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GEOL6372 Petroleum Geochemistry - Day2 04-22-2023 AM
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00:00 And uh yeah, it's and uh you guys attended our class. This
00:11 uh I'm I'm very appreciate you coming please keep, keep this good.
00:19 just called the habit and also supporting me and please come every, every
00:26 of Saturdays and in the rest of rest of three weeks. Yeah.
00:36 uh before I get into today's materials let us have a very brief review
00:45 what we the key point, key , what we learned in yesterday's
00:52 And uh yesterday we we learned about petroleum system concept. So the petroleum
01:00 concept is mainly served for the conventional assessment and including five elements and five
01:14 . So now it is time for to check and what are the five
01:21 are? And I want to check you. You remember that or
01:25 So that's your, please tell me not really all of five elements.
01:31 you can tell us all of five , I will give you 100
01:35 Ok? And uh you know, , whatever the the things you remember
01:42 uh oh, you understand it, let just share with us five
01:48 we talk about five elements and for which are five elements, 83,
02:01 see, and do not look at . Just think about that.
02:08 You know, if you think about trap reservoir or rocket three big items
02:14 there already. And another thing is uh you know, you if you
02:18 those three and we need the Ok? And, and then we
02:25 the, the, the, the, we need the seal as
02:30 . So that's the five elements. uh for, for the, what
02:35 we really care about? Great, . And uh how about you may
02:47 , OK, this is a good rack. Hm. Good.
02:53 you almost get there one more, more thing. Uh It's OK.
03:05 uh hm. Good. What, else? You know it, I
03:11 give that, you know, you, you talk about the organic
03:15 . That's a great, that's the very important parameters to eval edge source
03:22 . And you talk about the some maturity, talk about the,
03:27 about the, the, the hard and they gave, they gave me
03:33 little bit more. Hm, I good. OK. Thats.
03:51 Ok. Very good. And uh you, if you think about the
03:56 of that, we have a, sauce rack and how we evaluate this
04:02 is really good for the oil generation not. So there's two very,
04:10 important parameters. We will look at but I, as I said,
04:15 the organic matter. And uh it's amount of organic matter we called the
04:21 O C total of content. This a very important parameter. In other
04:28 , you know, if you want know it's how, you know how
04:33 of your source rock is. And you need to know how much organic
04:39 contains in the rock, which is . OK. And the 2nd 2nd
04:45 , very important parameters is uh you about hydrocarbons, you talk about the
04:51 maturity, you talk about the timing those things. And uh we have
04:56 very general terms called that generation hard carbon generation potential. So think
05:06 those things, you know, we a QC that is the organic
05:11 it's not enough. And uh we to know, you know, like
05:16 we want to evaluate the, how of our young men or young
05:24 it's uh you say, OK, that's the, the beat is,
05:30 , is one of the things but is not enough. You need
05:36 you, you also understand that the , how old are they are.
05:43 uh if you know the age and still need to know this uh
05:47 this, this, this man, man is a high or tall or
05:54 , all those kind of things, related to the some potential, which
06:00 uh which is we call the hydrocarbon potential. OK. And uh we
06:08 cover the, all the things. you, what you said is water
06:13 and the Tommy and some maturity in , in our talk. So when
06:19 evaluate hydrocarbon generation potential, that is that is we, we will look
06:25 the, what type of organ is is we, we will talk about
06:30 about Carro. That's the one I one more. 11 more to the
06:36 here that the car I didn't talk this since yesterday, but I will
06:41 about more about the, the that the one term. Another thing.
06:47 thing is that how, what truth can use to characterize the or,
06:55 for QC to, to evaluate hydrocarbon potential. Let's see that let of
07:03 , this is the most important part will cover today. And uh about
07:12 , the, we talk about the elements of the petroleum systems. And
07:17 we have a five processes we discussed about Petro system and, and uh
07:27 U turn. What are the five we, when we evaluate the
07:44 Yeah, process. It still remember have a two, I have a
07:48 on the, about the definition of five, the key elements and the
07:56 key processes. So like uh you know, we talk about
08:06 the, the, we want to those things, characterize the a
08:12 We want to characterize the sauce rock to characterize the rhythm, the,
08:17 seal, one character the character, the, the, the,
08:21 the generation. So there's a, know that I already released a
08:27 very important term called the generation. we talk about the sauce rock,
08:32 will talk about a generation, generation and the exposure. Yeah,
08:38 is the kind of process which means process means something happens through the time
08:45 we call the process. Yeah. . So that's, that's the corresponding
08:54 , the ex exactly that the migration the explosion. So that is
08:57 that that is that another process? else? Yeah, it's uh you
09:09 we, we need a trap. say we, we, we have
09:11 trap that's elements and you need to the timing of your trap formation.
09:17 a, you know, trap, , timing, that is another
09:21 And uh it's what, what else want to know? You know,
09:30 have a, we have a trap we have oil there later on because
09:36 the, the water washing or bio . And hydrocarbon oil can be out
09:48 the uh the additional processes like oxidation like uh like bacteria process.
09:55 we could, we need to talk about the alteration process. It
10:00 change, it will be going to through the time as well because of
10:05 additional factors. So those are those are the, I think
10:10 those are close up to the file . What we, what we talking
10:14 ? Yeah, please, please you know, after today's class,
10:18 continue to review the three of what did, what, what we teaching
10:23 yesterday, the definition of the petroleum . Look at that slide, a
10:30 of five elements of petro system and definition of a five processes in the
10:40 system. So that's a three That's only three slides I ask you
10:46 , to really review and uh uh to understand, try to understand all
10:51 terms. And we, we, , we, we, we talked
10:55 a lot yesterday about those. That's slides is the most important slides.
11:00 want you to have to keep in and remember that and also understand
11:08 OK. And uh we today, know, we, we will cover
11:13 very, the biggest things that is to the characterization focusing on that.
11:21 we just said is what, how evaluate have two important parameters. One
11:28 the organic matter and another one is hydrocarbon generation potential. So I will
11:35 to go through all this kind of details about these two, these two
11:41 for the organic matter itself. We that there's a, that's the what
11:48 three we are talk how we are to cover that is the geological and
11:52 constraints and the petroleum generation and the good hydro hydrocarbon generation potential.
12:14 it's this two, that's two important I will cover today and you will
12:20 that what controls the organic matter the organ matter accumulation in the,
12:27 the base in nature. That's the important things. And uh yeah,
12:33 I get into that and uh why not work it, stop
12:55 I don't know why not to I run some technical problems. I
13:27 know why. OK. It should OK now. OK. So
14:35 I resolved the technical issues and uh I get, get into the
14:42 the real things, I still want let uh try using a little bit
14:48 simple description about the organic accumulation. about the think about being a best
14:59 we have water column, we have and uh have a living organisms and
15:07 can mainly lived in the water column which is the main source for organic
15:16 and also have some, some organic matter or plants can be transported from
15:24 the lands to the best. Think this picture. And uh so the
15:33 are the factors will control the the matter, living organisms, living organisms
15:42 the water column. So we will uh controlled by the the productivity of
15:53 organic matter or living organisms in the column. Yeah, that the van
15:57 productivity, this productivity will be determined nutrients in the water column. And
16:06 another various processes. Just think about . And then we have a I
16:18 living organism dies and fed down through water column and get deposited into the
16:29 , which is the water full of water. But there's a, there's
16:35 bit of sediments there. So just about that, if we have a
16:40 of living organisms and went through the , went through the water column and
16:46 to the, go to the we will have an enrichment of organic
16:52 . Yeah, in the, in sediments. Another. And this is
17:00 k and then you think about if there's a, there's a
17:06 we call the source supply from from lands through the erosion processes and
17:14 rivers or some other systems uh transport minerals into the basin and uh V
17:25 P not only introduce the nutrients to system in the basin in the,
17:31 the water column. Another sense will increase the sedimentary rate once increased sediment
17:40 rate our organic it can be because living organism is not really changed,
17:48 much, increase the rate in the organ. We will be getting
17:59 we call the so the sediments because increases the sedimentary reach and to create
18:08 more uh the co create the more and to the, the,
18:15 the more, more most more minerals to the sediments and will dilute the
18:21 content. This is called dilution. know what I mentioned that the,
18:25 one was called the productivity. Think that is in the water column that
18:30 controlled by the ecosystem and Uh Now mention another word called the dilution,
18:37 mineral dilution. OK. That is , that, that is related to
18:43 our sedimentary rot in the best. higher sedimentary rate will be the organic
18:51 will dilute the dilute to the sediments the organ sediment in the sediments.
18:57 the two C will become lower. . And uh that is the
19:03 that is the two key geological factors the T O C content. There's
19:10 very important the the the factors which a, which is the water column
19:17 condition. Maybe you, you remember yesterday, we said that you
19:23 we have uh almost 99% of the matter in the most systems is consumed
19:30 various of the biological processes, in oxidation. So in other words,
19:39 our water column is oxygen systems and do not really have a chance to
19:47 the organic matter. The in the column result in the lower organ content
19:54 the sediments. So another very important that is the water column oxidation
20:03 So it's, it's, it's the three things you know, it's
20:08 productivity and the mineral dilution of And and that is the water column
20:18 , the the reduction reduction condition, oxidation reduction conditions, think about it
20:27 be more or more reducing. Think that. If you have a uh
20:34 you have more oxy conditions, organ , you will be die that you
20:39 , that's the organisms and the who and can be oxidized, cannot really
20:46 preserved in the sediments. So we a more reducing condition. OK.
20:57 the the those are the just uh the big pictures and then it's will
21:02 very easy for us to run through rest of the, this the this
21:07 very academic uh the the and will you to, to understand these
21:15 So see that and uh this is water column. We, we show
21:19 , this, this, this one , but we will continue to talk
21:23 this one. You know, organisms many organisms living in the water column
21:32 uh through the various processes and also a transport the the plants to source
21:40 , which is from the side of water column that is from best,
21:45 the edge of the basin or mountains the best mountains areas and transported through
21:52 water rivers and the and the other systems and into the basin into the
21:58 column. And then you see that the water column, we have a
22:05 of oxidation processes can consume the organic . So that's it, the biogenic
22:15 and aerobic bacteria degradation as well. what happens here? I see that
22:22 , the correspondingly we have living organisms die or death. And those are
22:29 , the, the photo plant ring will be followed down to the,
22:36 the water sediment surface here. Once you get the water sediment surfaces.
22:44 this, this we talk about the conditions and that, that's also I
22:52 this, this this here is, know, we have a, have
22:56 oxygen contain oxygen contained in the water and also have a sulfate nitrate and
23:04 kind of things. And in the column, if that due to reducing
23:12 at reducing conditions, the the organic is it is not really significantly consumed
23:20 the oxidation by the oxygen oxidation. portion of them will be ox by
23:27 the sulfate reduction. That's bacteria sulfite . And also you see here that
23:35 is a bacteria carbonate reduction of the as I mentioned yesterday. And
23:42 we will have a CO2 generated and hydrogen sulfide generated. And the medicine
23:49 be generated through that this kind of processes. And, and the located
23:58 is this is the living organisms and go to the go this portion in
24:03 water, the the in the And that is the preserving the organic
24:09 remains and through the diogenes near surface and the biochemical alteration. And,
24:18 when you reach the relatively deeper I mentioned that the biological process of
24:28 , many bacteria can survive the favorable temperature that range less than 60
24:35 c, most of them in the of room temperature or to the 40
24:42 c. Actually, the many bacteria survive. Some bacteria can survive even
24:48 beyond 60 degree c. But most the bacteria is beyond six degree c
24:54 the bacteria is not, is not active animal. So, and uh
25:02 by back geochemical processes uh stops. what happens is that uh you see
25:09 through the living organisms and through the of these kind of bio degradation
25:17 the organic matter in the sediments is you it it changed. So the
25:25 ones is once reached the once reached the some the barrier depth, it
25:31 longer the or original organic matter. become another term we call the
25:38 Yeah, please please pay attention to the the term of Carro those we
25:44 be, we will talk about a today and just make you let you
25:49 understand what uh that's uh the terminology car. What type of car,
25:56 we evaluate the the gen types, which which is the because type of
26:04 affect the product, which what kind is good for the oil generation?
26:11 what type of car is not good the oil generation? It's uh which
26:17 mainly mainly determined by the what I about yesterday about the hydrogen carbon
26:28 Sometimes they could use the hydro carbon . Those ones. Yeah, is
26:33 , that is about the character. we we will talk about more of
26:36 later. And uh one of the about the character I want to the
26:43 uh definition of carro it, you , it's the, we have a
26:47 matter, we have oil samples. if we uh if we do put
26:54 the oils, oils in the very strong solvency, we, we
27:00 the dark medicine which is C H , C L two. Do me
27:07 CS two, there's a carbon CS two. Those are the two
27:15 strong solvents. We use the for dissolve the organ and the oil almost
27:23 can be completely devolved dissolved into the two, that very strong solvent uh
27:34 the batch, the character itself character cannot be dissolved in any kind of
27:43 organic solvents which we have. in other words, in other
27:49 this Carro, Carro is a very stable itself, solvency itself, solvency
27:57 be dissolved, can cannot be dissolved the. So we call that insoluble
28:04 a insoluble organ. Insoluble means cannot be dissolved in any solvents.
28:13 mentioned the two solvents, that's a two and uh uh C H two
28:21 L two. That's the dark medicine the, the, the carbon.
28:27 the, the sulfide, so character insoluble but Carrot, it can be
28:37 decomposed from the big molecular to the molecule. Water is the water are
28:46 smaller uh that is our oil and . So that what we see
28:52 you see that car goes through that A oh and, and we,
28:57 use another term called the cat you take the petro geology class and
29:05 know the di genesis cato Genesis and went through the maturation that similarly decomposed
29:15 came to generate the oil. So , this is uh this is how
29:23 , this plot I I I, know, I I spend more time
29:27 this plot just, just to let know that the two important two important
29:34 . One is the diogenes process which involved the bacterial bacterial activities that bi
29:43 call biochemical processes. The temperature is , normally lower than 60 degrees
29:51 And another process is called a cat , which is mainly referring to the
29:59 maturation gene. What do you, do you do? You want to
30:05 ? So it was all. because you know that everything above
30:19 that's the organism dies in the water . It from here to here,
30:26 almost 95% of the organic mushroom was become the product of the watch Co2
30:38 and some of the hydrogen sulfide. we think about that we have a
30:44 matter that c containing carbon and Yeah. And become Co2. That
30:50 you oxidize new products. So oxygen the oxygen in the water column and
30:59 sulfate n to those kind of oxygen compounds, all can be used by
31:07 to generate to, to, to the hydrocarbons. So from here to
31:13 then from here just the is uh only about a 5% of the initial
31:23 matter can be preserved in our You may ask me why you to
31:31 to me, why you say 5% organic matter in some formations like uh
31:37 know the have a yeah in in the North Dakota. But
31:45 the the best the organic matter in source rack after generator oil still can
31:54 reached about 15% to 20% to So if you just uh just to
32:04 you an example, you say, , if you say which person because
32:07 the organic density is low is about minerals, most of the minerals like
32:15 the those kind of minerals. Density all over the 2.6 Y. So
32:22 we want to mixing those things 15 to 20% of organic matter in
32:29 source rock, the volume percentage that percentage, 15 to 20%. What
32:36 estimate of volume percentage? Just uh simple type of two simple type of
32:43 that is 30 to 40% of the the volume in the sauce rack is
32:52 by the by the organic itself. think about that is how much organ
32:59 in the are. But when we about here say, OK, only
33:04 5% of the the organ match is to the character that in the in
33:13 of another processes, we said the processes. So those are the because
33:20 the rate, the dimension rate have be low. If you say the
33:26 really low, even you consume a portion of the organic matter. But
33:32 would say because it was mineral supply the system is still low and uh
33:39 can enrich the organically reach the source . So what I'm referring here is
33:47 why we care about character because you that everything, everything before here that
33:55 through biochemical processes and in the biochemical , pro product, major product that
34:06 and only use for economic. So biogenic gas can be accumulated to become
34:15 biogenic gas. I I told in , there's significant amount of hygenic contribution
34:22 the agent gather. Also in I think it not the but
34:30 that's the the only things, only things that actually through the biochemical process
34:38 actually that and everything, what should talk about the oil, all kinds
34:45 things it goes that, that come a car itself. So after the
34:53 geochemical alteration and know that the the form the car and the car is
35:00 precursor for our oil and natural That's why we, that's why this
35:08 a very important part for the it's . Sorry. OK. Yeah.
35:22 . I want to get a little more deeper. So we talk about
35:29 . You see that here as we about the primary preliminary productivity in the
35:36 on the lakes, you know, have algae, we have bacteria in
35:41 water column. You can imagine that in the geological time and similar to
35:46 we are. We are, water water rivers or oceans or lakes
35:51 the, we have algae bacteria and they have two kind of the,
35:58 , the water system. You we have marine which is ocean and
36:02 have lags which Los Lucas. And uh you see those,
36:08 those picture shows that some, some think there's some car bacteria.
36:14 And also have a or organic uh from land which which which we call
36:23 which we the the the including the plants which picture shows here and the
36:29 , SPS, pollens, rings and kinds of things. Yeah. So
36:36 see that on this, this is the the statement if you read this
36:42 , now you can get a better . You see the living organisms die
36:47 deposited as sediments in oceans, organs and swampers and preserved in petroleum
36:56 as a car. So now you know, and I spent some
37:02 in the previous life and now you better understand this sentiment. So that
37:08 that you know that what is is our the preserved organic matter in
37:18 , you under you, you get understanding about this statement and uh now
37:24 they just move, move, move again here. You see that they
37:29 , OK, look at about the , the sedimentation sedimentation, over 99%
37:36 uh food organic matter is consumed by key which is through the dien,
37:44 through the biochemical processes. Yeah. uh and the very rare anomic anoxic
37:57 , organic mavi is enhanced that can about 4%. Which is what I
38:04 the beginning, you know, I to think about that is just three
38:08 at the beginning. Before we get the to the our talk today,
38:13 talk about the productivity. You watch the. And another, another thing
38:21 a reducing condition of the water So let's say that here is that
38:27 , we need to have a really uh condition which is uh which,
38:32 , which prevent the significant amount of matter be consumed. And as a
38:40 , organic redistribution can be enhanced and can reach the 4%. OK.
38:47 to look to the, look at third point is bio degradation continues after
38:55 at a much shallower rate, forced sulfur reducing bacteria, taking up oxygen
39:03 giving out hydrogen sulfide. Then by , reducing bacteria, taking up oxygen
39:12 giving out medicine, which is a genesis. We we already discussed
39:20 discuss that one. And uh you , this is the bad degradation.
39:25 two very important processes we are look talking about here and it's actually the
39:32 the that I think is that there be three. But uh he mentioned
39:37 two that is good enough. So redaction that's called the bacteria, sulfate
39:44 will be the consume the sulfate and organic matter generate to the hydrogen
39:53 And also CO2 carbon dioxide because of organic matter is, yeah, the
40:01 is the the CO2. Another thing that you know, the carbon
40:07 bio carbonate itself reducing and involve the to generate the, generate, generate
40:15 the the the medicine on the Yeah. How's it going? And
40:22 the medicine is trapped in poor Sometimes it forms a hybrid with formation
40:29 . So OK. Here it's uh , the I I already discussed about
40:33 generation of the bio gas medicine do almost pure medicine is that the medicine
40:41 can be as high as 99% for gas. Also, you know,
40:47 mentioned about the the habits. How you heard this habit? This word
40:56 do do, do you know this hydrates? OK. Let me,
41:03 me give you a little bit of knowledge about that. You, you
41:08 this that in the ocean, in sediments, in the ocean and the
41:15 or in a centimeter of the ocean the, the, the the temperature
41:20 be as low as four degrees C uh this four degree C. And
41:27 pressure can be as high as some in the P S R range
41:34 even higher and the mass molecules and water can be combined together from the
41:44 hybrid like ice. But the molecules is about the, if I
41:54 correct, correct is about the one liters of that ice can contains about
42:03 cubic liters of the base. So , that's the kind of the things
42:11 the gas hydrated in the o the the in the ocean sediments, deep
42:17 sediments. And uh those, those you think about that the temperature required
42:23 low and the pressure require higher. can be formed in the ocean.
42:29 uh it's also can be uh can decomposed. Those are the people talk
42:36 the use hydrogen hydrate as a future resources because there is a significant amount
42:44 medicine, it had been trapped. what I say is, you
42:49 one cubic liters of the ice volume a six cubic liters of me.
42:57 is a lot, that's a lot the, a lot of me
43:01 And then if they, if we're to reduce the temp uh increased
43:07 slightly increased temperature can make the the destroy the hydroge which which melt
43:16 ice and release, release, release mess from a habit. And uh
43:23 far there are two countries, at two countries is really favorable, this
43:29 of resources. One country is uh know, we, we, we
43:34 very rich, co one of the country, but uh they do not
43:39 uh too much resources that Japan they do have a really big ocean
43:47 and but do not really have other . They do have very rich of
43:51 hydrated. So they are developing try to try to try to explore
44:00 develop the hybrid gas hybrid for their energy use at the 11
44:08 another country is China. You China, they have a really big
44:12 . Any kind of energy source can can it can be, it can
44:19 good uh pay attention by the Chinese . And uh so that's a gas
44:27 is also one of the forecasting at . So what they did, they
44:33 the veils horizontally and slightly increase of formation temperature by some uh some,
44:41 kind of the physical physical method and the, destroy the ice fractures,
44:48 and the which is the, the destroy the ice and then release
44:52 , release the gas. And uh think both countries they successfully make this
44:59 initial test and uh to extract the medicine from gas from the sea
45:08 and but it still not really reach commercialization level. Let's see yet another
45:15 for the uh for the gas Uh the current actually in a,
45:22 a permanent permanent forest. Uh I hope I'm pronouncing that correct.
45:29 , you know, in Russia, Russia there is that the winter is
45:33 long and the temperature is low. permanent? Yeah, it,
45:41 I, I think I did the, the, the, the
45:45 , what, what that was? . Yeah. And uh you
45:50 it's the, it's low but that you have a very permanent,
45:57 the, the ice forms in the maybe can reach about a few 100
46:03 . Those provide a very good, opportunity. And at least we know
46:09 the, the here is we have significant amount of the medicine generate.
46:14 , because of the bad of chemical , consume the organic matter. But
46:20 , many of the molecules go to go to at if you have that
46:25 , permanent performance. That's right. . OK. And then you,
46:34 have ice there, you have mass and the the from the, the
46:41 the shadow was the the the organic source and then mass molecule can be
46:48 and form the gas hybrid. So are the another another another another
46:54 So those are, those are about gas, the gas hybrid.
46:57 gas hybrid also. Can you think that is guess what, what,
47:04 are the issues of gas that can the environmental issues? And also
47:11 for from the in terms of m as things and also the name of
47:18 safety issues because the, you supposed for those things is relatively
47:25 the the the occurring relatively loosely If you really destroy the, destroy
47:34 kind of the, the the hybrid the hybrid structures and uh let the
47:41 release out and then you have a issues of that. Your, your
47:48 sediment will be not really reached the and the sediments will be the sediment
47:55 , in particular sea flow. The can be uh can be moved that
48:00 affect you any kind of the military in, in the subsea.
48:07 And that's the one thing, another is about the uh I think
48:11 you know, that's like the deep dring and they put all the pipelines
48:16 the in the sea floor and uh that temperature temperature is low in the
48:24 in the sea flow. So the the gas transported them through the pipelines
48:31 the sea floor, the the pipeline temperature low and there's some water if
48:36 some water in the the gas production can form the gas hydrogen in the
48:43 . As as a result, they block the pipelines. Once you block
48:47 pipelines, you you have a really risk for your your pipeline can be
48:54 on the expose. Expose that. , those kind of things is that
48:59 for safety issues for the that is concerned or the. Ok, that
49:06 a few moments please. Oh Bridge, bridge. Ok.
49:14 let's have a break. Ok, to the say the controlling factors to
49:23 generation explosion and accumulation, that big and uh that just went through this
49:30 and it says factors to controlling the carbon generation and the explosion.
49:35 See first one, first of you know, we we talk about
49:38 organic matter. Yeah, you they, they use a much better
49:43 words here that called called the formation organic matter rich sediments. And uh
49:51 talk about the geo biological alteration which to the preservation of the organic
49:59 So they use more good description of called the preservation of a hydrogen rich
50:09 matter. Do not forgot you know , this not not only, not
50:13 preservation of organic matter, let's talk the preservation of the hydrogen rich organic
50:19 . Why we need hydrogen rich organic . Bring your mind back to the
50:25 hydrogen carbon ratio which I wrote I said because the oil and gas
50:33 a hydrogen rich products. So your , your organic matter should also to
50:41 a hydrogen rich in order to generate oil and the gas, the more
50:45 and the gas. Yeah. Another sense is that is what he
50:53 is some say that what he said the of organic matter. It's I
51:01 English words, it's actually mature That is the the the the the
51:10 the of, of the the Yeah, but if you listen the
51:17 and we see, I, when pronounce those things, I feel
51:21 there are the process that the Yeah, that's a maturation is a
51:27 . So that's a thermal maturation of organ measure. So that's through the
51:32 maturation, we will have a product is the oil and gas. And
51:40 here let's have the another thing is the generation of the critical amount of
51:46 . Why we need the critical amount higher hydrocarbons? Because we need to
51:50 the retention capacity of the source In other words, you need to
51:58 enough of the oil and gas in to become a very effective source rock
52:09 the generation of excessive pose pressure to fracturing of rock. So those are
52:17 , those are the factors controlling hydrocarbon and the explosion. In short
52:23 they say, ok, organic organic type, some maturation and
52:34 So those are the, those are important things and uh just, just
52:38 it, make these things a little short and simple like that. And
52:44 factors to controlling the hydrocarbon accumulation, things you needed. If you have
52:54 , if you have a traps and in the basin and those traps not
53:00 you have a traps, it not you that is the, that is
53:06 , the, the that trap is contain the oil because because before oil
53:13 into that trap, all the traps filled by what all the traps that
53:21 porous material, the reservoirs was filled water by water. Yes. So
53:29 why the con the compaction of the of the sauce base you need to
53:34 a really good sauce base that the being critical uh elements. In order
53:41 us to evaluate the hydrocarbon cumulation, need to have a source of the
53:48 and the release of hydrocarbons in quantities the retention capacity of the carrier carrier
53:57 . What that means is that, know, once oil generated into the
54:04 and expelled out of rock and along migration path which is a four and
54:14 and go get into the reservoir, call the carrier bed and the reservoir
54:23 filled by the water and also reservoir a really high pro the pro is
54:31 . It can be reached 10 So it all go there and uh
54:40 based on the boy, boy, , boy that, yeah, that's
54:49 thing. And uh because of the density of the oil and the gas
54:53 lower than water. And also, know, if we have a uh
54:58 carrier base like this, this our source rock is here is in
55:02 deep, deep center. Our carrier is go to the slope of the
55:07 and uh and the oil is mad the caravan can be further age to
55:15 to the to to the higher, supposed here, the trap on the
55:21 , on the way to the there should be have some oil will
55:25 retained in the car. Yeah, are the what we talked about since
55:30 . So the release of hydrocarbons in be exceeding the retention of capacity of
55:36 carrier base. So some significant amount the oil will be retained in the
55:42 base along the migration path. Got you. And uh another point
55:50 about the presence of the poorest premi base. But the g to the
55:57 , this this point, I want emphasize a little bit more about
56:01 you know, we, yeah, I I it's I still take the
56:07 Basin as the example. You the permanent basin, we have a
56:11 , the sub basins, west side the data basin and the east side
56:17 the in the center that is called central central basin platform. So central
56:23 platform is not source of the it's not not, not the original
56:29 source bed deposit. The oil is in the two basins and the reach
56:35 charged into the central basin platform which carbonate, reservoirs and reservoirs and some
56:44 fracture reserves. And uh so those, those ones is that,
56:51 if you, that that was, was the, the the based on
56:55 unconventional, the conventional control system. uh and the people start to,
57:02 think back to the 19 seventies and structure traps, you cannot really find
57:12 much. The structure traps is limited the best and the the easy,
57:19 ones, people will find the easy at the beginning and after a few
57:25 and the easy ones, it is longer existed you. That means geologist
57:29 to find something new. That's why all of this, keep in mind
57:34 geologist, what the GEO, where the oil? Where, where are
57:39 oil, you know best? Which, which place of the oil
57:45 be? That should, should be preserved. And that is in our
57:52 geologists mind. In other words, need to always thinking for something
57:58 new play, new formation, new of traps. So back to the
58:05 seventies, they are looking for the type of traps which is called uh
58:11 not a, they're not the the but uh that's the, the the
58:18 call the Strat graphic trap, which that, you know, you have
58:24 thunderstorm develop here and then the the become a so that Sara is very
58:35 to your, so that oil generation the sun, the milestones can be
58:42 and charged into the sun. There's , there's no trap, no,
58:48 no structure trap. That is the that the the only form the because
58:54 this change, this change. So form the Strat graphic trap. Those
59:02 the those kind of the new traps guide the guide the oil, the
59:08 exploration in the many best since after seventies. So that's the this,
59:15 is the what is called the talk the Strat graphic and the structure inter
59:22 that provide barrier to migrate to Yeah. OK. That is about
59:31 . And uh let us talk about generation. We already show this one
59:39 or getting much sediments and the depositional . And this is the, the
59:52 Bead and he required the students if interested also, you know, it's
59:58 read the, read the paper, , I I would say that if
60:04 today, you know, because we have a three class, the
60:07 students the next week we will have students. And this to the maybe
60:13 , you know, you guys can that. Maybe Hayden said,
60:17 I will read the, the first , anoxic environments on oil source base
60:23 . And Robin said, OK, will read the organic physis, which
60:27 such graphic concept on exploration to and so you don't need to read the
60:33 to the two of them for to Bible, but you can separately
60:38 read each paper and then share with , spend your five minutes or whatever
60:46 or even the 10 minutes. You , I can give 10 minutes my
60:49 to you and share the paper with, with our, with us
60:55 uh what you learn what they, their concepts are and those kind of
61:01 . And uh similar to the test site, you can, you can
61:06 what, what I think you have papers and uh you look at this
61:11 and you, you got discussed uh, in that time, you
61:14 , you read it, each of read one and, uh, after
61:18 shared and, uh, all of can learn 33 papers. Yeah.
61:23 , save a little bit of time you really interested again and then you
61:28 get back to read the other The other students read the,
61:32 the, the papers. But that be getting much easier for you to
61:36 it after you. After you listen in, in, in introducing,
61:41 know, if they spend uh maybe spend two hours to read it and
61:44 five minutes to get to share or us. But after one, after
61:48 , once you, once, once read, read the last paper back
61:52 you could only take your half hour one hour to save you at least
61:57 hour time. OK. Conditions vary of organic organic rich sediments which is
62:10 potential source rock. And the first all, which is abundant supply of
62:17 rich or organic debris, including the plant remains, which is uh you
62:28 , that's the, that's the bund of the of the organic or organic
62:33 organisms. And the second one is protection from a biogenic or biogenic
62:45 How rich that on the sedimentation in energy water wrap the transport to depositional
62:55 which is uh go to the go the sediments and uh stagnation enhanced by
63:05 of oxygen during a a of the of the organic matter under the by
63:12 currents. And the last one is optimum rate of sedimentation. The slow
63:23 to prevent a dispersive dilution and rapidly to provide the oxidation barrier. So
63:32 can see that and the still the , those are the still three things
63:39 are talking at the beginning is the , which is a, it was
63:45 very academic words about the supply of rich organic uh the organic to the
63:55 . And the second is the And uh they use a very good
64:02 called the protection from the ox, biogenic occupation and the occupation. And
64:12 last one is called sedimentary rate. I gave a sedimentary reach, its
64:16 the reach of sedimentation play two First role is uh you know,
64:23 uh it it is slow enough to dilution because we have more high sediment
64:30 , higher dilution to the organism And uh another thing is enough to
64:38 to provide the oxidation barrier. And uh you know, if you
64:43 a minerals in the water column in enough and then you have a less
64:50 to dissolve the oxygen in the water uh look at the environments that the
65:01 for the deposition of organic rich And uh you know, he used
65:08 word they called the potential and the I I would say the potential suspects
65:18 could be better, better worse for to understand the future is a little
65:24 . It's because uh yeah, if , if you think about the,
65:29 about the, the plot and uh we talk about the water column and
65:34 sediments and went through the bad geochemical is very deeper. Become a and
65:42 sub think about that one. And what, what is he referring here
65:48 the future source source? That is mean not means that that that's uh
65:54 know, it's uh we have in to have a organic reach the sediments
66:01 uh organic rich sediments is not equivalent our source be, but that will
66:09 uh our few those organic rich sediments our future sauce sauce rocks on.
66:19 , I still think it's a word potential as a good word instead of
66:24 is future. Confusing a lot. two main environments as marine environments which
66:35 nutrient supply and preservation are controlling factor the shelves of the open oceans and
66:43 sealed seas and also the data and on the shelves of the open oceans
66:50 the seas. And let, let , let, let me explain a
66:54 bit about here. No, we have a big, we have
67:01 , the the I think it's a , you, you learn the marine
67:10 system. Can you describe the geographic the marine, you know, from
67:18 the your land to your shore length your slope to your the deep
67:24 the deepest can just Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, that is
67:34 you know, we have two place , to think about that. We
67:39 a we, we will cost and have slope, we have a deep
67:45 uh in the coast area they have significant interest, sediment supply.
67:53 it's from river floral systems that have sediment supply. And those area do
68:01 think is very good for the our matter source deposition or not organ reached
68:10 deposition or not cost area? You . You know we have a
68:20 yeah, in, in the basin have a cross area slope and the
68:24 basin and in the course area, have a significant of the sediment supply
68:32 from the floral systems. And uh question is uh cost area is uh
68:40 , it can become a good area the source rock deposition. OK.
68:52 the most time will be not. , that the two reasons let's think
68:58 that is that we talk about a of things about preservation of organic
69:03 Preservation is mainly caused by the oxidation the coast area. The water dissolve
69:11 oxygen in the water column is So that's the water content is high
69:17 matter. Even the productivity is the areas high but cannot really be
69:25 It can be oxidized. So that not cause area normally is not good
69:31 the for the organ preservation. And reason is because they have really high
69:38 supply, sediment supply from systems. those are the definite that will be
69:44 , significant value to the organ enrichment 22 things. OK. Go to
69:52 shelves, we go to the If the shelves, we will be
69:57 to be a good area for for the organ preservation. Ok.
70:04 , slightly better but still not good . But if further go, go
70:11 deep purpose, go to deep There. Actually, the places can
70:17 preserved or getting much richer the The reason is that the reason
70:23 you know, this uh the organisms on the follow down and the the
70:30 the deposit in the sediments, but sediment rich is low. So that
70:37 uh can be in enriched the make organic enrich the machine. That is
70:43 the area. You, you have ideas in your mind. OK.
70:47 you have a old marine system, are the po potentially organic rich shells
70:55 be deposited to be, go to , you know, the the deep
71:01 portion that one things, however, , everything have, however,
71:10 In in the, if the marine system, there's a, there's some
71:18 some uh some bay area, so bay area and uh sometimes most of
71:25 they connect with the open motion, sometimes it's not really connected with the
71:32 , the the open ocean, those area, that's a wonderful area for
71:38 enrichment of the organic matter deposits. why they said they called the,
71:46 the sea bass. Sea bass you know, the open ocean there
71:52 there. But you do have the geographically higher fields are developed,
72:01 a or whatever are developed. And this in this part is close to
72:07 cost by the close your cost. , but you form a B B
72:12 . Those bay area have very good supply because the water circulation is not
72:20 , as, as very strong as open ocean and also have a very
72:26 nutrient supply from the river, the . And uh those are the,
72:34 are the very good area for you sauce, the soy sauce,
72:39 So that is the 22 areas. then let's talk about data. I
72:45 that hidden. You are the, are the geo geologist, take the
72:51 classes, right? Did you take geo petroleum geology class? Yeah,
72:59 haven't seen yet this summer. Do you, do you know the
73:04 systems? The Yeah, bye. . Yeah, let, let me
73:13 you, give you a little bit this things. You know, the
73:17 delta system is one of the, we did the, the do the
73:21 the the the petroleum system analysis, will divide it divided the to
73:27 the, to the, to look your big geological background. And this
73:33 system is that it will be very compared to the deportation system.
73:39 the data system you have rivers, , the rivers carry a significant amount
73:45 sand from London to the to the uh to the, to the
73:52 And those those channels can be can the the the the the the rivers
73:58 know, form the channels. Those can be as long as a
74:02 few miles and the few even the the even higher miles. That that's
74:10 the call that that channel like a a river in the ocean and transport
74:16 sun from land to into the basin into the, into the ocean,
74:22 miles and even 10 miles away. then that's the energy will be become
74:29 lower. Yeah, the channels energy lower. Once it become lower,
74:33 happens, the sun will be because deposits and sun is deposited and then
74:40 have a sun deposited in the in shelf of the basin or even can
74:48 once you go to the shelf of basin and then there's forms, the
74:54 is the flow forms and they can carry those kind of the those kind
75:00 the the standard materials to the even ba even deeper. So eventually they
75:06 , you will see the sun, , thunderstorms interbedded with the organic reach
75:13 shells in the ba ba ba in deeper basin. So that can form
75:20 very good sun because it is very to the rack gene oil can usually
75:29 charge the interest. The suns become . Wonderful. Yeah. So and
75:36 the for the for the the the data system, which I say the
75:41 and then the energy become lower. transported into the basin or into the
75:47 , it become on the standard start deposit. And the channels through the
75:52 we will be changing their their the channels one time is here,
75:58 time you moved here, another moved here, one time, moved
76:01 . And eventually you will see that have a channel channel developed and then
76:06 have the sun will be continuously But those, those things is not
76:13 depose at the same time. That's why they can continue to develop in
76:19 a sun sheet. It's because the channels is changing from time to time
76:26 from this channel, this time to this time, not this time,
76:31 your front of data that sun sun can be continuously developed. And then
76:38 time, sometimes you do the your and you know, go this direction
76:43 sometimes back to this direction. And what happens, you will have a
76:49 , multiple think layered sound that developed the deep. Those are the,
76:56 are very, become very good that delta systems is a very good system
77:04 the exploration of the oil and gas . So that, that's when you
77:10 the geo geology, geology classes and , the, the teacher will,
77:16 show this kind of system for That, yeah. Yeah,
77:20 that is the, that actually come the, the data system.
77:27 And uh OK, let's go to continental environment that's not marine,
77:32 that's not in the ocean and go to the land and then with what
77:37 see, there's a slump and the blocks and the freshwater lakes and uh
77:45 , we know that that that still have many, many las develop developed
77:49 our land now. Yeah. And in particular in Dallas, I know
77:54 many legs. There are the drive there. Yeah. And uh in
77:58 Missouri and uh in the Michigan and have many, many big legs as
78:05 . And, and uh well which house it's uh in, in
78:14 same thing, there's a big legs in the lung and uh we call
78:21 look at the Lucas systems and uh the deposit to the deposit, the
78:29 organic rich source rocks and in the States. Have you heard the
78:37 river? Uh the shell river shall Ohio. Yeah. Yeah. River
78:44 . That is the shell deposits in fresh fresh water and uh many,
78:51 basins in China is not marine That's the become their sauce, very
78:59 oil producing area and uh depose the sauce two systems. This just shows
79:12 Jurassic source racks in Mexico. And you, you can see this is
79:20 this this is some sections and you see the texture of of the organic
79:25 . This is the the pink be pink beds here. The organ mature
79:33 paralleled deposited with some clay minerals. so this you see the text texture
79:43 or embedding a pa arrangement of the overlapping stack to the layers for the
79:52 orientations. It's uh that's why it , you know the clay because the
80:01 particles is very small. It's have have any ideas about how big of
80:06 clay particles? So uh-huh uh what of that? Yeah, I think
80:21 0.62 nanometer micrometers. Yeah, that's . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
80:30 . Good, good. I I try to the, the reason you
80:34 , I try to bring you to , bring your knowledge to the slides
80:39 you say, oh yeah, you the clear minerals, you know,
80:42 the very, very fine clear minerals the deposit. You can, you
80:47 feel the how low energy system is the those kind of organic matter on
80:57 deposit, they they the layering the microliter mali side of the particles can
81:08 deposited as a layer. And uh , you can imagine that how the
81:15 or how low of the energy of water system. And that and at
81:22 seems to come in the organic matter a layer can be interbedded deposits with
81:29 claim. OK. Controls on the rock development. It's uh organic
81:44 organic preservation and this triangle plots. uh I want to bring you here
81:54 they see that OK. We, call the productivity. We, we
82:00 , we say the organic matter enrichment is one of the factor is the
82:06 . What affect the productivity? Look this, the tual pros and uh
82:13 worry about these things. I I , I will walk you through and
82:18 whole ideas, whole idea that also things is not really good that you
82:23 need to know too much. But know, the process is help you
82:28 something you know, it's uh this is called a be symmetry and which
82:35 determined by the sea level and the position and atmosphere circulation which create a
82:44 . You see that is the the Basson symmetry and the coastal, those
82:54 of positions will affect the nutrient supply how the nutrient supply affect affected by
83:03 those those things that by the upgrading by the continental ring of this that
83:13 systems and also thermal he circulation which circulation. I don't know that.
83:25 , it's like a thermal like so water get over as you go
83:30 So it basically like under water like . Oh OK. So that means
83:36 the water have a stretch stretch graphic , the the Strat graphic that the
83:43 top layer, top, top portion the and the bottom of the is
83:49 cooler. And if you have a , provide a water, introduce it
83:55 your water, into your legs or your ocean, rivers provide a higher
84:00 the the temperature there is actually uh . Yeah, it has like that
84:08 now. Uh So that's why you that outside because of that area.
84:22 . Yeah, thank, thank you that interpretation. You see that and
84:26 really, really good. And you describe how the app I,
84:30 never understand clearly about the a the the occurring. It's uh it's
84:37 you have a water to the, have a warm water in the top
84:41 the cooler water in the bottom but you introduce a new warm water
84:47 the, to the cool water and cause the up, up.
84:53 OK. They can switch right Uh-huh. OK. Like that
85:04 they probably, and also have some , you know, similar events and
85:13 from the sea, the dips that maybe from sea water, Deep
85:20 that volcanic eruption. So kind of that can cause the cause the
85:25 the temperature change as well. OK. OK. OK. This
85:35 all affect the neutron new nutrient supply the recycling and then go to the
85:43 corner here. You see, we saw the, the sunlight
85:49 it's because solar actually that really affected , the, the growing of organisms
85:55 the water. Column and uh to the solar flux and latitude and
86:02 and the that affect the sunlight And also a another another factor is
86:12 the water salinity, water sanity is by the, you know, the
86:16 pre precipitation and the evaporation and the on the circulation factor. Water circulate
86:24 sanity. So the primary productivity is affected by the three things. There's
86:30 new supply and the lights and the in, in the water column.
86:39 uh you, you don't need to the the the you just just you
86:44 need to remember everything. Just to this process. I know also ocean
86:53 versus productivity. And those are the . What, what those this plus
86:59 the oh ocean area. What the ones, huh? What's that?
87:17 , let me see. Oh, all. Yeah. OK. What
87:33 that all have, right? Uh about 9%. The cost for
87:44 about 10%. This is the the area and this side is uh called
87:51 ocean productivity. OK. OK. I get it. That means
87:57 that, that productivity is mainly a amount of the productivity organism even in
88:07 area. Expect about 900 almost And uh in the ocean area,
88:14 only takes about 10%. But uh terms of the, the water quality
88:20 itself, that's a river. this is a, what should this
88:26 us? And I will, I get those ones as well. This
88:31 the ocean surface productivity and it shows high low production area, the black
88:40 ones, those are the area to that it actually shows the high productivity
88:46 to see that high productivity is the the close the cost and those are
88:59 different uh geological time and uh And this is the ocean.
89:09 this is still the productivity at different is the oceanic primary productivity and the
89:20 color shows the high and the And OK, I see all
89:43 this uh I think it is called area that have a higher product for
90:00 . It's the opening match for. this, those are those are you
90:21 I send the so over all those tell the story is about how the
90:32 affect organic matter uh region. I think this is a little bit
90:47 the slide across. So that look the, the, the first one
90:54 the y axis is all productivity axis different uh different uh different uh
91:06 And uh if you look at this , it easier one if you look
91:10 the product was the solar input and solar input is high. In in
91:16 words, it is a more light have a higher production and in general
91:24 , and you look to the latitude uh you know the is the the
91:31 the big latitude referring to the cooler Yeah. So that's a, that's
91:37 , this one, the latitude is higher, bigger latitude and go to
91:42 North pole and the south pole and less productivity that makes sense. And
91:49 sea level, if the sea level and uh we have a higher productivity
91:56 the cost area get bigger. So that's the the higher product.
92:03 because the new supply, of the higher you can supply and the
92:07 product and this is a carbon dioxide , higher car or higher product because
92:18 because of because the the sensor will you, right? It's uh in
92:32 to let the uh the plants growing you need to use the CO2 on
92:38 lights on the water and uh to, to make the, make
92:43 plants. So that's why, why di di this is to the process
92:59 that makes sense. OK? Controls the source rock development again. And
93:11 this one, we, we already through this one already and bring,
93:15 it back again. And, and it, you know, it's
93:21 we, we, we already go this one. But when you look
93:24 this lab, maybe you can get , a little bit easier understanding what
93:31 process is, how control the organic reach in the, in the
93:43 OK? I I want to spend little bit of time here to,
93:49 , to, to let us go this slide. Uh This is the
93:54 . We, we previously, we about uh the pre primary productivity.
94:02 . And that is the organ, the organisms, the factors to control
94:07 organism of. And now we talk that after the organ die and uh
94:15 the can be preserved or preservation. there's, there's a first look at
94:24 , the factor is about oxygen. that this, this one is the
94:30 content and another one is about the distance or sedimentary reach this, that
94:40 geology is actually the oxygen. And one is uh some chemical chemical processes
94:50 will be involved in and the carbonate will win that we use the the
95:02 oxygen to be further oxide, the which is through the. So the
95:09 process, the process or production to reduction process. And uh let us
95:18 at the idea and this is uh relatively easy to link for us.
95:25 have a higher sedimentary rate. Of , you better preserve our, the
95:32 matter, but too high, too will result in what? Yeah.
95:44 . So that should it be, it be at a reasonable rate in
95:52 to get the the for the organize ? I OK. Come here.
96:05 is uh many, many here. uh over there first, we have
96:12 organic of oxygen supplies and the oxygen oxygen supplies from the oxygen dissolved in
96:23 water, the oxygen. So actually we talk about the oxygen contain the
96:30 that is so much. And uh that reach the water circulation actually for
96:39 and the demand is the biological productivity also require. So, and
96:49 which two processes, which two kind processes control the oxygen content in the
96:57 . And uh this is the the the sense that we need to look
97:03 the, look at the oxygen in level that could be uh oxy or
97:12 or the level. So everything related the organic preservation is r to the
97:24 saying the oxygen could have come from oxygen, dissolve the oxygen molecule of
97:31 , the from air into the And another thing is often provided by
97:38 often contain and the and, and any questions related to this slide,
97:53 talk about the productivity. Now we about the preservation. Yeah, I
98:01 to to the to to this song see that back on and I see
98:07 OK. OK. Go go there the water in a sedimentary column and
98:13 in particularly in a biogenic biochemical zone oxygen is actually dissolved into the from
98:24 air into the water. This parliament there that the air, the water
98:32 oxygen dissolved in the in the water the main oxygen in the water.
98:41 some, some some oxygen is over the water can be, can be
98:46 also gone out into the and uh once in the in the sediment in
98:56 sediment portion is the water and water and some sediments here. If
99:04 if the reach a system that still an oxygen zone in the,
99:15 that's a lot of them. For , for the, you see,
99:20 see some, some kind of those kind of uh uh the vertical
99:26 here. Those are the, the who can leave them in the and
99:35 if the, if you look at rocks, if you look at the
99:40 , they, they have, they the bad. That's but B activation
99:50 uh all those kind of things. you can see that uh some,
99:57 some and uh the in the sediments change in the sediments that do all
100:07 oxygen inside of the, of the the organism, I suppose and then
100:17 to them and another, so which reduction and we talk about that voltage
100:27 the organic matter to reach the five the CO2 and those, those have
100:35 be uh really have a bacteria to reduction and bacteria, bacteria. And
100:45 CO2 can be involved in the water the car and which, which,
100:52 really controls on the P H of water, the water and the further
101:02 and, and some hydrogen also through , the carbonate from water to the
101:18 , all involved in the bacteria or geochemical processes. They do not really
101:26 about anything here about the character. all talk about the, the OK
101:34 organism, the waterboarding and additional but to think about what kind of obsession
101:46 is and the what else? No metamorphic processes in the, you
102:00 , the, you know, and process and uh here that the,
102:09 the of less and less and goes the all of it, aspiration,
102:19 and then, and then the further the those those that still have a
102:24 or which is and the last ecological development of which reducing demand.
102:43 those data and just give you a general the ideas about the how the
102:52 living organisms forms and how those ones the the sediments and the last
103:03 But secondly, all those things can be out by the biochemical processes.
103:13 are the, those are the very you know, this, this is
103:16 , this is the area, many the the sedimentary geologists and who
103:24 on the current sediments in the ocean the lakes in the soil. And
103:30 are, they are really do a of work in this area.
103:42 Now, coming to some something you see the oxygen solubility, oxygen
103:50 in the water and uh relate to sal salinity. The increase of the
103:57 actually the the oxygen so become become , this is uh this is very
104:04 , this is very normal. Since other words, in other words,
104:08 we, OK, did the, we put the at home. We're
104:12 some, uh, some, uh, some kind of,
104:19 yeah, you know. Yeah, just forgot that I cannot, I
104:25 really, uh, describe that clearly , in, in English the,
104:30 , how to making some, some , salt, salt, the,
104:35 vegetables at home. It, you know, they, they put
104:39 , put it into a small My wife, when she make
104:42 she put it into a small ja they put to the, put some
104:47 some, some uh uh car roads kind of the, the,
104:54 the the kind of the vegetables into jar and then add, add
104:59 add the very salt, uh the into the jar and then cook
105:06 just leave it there for, for few few days and then you can
105:10 it. That is how they, , they make the, make
105:15 the, the very, very delicious the, the very delicious,
105:21 the delicious vegetables for our breakfast. after that, when, when you
105:28 your sanity or the point, I to come back to that point when
105:34 increase your sanity, increase your salt 36% of sodium chloride. That kind
105:41 salt. Yeah. And then your in that salt become very low.
105:49 why the you that carrots do. really uh after a few days you
105:55 eat because the oxygen content is very . Yeah, just, just to
106:00 you that kind of examples. And also that uh we, we do
106:06 uh some uh some se sedimentary basin particularly in the shell. And they
106:12 have a very thin salt and un un hydride can be can be
106:23 And at the same time, at same time, have organic reach,
106:28 thin layers or thin layers can be . So the thing on the single
106:34 is actually organ preservation is getting much compared to without thought system. So
106:43 this is another kind of improved standard as the oxygen solubility with increasing of
106:53 and lower is the the this the will help will help for the organ
107:03 . OK. And uh what's this is pure water on the air?
107:08 at the oxygen, oxygen concentration in water and the temperature you see that
107:16 the high temperature increase, the temperature actually in the water become lower at
107:25 there. Yeah. So that totally sense if you, if you increase
107:29 your your your temperature in the water uh the oxygen content are lower.
107:39 uh what I'm thinking about your surveiling , you described them. And if
107:46 have a temperature temperature in this and cool her future for the current temperature
108:00 about. So if you can, know your spelling process and uh you
108:09 the cool water to the, into , into the water and it will
108:16 that enhance the oxygen can be give dissolved in the water because a show
108:35 of the oxygen that yes, uh uh just think about that and those
108:45 the preservation factors by environment. Now, there's a, with,
108:50 that previous two slides that is the . Now we back to the geology
108:57 geology. You see that, This is the thing that this is
109:03 , what is the, this one , and the organ is really
109:17 which is the product with the, what is the, what's the,
109:25 uh the, you can see the country and the production in the middle
109:36 uh go to the oxygen medium and have an organ from the one person
109:47 Ireland. And then also the, I the and the country to become
109:57 role and go to the open oceans technically be becoming even lower and uh
110:05 to the water renewable zones. the organic, this is the all
110:16 to the preservation factors and the What you this, this a combined
110:21 two factors together that productivity and We know that the have a higher
110:32 or close to the cost. And also higher organic preservation because of
110:40 reduced environment and the water body. uh you can see that from here
110:54 here in the, once the oxygen become higher and not built for the
111:04 . OK. I try to look the, the, to look at
111:08 plot, the and about the controls the organic matter preservation. See that
111:20 is the in terms of preservation and that seven iron sedimentary rate initially is
111:33 for the preservation for the privilege. , this rate is too high and
111:41 start to decrease in the preservation. is the, that is, I
111:47 that's the because of the, because the the the factor too high.
111:55 uh look at the organ function was product to the preservation. And of
112:02 , the high or differing and food addition. And uh look at
112:10 the second time, the second I, I believe that talk about
112:18 the second time in the water Second time in the, in,
112:25 , in the sediments which contains the and went through the biochemical process,
112:34 kind of thing. That's the second . Of course, you know,
112:39 , those, those things can have have more opportunities to, to what
112:52 the higher latitude and uh have a preservation, what that means productivity that
113:01 still related to our. And uh uh this is the age, of
113:07 , so on the, but the is same kind of. So the
113:13 oxygen and less preservation, higher less preservation. And the it's not
113:21 not that the truth that this, too general because they, because once
113:28 have a so you have to, , if you generate, generate hydrogen
113:34 , such hydrogen sulfide and then hydrogen can be reduced. Can is a
113:42 significant indicator of, of the reducing in reducing environment to the further
113:51 I it's not totally true for this to some degree. Yes.
114:04 Let's try through this table of the . There are about two or share
114:12 and uh that's an option and that's about an ox that both of
114:24 color is second K to the location the third KOM distribution sent it has
114:40 through this table and out and this this in the, in the
114:51 And uh look at the, the geograph, beautiful raining and really uh
115:07 because the actually the and graphic contribution the settings Strat graphically is a continuous
115:25 and no life system. What that that means, you know, if
115:31 have an and the organic rich, layers or rack can be continuously distributed
115:42 the best. That is because it a no, it's a oxygen contain
115:50 , the, the, the oxygen . The and the second one is
115:56 , a still the best which is which is the go to the ocean
116:04 is like a bay area or some things. The temperature is the the
116:11 the raining and the intra sees also on the shelf. And the graphical
116:26 is a variable and the trend tends be reaches at bottom of the
116:36 So this is the um it's actually still the basin it's uh can be
116:43 , the, the, the QC organ can be reached very, can
116:49 very rich. So in this, this area because, because still it's
116:56 , the, the, the, , because of the, the,
117:01 productivity and the preservation both are And the third anoxic layers, the
117:15 the oceanic shells at low left and left side of continental and often narrow
117:25 that can be one the most points and di di and also developed what
117:38 means is that it's, that is , that is the upgrading, upgrading
117:45 of the upgrading and they can bring neutrons to the to to the bottom
117:51 the water which enhance the productivity in area. But actually look at those
117:59 but often they have very limited But yeah, sometimes it also this
118:08 sometimes also the this layers can be a very important uh source rock because
118:18 this the effective source track because very to the sun carrier base those.
118:26 the last one is a an this the best developed at the times of
118:34 global up. And the major that the three level Rs uh with and
118:47 very spirit with the detail variation Uh So what what this tells tells
118:58 is that it's uh in particular, know, for the marine marine shells
119:07 we know that mainly developed in the particular in the United States. It's
119:12 the Mississippi Ed, actually the shell the Mississippi edge and then the Devonian
119:20 , Devonian shell, hopefully I pronounce correct. Devonian shell actually developed in
119:27 as the basin. And also Masala is the demon basin. Devonian
119:34 And uh that is the the root the shell which is developing a base
119:42 the United States. The match is rich, very good in Ohio and
119:48 . Then states and the, the , the, the wood, the
119:51 for the show it develops that is in the Zoic age. And then
120:00 get into the creation that is that like uh it the C and the
120:11 per Yeah per actually the and the and the, and the data that
120:19 really, really good. Those are belong to this, this, this
120:26 , an open motion system. Some , some people suggest suggest that
120:33 the oh God, the photo space which the show, it's actually a
120:43 similar to the maybe that's the development the under the. So that's uh
120:51 we see that on this one. do not really have exactly examples can
120:58 you and uh that, that the , that's that green river shell and
121:05 lot of the voca basins in And also the uh also the uh
121:15 could actually the out you know, , get, get, get give
121:19 some uh some understanding of this And uh OK, this is
121:28 this is the temperature stratification and uh at that one, the,
121:34 just the basin and the top layer and the water and the, then
121:41 the, the, this what, this, yeah, the temperature
121:55 uh, is, is close. line is uh yeah, line is
122:00 a hard difference. It's not like not like like what water.
122:09 What happens? What happens to you know, this line and basically
122:15 on the of the water density of ? Yeah. OK. Dance was
122:22 is the, the crude ones we that the crude ones to the,
122:28 the Watcher, the density. Pro dental profile from the water to water
122:38 will be good. Water will be . Yeah. Yeah. Higher
122:45 And uh OK. What's the difference , between the temperature difference between
122:54 and the in, in the, a, it's a four degrees something
123:01 . I don't know. There's a OK. Yeah, the cooler than
123:11 cold water. And uh let me . OK. Yeah, they can
123:17 one more time of our wedding Um I don't know if there would
123:24 , yeah, that's just uh just just as that. And what?
123:35 ? Yeah. OK. Yeah. . Those are the, some examples
123:54 the East Africa flakes and uh there's black name there on the ba ba
124:06 Symmetry on there, on the productivity and see the, see
124:15 the, the, the, the second mile and the water that
124:27 reach the four in the, that the water. And, uh,
124:38 the shadow one do not really see . Oh, ok. See
124:42 it's, uh, that, that's , the, the temperature variation for
124:48 180 ft, this water column, don't know if you see that and
124:54 go to the 250 ft water building they see the seasonal variation,
125:01 of the variation can affect the And for the old ones, it's
125:09 the different ones. They have permanent, uh, what come and
125:16 each other? Exactly. Yeah. uh, per primary productivity.
125:27 See that on the shallow and uh, the productivity is high and
125:35 , the deep productivity, this plot the relationship between the generation potential and
125:58 content is the Africa lacks after the las three before. And if you
126:05 have the organ, the content, actually what we and that this on
126:44 air. OK. OK. Let's back to look at this one
126:57 OK, those, those, those have a rich with the organic content
127:03 the, because the water body is and also the, the very large
127:13 , uh, we have a, a significant, what about that?
127:18 a significant oxygen and in the water the actual and those actually actually that
127:29 water death. And uh even even though the productivity is low,
127:35 the organic matter content, what are two and, and those, and
128:06 let me see what this line. is the lack of effort and maximum
128:12 gay is 100 and 80 degree, and 86 the productivity is high.
128:20 uh the, and this leg is edge of the leg. That's the
128:29 . They are 250 the productivity is and there, there is a signal
128:36 the water color. And uh for two legs and uh maximum water depth
128:43 all great and the productivity is low they have a permanently graphic graphic,
128:51 water column and see that and see the content is obviously different.
129:07 Come to the Anoxic field basin and look at the, let us look
129:14 the classification and uh this line has less, less the limiting in which
129:26 water and uh they have a they ice here and it could be could
129:37 the water over there. And the fact of what are called circulation is
129:49 as climb number. Yeah. And here they see the own high water
130:10 and the real the this they have this and uh also have a blue
130:20 . And what is this one Not exactly in the bottom of
130:27 of the the and have a modern like uh the Black Sea and the
130:37 other places and uh have a to a temporary shell and also to last
131:00 . That's the reason, that's the why, that's the reason why the
131:06 Middle East have a really good, good Sara developed because of the this
131:11 of very good preservation, preservation basins and good for the accumulation. This
131:24 the oxy an ox spot by the . OK. Let's try to learn
131:30 Thailand, let learn from here. is the shell and I have 100
131:37 and the act. But it, uh those are the first line that
131:46 a 2% 1%. OK. Weeks . Yeah. So around for over
132:12 that's what of that? From 075 . And yeah, let me see
132:25 , what exactly and opposite, So that's the uh it's 3 to
132:44 . Last statement is 0.53. So , if my understanding, correct,
133:00 on it, you could say that learn from it. But see this
133:04 a uh this is kind of uh what someone cries. Yeah, it's
133:21 this, the, this, the is actually, you know, if
133:26 do have a some crime is actually towards the, towards the, to
133:33 field and as a result that will good, good for the deposition.
133:46 . And yeah, so this song the, this one, I also
134:01 this people and they have players. . And then for, for and
134:17 the organic do this and the I say that. So it just uh
134:32 I, I don't eat a lot . Really. I, I still
134:38 , I still think that it's the two factors that affect the organic
134:42 of enrichment field. One is about organic factor of nutrient supply. Let's
134:48 a nutrients for the, for the organism to, to, to
134:55 That's the cause of upgrading and without the higher, higher productivity in this
135:03 and without in the rich, the the the layers, I'm not,
135:22 uh yeah, let's have a And uh then we, we will
135:26 into the predictive source be modeling. . OK. Let us start.
135:35 uh we talk about uh more details the organic matter, uh preservation and
135:46 organic pre preliminary productivity. Those two to control the organic richness and uh
135:59 , and you know, hopefully the of the time to this morning,
136:05 will talk about the another things about , how we can evaluate the source
136:12 . And we already showed this lab that's the factors controlling in the hydrocarbon
136:18 , which is including the or guinea content and the organic type and some
136:29 . And uh the point we want reach the generation potential and we have
136:36 already show those things and I don't want to go through all these
136:43 and uh I think it's very easy you to follow those bounds. And
136:49 we, we need to come to source assessment and uh we know
136:56 that uh if we only look at the organic matter photographic properties itself,
137:06 still don't know that generation potential. know there is the organ matter prez
137:14 we do not really know the generation . That is the the two things
137:20 we want to, to, to and to measure one is called the
137:28 matter enrichment, which is QC, is the hydrocarbon generation potential. And
137:36 for assessment, we need to know the following. Very important uh the
137:45 right organ enrichment, which is a organic carbon content. That's a T
137:52 C A T Z O C and hydrocarbon generation potential and which we will
138:01 that paralysis method and uh have a yield as a measure to evaluate hydrocarbon
138:12 potential. And uh another thing is the organic in the organic matter.
138:22 know, we have a marine source matter, original, have bacteria and
138:29 and uh went through the various of biological processes, oxide, a significant
138:38 of the hydrocarbons already and the remain we call the carro character is very
138:51 for us to character more about car , which is really look at the
138:58 carbon ratios, hydrogen rich, the versus the hydrogen poor car. And
139:05 if it actually determine that this of character is the oil proof or gas
139:13 or is not really generated too much and gas and some maturity, some
139:21 and the, I think it is first time we introduce the,
139:26 the one of the very important parameter is the reflections, reflection is uh
139:35 very useful and the reliable mature And not only for the academic studies
139:46 particularly for the oil industry. And next week, I will spend
139:52 the many, many times to, talk about I choose it and the
140:00 parameters like K I M O and timing of the generation and uh look
140:08 the reaction kinetics and the kinetic parameters them and the volume of the portion
140:14 that's uh that's how, how big how water disputed. It's uh in
140:24 , it's uh let say, QC generation potential in pit them on
140:36 , connect of oil generation can kill time and uh eventually the volume of
140:44 distribution, this will be make you it a little bit easier for me
141:01 go through this in a, in organic matter, Richard, Richard a
141:11 organic matter, a big present and can be chemically divided into the two
141:22 , one called the soluble common organic and tax about a 0 to 5%
141:34 sedimentary organization, not an in insoluble employment or to which is the current
141:46 , 59.5% 100% of sedimentary organic. see that we, we already changed
141:55 few things here, change a few here. As the previously, we
142:00 to try to build up some kind the general concept. And when we
142:06 about the the the organic matter in, in our lot of the
142:14 use the state, which is the and the water and the the the
142:22 surface interface. And below that actually . Now we change the very important
142:31 that's called a sedimentary rock. You what does that mean? You went
142:37 , went through the all the processes bad, really bad and become a
142:43 already? What means rock in our geologist? Mind on the eyes that
142:50 the rock, yeah, not, to lose any. It's like all
142:54 rock fabric and become a real So that's why the problem that
143:02 that's so and uh the car and this is the two, this
143:10 this is very important slide. I to, you know that the the
143:20 we got a sauce. All Yeah. OK. Mara, we
143:25 measure the total organic transition QC can composed by the two portions. I
143:35 horrible is soluble in the organic Watch this line, this line rich
143:45 . Let me show you in a current condition, current condition or the
143:55 maximum depth or max bar. The this this uh this portion called the
144:06 organic. The insoluble organic A which a character is this still have uh
144:14 potential for the oil generation through look at the character which referred back
144:26 the South South language. OK. is very important slide. I want
144:32 , I want to ignore that. uh look at this, this
144:37 this will be easier for you to . Do that here. This one
144:43 uh you know, the he he longer use the no longer use the
144:49 organic match. No longer use the organic me, the me the organisms
144:56 use the car we start with the . They do have a better car
145:04 . You see the character itself. uh this look at this,
145:10 this, this, this, this different color. This, this Y
145:16 is the, the R and a letters of oh that be pronoun R
145:28 . Uh oh So that's uh see this is very good. They see
145:32 there is 0.55 ever seen everything that is below this sample or up
145:42 Actually, we could, we could divided into the different stages, everything
145:49 the 0.55 as we call them immature get, get back immature and
146:00 and then you think got the 0.6 uh he said that really mature,
146:10 , mature and get the 1.6 which the oil condensate generation is the
146:20 So that, that should get into the peak of oil generation. And
146:27 that's the problem here to all it into the, to the 1.3 to
146:34 the 1.3 and even to 2.53 point that I try to look at the
146:43 , I try to look at This is very, very important because
146:46 the, how our industry or the , it's uh went through that,
146:59 the and uh have a product, kind of product uh is uh consider
147:10 ? So we have uh the, , this yellow color here that is
147:15 a feature and everything here. And yellow color is non carbon which,
147:29 is only two contained compounds as for uh you see that and the is
147:41 heavy car, that car. And guess if you still call your
147:49 this put the memory back, what we mean? That means the heavy
147:53 carbon, the carbon number is greater see what, how many cover
148:01 Heavy hard, yeah, bigger, to uh think about that.
148:13 it's just uh just get some, big uh no, no, no
148:23 . The number of the, the we received yesterday is heavier than number
148:30 14. Yeah, dominated by by the heavier and then see the
148:37 hard carbon. This is the what you see the last high carbon
148:42 car number is less than 10. . And uh when we go to
148:48 guest, when I go to the , mainly it's composed by what natural
148:57 mainly composed by which, which, chemical. Yeah, it's mainly by
149:03 S ach Yeah, to get, , just, uh, I just
149:09 to bring you bring what the what we did yesterday on the,
149:12 this part. And, uh, see that, you know, when
149:20 black less than 0.68 and to the to the higher car is,
149:29 is what to look at this, dominantly the watch 0.6. If you
149:41 , make a, make a close the, make a line here last
149:46 , we see that it is a um it's a heavy heart.
149:52 And then after that is that and guess there's some portion of the
149:59 And uh if you look at the S O compound compound is uh
150:04 the, the contribution is a very portion. And the same, same
150:11 you see the car carro become current , become less. If you look
150:16 this portion, this big on here smaller. Yeah. And uh but
150:24 you look at your, your the car, data car, once you
150:30 the data, the data car is really increased too much. That means
150:36 the why that because the carbon is gene gene, heavy oil and some
150:47 oil and the heavy oil is still stable, it's not really similar decomposed
150:55 the large carbon. So do not make a contributions to the data,
151:04 the the the and then we will increase the temperature, increase the,
151:12 from the 0.8 to 1.3. This the, that is a very big
151:21 . And what happens is you make line, the line, the line
151:27 , you can see that the become and uh yes and some heavy.
151:38 the the here is that the curtain continue to come to the both heavy
151:45 the large hydrocarbons on the gas. uh and we start to see some
151:53 increasing. That's it. Yeah. data, the lines of the
152:02 what we see that is the heavier almost done because the is not stable
152:09 become a large and guess and uh the curtain is a curtain that uh
152:17 which is become very small, a portion become data which do not really
152:28 any hydrocarbon generation potential. What that is once once we reach the peak
152:36 generation window here, the remained other generation from that become very man through
152:48 maturation that you can see that the less and less. That's that what
152:58 see that is that, you initially when we have a QC,
153:02 have QC QC is and eventually she see big time role the the this
153:14 correct. But the the after Yeah, but what you will see
153:26 our cooking and there is no any for the oil and gas, oil
153:36 . The two the content become. because the significant portion has been converted
153:42 the oil and gas. So that the actually the how this graph shows
153:52 is there any any questions related to graph? Because this this is a
153:56 important graph. And uh we try build up the concept and uh later
154:03 everything which we talk about the hydrocarbon potential and some maturity how that affected
154:11 hydro carbon generation. Even the kinetics all based on the all based on
154:15 concept. Any any questions OK. you do not have a question,
154:27 will ask, I will ask uh the ask the question and the uh
154:34 just mentioned that a very important things some maturity watch the sub maturity choose
154:44 which which number shows the to take this this graph. Yeah, I
154:52 read it. I, I want , you know that and also in
154:57 called the T A I which is different uh that still measure the and
155:03 but use the different parameters like we the length of our table and
155:10 some people use the use the some people use some kind of other
155:15 and uh maybe fix that. Just the relatively length of the, you
155:22 , like like the like the the all the people that use their,
155:27 their hands arm to measure the length the lens of the materials. The
155:33 thing here, the the the you many, many researchers, they,
155:38 work on the, the indicator and , so the I is another one
155:44 that commonly use the, the That's great. And uh I introduce
155:52 things is about the, about the, the, the, the
155:59 maturation, we can divide it into different stages. One stage called the
156:06 . In other words, once you that your source rock is in the
156:10 stage, you do not have a much conversion of your claro to
156:19 to your oil and gas. What number stands? 0.5? That's
156:26 That's great. That's, and uh talk about another thing about the early
156:34 of the organ, I imagine. that is start to generate some meaningful
156:43 and the gas. What number of early maturation, early maturation?
157:00 no, no 0.5 is actually what say immature. It's, you
157:04 you have after you measure that some is 0.5, you said now you
157:11 like this in this location, not the, into the oil generation,
157:16 generation you do not expect to use in this location. It can be
157:21 contribution to your oil. So you make that statement and uh and then
157:27 receive another source, another another samples were collected from the another the other
157:33 , all different basin location in the basin. And then you get to
157:37 measurement and uh you get to the number the of the R O and
157:45 which, which is uh which, is you get a number. But
157:49 question is that once you, once get the, the, the China
157:52 , OK, your number is in range and you, you can quickly
157:57 , yeah. Yeah, you some is already into the early old
158:03 But that means that means that you potential to find the, find some
158:08 reservoirs. Yeah. So what that is? OK. No,
158:16 no, no. That is this guy, you know, 0.6.
158:21 . If you submit symmetry take of source rock is 0.6 or 0.7,
158:28 can see. Oh yeah. Your source rock is just the end
158:32 the really old generation. You have , you have potential to find
158:40 you too. Thank you. And if you get the sauce rock,
158:45 you get your sauce rock, you it. And uh it's almost the
158:51 of the oil generation. Oil reached end of the oil generation. I
158:57 that, that, that and what is that? Hm, to high
159:04 , I mean, the kind of generation, OK. The 1.3.
159:12 this makes sense that the value of is 1.3. If you measure
159:20 the, it reached the 1.3 and you can tell us this you saw
159:28 this basin in this class is al reached the end of oil generation if
159:37 suppose you get the, you suppose supposed to collect the information like this
159:44 the example, the sample we collect here from the 1.3 from here.
159:53 me ask a question. It's a that's very, very important, you
160:02 , that relations are important like, there's talk about how this 015 and
160:35 with that. But if I combine two uh pretend together that's, there's
161:00 person, that person, if you to, if you think you will
161:07 , you will have a because that . Yeah, that the whole in
161:34 of and yeah, I don't, don't that. Yeah. And you
162:00 , on the you, you based what data based on what data or
162:06 information you want to give some, forget that we want to make a
162:12 . We want to do that. yeah, that fire, fire starting
162:37 gas a little bit. OK? , but that will get or you
163:00 to the, you get in that very important. It's not, I
163:10 not. Oh, really? All . And uh think about this is
163:25 this is why this, this kind thing we are here. You
163:30 you get one of the, the , it's 0.7. It,
163:36 you know that you already that, you already reach the which the or
163:45 and then you, you have you have a concept in your mind
163:48 you that OK, if you go , you go different. If you
163:52 deep, you go deep and then more oil last year or all
164:08 And then I just love, I them. I popcorn. What God
164:34 . Yeah, I know. So that's it. I think about
164:42 if you want to look up your and, uh, that will be
164:59 much. Yes. Yes. So, what you are looking?
165:12 that's, yes. Yes. Makes . Yeah, this is the,
165:26 is the home, the moment I the best. Great. And uh
165:57 think that's uh I think that's that's the really the, you
166:05 everything, everything which this morning, morning, which we try to build
166:11 , try to let you understand much about this cross. This is very
166:18 . This is a very, very slide. I'm pretty sure I I'm
166:24 sure your final examination will have, will have questions related to this
166:42 OK. This one just show the ma enrichment, which is the,
166:50 X axis that is the organic matter uh content and the Y axis is
167:00 very great frequency and from the many in around the world and uh what
167:09 can see that they do, they an average and uh above average and
167:16 middle average, the average, you the example that they get to the
167:23 of the, the OK is the A to the 0.10 point 20500
167:32 0.52, almost 1% 0.5 to 1% the QC content at the average of
167:42 source. So this is definitely if you, if you,
167:49 this maybe not really good software, why I like to see that.
167:54 see that your uh above the average see that. See that is
168:02 It's uh now that we have that have the Green River. Look at
168:11 Green River, Utah. It really a high uh QC contention. Most
168:16 them is great 10%. And uh only show one and uh two times
168:26 about two. And what else? time for a show show in
168:39 The company about 4% 5%. And you are buying the Illinois and they
168:49 234% so that you look at that they say, OK, you,
168:55 you want to have a have a a real effective source rock, you
169:00 to stay in this side, you to go, you need to stay
169:04 average. Yeah, it's dancing for , for our, for the art
169:11 students. Yeah. And then many maybe in this and then very hard
169:19 is actually in this. And if want to become a very, a
169:24 the old studying students, you need have a have some, some criteria
169:30 much better than the others and obviously better than other. So then you
169:36 students that similar, very similar things uh for our graduation. Ok.
169:46 is the soft rock in the And the Utah, you see that
169:55 have a car and we have with the country. So,
170:02 this one is the, so the and two is very good. So
170:09 12 is a, a good and the, is it a different actually
170:21 launch? And if you i those , those ones that's really good,
170:26 good, really, really good. , and uh but if, if
170:31 can be, can be a very source that actually not since we
170:38 we will discuss later. A two look at the two C content and
170:47 this, the example of content. uh in the North Sea, you
170:54 that with the, and uh that's , the all the and uh two
171:09 on this, this, this you can clearly clearly say,
171:13 the two, if you have this and you have A two C and
171:20 like this and you can clearly identify two intervals or, or, and
171:26 one is the really high two this is that you can really make
171:32 ran of your formation. And I once you get this one,
171:38 this is a, this a Jurassic middle Jurassic that's very good and is
171:46 and the lower that is not And then what you are focusing you
171:52 focusing on this two. So that's you know, it's, that's very
171:57 data, very important data, that and uh and give uh give
172:03 give you a direct, give you direction for you, you,
172:08 you explore and what you should for for those ones to evaluate your.
172:16 uh and then if you have you know, if, if you
172:19 the, the system, the system the system and then you will see
172:28 , OK, I have a good rock in the, in the Jura
172:35 then that you need to do an based on your system. And at
172:42 time, what timing of oil generation that timing of oil generation is matched
172:51 the development and match with you are good relevant or, and do this
172:59 of data, then that's, that how that is how, how,
173:03 you see to, to look at and how this information really guide
173:07 guide you in fresh activities. So , this foundation, this is a
173:15 without no matter how hard you to the work, you still do not
173:21 an idea of what the best potential the, your, your best for
173:26 online. OK. Let me see I was here. This guy is
173:33 or first person, the bridges and OK, that's, I think
173:42 that's the middle of the half, middle of the two or three
173:48 two times 2% from 17 times more . And uh if you want to
173:56 analysis of your QC samples for the or whatever, the, the
174:07 do not only collect one sample, sample is not enough. Because if
174:11 create a lot, lot of at least create a five or seven
174:17 and then you get the average what average and uh you will have
174:23 more confidence about the QC content. better, you better collect the continuous
174:30 , continuous, the sampling samples in continuous core intervals, which that will
174:38 help you back, back out, know, you, you, you
174:43 , you can and uh have have the wide range of the
174:50 And also once you got the, , your, your interest interest,
174:57 will in intensity it increase. And really helping do not collect the one
175:05 , the bottom line and collect the or 10. It's, it's actually
175:10 , that will make you make, you believe more, make you your
175:14 more more. And uh you see that they gave a, that is
175:21 good to very good and then go the, the Jurassic upper Jurassic
175:28 the, the, the, the low after the lower portion that
175:36 average of 3.33 point three from 7 samples. That's a lot.
175:44 you, you will, you will the more about this number and say
175:48 , 3.3 that is really really If you have already have two
175:53 3.2 samples, how, how varia much variation. And at, at
176:03 , your confidence. Yes, that the high, high source that,
176:08 is very important. And see that make the, the is very good
176:15 go to the APP of the APP the 2.2 is the samples. It's
176:24 number is, so that's also very . And they go to the,
176:32 the, the, the 21% you 72 sample that one. So you
176:41 make that much for the, the that it's uh it's it's relatively
176:51 relatively easy to, to, to this one and uh simple things,
176:56 can, you can make this kind the histogram and to look at the
177:02 . Uh and you can see that this apple a dominant and for this
177:11 , it's uh the dimension in So this is this kind of the
177:18 simple graphs. And uh if you it in the uh for, for
177:24 different and then you can make comparison the different, different if you same
177:32 the same level of the different you also can make this kind of
177:37 see which, which formation is the uh best. And uh and uh
177:50 then you can make a map of choosing content in your best. So
177:56 is a map of the S C and in the New cell. That's
178:02 , the, the noise. And are geologists are geologist. You,
178:08 always enjoy those things. Once you the map, once you see the
178:14 section, you will say, oh , that, that is something you
178:19 really talk to the people. So uh every anything you want to,
178:25 want to talk to the people, need to make it to that,
178:31 is a column or geological profile and then you bring the information to
178:40 audience and oh yeah, that's that's a geographic creation and how that's
178:46 . And uh you, you build give that information and uh build the
178:52 uh com bridge for the adult, . And if you have not a
179:00 distance, you know, area or the scale that was really meaningful a
179:09 . Oh Yeah, high, high, high, if you look
179:14 your and those are the good range and then you say, OK,
179:21 I have a, I have a , if I have a truck develop
179:26 and here, which, which time likely we have always, which one
179:35 I have here I have. Yeah. Yeah, that's the,
179:46 know, just based on that, say, OK, I have a
179:49 good track and adjacent to my my that is highly I have received already
179:56 uh and then you can make predictions if you have here and uh
180:01 you have a time that's the other possibility you will have a,
180:05 you, you will have oil there then your business system and they,
180:09 do the fast studies or develop here not. And then so so that
180:18 , this ma the market information will our exploration, guide our the
180:29 OK. What's this one? This is soft track potential. This is
180:33 soft track potential that we will, will discuss more in the afternoon.
180:38 uh this is the show the early 2000 age. And uh and you
180:47 , see see that potential from from here, there's a different
180:54 different, the yellow one is the potential and the orange ones actually are
181:06 a good potential and a really good potential engine. It's uh what this
181:13 control. And if you look at is actually actually the best the developed
181:20 the age of the basin is is all have a low poor oil
181:27 potential in the center that have a oil potential. Like what I,
181:33 I over there is the age of sur is not high even you have
181:40 , but your generation potential is not , but you go to the center
181:45 the basin and you go to there uh you so much is the higher
181:51 to reach the oil definition. I think I I should be stopped
182:01 and in the afternoon, I will the present to the, the the
182:06 , the very popular and very useful for the rock uh Petro generation potential
182:17 , which is the, the Social analysis analyze. I think that's uh
182:25 all for the money and uh any questions? Yeah, no
182:41 no questions, no questions. And uh I think it's the,
182:47 , the in the afternoon and we get into the, get into the
182:52 bit more details about the evaluation of source rock itself. And uh you
182:59 see, you will see the many technology we use to character our
183:02 rocks. Yeah, the reason why do that because we care about
183:07 That is the base. That's the for the oil generation. Where,
183:14 are we generate generator from? And uh let us stop here and
183:21 back at uh one o'clock, have and then we come
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