Not answer any questions |
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| 06:55 | All right. Alright. So the bit we gotta do is on |
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| 07:01 | I'm just going to mention a couple things. I'm not gonna go into |
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| 07:05 | here but um I'm sure you're all that I hope we are the |
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| 07:10 | Right, bacteria have been around particular has been around longer than anything else |
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| 07:17 | this planet. Right. Nearly four billion with a B years. |
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| 07:21 | Uh There's evidence to support this of from microfossils um And other types of |
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| 07:28 | molecules I'll mention here in a Um I mean in terms of a |
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| 07:33 | timeline of life, right? So are going to be somewhere uh away |
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| 07:38 | the and here. Okay, so course we haven't been around as long |
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| 07:43 | maybe our revolution has been going on maybe six million years, I think |
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| 07:48 | began evolving so from our previous Um but you know, highlights here |
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| 07:54 | terms of this group, right? terms of uh cyanobacteria, that until |
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| 08:00 | this was strictly anaerobic from this period this period here. Anaerobic, no |
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| 08:08 | , no atmosphere. Okay, even before. Right, so up |
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| 08:14 | that point and then stole the option in the atmosphere into the environment, |
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| 08:19 | ? Not overnight. Of course they get to 21% 02, but over |
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| 08:24 | , several hundreds of thousands of But instrumental because that then evolved a |
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| 08:32 | to metabolize using oxygen. How we , right, it's the most energy |
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| 08:36 | type of metabolism is aerobic metabolism. so being able to do that, |
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| 08:41 | led the way for having to produce organism right from bigger eukaryotic cells to |
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| 08:49 | cida types and so forth. the introduction of 02 in the atmosphere |
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| 08:53 | huge. Not just from that but from creating an atmosphere, |
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| 08:59 | Um the ozone layer, right? shielding shielding earth from harmful UV life |
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| 09:04 | to life involved in water as kind protection away from these harsh conditions but |
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| 09:10 | um creating an atmosphere allowing that and life to come onto land and all |
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| 09:17 | that that led to so very Okay so um so in terms of |
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| 09:24 | mentioned microfossils as evidence you can see between organisms, Microbes in these fossils |
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| 09:33 | modern day type hop Androids are a actually chapter three thing. Um They're |
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| 09:41 | to cholesterol in our membranes, Has had a similar function of components |
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| 09:48 | help stabilize membranes but they are a you can actually find and it's been |
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| 09:54 | in the fossil record and are only precarious. This is evidence of how |
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| 10:00 | they are. Okay, so uh so in this early earth environment, |
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| 10:08 | know what kind of materials are evolving when we talk about those little sort |
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| 10:12 | types before. Right, They use materials get energy from it. So |
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| 10:19 | earlier environments they've done trying to simulate environments uh providing what they think would |
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| 10:27 | been the types of raw materials you have seen would have been lots of |
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| 10:31 | activity going on spewing C. 02 compounds. Um H two region, |
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| 10:40 | these kind of things basically inorganic materials C. 02 that can be the |
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| 10:45 | for things like little trucks. So using these kind of reduced compounds |
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| 10:51 | see here uh that would have been on early earth. Right? And |
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| 10:56 | oxidizing those getting energy from it. as we'll learn in, you |
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| 11:01 | to write uh that these serve as sources. Okay. That can be |
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| 11:09 | . Right? To more reduced Um I'm sorry that become oxidized. |
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| 11:14 | then those electrons that are captured go electron transport chain. And then you |
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| 11:19 | then uh in us, in us who would hand it off the oxygen |
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| 11:25 | water. But for other things, can use things like nitrate. Don't |
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| 11:30 | worry about right now. Nitrate is example breathing with nitrate rather than breathing |
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| 11:37 | oxygen. Micro can do that. so they use strictly they can be |
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| 11:42 | anaerobic environment. Even intervention materials. as what would have been happening in |
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| 11:48 | early Earth. Okay. And it's types we look to really in terms |
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| 11:53 | life elsewhere, you know, like mars and whatnot because of the the |
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| 11:59 | harsh environments over there. Okay. materials available to them to grow. |
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| 12:04 | , so bottom line is microprobe carry in particular have been around longer than |
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| 12:10 | . And uh in terms of them us, right, they've been on |
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| 12:15 | bodies. We've been evolving for the six million years and they've been along |
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| 12:19 | the ride, right, Your And so they're an intimate targeting. |
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| 12:24 | ? So don't you can't be a . Right? Because you're full |
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| 12:27 | Right, So don't be afraid to your microbes. Okay, They do |
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| 12:32 | . All right. I will point out throughout the whole semester where they |
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| 12:36 | come in and help us? so um The accent to checker |
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| 12:42 | Okay question. So, we're gonna is we get to chapter three |
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| 12:50 | It's gonna be um not rapid but we're gonna pop questions, put |
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| 12:55 | timer on it. Read it. of them are, a lot of |
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| 12:59 | are gonna be super. We have read a lot. So it's gonna |
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| 13:03 | it'll it'll uh have a good Okay? But within the questions, |
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| 13:09 | have you know the stuff in the section looks in there to kind of |
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| 13:13 | things if you need further explanation. we pretty much go information wise in |
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| 13:19 | same way. Okay, so um look at. Okay, so let |
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| 13:25 | just set it up here. They're . Okay, so tracker three, |
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| 13:32 | , recovering in two parts part one pretty much um uh It kind of |
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| 13:38 | is somewhat from the outside in, , what's on the periphery of the |
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| 13:45 | cell then going deeper and deeper and the inside the side of that. |
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| 13:49 | What's in there. So, that's of the approach. So, you |
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| 13:54 | , very if you if you've gone this um and you want to test |
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| 14:00 | and I know this or not. is so super simple. All you |
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| 14:03 | do is take a blank sheet of , draw your favorite microbes shape. |
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| 14:07 | , Make it a rod if you . Right, and then you |
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| 14:10 | okay, what do I know about ? Can I fill it all |
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| 14:14 | Right now? I know what this is all right. What's what's a |
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| 14:19 | ? How would that? You can through all the terms you can if |
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| 14:23 | can have your piece of paper and it all out like that. And |
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| 14:26 | you're doing that exercise in a Just use your paper and pen and |
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| 14:31 | brain. That's it. And then gonna see how much is, how |
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| 14:34 | I know it? I got the thing all drawn out and labeled and |
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| 14:38 | all correct bingo. Right? Or somewhere 50 and 100% whatever you want |
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| 14:44 | know that answer. But that's an way to really test yourself on this |
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| 14:48 | . So enough jibber jab first Okay, so which is true regarding |
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| 15:00 | bacterial cell envelope. Okay, so a look and use process of |
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| 15:11 | So many people are afraid to pick answer that's already above are correct or |
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| 15:16 | of the above if it makes Pick it. Okay, so consider |
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| 15:21 | statement on its own true or Yes or not. Let's see what |
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| 15:26 | got at the end. Okay. Count down from 10 5432 one. |
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| 15:46 | let's see we got E. And B. Are possible. Um |
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| 15:57 | you answered D. You are Okay. All are possible because definition |
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| 16:07 | an envelope from the first right Right, so the settle classic |
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| 16:16 | Right. Um what what is external the set of plastic membrane. That's |
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| 16:23 | . What's going? What what could be pro carry als it can be |
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| 16:28 | cell wall. It could be that how to membrane uh it may not |
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| 16:33 | anything out there. Okay, so term envelope, that's why we use |
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| 16:39 | term. Because it would be because everything is a gram positive. Gram |
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| 16:43 | , there's variations. So just turn kind of as a way to |
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| 16:48 | Okay, what's the nature of the ? Is it the features of a |
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| 16:51 | positive telegram neighbor or something else? , so, envelope is that kind |
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| 16:55 | that term? How we use that ? Okay. All right. Um |
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| 17:02 | question. So uh it's about not that one. Sorry, that's |
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| 17:11 | . Okay, so, in terms quantity, right, molecules per |
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| 17:15 | the most abundant michael? What? . Okay, got it for |
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| 17:47 | All right. What do we get you answered C you are correct. |
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| 17:52 | water. Water molecules in any living . So, the water. |
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| 17:58 | 70% per volume. Okay, so so we're looking at kind of the |
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| 18:07 | the right 25% called your information molecules D. N. A proteins. |
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| 18:15 | makes about 25%. Okay, um this plus that approximately 25%. |
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| 18:24 | uh the rest things like uh uh making up your membrane can uh present |
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| 18:33 | kind of parts of the basically If you will membrane constituents are about |
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| 18:40 | 5% or so. Um So, water. Right, 70% is |
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| 18:45 | Okay. And there are gonna be solvent molecules, various types in in |
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| 18:51 | you know, much into 1% 2% concentration. Okay, Um now, |
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| 18:59 | you look at pepper white, can . Okay. And the amount |
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| 19:06 | total weight. So this is e staph Has much more pepper black, |
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| 19:15 | more than .8%. So it makes has a larger percentage. Why is |
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| 19:22 | ? It's about staphylococcus. And many them. Not a quick question. |
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| 19:27 | going out there. Yeah. Staff gram positive. Gram positive and gram |
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| 19:34 | . Right? And so that difference reflected in the amount of people like |
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| 19:38 | positive has a lot more than does gram negative. And we're going to |
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| 19:43 | structure of all that here shortly. , so um okay, so here's |
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| 19:51 | next question. So this relates to , um let me pause here. |
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| 19:59 | this uh we got e coli sitting at 34 degrees. Okay, |
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| 20:06 | had its membrane a slice of its Like this when it's sitting at 34°. |
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| 20:15 | , so we're gonna jack it jack up the temperature. Okay. |
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| 20:21 | 42. Alright, so again, looks like 42. What will it |
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| 20:30 | like? Right, hint if you If you need a hint. E |
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| 20:35 | is going to adjust to this temperature . Right. It is going to |
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| 20:41 | how is it going to adjust adjust look like A or B. |
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| 20:47 | okay. It's going to adjust itself live to survive in this now hotter |
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| 20:54 | . What's it gonna look like when gets there? Okay. So don't |
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| 21:04 | don't think of it in terms of , there's a change that 42 and |
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| 21:08 | Coli can't do anything about it. can and will. Okay. All |
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| 21:22 | , counting down from 20. I predict 50%. It's a 50% |
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| 21:39 | say thank you. Okay. Okay. If you want before I |
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| 21:55 | away the answer. Okay, You co at 34°. Right. So the |
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| 22:01 | is to look at our this beep beep. Right, okay. Um |
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| 22:13 | relative proportions from that Those forms to forms. Okay, tightly packed forms |
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| 22:21 | where you see it spacing between. , so you only collect 34. |
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| 22:28 | , it kind of looks like that gets jacked up kinetic energy. |
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| 22:34 | Um The membrane is going to respond . Right? Initially. You |
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| 22:43 | that's a leakage. Probably initially. . Because the membranes are are not |
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| 22:50 | not fully tightly packed together. It does not ensure survival of |
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| 22:55 | E coli it's gonna want to minimize . Right membranes are important obviously right |
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| 23:00 | . The barrier to the outside It's what contains everything in the |
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| 23:05 | is how stuff flows in and out the membrane and the proteins in there |
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| 23:10 | you gotta keep that integrity of the . Okay. And so you're gonna |
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| 23:14 | to patch those fossil that fits tightly , right? Otherwise it's gonna blow |
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| 23:21 | if you create more bends and things space things apart, it's gonna get |
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| 23:28 | as you increase temperature, fluid goes hell in handbasket, right? Everything |
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| 23:34 | flowing out. Okay. So you to keep everything together. Okay, |
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| 23:40 | you increase town, which is why is the correct answer? Yeah. |
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| 23:47 | of the kinetic energy of heat as increase going apart, stuff's gonna be |
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| 23:52 | out is gonna die, tighten it . Get those together and make them |
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| 23:58 | increase saturation of those fatty acids. everybody line up and then hydrophobic interactions |
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| 24:07 | that membrane intact. Okay. It mean it's gonna be all the |
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| 24:13 | There's gonna be still some of Okay. But the proportions are the |
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| 24:21 | of saturated unsaturated oil tank and you change on the fly. Right? |
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| 24:26 | got it up 34-33 down. There will be some incremental changes right |
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| 24:33 | the level of saturation, all in effort to keep that membrane functional and |
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| 24:38 | making stuff interact. Okay. Any about that. Yes. Yes. |
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| 24:50 | will go to be If you're gonna it down then you're gonna be |
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| 24:55 | because now you're gonna compress it, can freeze that was damaged. So |
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| 24:59 | you want to it's not just the it's all everything's do this. Think |
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| 25:04 | think of plants that are in different environments are cold weather plants and it's |
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| 25:10 | same thing to preserve. Remember and . Okay so um Alright so here's |
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| 25:17 | little bit about membranes I think we've been exposed to lipid bi layer structure |
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| 25:24 | what they call fluid mosaic model and forth. So I'm not gonna get |
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| 25:29 | details here but um you know certainly that it is the there is what |
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| 25:35 | that that membrane structure um the like bacteria have what I call these ester |
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| 25:43 | linking the fatty acid portion right to glycerol molecule and yellow. Okay. |
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| 25:52 | Archaea had can have some slight differences having actually is more stable. Okay |
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| 25:59 | see that in a second. So just some representative types of fatty acids |
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| 26:03 | common in bacteria. Um The unsaturated acids have one or more double bond |
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| 26:13 | that bond if it's in the cis . Crazy. King. That's a |
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| 26:18 | in the previous question. You saw spacing that was due to a little |
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| 26:22 | and the fatty acid change the spacing apart also. Uh What bacteria can |
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| 26:29 | is also of the fatty acid chains see here right? That makes it |
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| 26:38 | its straightness if you will it's gonna uh high temp right to straighten those |
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| 26:44 | out. Make impact together tight and them a little more stable as |
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| 26:50 | Okay so our type attachments and so can form what are called ether. |
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| 27:00 | they can be very long with the carbons long. They can pack together |
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| 27:04 | tightly. Okay. And that's an of for these thermal Philip archaea particularly |
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| 27:10 | you're hyper thermal right above 80 Is where you live. Then you |
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| 27:18 | even start doing this like memorizing these right into something really long. So |
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| 27:23 | can all packed together very tightly and us saying that really high temperature they |
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| 27:28 | in. Okay. So um so uh quickly in archaea these are adaptations |
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| 27:34 | those that live in these really hot . Okay. The bacteria can do |
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| 27:38 | as well. They just do it they don't have bacteria, don't have |
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| 27:42 | kinds of uh fossil lipid molecules. have that way. The traditional types |
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| 27:48 | that we've got here. But nonetheless can manipulate chain length the strangeness of |
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| 27:55 | to accommodate the function of the So remember the membrane. Right? |
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| 28:01 | functionality is through the proteins. So , fossil lipids in the membrane is |
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| 28:10 | 1 to 1. Almost. In terms of proteins versus fossil |
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| 28:14 | Okay and remember the term selective Right? That's due to the fossil |
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| 28:21 | in the membrane because you know this , right this membrane creates uh differences |
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| 28:27 | terms of uh like ability to agree solution. Right? The hydrophobic hydrophobic |
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| 28:35 | . Right. So that water Aquarius uh molecules can interact with the |
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| 28:42 | portion. Right. So those parts the fossil lipid r water friendly if |
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| 28:48 | will. Okay, Poland, That's the interior core full of the |
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| 28:53 | acid chains is very hydrophobic. So they repel polar molecules so that |
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| 29:00 | just anything can flop in. Gasses can pretty much. Okay, |
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| 29:07 | small jury non polar type monitors um small polar molecules that water can actually |
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| 29:14 | through. Right? But things not not glucose or amino acids. |
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| 29:20 | these kind of things, can there polar They won't be able to pass |
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| 29:24 | . Right. So membranes are basically by proteins in many of them are |
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| 29:30 | proteins of course, but they can be enzymes. Right. So, |
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| 29:36 | of the mitochondrial membrane, right? the cytoplasmic membrane. That's where all |
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| 29:41 | membranes where all the for respiration are in the membrane so heavily enzyme. |
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| 29:49 | again, the membrane membranes will differ terms of functionality. Okay, Because |
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| 29:53 | this, because the proteins in Okay, So but the other point |
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| 29:57 | is that it is to maintain the of the membrane. So, as |
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| 30:03 | fluctuate up and down, you got kind of do these changes. So |
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| 30:06 | ensure that the membranes function e the in them as well around the |
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| 30:12 | Okay, so that's kind of these of temperature or what that's what it's |
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| 30:17 | to help maintain the functionality of the the of the membrane. Okay. |
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| 30:23 | questions about that? Okay. All . Um I should mention uh they |
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| 30:31 | are also informs sightlines. The chains the same purpose, increase integrity of |
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| 30:37 | chain and a little bit uh cycle thing is I think it's unique to |
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| 30:48 | carry out. I don't know I don't know are we can do |
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| 30:51 | with our fatty acid chains, but precarious can. Okay, um |
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| 30:59 | so this question, so, now gonna get into membranes. Now, |
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| 31:03 | gonna talk about how stuff gets Right? So, as you're looking |
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| 31:08 | this uh just to get some So um uh certainly when we talk |
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| 31:14 | get the growth in tractor floor uh has to get it to sell right |
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| 31:20 | still has to eat, right? food markets come across other molecules needed |
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| 31:26 | metabolize for whether it's to build stuff what have you things have to get |
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| 31:31 | the outside to the inside. And course, the other way around as |
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| 31:34 | , there's many different types of transport on, right? And uh there's |
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| 31:41 | methods of that, as I'm sure already aware of. Okay, and |
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| 31:45 | is one type here, that yeah, we have uh they're kind |
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| 32:03 | concentrating them inside the cell, despite fact that there's less of it |
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| 32:08 | Okay, So let's count down be one that, So Let's see |
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| 32:27 | Who was 28 that answered on the . What what what is it? |
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| 32:35 | not only above. Exactly. Exactly . Yeah I could transport. So |
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| 32:44 | you answer e active transport going against concentration. So two lessons. Don't |
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| 32:56 | afraid to take none of the above active transport wasn't an option. Okay |
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| 33:07 | so again it's all about concentration Right? So we have a concentration |
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| 33:12 | sodium outside. That's this lower than inside. Okay. So they're only |
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| 33:20 | in there through actor has to be energy process bringing them uphill so to |
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| 33:25 | . Right takes energy. Right? if you're going up the gradient against |
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| 33:31 | gradient if you will you gotta put okay. If it's going down the |
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| 33:36 | there's actually the energy released from Okay so microbes in nature are at |
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| 33:43 | mercy of their surroundings. It's not all the molecules they need or need |
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| 33:48 | get rid of are going to be the exact proper concentrations where they don't |
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| 33:52 | to use any energy at all where all passive processes. No it's never |
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| 33:57 | right. Sometimes you gotta use energy pump in or out others just will |
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| 34:02 | passively there's gonna be a mixture. ? And cells have to be able |
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| 34:06 | deal with that. Okay you're gonna both active transport processes in the |
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| 34:11 | Okay so um let's look at this before we talk a little bit about |
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| 34:17 | mechanisms. Okay so which is false . Okay. So that's what we |
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| 34:25 | about How photonic photonic. Right? that before? Differences between simple and |
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| 34:32 | diffusion mechanisms. We talked about One member of the base is |
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| 34:41 | And then this concept at below Okay. So make sure you look |
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| 34:48 | the arrows where the arrows are Okay. So we get um sucrose |
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| 34:56 | . Well, you can see going this is outside the cell. |
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| 35:00 | Going towards where lots of triangles are . Hs are going whereas fewer Hs |
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| 35:07 | that direction. Oh my pen is working now. All right. So |
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| 35:13 | pretend to that. Right. And Okay. We're counting down from |
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| 35:41 | if two heads isn't working better than . Find a different head. |
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| 35:46 | Maybe get three on the group. right. Okay. Let's see. |
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| 36:02 | . Which is false. Okay. hipaa tonic sell interior. Okay. |
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| 36:15 | Okay. Simple diffusion does not involve of a transport protein. That is |
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| 36:19 | . So simple. That is what diffusion is transport. That's simply uh |
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| 36:25 | market can pass through the membrane without help or something like water. |
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| 36:29 | Gasses can pass through membranes by simple without help. So B is |
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| 36:35 | Group translocation. That is what it like removing based on chemically changing the |
|
| 36:41 | . So, I'm gonna show you are next slide but that's where you |
|
| 36:45 | glucose an example as it comes in gets modified to glucose one phosphate |
|
| 36:53 | Um But because what's coming in is being automatically being changed to something |
|
| 37:00 | Remember diffuse independent of each other. ? So we can keep coming in |
|
| 37:06 | long as it's modified as it comes . Right? So it keeps falling |
|
| 37:10 | . That's what group transportation is Permanent gasses basis. That is |
|
| 37:15 | Making cause issues for inside of cells too basic or specific depending on if |
|
| 37:22 | a weak acid base coming. Um transport mechanism show makes sense and could |
|
| 37:30 | . So we have looking left to . We got initially have hydrogen ions |
|
| 37:38 | pumped out. Okay. And um so it's not working but Right, |
|
| 37:51 | we're sequestering them on this side, they float down the radiant. |
|
| 37:58 | And as they do, they release or they consume energy integrated and release |
|
| 38:07 | . Okay. And so sucrose is up. It's going against the |
|
| 38:12 | That's gonna take energy. So this a concept that will absolutely make |
|
| 38:17 | It will work and it's done all time in yourselves to Okay, so |
|
| 38:23 | photon radiation to see here energy being to produce that. And pro carriers |
|
| 38:30 | proton gradients for lots of stuff. . And so the concept here is |
|
| 38:35 | relates to you know to and energetic concept of couple pair combined a energy |
|
| 38:47 | process for the energy requiring process. . Central concept write down all the |
|
| 38:54 | . And that's what we're doing So we are combining the energy release |
|
| 39:01 | allow the sucrose molecules to go Which requires energy. So this is |
|
| 39:07 | combining of of excuse me back Combining of the two processes right |
|
| 39:17 | energy releasing energy required because it's more . Right? Yes, we're expending |
|
| 39:23 | here to create a proton gradient but not we're not using more https here |
|
| 39:30 | have superpowers come in. Right. would be inefficient. Let's not waste |
|
| 39:34 | DPS to do that. Let's let's another energy releasing process and cover |
|
| 39:38 | Right? Because this is easily not you some protons this but just have |
|
| 39:44 | http process that pumps them out more to do it this way. |
|
| 39:50 | Just um that's done all the If bacteria or anything, they are |
|
| 39:55 | efficient. They're gonna do the thing takes the least energy because you gotta |
|
| 40:02 | these things are competing with each other everything else that's out there in their |
|
| 40:07 | . Any little thing that gives them is going to increase our survival. |
|
| 40:12 | being efficient in metabolism is absolutely something want to do. Okay, so |
|
| 40:17 | one here is is a and I'm my in is not working okay. |
|
| 40:26 | . Circle it but I will circle after class, write a water moves |
|
| 40:31 | the high solid side. Right hip hyper So water moved to the hyper |
|
| 40:38 | , right? It would be moving of the cell if it were a |
|
| 40:44 | hippo tonic sol interior. Okay, water always moves to the highest solid |
|
| 40:52 | . Ok, tire hole. Your system works right? And your kidneys |
|
| 40:58 | whatnot. Okay, um now, just real quick summarizing these processes, |
|
| 41:07 | ? Doesn't require any help. The is strictly based on the going down |
|
| 41:13 | grid. So options higher out it'll flow right? Um facilitated requires |
|
| 41:21 | help of a protein transport protein. , so things that are generally bigger |
|
| 41:27 | , more polar molecules uh these these of molecules can easily penetrate the memories |
|
| 41:34 | need help getting in or out. , um as most, that's the |
|
| 41:38 | reserve for the movement of water. , so remember that the easiest way |
|
| 41:43 | remember this for me at least is will move toward the Saudi side. |
|
| 41:49 | hyper tonic side. Okay, that's preparers tend to and part of most |
|
| 41:56 | cells tend to keep themselves slightly hyper , hyper tonic on the inside because |
|
| 42:04 | allows water to flow in. And they've got a cell wall. Many |
|
| 42:08 | them have a cell wall. So water flows in. It will press |
|
| 42:13 | that cell wall which uh the cytoplasmic will kind of fill up, press |
|
| 42:18 | the cell wall and that kind of maintain the integrity of the cell. |
|
| 42:21 | about balloon in a cardboard box, ? You feel that much more |
|
| 42:27 | It presses against the side of the . Right? Similarly, bacterial cell |
|
| 42:31 | plan sell something for it helps to of in the totality of all |
|
| 42:36 | The cell wall and the hyper tonic helps kind of maintain the integrity of |
|
| 42:41 | cell. So they kind of go in hand. Okay. That's why |
|
| 42:44 | try to keep themselves slightly hyper Okay. Aqua pouring. So I |
|
| 42:50 | that because water can can refuse simple through a membrane. But if if |
|
| 43:00 | cells under osmotic stress, okay, water is flowing into fast, |
|
| 43:07 | It can potentially burst the cell then can recruit aqua porn's to pop into |
|
| 43:13 | membrane and that will facilitate a much rapid transfer movement of water. |
|
| 43:20 | So that's when I quit porn is of come in. If the cell |
|
| 43:24 | under stress automatically and easy to get of water or taking water very |
|
| 43:29 | It'll pop those proportions in there which specific transport of water transporting water. |
|
| 43:35 | . Yeah. Yes, they are from water molecules. That's correct. |
|
| 43:44 | are specific for water molecules. That's right. Um Okay, what else |
|
| 43:50 | we got the group transportation? I mention in the question of abc |
|
| 43:56 | Either two very common transport mechanisms and . Again, the group transportation is |
|
| 44:02 | on the concept of that that molecules diffuse independent of each other. |
|
| 44:10 | So we had glucose out here and came in as glucose and wasn't changed |
|
| 44:19 | we keep flowing in until when if weren't changing glucose as it was just |
|
| 44:26 | coming in outside and glucose coming into glucose will keep coming in until it's |
|
| 44:33 | equal on both sides. And no movement. Okay. But because we |
|
| 44:37 | transforming it glucose, glucose six phosphate ever builds up inside the cell so |
|
| 44:43 | can keep coming in, coming in in because it's immediately going to this |
|
| 44:48 | product that kind of helps keep carbohydrates it uses energy sources that bacteria the |
|
| 44:58 | transport system. This is um transport types of carbohydrates, sugars and et |
|
| 45:05 | . But it does rely on a that binds the particular Saw you there |
|
| 45:10 | some specificity there and that will in transporter itself and it isn't dependent energy |
|
| 45:18 | process that's going against the grain to it in. Okay. But |
|
| 45:22 | these are two very common mechanisms you for transporting bacteria. Archaea and then |
|
| 45:28 | membrane permian. Right, so this um something that can be an issue |
|
| 45:33 | terms of interest. Inter Senator ph , so and uh you know like |
|
| 45:39 | things that are moderate uh in terms ph where I try to keep the |
|
| 45:46 | page between around seven plus or Right, 6 to 6 to eight |
|
| 45:51 | . And um the the influx of like a weak acid. So here |
|
| 45:58 | example of a weak acid is a base. Okay, so contrast to |
|
| 46:03 | strong acid. Think of hcl Hcl when you pop that in water |
|
| 46:11 | all the hydrogen ions and chloride Right? None of this is |
|
| 46:17 | Hcl Oh, completely dissolved. So weak acid. That's not the |
|
| 46:23 | You always have all three species Okay. And so the the one |
|
| 46:34 | the problem is this that can be acetic acid for example. Okay, |
|
| 46:39 | organic acid. So the neutral form the one that's small enough to kind |
|
| 46:44 | squeeze through the membrane and get inside cell. And that's where it can |
|
| 46:49 | partially. So weak acid basically partially . Right? That's when you have |
|
| 46:55 | three species always present because it's not complete dissociation of like a strong acid |
|
| 47:00 | . Okay, so it's it's the form that comes in then. And |
|
| 47:05 | again associates or um or produces Okay, so inside the cell that |
|
| 47:13 | be an issue right? Slightly drop rise depending on the base or acid |
|
| 47:20 | in then it still has to counteract . Right? So whether it's through |
|
| 47:25 | through buffers like amino acids, amino have a positive charge and they can |
|
| 47:33 | the effect of an acid base. . And it's you know, it's |
|
| 47:38 | uh this kind of membrane permeable gas . That's really what a lot of |
|
| 47:44 | are. But you see I can in different foods like citric acid is |
|
| 47:49 | common food attitude and one of its of its uses is as a way |
|
| 47:54 | inhibit growth is our growth inhibiting these of molecules can inhibit the growth and |
|
| 47:59 | they used as preservatives and different Supergrass is very common. Another one |
|
| 48:04 | uh you don't even know this but called P A B A benzoate |
|
| 48:10 | There's another food out of there. has the same features of these membrane |
|
| 48:13 | gasses causing internal problems and growth. um any questions about transport stuff? |
|
| 48:28 | , because really through the small smallness the water molecule. Okay, so |
|
| 48:34 | it's also water is not a it slightly positively charged as opposed to a |
|
| 48:39 | negative positive charge on it around the of but I think merely because of |
|
| 48:45 | small size saving the squeezer so it's it's not gonna be an efficient transport |
|
| 48:50 | it's enough under under normal circumstances where where the cell is okay with |
|
| 48:56 | But like I said, it is where it's a greater need for water |
|
| 48:59 | inside or out, it'll pop in aqua porn's to speed things up but |
|
| 49:03 | actually is enough to smallest actually work normal circumstances. Okay. The other |
|
| 49:18 | . Um likely if there were a be imbalance of salts inside or outside |
|
| 49:25 | cell. So there's a lot of outside the cell decreased so much that |
|
| 49:29 | that will force water in where the now becomes hyper time. So it |
|
| 49:31 | of would depend on the external salt typically if they're too high or way |
|
| 49:35 | low that can influence the flow. . Oh so buffers but the buffers |
|
| 49:47 | of the cellar. Typically things like acids themselves can have a neutralizing |
|
| 49:52 | So I still have amino acids inside as solid. And that can help |
|
| 49:57 | kind of counteract the effect of astro . Okay okay so now so |
|
| 50:06 | Okay uh kind of one of those a not all pro but among bacteria |
|
| 50:18 | main bacterias ways as we'll see and may think okay number one I put |
|
| 50:27 | two terms on here. Right these taxonomic terms. Okay so like like |
|
| 50:35 | genus genus homo homo sapiens man. so firm acute is a tectonic group |
|
| 50:43 | bacteria as a rodeo bacteria. And several other names but only because I've |
|
| 50:49 | these names pop up on like an . Cat or or dental exam whatever |
|
| 50:54 | what it's called. I see my exam so I figured well let me |
|
| 50:57 | pop these in there So you you say you haven't seen it before. |
|
| 51:01 | the firm accused are basically bacteria that gram positive. Right? And the |
|
| 51:06 | are gram negatives. So this test developed Early 20th century late 19th century |
|
| 51:16 | it's still today. Okay um It it can be the basis for |
|
| 51:25 | You can pretty much lump if you're bacteria you can do a grandstanding may |
|
| 51:30 | your first delineation you know it's gonna different for that group. Or maybe |
|
| 51:37 | doesn't stand but nonetheless you can perform first step and figure out what you've |
|
| 51:42 | . But diagnostically medically people um it tell you depending on the nature of |
|
| 51:50 | sample. You can tell you you you can make a preliminary diagnosis if |
|
| 51:54 | have a throat swab and you put on a blood honor right gram stain |
|
| 52:01 | you're seeing gram positive toxin chains. And it's producing a particular reaction |
|
| 52:08 | We'll talk about blood on later but can already tell you that you've got |
|
| 52:13 | throat or use the appropriate antibiotics if have a grand negative oxide impaired coming |
|
| 52:22 | of your central cerebral spinal fluid. can tell you you got meningitis so |
|
| 52:28 | utility in this day and it's still to this day. Okay so so |
|
| 52:34 | gonna kind of delve into what are basics of gram positive and gram negative |
|
| 52:39 | . Okay and so here we The questions. Okay so so it's |
|
| 52:47 | be about four of these in a with these pictures on. Okay so |
|
| 52:53 | see if we can how do we here? Okay we're looking for what |
|
| 53:01 | the structure labeled A. And open polls sorry. Okay now you can |
|
| 53:12 | O. L. P. Stands for. Mhm. Okay let's |
|
| 53:37 | down from 10 What is the one should have your 5 600 thing. |
|
| 53:48 | ? Yeah okay I can fix that that I put numbers so it wouldn't |
|
| 54:01 | feeling so do that. Yeah, about that. So you said it |
|
| 54:11 | letters to pick your choice so Good. Mhm. Okay so let's |
|
| 54:39 | . Okay. E yeah he is LPS player so that is correct. |
|
| 54:53 | right. I got to do the thing on the next slide. So |
|
| 54:56 | look at that plan. A Alright so this is relaxing for |
|
| 55:09 | What is G? What is And G. Is pointing to the |
|
| 55:15 | black strand? Black strand in the . So G is pointing to the |
|
| 55:23 | thread. You will. Okay count from six. So again the Black |
|
| 55:59 | G. What is it? Yep it is it is that okay? |
|
| 56:13 | let's see. Okay This 1 2 of bacterial cell envelopes. I'm |
|
| 56:26 | Hey do this again. Um Which represents little protein. Little protein. |
|
| 57:07 | . Okay counting down from 10. let's see. F. Yes lippo |
|
| 57:44 | . Oh alright. Another one. label component paintings acid cheers acid Count |
|
| 59:03 | from 987. Okay. To the is correct. So excited. Okay |
|
| 59:24 | these next couple are not um quicker but you can this be posted. |
|
| 59:31 | can use it maybe as a checklist you know what I find very we |
|
| 59:37 | some of these where they were um I think that of course uh here's |
|
| 59:42 | these are the answers for all those . Don't. Right now I'm gonna |
|
| 59:47 | these but of course on this slide all these previous pictures, type one |
|
| 59:53 | the gram gram negative, of Right. Gram positive. Okay, |
|
| 60:02 | very thick pepper of like hand Right, very thin. And the |
|
| 60:08 | negative. Okay so let's kind of through the structures here. Okay so |
|
| 60:15 | cell wall and that Mexico in addition the uh water flowing in and kind |
|
| 60:22 | pressing against that wall helps maintain integrity of course certain production there. So |
|
| 60:28 | itself. So it's this chain of two molecules of acid and I'm not |
|
| 60:36 | ask you to draw the chemical structures these things. Okay. But it's |
|
| 60:42 | the name you should be familiar Okay, so they come together in |
|
| 60:46 | polymer kind of analogous maybe to a phosphate backbone of A. D. |
|
| 60:51 | . A. Right or nucleic Um They form a polymer that's kind |
|
| 60:57 | basically stretches around the cell the whole of the cell. This is a |
|
| 61:01 | shaped hill obviously. Um and they know the term is called, say |
|
| 61:05 | , kind of the fully formed structure the cell. Uh It's it's uh |
|
| 61:11 | very porous. It's more or less porous. Not restrictive to a lot |
|
| 61:16 | molecules. Okay. But but you the cytoplasmic membrane that can of course |
|
| 61:21 | much more restrictive but in terms of ferocity of the cell wall, it's |
|
| 61:26 | not great. I mean it's it's porous and so there is a peptide |
|
| 61:31 | . So there's a sugar component and a peptide peptide component is what creates |
|
| 61:37 | cross bridges. Okay. That you here and across bridges occur on the |
|
| 61:45 | of the end of steel, ceramic . That's where the bridges occur. |
|
| 61:49 | , between those and when a a cell cell wall synthesis is a is |
|
| 61:58 | major target of many antibiotics. And so collectively what they do basically |
|
| 62:05 | can interfere with the production of a bridge in many cases um interfere with |
|
| 62:11 | enzyme from the process because there's many that are involved in synthesizing the cell |
|
| 62:16 | and all of them are potential targets antibiotics um amoxicillin. Um lots of |
|
| 62:24 | . Okay, our targets here are here and if you if you break |
|
| 62:29 | the peptide linkages, okay, that destabilizes the whole cell wall structure. |
|
| 62:36 | , so it kind of begins to apart and so membrane release begins to |
|
| 62:43 | through. Okay, so it'll kind bubble through like this and eventually lice |
|
| 62:49 | really what the effect of these kind antibiotics are, is to destabilize so |
|
| 62:54 | and and lice the cell. now there's certainly are differences in susceptibility |
|
| 63:00 | the gram negative and gram positive and mention shortly. Okay, so this |
|
| 63:06 | just a blow up of the connection these uh these residues of the cell |
|
| 63:14 | and so um here it's not an we've all heard of kind of unique |
|
| 63:21 | acid that you find in the cell . And this is where the connection |
|
| 63:25 | made. And so when it's made have an alimony, there's two realities |
|
| 63:31 | the end and one of them gets place as a cross bridges. Okay |
|
| 63:37 | I can mention penicillin is a targets components that are involved in synthesizing cell |
|
| 63:44 | uh basically combined to hear me back combined here. Okay. And in |
|
| 63:56 | so that's it basically blocks the enzyme making the cross language physical block to |
|
| 64:05 | that linkage. And so again destabilizing wall. Um But of course material |
|
| 64:11 | don't stand for that. They evolve they get resistant forms. And so |
|
| 64:18 | the penicillin resistance, there's a number different mechanisms. One of the major |
|
| 64:23 | is the presence of a metal academies basically just destroyed the penicillin altogether. |
|
| 64:30 | um banco resistance is a little Okay so if bank of myostatin itself |
|
| 64:40 | has its mechanism by basically sitting here blocking access by the enzyme that creates |
|
| 64:46 | cross link. What would be a of resistance that it could use to |
|
| 64:53 | that what kind of change might occur now it's no longer susceptible to Bank |
|
| 64:59 | mine. Any ideas remember bacteria can take it is gonna change? What |
|
| 65:07 | change here? Yeah. Yeah you're of on the right track there. |
|
| 65:21 | what if um what if the bacteria of having to al means maybe change |
|
| 65:27 | to something else they've seen where that become resistant types. It becomes uh |
|
| 65:33 | or lactic acid. And now the of minuses doesn't recognize because you changed |
|
| 65:42 | by altering the chemical and now it's . And so that's a easy |
|
| 65:49 | Not easy but you know single mutation cause that change and it becomes |
|
| 65:54 | Okay so um now let's see. so side by side gram positive. |
|
| 66:05 | kind of start here at the Right So here is the in both |
|
| 66:10 | of course you have that psychopathic Right? We use the term for |
|
| 66:16 | negative. I mean it's a cell obviously but we also we use the |
|
| 66:21 | inner membrane because the gram negative has additional member outside of that. |
|
| 66:28 | But the inner membrane of gram negative member and grandpa are equivalent. |
|
| 66:33 | It's the it's that boundary right between inside and the outside. Right? |
|
| 66:39 | psychopathic membrane. So now what happens that? It's gonna be different. |
|
| 66:44 | so you see a very thick like layer and gram positives to gram negative |
|
| 66:49 | may be one or two layers Um And then attachments of cell wall |
|
| 66:57 | member. Right so you have tyco into gram positive. Right? The |
|
| 67:03 | going through. Okay if anybody has construction and you're familiar with what rebar |
|
| 67:11 | rebar is in concrete and metal rods concrete to reinforce the concrete? |
|
| 67:16 | So very much the same way helps reinforce the cell wall. Okay. |
|
| 67:22 | and allows it to attach to that . Okay. And gram negatives. |
|
| 67:29 | have the attachment here to the outer . So you have an outer membrane |
|
| 67:34 | an inner membrane. Okay. Um the attachment of the cell wall by |
|
| 67:41 | proteins attached to that outer membrane. space. Right. Remember those pictures |
|
| 67:48 | the question? There was like a label. F right, was actually |
|
| 67:54 | this right here. The space, space between the membranes of para plastic |
|
| 68:00 | . Okay. And so in a negatives of course that there wouldn't be |
|
| 68:04 | paraplegic space in the gram positive because don't have to membrane boundaries. There's |
|
| 68:08 | one. Okay, so um the the para plasm that environment can contain |
|
| 68:15 | types of proteins, enzymes, transport , etcetera. Okay, um now |
|
| 68:23 | out on this outer layer, The Lps, liberal poly zachariah, |
|
| 68:30 | . Little fat, sugar and sugar combination. Okay, so even on |
|
| 68:37 | halves of the outer membrane this half this half. Right, are |
|
| 68:44 | The differences are so on the outer of that memory. You have these |
|
| 68:48 | long policy Sacha ride polymers. The what they call the call the |
|
| 68:55 | old policy Sacha ride long stretch of . Okay, um you have you |
|
| 69:02 | have different types of transport molecules in . The permeability will differ between the |
|
| 69:10 | outer membrane. Inner inner membrane more outer membrane uh a little more generic |
|
| 69:21 | more network more more non specific. . And but it gets more specific |
|
| 69:27 | you get into the cytoplasmic membrane or membrane. Okay. Um and so |
|
| 69:33 | that LPS layer that provides the negative um unique features the grand positive doesn't |
|
| 69:40 | . Okay that LPS flare can can an antigen. You can induce antibody |
|
| 69:47 | in some cases um can uh um the movement of molecules. Right? |
|
| 69:57 | why you see differences in gram positive gram negatives in terms of antibiotics, |
|
| 70:02 | treatments like disinfectants and things. You use a gram negative deposit together cause |
|
| 70:07 | gonna see differences in these kind of treatments. And so because of this |
|
| 70:13 | membrane okay. Will will retard certain and that will have the same effect |
|
| 70:21 | the gram positive. And so that's the identity of a gram negative gram |
|
| 70:26 | and an infection is important to know of the type of antibiotic you have |
|
| 70:32 | administer. So yes, there's there's that both types are susceptible to but |
|
| 70:39 | some types of both aren't susceptible It depends on the nature of the |
|
| 70:43 | . Okay, so a little closer at the graham at the LPS |
|
| 70:49 | So this indoor toxin. We'll talk this later in the semester. But |
|
| 70:55 | is something to consider if it's a negative infection. Okay. Because if |
|
| 71:04 | if you as the gram negative is . Right? And by your own |
|
| 71:10 | system or and or in conjunction with , the cells lice, right, |
|
| 71:18 | die and then the materials release and where the problem can come in. |
|
| 71:22 | , So the end of toxin effect really the liquid A material is what |
|
| 71:30 | the endo toxin? Okay. Right . And so that is only released |
|
| 71:38 | the cell is life and dies. , it's intact. No problem. |
|
| 71:43 | . And so in a nutshell, it all nuts and bolts, but |
|
| 71:46 | talk about it later. But when top material released to the body, |
|
| 71:51 | if you have a what we call infection, it's in your blood then |
|
| 71:57 | material is released and it goes to of your immune system selves and they |
|
| 72:02 | over hyped right, produces a much reaction than it would have just a |
|
| 72:10 | infection by spreading throughout the body. lots of immune system cells can interact |
|
| 72:15 | it and there's a much heightened Too much for your body to handle |
|
| 72:20 | to shock, you can die. ? So again, any gram negative |
|
| 72:24 | that ability. But of course that us as those that cause infection. |
|
| 72:29 | . And particularly if the infection has quite serious and it's in your |
|
| 72:34 | then you really have to be aware this and the toxic effect. |
|
| 72:38 | like you said, well, we'll into more details later, but for |
|
| 72:42 | something to put something be aware that gram negative infection can be quite |
|
| 72:47 | particularly from this effect. Okay and the old. Right so again that |
|
| 72:55 | that can cause that cause but it's so it's about the molecules making up |
|
| 73:06 | old party Sacharow right. They can an immune response. You can use |
|
| 73:11 | . This is like 50 years ago more now. We identified O. |
|
| 73:16 | H. And particularly in cold life in terrible organisms. Right so medically |
|
| 73:26 | . Nikolai's uh salmonella for example caused poisoning. Right I was referred to |
|
| 73:32 | Chipotle E coli right has caused a of outbreaks through contaminated produce. All |
|
| 73:38 | let us know what not. Um by having identified these engines which is |
|
| 73:45 | the immunological reaction. Right so we antibodies to different engines and allows us |
|
| 73:53 | rapidly identify one of these types uh there's an outbreak. Right so we |
|
| 73:59 | seven suspect that's what it is. we have the antibodies that we can |
|
| 74:03 | it real quick and go oh yeah reacts it's 157. Okay so it |
|
| 74:08 | a form of rapid I. Okay for certain types again kind of |
|
| 74:13 | uh one H. Is kind of thing about E. Coli and salmonella |
|
| 74:16 | very similar organisms. Okay so um okay so let me just mention that's |
|
| 74:25 | this should be gram positive. Okay and that's the s layer. Okay |
|
| 74:34 | the s layer is external to the I think gram positive. The black |
|
| 74:43 | , right. Remember has a plastic . Okay. I think the is |
|
| 74:50 | a net net of proteins around the . Um It's very porous um functions |
|
| 75:01 | it are still kind of iffy. 100% sure. You see it. |
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| 75:07 | types that have it. It can provide attachment in some cases. Um |
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| 75:15 | been hard to study because it's something is lost when the organism is cultured |
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| 75:21 | the lab and then you kind of to keep it alive. It kind |
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| 75:26 | loses the S. Layer. So it's been something that's not been |
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| 75:30 | to figure out what's going on with . But there is some evidence that |
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| 75:34 | yeah, they could have the importance some types in terms of maybe being |
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| 75:39 | virulent factory disease or attachment, these of things. So it's kind of |
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| 75:44 | a feature Grant pauses but and not cases do we act exactly know what |
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| 75:49 | absolute function of it is. But we know it's there. Okay |
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| 75:55 | Any questions? Okay so let's let's need to stop So we'll stop there |
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| 76:09 | we'll pick it up on Tuesday. they were saying please stop. Okay |
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| 76:13 | will Tuesday folks. Thanks have a weekend. |
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