| 00:09 | Ok. Ok. Ok, Uh welcome. Turn this down. |
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| 00:36 | . Um let's see here. So couple of things I mentioned last time |
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| 00:45 | since um, uh, not, still got a couple of weeks |
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| 00:50 | Not even more than that, but exam coming up on the 20 |
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| 00:59 | Um uh, so, uh I out the email last week again today |
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| 01:05 | the, uh the, the cost scheduler protocol has changed for the, |
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| 01:11 | the better for you. You have be on there at 1201 on the |
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| 01:16 | to jump on a seat. So it's, it's, um, |
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| 01:20 | get the submit your preferences, I it is. So, but |
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| 01:25 | follow the link that's in the email that. So I wanna be sure |
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| 01:29 | up on that. Uh uh because schedule does become available on the eighth |
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| 01:34 | I understand the process, right? like the first three or four days |
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| 01:38 | the opening is when you can submit times you want to take the |
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| 01:43 | So again, it's not a race be there at 1201 in the |
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| 01:45 | That's the point. Ok. So , just follow the instructions and the |
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| 01:50 | and all that, that's in the . Ok. Uh, what |
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| 01:54 | So, um, tonight is, those two things, the quiz and |
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| 01:59 | uh, smart work. Um, , um, what else? |
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| 02:07 | um, ok, so we're gonna up, uh, chapter 13 |
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| 02:13 | The same kind of concepts, I you'd say are carrying over in the |
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| 02:20 | . Uh We're gonna, you if you did the, um look |
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| 02:23 | the videos chapter 14 beforehand, hopefully took a look at it. Um |
|
| 02:29 | big uh I guess big concept if want to call it that it's kind |
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| 02:34 | the uh reduction potential and what all entails. OK. So we're going |
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| 02:41 | that today. Um The, the uh we've been talking about, I |
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| 02:52 | throw up this, the show this because that's how I like to explain |
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| 02:57 | in really simple terms. And we've this already a number of times where |
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| 03:01 | draw a box and we have uh transport chain, the owner an |
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| 03:10 | right? So it feeding feeding electrons the chain uh maintaining flow by going |
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| 03:19 | a donor to an acceptor at the , right? And um and then |
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| 03:25 | , and so the reason is why doing that well, because um by |
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| 03:29 | that chain, if you will, um electron transport system with electrons, |
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| 03:36 | transfers release energy and that's used which we then eventually capture energy from |
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| 03:42 | the form of a TPS. So we're gonna learn kind of that |
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| 03:48 | logic if you will of that process . OK. And um how molecules |
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| 03:55 | their roles in terms of how they to deal with electrons, so to |
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| 04:02 | . OK. So some have one of dealing with them that they like |
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| 04:07 | have another way of dealing with them they prefer. And so you kind |
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| 04:11 | organize those guys gals into a lineup facilitates the flow, right? But |
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| 04:19 | all based on production of energy. ? Because you need that energy. |
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| 04:26 | remember that basic concept we talked about the beginning in 13 energy releasing process |
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| 04:32 | energy requiring process. OK. And the energy release in here is what |
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| 04:41 | the energy to pump protons. And the energy release itself comes from the |
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| 04:46 | arrangement of the molecules you use in chain and for bacteria, the the |
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| 04:54 | of donor acceptor uh what's in that varies. OK? It's why they |
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| 05:02 | such a diverse metabolism. OK. so in large part is, and |
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| 05:08 | , that, that that thing there donor electron transport chain acceptor, that's |
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| 05:16 | . OK. That's what we'll focus 14. OK. So let's look |
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| 05:20 | uh some of that's gonna be a . Let's look at this question |
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| 05:25 | OK. Uh This, this is as you're going through, right? |
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| 05:31 | you're going through the material for uh is basically 13 stuff, right? |
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| 05:37 | glycolysis, the stages, right? , knowing the stages, so if |
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| 05:43 | kind of get the grasp of you should be able to look at |
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| 05:45 | picture and pretty much fill out with these letters are, you know, |
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| 05:51 | quickly. OK? And so, , we'll go through, I'm just |
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| 05:56 | for what, which one is d . Um, so figure it out |
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| 06:01 | on what's, what's feeding it, . Where is it going? |
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| 06:09 | That could be a clue to OK. So it's like I |
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| 06:14 | we'll go through what you, I've this already once before, but going |
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| 06:18 | , what do you need to Right. That's always the number one |
|
| 06:21 | . How many you know about right? So, and again, |
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| 06:25 | focus on individual reactions that the book giving you. OK. There's like |
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| 06:33 | plus of those things you don't need know that level of detail. |
|
| 06:39 | OK. So let's uh count down from nine. OK. OK. |
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| 06:51 | , of course. It is gonna acetyl coa OK. So if we're |
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| 06:56 | rattle off the other ones. All . So D is that OK? |
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| 07:03 | Let's see. So went from So stage one is basically here |
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| 07:08 | I think everybody in uh altogether can A is gonna be a, is |
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| 07:15 | be Pate. OK. Um uh , the group of Pate, pate |
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| 07:25 | a silica way we established that a to. So A is here, |
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| 07:33 | we go to that of course, crib cycle, right? Uh That's |
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| 07:39 | and then um uh so these energy are all going to g electron transport |
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| 07:47 | etc for short. And then these things so like the ease and they're |
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| 07:55 | same. So the e here and are gonna be what? Yeah, |
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| 08:03 | . OK. CO2, CO2. let's see. So BBBBBB is gonna |
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| 08:12 | N A DH probably OK. And probably could be an A TP. |
|
| 08:19 | . We get those two things out glycolysis, right? Uh What |
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| 08:24 | So we got uh jeez I got . So J it says the A |
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| 08:28 | A, right? A TP is I make the uh here's over the |
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| 08:34 | is pretty obvious, right? It's , right? Proton gradient occurring |
|
| 08:39 | Uh G decay J decay, excuse . So it's called that AD P |
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| 08:44 | the fast food when A TP, ? So, you know the let's |
|
| 08:52 | uh the next slide shows what to here, right? So uh same |
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| 08:57 | we see here, right? Same . So um the wing um the |
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| 09:06 | , right? Stage, one, , two, stage one, glucose |
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| 09:11 | pyr stage two py, the C and the creb cycle is three, |
|
| 09:16 | label these 1234 and then fermentation is of its own thing. We don't |
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| 09:27 | these are the stages of respiration, ? That calls us respiration. |
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| 09:32 | fermentation is this other thing that some can do if they can't respire, |
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| 09:38 | ? So, if we're gonna go 1234 route, ok, then that |
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| 09:46 | that there is oxygen present or something you can use as a terminal |
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| 09:52 | a nitrate or what have you, . Um And so because that's what |
|
| 09:58 | really going this route. Ok? that's respiration. What are you going |
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| 10:04 | respire with 02 or are you an respire? And you use nitrate, |
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| 10:10 | presence of those are what will dictate ? Of course, in the organism |
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| 10:17 | , it can do that, And so that's what determines whether you |
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| 10:21 | 11234 or you go to fermentation or . Those are kind of the |
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| 10:27 | And so, of course, we're looking here at in 13 and |
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| 10:32 | most of 14. Uh well, certainly the first half of 14 is |
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| 10:39 | , right? Using fermentation respiration and kind of what we're focused on. |
|
| 10:43 | remember that um we're, we're kind looking just at the chemo organo heterotrophic |
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| 10:53 | thing who we are, right? um we'll focus on other types, |
|
| 10:59 | synthesizers, lithos uh later, So you know, again, if |
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| 11:06 | see these terms, so everything. 1234 stages, 1234, here are |
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| 11:13 | comprise oxidative phosphorylation. OK? You actually phosphorylation, you see respiration kind |
|
| 11:22 | go hand in hand. OK. , don't, when you, when |
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| 11:28 | envision fermentation only, just see that your head, right? And only |
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| 11:37 | because it doesn't involve, you glycolysis is a part of it. |
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| 11:42 | . That's what feeds into it. ? But not anything else. No |
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| 11:47 | transport chain proton pumping that stuff, ? So, fermentation is its own |
|
| 11:52 | that relies on glycolysis. But that's not, not, not, not |
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| 11:58 | , not three or four or part fermentation. So, um let's |
|
| 12:04 | So let's look at a question in different way, similar uh idea, |
|
| 12:11 | let's look at this one. So here again, the same diagram |
|
| 12:17 | see all the time, right? so if we're looking inside the, |
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| 12:23 | were down to the level of the of a molecule, OK? Inside |
|
| 12:28 | coli. And we're gonna try to what is this guy? Is this |
|
| 12:32 | right now aspiring anaerobically or aerobically? , what would tell me that? |
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| 12:37 | location? 12345 would tell me OK. It would tell me, |
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| 12:44 | , this thing is definitely respiring aerobically I see this in location, |
|
| 12:50 | OK. OK. OK. So look at that down here. So |
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| 13:28 | . So if I am respiring I spring aerobically, what would I be |
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| 13:36 | ? What are you using right You're, you're aspiring aerobically right |
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| 13:40 | Where would you find oxygen in this in 12345, three? Of |
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| 13:50 | right here. 02 would be sitting on the water. OK, terminal |
|
| 13:56 | . You're gonna learn why oxygen is the end there today. But it's |
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| 13:59 | about keeping electrons flow going, options best grabbing electrons. So, if |
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| 14:05 | anaerobically respiring, what are you gonna at? Number? Number, number |
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| 14:19 | , how can it be? But three? If you're respiring, |
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| 14:22 | respiring with 02, that's where you're look trouble. Accept. If you're |
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| 14:27 | aspiring, it's respiration, it's just different term acceptor. You still look |
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| 14:33 | three, right? Three tells you does one tell you which one the |
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| 14:42 | ? And so if you're a litho , where would you look one that's |
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| 14:48 | tell you? Oh Is, is, is there an inorganic source |
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| 14:51 | number one or is it completely OK. And if it's completely |
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| 14:57 | well, that could be glucose, going to CO2 and water, |
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| 15:01 | But you'd look at one because that one? Because that's what's feeding the |
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| 15:07 | . So think of this uh keeping even more basic, right? |
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| 15:13 | OK? Is there oxidize it? electrons speed system? OK. Uh |
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| 15:21 | we don't have something back here down to catch them or to grab them |
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| 15:26 | to want them or a better uh then nothing's gonna happen here. |
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| 15:31 | not gonna have any slow going and just gonna stop, you know, |
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| 15:35 | quickly. If you don't think put a plastic bag over your head |
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| 15:41 | see how long you last. Because literally you're stopping three from happening |
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| 15:46 | you do that, right? Everything backs up, that nothing happens, |
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| 15:51 | ? Um So source uh acceptor keeps train running. OK? Um What |
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| 16:00 | gonna look at today in a little is how, what's the logic of |
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| 16:05 | that's set up? Right? And I'll save that for a 2nd |
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| 16:09 | we have to um finish up. this is the last bit of 13 |
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| 16:16 | here. OK? So again, in this or as I mentioned |
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| 16:21 | we're focused on metabolism, right of these complex organic molecules, |
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| 16:29 | We eat various things. We can proteins, fats, carbs, uh |
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| 16:35 | can eat, we eat nucleic you know anything that's kind of these |
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| 16:38 | complex organic molecules, not all types we can eat many of these things |
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| 16:43 | do. Uh but of course, and other prokaryotes have a more they |
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| 16:51 | more, have more options, let's they can eat other things that we |
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| 16:54 | even think of to eat for right? And one of those is |
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| 16:58 | compounds. OK. So um what an aromatic compound? Well, the |
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| 17:05 | of these benzene rings, OK. so which is basically C six H |
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| 17:15 | , OK. It's a very stable . OK. And so what what |
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| 17:23 | aromatic compounds? Well, lots of industrial chemical processes in all these |
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| 17:30 | oil and gas industry, uh paint , uh manufacturers of dyes, uh |
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| 17:37 | also many of these chemicals are used different processes. From making cardboard boxes |
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| 17:42 | other things. Right. And um the thing about them is they're |
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| 17:48 | stable, right? They don't break necessarily easily. Um They, they're |
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| 17:54 | very toxic and it can be very in relatively small concentrations. Ok. |
|
| 18:01 | so these things have been responsible, know, pollutants that have knowingly or |
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| 18:06 | been discharged by various companies into uh streams or other environments. Um The |
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| 18:16 | effect of these can be quite uh . So, uh because they also |
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| 18:21 | necessarily evaporate ray equipment or volatilize, necessarily that volatile, either they stick |
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| 18:28 | . And so, uh so um was found out quite a while ago |
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| 18:35 | bacterial types could eat these kinds of and they were then exploited for use |
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| 18:41 | biome, which is using um biological . It can be cells, it |
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| 18:47 | be enzymes and things to break down kinds of uh unwanted um pollutants, |
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| 18:56 | it's oil spills or what have Um that vetro types can break it |
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| 19:02 | and make, make, make the go away. OK. And so |
|
| 19:08 | in a, in a, in smallest nutshell I can give you here |
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| 19:14 | to know about what to know about is to break down the aromatic compound |
|
| 19:20 | breaking that ring. Number one, the ring, you do that then |
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| 19:27 | a couple of steps, give or you then go into the pathways. |
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| 19:32 | already know it's gonna funnel into making PVA and, or, and eventually |
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| 19:38 | into the crep cycle. So stuff already know we just going to funnel |
|
| 19:42 | that system and, and be broken to CO2 and water, right? |
|
| 19:47 | get energy from it. OK. don't worry about memorizing these structures. |
|
| 19:51 | are just examples of aromatic compounds, ? The point is that they |
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| 19:56 | as they're broken down, they funnel a central point which is um |
|
| 20:07 | not that hold on. Uh let's try this. OK. |
|
| 20:17 | So right here, cat cold. . That's where they eventually get |
|
| 20:22 | whether it's to you taste kind of little bit of a turn to get |
|
| 20:26 | but it gets there. But everything they all funnel into kinda call number |
|
| 20:32 | , number two is how do we this ring? OK. 02 is |
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| 20:38 | we do it. OK. And 02 is added to the ring break |
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| 20:43 | we get to here, this thing neonate, OK. That's the product |
|
| 20:50 | the ring breakage. Then we get into funneling into pathways we already |
|
| 20:57 | right. TC A cycle uh pursued you either going, going to pirate |
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| 21:04 | there or another route, you getting into the TC A cycle where |
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| 21:08 | course, you know, in there form a DH. All right. |
|
| 21:18 | . The na A pen go on . Let's see. And OK. |
|
| 21:26 | A DH fa DH two at right? So, you know, |
|
| 21:33 | already know we get those of the A cycle, right? And these |
|
| 21:37 | to electron transport chain and make more . OK. So, um so |
|
| 21:45 | , the takeaways here. And so dioxin is the enzyme that puts the |
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| 21:50 | on the molecule and causes the OK. So uh so aromatic aromatic |
|
| 22:00 | , adding oxygen to the ring, the ring and then the products fall |
|
| 22:04 | crep cycle and you get energy. . And so pseudomonas, RTO coccus |
|
| 22:11 | pseudomonas, these are these pathways are very long, there's gonna be 3 |
|
| 22:16 | 4 to 5 genes involved and there's ones for different Ame of compounds. |
|
| 22:23 | so we've taken these organisms engineered, know, gene cloning and taken pathways |
|
| 22:30 | um have strains that can break down various types of compounds uh and then |
|
| 22:35 | them in the environment and do their . OK? To, again, |
|
| 22:39 | remediation kind of application. OK. OK. Any questions about that, |
|
| 22:47 | ? So just again, just remember big things, right? The adding |
|
| 22:50 | , break the ring um components going TC A cycle, get energy. |
|
| 22:57 | . Um All right. So that's . OK. So uh we're gonna |
|
| 23:04 | now is focus kind of um basically respiration. OK. And first looking |
|
| 23:17 | the, so talking about restoration, talking about, of course, as |
|
| 23:23 | already know redox reaction, right? um as I alluded to earlier molecules |
|
| 23:33 | their particular redox um properties. So we already know redox is about |
|
| 23:44 | , some Michaels give them up, Michaels take them in. OK. |
|
| 23:50 | you can kind of lump a lot molecules in that ability, right? |
|
| 23:54 | they types that like to grab Are they types that like to give |
|
| 23:58 | up? Right. And you that's really what we're gonna be focusing |
|
| 24:02 | . OK. So, all So let's look here. So this |
|
| 24:07 | just an example of we focus on process in a single cell. |
|
| 24:14 | Uh It happens in your cells and many cells, right? Any cells |
|
| 24:17 | respire happens inside the cell. There are, there are types that |
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| 24:23 | interact with and carry out the process conjunction with other cells. OK. |
|
| 24:29 | in both examples here, I'm just to draw this line. So Geo |
|
| 24:37 | use one that can take acetate right? Oxidize it right there |
|
| 24:45 | you would think OK, the electrons be in, in the organism that's |
|
| 24:49 | the oxidation and it will get the right. Well, OK. It |
|
| 24:52 | get that but it also then takes electrons and gives them to another |
|
| 24:56 | So here's Tho bacillus, right? Tho Sarina and that other organism. |
|
| 25:02 | somewhat really of a symbiotic relationship. . And so this guy is using |
|
| 25:08 | to respire, res electrons to respire right nitrate respiration, um co2 to |
|
| 25:18 | . So example of what they call transfer. So not happening within a |
|
| 25:23 | cell but transfer between species. Um And so it has actually a |
|
| 25:29 | of applications, biotechnology wise. Another to show here is this blob |
|
| 25:36 | it kind of is basically conducting facilitates the transfer between the two cell |
|
| 25:44 | . OK. And you can see example of something like that would be |
|
| 25:47 | blue appendages sticking out of the basically like wires, conducting electrons being |
|
| 25:56 | from one cell to another. So essentially like a wire sticking out of |
|
| 26:02 | cell. OK. And so, know, it, this can oxidize |
|
| 26:07 | of things besides um acetate. They're at it in uh uh uh biomed |
|
| 26:17 | using it as a way to get of certain types of waste like a |
|
| 26:20 | treatment plants or in landfills, things that. Uh Department of Navy is |
|
| 26:25 | at it for some kind of a different type of activity, but |
|
| 26:31 | lots of uh interest in this. . Um So anyway, this is |
|
| 26:37 | meant to show, you know, reactions importance uh certainly in us, |
|
| 26:43 | ? Gotta keep breathing, gotta keep electron transport chain going by feeding |
|
| 26:48 | And uh that's what gives us the bulk of our energy to do |
|
| 26:53 | OK. So, respiration. So kind of looked at it in a |
|
| 27:00 | overview kind of way, right? we're, we're focused here on |
|
| 27:06 | breaking down these large more complex organic of stuff we we eat every |
|
| 27:12 | right. Um in two ways, ? Fermentation, which really only our |
|
| 27:18 | do that. OK. Under certain . But certainly bacterial types can live |
|
| 27:24 | way. OK. But it's compared respiration, fermentation is much simpler. |
|
| 27:31 | . Um As we've seen already uh , more involved, there's more to |
|
| 27:36 | , right? That diagram you see there is basically representing restoration. |
|
| 27:42 | And so, so always remember, know I saw like a broken record |
|
| 27:47 | you know, here's the electronic transport and what does it do? |
|
| 27:53 | it contains electrons. So you gotta feeding it right? Oxidize the |
|
| 27:58 | OK. So remember though that the A DH being formed, those are |
|
| 28:04 | actual ones that go to the right? But you don't make those |
|
| 28:10 | you do have a source, You're not gonna make N A |
|
| 28:14 | For example, if you have taking glucose, break it down, |
|
| 28:19 | in some of those steps you produce N A DH. So that's so |
|
| 28:22 | that distinction, OK. And then and then we're gonna focus on here |
|
| 28:29 | the construction of this chain here. . And um you know, obviously |
|
| 28:39 | important, right? Feed it electrons then equally important is the terminal |
|
| 28:45 | Again, it's all about flow. . And, and if you combine |
|
| 28:52 | , so let's just look at um start with this question here. |
|
| 29:00 | Now, elaborate a little bit. , so now we're going to look |
|
| 29:04 | properties of the molecules that do these of things. OK. So, |
|
| 29:14 | electronic flow, the components of the transport system work optimally when they arranged |
|
| 29:20 | order from in this diagram left to . OK. You got four choices |
|
| 29:28 | . OK. Anyway, pause, can catch up. OK. Let's |
|
| 30:21 | down here. I'm gonna do another real quick. Then we'll kind of |
|
| 30:27 | some explaining. OK. All So we got D and B |
|
| 30:33 | Uh A maus, so let's go the next one. Uh Let me |
|
| 30:38 | put D and B was the consensus . All right. So this one |
|
| 30:47 | So which statement is accurate? Just look at the table down here |
|
| 30:51 | help you out. OK. Oops here. OK. So take a |
|
| 31:00 | that makes the most sense. So one thing we, as we're |
|
| 31:08 | through this and redux and reduction potential , is evaluating. So what |
|
| 31:16 | what do I, what do you by a good acceptor? OK. |
|
| 31:22 | what that means is it's a process energetically favorable. It yield energy doesn't |
|
| 31:31 | energy. OK. That's generally what look at in terms of I'm |
|
| 31:35 | oh, this is a good, is a good source. So this |
|
| 31:37 | a bad source. Isn't something a that's, that's producing energy. Is |
|
| 31:42 | a negative delta G? OK? kind of the parameter you look at |
|
| 31:47 | see. OK. Is this something good or not so good by |
|
| 31:51 | OK. Um because that's the it's one thing to have, you |
|
| 32:02 | , we're putting molecules together in this to keep flow going of electrons in |
|
| 32:08 | certain order. But that order that's also produces energy, right? Because |
|
| 32:14 | you need that as well in this . OK? Because think about what |
|
| 32:19 | electron transport chain is for, that's coupled to proton pumping, |
|
| 32:25 | And the proton pumping takes energy. that comes from electronic transport chain |
|
| 32:32 | OK? And we'll see how that . All right. So let's count |
|
| 32:36 | here. So again, it's it's certainly very important to have molecules |
|
| 32:42 | are good at giving up and good taking electrons within the process yielding |
|
| 32:49 | So um kind of more or less there. So let's go uh we'll |
|
| 32:54 | back to these in a sec. . So let's look at this table |
|
| 33:01 | trust me, I know even if was the second or third or 10th |
|
| 33:05 | , we look at it it. . So um OK. So the |
|
| 33:13 | to look at it is number focus on the pink column, |
|
| 33:23 | Focus on that column and then focus this first reduction potential. OK. |
|
| 33:32 | roughly here is like a line or that or negative reduction potential. |
|
| 33:41 | Down here, positive, negative progressively more and more positive as we go |
|
| 33:48 | , right? So it's a ranking of the ability of a molecular species |
|
| 33:57 | be an electron acceptor is it good is it bad? OK. At |
|
| 34:04 | function? And so it's a continuum modules are really bad accepting electrons. |
|
| 34:13 | are really good. And that's that's what reduction potential is. |
|
| 34:18 | Reduction potential is. How good is ? What's the ability of a molecule |
|
| 34:23 | grab electrons? OK. But they're to line this process up right from |
|
| 34:31 | more and more positive reduction potential, ability of molecules to grab and grab |
|
| 34:35 | grab electrons because that's what maintains right? Remember that's what you have |
|
| 34:40 | keep going, keep that flow going source to acceptor. And not surprisingly |
|
| 34:48 | molecule you put at the end if can use it and we can because |
|
| 34:54 | aerobic respire, we put 02 at end, highest reduction potential plus |
|
| 35:01 | OK? That's numero uno OK. look at what you, what do |
|
| 35:05 | look at it and go, what's bottom list? That's the way the |
|
| 35:08 | is, right? That's how they it. OK. So the the |
|
| 35:13 | at highest affinity for electrons in biological . Yeah. So um CO2 and |
|
| 35:23 | that's 11 part of the equation. . The other part is then the |
|
| 35:30 | G OK is that tells you energy or energy required. OK. So |
|
| 35:37 | versus negative delta GS and so you how these are the opposite of the |
|
| 35:45 | potential. So negative reduction potential, delta G OK? It actually takes |
|
| 35:51 | energy input to force the molecule to electrons look at CO2 right CO2 which |
|
| 36:00 | essentially CO2 fixation, right? It a lot of energy to to do |
|
| 36:10 | . No wonder, right? Your , your of plants, um bacterial |
|
| 36:18 | , right? The photosynthesize uh and CO2. Um the the energy for |
|
| 36:26 | comes from light, right? Light to convert that to chemical energy to |
|
| 36:31 | be able to use CO2. Take a lot of energy do |
|
| 36:35 | OK? Um So let's um so , this, this concept here delta |
|
| 36:45 | is and reduction potential. OK? can see how using oxygen, all |
|
| 36:51 | , to respire with, all a lot of energy negative big negative |
|
| 36:58 | G. OK. So when you , so what you wanna do? |
|
| 37:04 | , let's let me start here, start here. OK? There's different |
|
| 37:08 | to different ways to look at it you want to figure out a way |
|
| 37:11 | you best remember it. OK. so uh the textbook uh definition of |
|
| 37:18 | if you're more AAA weak acceptor, again, the ranking of bad to |
|
| 37:24 | , weak to strong, it really about, you know, is it |
|
| 37:28 | process that is giving off energy or it requiring energy? So generally they |
|
| 37:33 | is if it's releasing energy, that's that's good, right? That you |
|
| 37:37 | call that a good donor or good . It has that feature, it |
|
| 37:41 | off energy, you can do something beneficial, right? So um and |
|
| 37:47 | go well, OK. Co2 takes . OK. Yeah, but if |
|
| 37:51 | an autotroph, that's your carbon you just got to do it. |
|
| 37:55 | the way you use the CO2 is have a process attached to it that |
|
| 38:00 | you lots of energy. Whether it's using light or chemical energy like a |
|
| 38:07 | , you know you are what you and if you use CO2, then |
|
| 38:10 | better evolve a way to get have energy using process that can energy releasing |
|
| 38:15 | that you can tie with. Because know CO2 fixation is gonna be a |
|
| 38:18 | energy consumer. OK? Sometimes that's way it is. OK. |
|
| 38:25 | so rule of thumb, if you're weak acceptor, OK, you generally |
|
| 38:33 | a strong donor. But don't take to mean that CO2 is a weak |
|
| 38:39 | which it is, it doesn't mean CO2 is a strong donor. |
|
| 38:44 | So you look at these things in , a single line like this one |
|
| 38:49 | here, right? H two uh protons plus two electrons to give two |
|
| 38:55 | , right? It's pairs. So you think of each, each |
|
| 39:01 | here, right? Each chemical reaction break it down into pairs, |
|
| 39:06 | So you have this form and you that one. OK? What we |
|
| 39:13 | you've taken chemistry? You may have um half reactions OK? That's what |
|
| 39:18 | looking at here. So in these , you have like what are called |
|
| 39:22 | reactions, right? Um I'm gonna on that on the next slide. |
|
| 39:26 | let's let's look at um strong. in each pair, right, you |
|
| 39:31 | the pair there of protons and hydrogen , right? That 1 may be |
|
| 39:40 | at one property, but the other may be really good at the other |
|
| 39:46 | . So in this way, this one's a weak accept it, |
|
| 39:49 | this guy is a strong donor and that's the case or vice versa. |
|
| 39:55 | . So a more positive value of potential. So folks more positive, |
|
| 40:02 | acceptor, strong acceptor. OK. it too, right? There's two |
|
| 40:08 | , there's 02 and there's the OK? And so uh that's kind |
|
| 40:16 | change up the side a little bit don't worry anything you see up here |
|
| 40:20 | get next day. So here so here's another way to look at |
|
| 40:25 | . OK? A really basic way I sometimes use is if a molecule |
|
| 40:30 | a really strong positive reduction potential like . OK. Think of what are |
|
| 40:39 | electrons are negatively charged, right? . So if that's the case, |
|
| 40:45 | , positive likes positive likes negative, , positive, attractive, negative, |
|
| 40:50 | ? Really high affinity, right? if my positive number is really |
|
| 40:54 | it probably means it's pretty good at on electrons, right? That's one |
|
| 40:59 | to think about it, right? very positive reduction potential, very high |
|
| 41:03 | for like conversely, if it's really at that, it's gonna be a |
|
| 41:09 | value and so negative repels negative, ? So they, it won't like |
|
| 41:14 | grab electrons, it rather would get of them, right? So that's |
|
| 41:18 | way to look at it. Up there is a paragraph that's another |
|
| 41:22 | to look at it. OK. , so here I'm just focusing on |
|
| 41:27 | at oxygen um reduced to water gives that reduction potential which equates to a |
|
| 41:34 | big negative D OK. So each of the pair, right? One |
|
| 41:41 | the acceptor, one's the donor that so if the acceptor form is what |
|
| 41:48 | seeing it do over here, That's a pretty good value. |
|
| 41:55 | So that part is gonna tell you , OK? If it's, it's |
|
| 41:58 | 02 is really good ie lots of formation being a an acceptor, then |
|
| 42:04 | the, the, the partner there not very good as a donor, |
|
| 42:10 | ? Water for example, and, it's not right because what happens is |
|
| 42:16 | it's, if the acceptor form and uh reduction to water is a name |
|
| 42:24 | , then you flip the sign, water as a donor is actually a |
|
| 42:31 | delta G, right? Uh as parenthesis H2O. OK. And |
|
| 42:40 | all we're doing is taking a reverse , water oxidized 202 and electrons. |
|
| 42:48 | ? Solve it good one way it's gonna be, it's gonna be bad |
|
| 42:53 | other way. OK? Um And example, there again, plants, |
|
| 43:00 | ? Alga um uh use the water the electron source or plants analogy and |
|
| 43:10 | um oxygen photosynthesizes. And so it a lot of energy to get those |
|
| 43:15 | from water. That's the light splitting photos. You remember that right? |
|
| 43:20 | light energy again involved, right? , to get the energy to do |
|
| 43:24 | , it doesn't happen on its right? It takes energy input to |
|
| 43:27 | it, right. So that's the water pair. OK. Hydrogen proton |
|
| 43:36 | , right? So again, you that negative reduction potential will equate to |
|
| 43:42 | positive delta G. OK. So , same thing H plus is the |
|
| 43:48 | H two to donor. OK. so as uh an acceptor, |
|
| 43:56 | you can see the positive delta OK? And then that's gonna try |
|
| 44:02 | you well, we go the other , gonna be a negative dosage. |
|
| 44:07 | ? And it is, and so and hydrogen as a donor source uh |
|
| 44:15 | very common among fairly common among all lots of bacterial types because each hydrogen |
|
| 44:21 | is not that difficult to uh to as a source because it's a by-product |
|
| 44:28 | fermentations and other things. And so metabolic processes. So in the |
|
| 44:33 | it's not something that's uncommon. So gas is relatively common. So it's |
|
| 44:38 | can use it and get energy then a pretty good thing. And so |
|
| 44:41 | see a lot of different bacterial species to use, use that it's called |
|
| 44:46 | hydrogen or trophy we'll talk about it week. But uh very common metabolism |
|
| 44:52 | that reason, it's very accessible and get lots of energy from it. |
|
| 44:56 | um so again, so the paragraph is a more positive um reduction potential |
|
| 45:03 | as in the oxygen, right means reducing the electronic acceptor, which is |
|
| 45:08 | 02, right? Use more energy it does, right? A more |
|
| 45:14 | value as in the hydrogen, the plus H two pair, uh a |
|
| 45:20 | negative value minus 420 means that oxidizing donor, the H two guy, |
|
| 45:25 | girl is will be more uh you more energy and it does OK. |
|
| 45:33 | so you can look at everything in table, you can break down into |
|
| 45:37 | like that where if it's one that's be on the negative reduction potential |
|
| 45:42 | then the donor form of that pair be the one that will be energy |
|
| 45:47 | and will be that's, it's, will be its role as a |
|
| 45:53 | That's his best suit to those that a more positive reduction potential. It's |
|
| 45:58 | um it's the acceptor part of that couple that that's its best role. |
|
| 46:06 | what you do of course is you strong acceptor with strong donors and that's |
|
| 46:13 | as you see here, you know two, right? As a donor |
|
| 46:20 | energy, right? Oxygen as an , right, releases energy. And |
|
| 46:27 | these things are additive, right? GS are additive you can add them |
|
| 46:31 | . So you combine hydrogen metabolism as donor with oxygen, as you know |
|
| 46:37 | respiration and you add those together, get even more energy, right? |
|
| 46:43 | that's, that's what fuels the whole transport thing. OK. Um Let's |
|
| 46:51 | back here for a second real quick questions. OK. So uh so |
|
| 46:56 | , we're going from uh those with uh positive to more negative. |
|
| 47:06 | So in terms of reduction potential we're is that right? Record negative |
|
| 47:19 | OK. You need more coffee. . Pa I think 02, |
|
| 47:27 | Uh This could be, so it's be strong, strong donors to strong |
|
| 47:33 | , right? So remember these right? These are weak acceptor, |
|
| 47:41 | donors, right? These guys are ? Acceptors, wheat donors, |
|
| 47:47 | So that's how our chain is gonna right flow going that way more negative |
|
| 47:53 | positive reduction potential. OK. Um that comes about by again from donors |
|
| 47:59 | the front, progressively stronger acceptors as go the right. Yeah. Um |
|
| 48:04 | one. So we've, I've been on hydrogen for the last five |
|
| 48:11 | So yes, that that very good source. Lot of energy production co2 |
|
| 48:16 | have to have a lot of energy , right? Same as water, |
|
| 48:21 | ? It's gonna be the reverse of . So not minus 158 but plus |
|
| 48:26 | in terms of delta G. So both of those our energy positive |
|
| 48:36 | . Yeah, that one's energy OK. Um Any questions? So |
|
| 48:45 | ruminate on this for a bit, ? But you know, just think |
|
| 48:49 | the logic. OK? Um Let's over here. OK. So this |
|
| 48:58 | just more of the same, I , I've already said this enough, |
|
| 49:02 | think. Um So again, uh back to the same, the same |
|
| 49:07 | of uh the the acceptor donor right? And a a negative reduction |
|
| 49:16 | means that the donor form is gonna one that yields energy. So use |
|
| 49:23 | , that feature of it. The feature is better than the acceptor, |
|
| 49:26 | that one. OK. In this , it's H two. OK. |
|
| 49:30 | And again, it's all additive. we, we can combine that |
|
| 49:34 | Um And so again, it's also that if this is, this is |
|
| 49:41 | , right? That something's got to reduced, right? So we're gonna |
|
| 49:45 | that and it's additive right here and and lots of energy. OK? |
|
| 49:54 | it's the energy to do that the gradient comes, comes from that. |
|
| 50:02 | . That's what's fueling the protons being out. OK. Um So for |
|
| 50:10 | , you beating stuff, right? keep breathing and you'll keep that thing |
|
| 50:14 | , right? Um OK. So here we go again, more |
|
| 50:23 | Here. All I'm I'm doing here showing you what's, what goes on |
|
| 50:26 | your mitochondria. OK. So you've an A DH is what you, |
|
| 50:32 | we've been producing a lot of these aerobic respiration, right? Glycolysis, |
|
| 50:37 | oxidation creb cycle. And so all N DH s are gonna go electron |
|
| 50:43 | train and N A DH is a good uh negative delta G combine that |
|
| 50:49 | oxygen which you already know is good again, additive, lots of |
|
| 50:54 | That's what fuels the whole proton right? So let's look at this |
|
| 50:59 | here, right? So um So focusing back on pro carers that |
|
| 51:09 | let me put this up. So being out in the, in |
|
| 51:16 | wild Coast beach, OK. A bacterium. Hold on. There we |
|
| 51:24 | . A uh bacterium is gonna be the, at the mercy of what's |
|
| 51:28 | it in terms of food and et cetera. So, uh of |
|
| 51:33 | , depending on the species, um know, it may be capable of |
|
| 51:39 | doing different metabolisms. OK? so, so it's a matter of |
|
| 51:47 | , it was respiring or wants to , what can I put together |
|
| 51:55 | To respire. In other words, acceptor, right? What's available? |
|
| 52:02 | can it use? Right? Will work? What's most energetically favorable? |
|
| 52:08 | ? Because that's what um that's what be u uh used. OK. |
|
| 52:16 | Is that you speed this up a bit? So that's what you're |
|
| 52:21 | that's what that's what will happen. is most energetically favorable? OK. |
|
| 52:28 | because it's in competition with lots of out there, right? And if |
|
| 52:34 | , that's not the logic you're following be what's most efficient and what's the |
|
| 52:39 | uh beneficial then you're not gonna survive long. So you're gonna combine things |
|
| 52:44 | make bio energetic sense for lack of better word. OK. And so |
|
| 52:49 | is one example of OK, this this, what's out there? Can |
|
| 52:52 | , can I work with this? I get, will this enable me |
|
| 52:55 | grow, survive? Right. um so we're gonna succinate and |
|
| 53:04 | OK? No, of course, doesn't have a table to do a |
|
| 53:10 | exercise, right? Not in So it's got to uh you |
|
| 53:15 | OK. So let's go through the of this. OK. Uh Step |
|
| 53:22 | , I always set everything up with familiar diagram. So I know what |
|
| 53:27 | what's going on here. So basically succinate as a source oxidizing it |
|
| 53:33 | that's gonna be the source to feed chain. On the other side. |
|
| 53:37 | got nitrate, right? So obviously is nitrate, anaerobic respiration is going |
|
| 53:41 | . OK. So that's what's So now in the context of the |
|
| 53:47 | , OK. Um So here's an . So it is the fumarate succinate |
|
| 53:55 | , right? That's our pair. so fumarate is the acceptor form, |
|
| 54:00 | , the builder form, right? we can see that uh both of |
|
| 54:05 | positive reduction potentials will equate to I have an absolute value showing, but |
|
| 54:11 | equates to a negative delta G, ? In both of these, all |
|
| 54:17 | . Put it here. LG negative G, right? So positive reduction |
|
| 54:24 | equate to negative delta G. So we look at that and go |
|
| 54:27 | . Fume rate as an acceptor is bad, it releases energy. But |
|
| 54:33 | looking at Saint as a donor, we have to turn it around, |
|
| 54:39 | ? And so now that becomes a energy, you might think, how |
|
| 54:45 | this gonna work? All right, using a source that doesn't even, |
|
| 54:48 | even release energy, right? You put energy in. So I haven't |
|
| 54:54 | the full picture yet. So I to look at well, what is |
|
| 54:57 | give us? And so you it all adds up to negative delta |
|
| 55:02 | , then it it can work. . So responding with nitrate is pretty |
|
| 55:06 | because it releases a lot of And so that can overcome the fact |
|
| 55:12 | sate is kind of a crappy OK? But it can work. |
|
| 55:16 | ? And so just to throw you know, you know, think |
|
| 55:20 | nature, right? It could be the things that influence delta G, |
|
| 55:25 | ? Concentration of reactant products. So could be that succinate, this is |
|
| 55:30 | not a succinate in its environment. that can equate also to influencing delta |
|
| 55:38 | . Remember if maybe a lot of excess over a product that can, |
|
| 55:42 | can uh beneficially help the delta G . So that can, that can |
|
| 55:47 | something that might be going on as . But the point is it can |
|
| 55:52 | . OK? Because the bottom line this, you know, and that's |
|
| 55:56 | net is a negative delta G. . So uh let's look at this |
|
| 56:03 | . OK. So which statement is regarding redox reactions? OK. I |
|
| 56:11 | that. Oops, bye, I . OK. OK. Let's count |
|
| 57:15 | here. 54. OK. Uh see here. So um OK. |
|
| 57:33 | it requires energy to reduce N AD . Well, we can actually see |
|
| 57:37 | right here, right? Um It take energy. OK. So that's |
|
| 57:43 | . Uh An A DH is a donor. So that's uh here I |
|
| 57:47 | in. So this is acceptor as table would write it right? Like |
|
| 57:54 | and here I just put in the here. OK. So N A |
|
| 57:58 | is a stronger donor than nitrite. N A DH versus nitrate. So |
|
| 58:05 | , you see the difference in delta , right? That tells me that |
|
| 58:09 | of the age is better, So check, that's true. My |
|
| 58:13 | is a better terminal acceptor than That's just, this is telling you |
|
| 58:19 | That's telling you that right here, ? N trait is better because it's |
|
| 58:26 | energy, right? So they're they're all true states, right? |
|
| 58:30 | true. All right. Um Any ? OK. Yeah. Uh Say |
|
| 58:43 | one more time. Oh Because we're , it's asking is uh N A |
|
| 58:53 | , a stronger donor than nitrite, ? Some of the tables lined up |
|
| 58:58 | acceptors. It's a ranking of right? So if we're looking at |
|
| 59:02 | the donor form, at the, the donor of the pair, looking |
|
| 59:06 | the, the um N A DH nitrite, right? There's an A |
|
| 59:12 | nitrite. So to evaluate, we to reverse the reaction, which is |
|
| 59:16 | right here. OK. And so you do that, the plus right |
|
| 59:23 | a minus. So you're gonna reverse um the um sign for the delta |
|
| 59:30 | . OK? Um Just like with snake problem, the SUC Nate, |
|
| 59:36 | made the sate with a negative. we're looking at SUC as a donor |
|
| 59:41 | saw? Oh That, that delta changed to a positive and we |
|
| 59:45 | OK, maybe this won't work because requires energy rather than giving off |
|
| 59:51 | But it did work because my trite the acceptor was quite good. It |
|
| 59:56 | an awful lot of energy and that the band sucks name. OK. |
|
| 60:02 | it's all about adding that stuff up ne negative delta G, that's what |
|
| 60:08 | looking for. OK. Any other ? Yeah. Um All right. |
|
| 60:17 | um all right. So a little about um the actual components that go |
|
| 60:24 | electron transport chain. OK. Um very often you're gonna see molecules that |
|
| 60:31 | things like uh metals that are a part of the electronic accepting and donating |
|
| 60:39 | . Uh iron and sulfur, very atoms in these kinds of molecules that |
|
| 60:45 | involved in redox reactions that um cytochrome uh really kind of the workhorses of |
|
| 60:56 | electronic transport complex. There are these molecules, uh you see a part |
|
| 61:02 | one over here, it's called the group. Um it'll have components that |
|
| 61:08 | hydrophobic because these things fit into a . Ok. These things fit in |
|
| 61:12 | membrane. So you're gonna have parts that are like nonpolar that enable that |
|
| 61:16 | happen. Uh These big cytochrome um also double as not only receiving and |
|
| 61:28 | electrons, but that energy then they as a proton pump as well. |
|
| 61:33 | you see kind of both activities associated these big big cytochrome, I'll show |
|
| 61:38 | a diagram here in a second. uh aside from those big complexes, |
|
| 61:43 | have these smaller organic cofactors like very , you kind of shuttle electrons back |
|
| 61:50 | forth between the the big ones, the overall order. So just you |
|
| 61:56 | , remember that this overall order is from um negative reduction potential, more |
|
| 62:09 | and that's what keeps flow going and energy is used pump protons out. |
|
| 62:18 | . And so again, you just keep feeding, feeding it, |
|
| 62:21 | And so I remember the distinction between many cases, no, the the |
|
| 62:27 | here, right? These are for , if you use time and |
|
| 62:31 | of course, and it can be of the things we use glucose, |
|
| 62:35 | ? So remember that the breakdown of is ultimately where those N A DH |
|
| 62:40 | come from, right. That's that's why I refer to glucose as |
|
| 62:44 | source, right? But it's N DH, that you form, that |
|
| 62:48 | interacts with the electronic transport chain. you don't call N A DH the |
|
| 62:53 | necessarily because they only are produced from food source. They, they're, |
|
| 62:58 | made from a glycolysis in um uh cycle, et cetera. OK. |
|
| 63:06 | But remember it can be things other glucose. We eat all kinds of |
|
| 63:10 | beyond this glucose, other carbs, cetera. OK. Um And of |
|
| 63:16 | , remember that it can be a as well. You can have other |
|
| 63:21 | other than oxygen in that spot where where 02 is. OK. So |
|
| 63:26 | this just real quick to show you coli. OK. And uh this |
|
| 63:31 | a complex uh that's at the beginning interacts with an A DH uh receiving |
|
| 63:38 | , it oxidize oxidizes N A And then it, it doubles both |
|
| 63:43 | a uh receiving electrons but also as protons out as well. OK. |
|
| 63:52 | a little organic molecule shing electrons. so this cytochrome here is a big |
|
| 64:00 | . It is what we call a so of covais because inter it interacts |
|
| 64:06 | the terminal acceptor. OK. So is what it would use in aerobic |
|
| 64:11 | . So remember, e coli can aerobically, anaerobically, you can use |
|
| 64:17 | things, you can use nitrate, can use other molecules to respire |
|
| 64:21 | And if it does. So it switch out that terminal oxalate to another |
|
| 64:27 | that can work with those molecules. . That's, that's gonna be a |
|
| 64:31 | interaction. OK. And so it change cytochrome depending on what's available to |
|
| 64:37 | . OK? But again, this what this is when I've drawn this |
|
| 64:44 | in a simplified form, right back this again, source box, |
|
| 64:51 | uh acceptor essentially what that is is you see on the slide basically, |
|
| 64:57 | ? Here's my electron transport box. ? And source, right? And |
|
| 65:05 | . So this more fleshed out for there. OK. So, um |
|
| 65:13 | . So what I'm gonna do is the few minutes we got left is |
|
| 65:17 | , we're gonna go into the uh the basics of the proton motor |
|
| 65:24 | And what that involves because that's basically of what we're culminating towards here in |
|
| 65:29 | is this is all about this energy the process is used for that, |
|
| 65:35 | ? The proton motor force. So look at a um couple questions |
|
| 65:41 | OK. Um Oops, there we . All right. So the time |
|
| 65:48 | to force across a membrane can be by all of these except so you |
|
| 65:57 | think of the uh the things that proton motor force. OK. Um |
|
| 66:06 | Electrochemical gradient is another way to look it. Um But again, um |
|
| 66:16 | other thing I mentioned a lot is course, that how essential the membrane |
|
| 66:21 | and all this right is all occurring the membrane here around, in and |
|
| 66:25 | the membrane, whether it's your mitochondrial or bacterium, it's a plasma |
|
| 66:32 | What have you membranes are very OK. OK. All right. |
|
| 66:45 | count down here. OK. Uh let us, I'm gonna come back |
|
| 66:57 | this question. Let's take the next . OK. And let's look at |
|
| 67:03 | one here. This is more about required. So what's required to maintain |
|
| 67:07 | proton motor force? OK. Oh , there we go. OK. |
|
| 68:06 | five. OK. So yeah, is gonna be all the above. |
|
| 68:15 | . So um there was in charge that delta P is pro time out |
|
| 68:22 | force. OK. And the two charge and concentration and concentration of higher |
|
| 68:32 | . And of course, that equates ph right ph is all about higher |
|
| 68:36 | concentration, right? So um and , but then of course, you |
|
| 68:41 | remember, can't forget, right? uh what's fueling this right electron transport |
|
| 68:48 | , right? Source of electrons beating and then a uh acceptor is at |
|
| 68:54 | end of its oxygen, right? that keeps the flow going and um |
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| 69:00 | flow of electrons obviously. So all these things are necessary. |
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| 69:04 | So I'll go back to the previous here in a second. Uh uh |
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| 69:08 | basically an we'll answer it as we through this. OK. So um |
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| 69:15 | not going to do any calculations on test. I just wanted to show |
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| 69:19 | equation because the two things we're looking here are charge, OK. Delta |
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| 69:25 | and delta ph OK. And so those in different ways can affect the |
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| 69:34 | of that proton motor force, How big or small it can |
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| 69:39 | And of course, it fluctuates like a bacterial cell and it will fluctuate |
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| 69:44 | depending on conditions. But in any , so it begins with, of |
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| 69:49 | , a membrane, right? we a membrane here um because we we're |
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| 69:54 | be putting protons on one side of membrane. OK, creating a concentration |
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| 69:59 | , right? And that's the first that's the so what we call this |
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| 70:04 | force is one way to refer to , the chemical force is the concentration |
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| 70:08 | , right? So it's going to high in this example, high |
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| 70:11 | low inside in terms of protons. And so as you see there, |
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| 70:17 | ph difference equates to a difference in Zion concentration, right, 6.5 out |
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| 70:22 | protons uh higher ph inside. So relative difference is higher outside. |
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| 70:29 | So that is um so one of , so the chemical force is the |
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| 70:36 | the tendency for the molecules to want go back down the gradient. That's |
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| 70:42 | way molecules will go if given the right, high to low. All |
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| 70:47 | . And in doing so give up , OK. Which we already know |
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| 70:52 | , gradients are a way to is a stored energy and delta G is |
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| 70:56 | is a product of that right, down to concentration gradient you up. |
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| 71:01 | . So that's one, that's the force and the other force is the |
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| 71:06 | attraction, right protons are positively And for most cells right, positive |
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| 71:14 | , so you have that attraction then have the concentration. OK. So |
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| 71:20 | of those combine to make protime motive . And so um so for most |
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| 71:26 | , there are exceptions here and But our cells are like this, |
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| 71:30 | of the cells have our net negative inside, right? That's really mostly |
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| 71:36 | to the proteins in the cell. proteins of course, are huge. |
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| 71:40 | don't generally exit, you know, cell. Uh so they kind |
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| 71:46 | and, and the ph inside the , they pretty much just a negative |
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| 71:49 | . That's where the most of it from. Um But again, that's |
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| 71:53 | attraction for those protons. OK. having these two forces then charge and |
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| 72:02 | . Now you just gotta give it way to get in. OK. |
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| 72:05 | remember being, you know, they're , they are charged, right? |
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| 72:09 | that's, and going through a hydrophobic bilayer is not an easy thing, |
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| 72:18 | ? For a charged molecule. So they'll only come in if they |
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| 72:24 | very, very slowly. OK. efficient enough to do anything with. |
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| 72:30 | . So we do, we need come in back, all right. |
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| 72:33 | then we can get energy release and do something with that. OK. |
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| 72:37 | the way, so the conduit with channel is the A TP A |
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| 72:42 | Specific for protons. So as they down the gradient um energy release and |
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| 72:48 | used to pump or to boost a . OK. So remember right, |
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| 72:56 | uh this process, a TP formation energy. OK. So I've, |
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| 73:01 | so remember all that goes into this ? Uh donor, electron donor, |
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| 73:10 | ? Acceptor if it's aerobic respiration, could be anaerobic, right? But |
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| 73:15 | flow and so remember everything that's over , this could be represent glycolysis, |
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| 73:23 | away uh formation creb cycle is all that thing there. OK. So |
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| 73:30 | I've said before, the energy from is what produces a TPS, |
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| 73:36 | That's the visual of what I'm talking . OK. The metabolism occurring in |
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| 73:43 | circle on the left, right. those stages we talked about that's where |
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| 73:47 | produce N A DH S fa DH , that's what feeds the electrons in |
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| 73:51 | system, the 02 right term So that catts ultimately is what allows |
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| 73:59 | TPS to form. OK. So so we can we can um the |
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| 74:06 | referred to um the increase the internal charge, OK? Make the internal |
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| 74:19 | , negative charge more negative, That's gonna increase the proton motive force |
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| 74:26 | you, you're, you're, you're increasing the charge difference, making it |
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| 74:31 | negative. OK? You can um make the external Ph more acidic, |
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| 74:38 | ? That there again is changing the difference, right? Making the concentration |
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| 74:45 | says ph 6.5 ph six, That's gonna be a lot more protons |
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| 74:51 | bigger delta P. OK. Um said just look at the question real |
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| 75:00 | . So uh this one. So uh true, true. Uh |
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| 75:12 | that's the exception. OK. If lower the quantity of protons, |
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| 75:18 | Pump less out, you're basically decrease the difference in hydrogen concentration. |
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| 75:25 | So that wouldn't, that would not pro motor force. Ok. Um |
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| 75:33 | . Is any questions we'll, we'll this at the beginning on Wednesday if |
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| 75:38 | have questions. Uh let me uh me until then or you can come |
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| 75:42 | now if you want. That's Uh Anyway, we'll see you all |
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| 75:46 | folks. Ok. |
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