| 00:16 | Okay, good morning, everyone. going to begin this morning by talking |
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| 00:21 | full thrust belt hydrocarbon occurrences. Um you seeing that first flogged with his |
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| 00:27 | schedule? Yeah. Okay, All right. So, we've looked |
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| 00:40 | the known where we talked about the types of structures in all these known |
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| 00:45 | fields. And what we've seen is hydrocarbons incur in all the different types |
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| 00:51 | full thrust belt structures, fault, folds, fault, propagation folds, |
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| 00:57 | , passive roof duplexes. So now going to talk about, what are |
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| 01:01 | field size limitations? Is it something ? Does it have to do with |
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| 01:07 | trap? Is it dip closure, closure, fault, seal, top |
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| 01:13 | . We know it's not reservoir because have producing fields and all these. |
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| 01:18 | we know we have a precinct And the last thing we'll talk about |
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| 01:22 | charges, it charges that limits the in in these fields. Right? |
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| 01:32 | , first we'll look at the Wyoming thrust belt. So, here's a |
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| 01:37 | of the Wyoming full thrust belt. the southwest corner of Wyoming the thrust |
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| 01:43 | here, the absurd a thrust, hog's back thrust here that marks the |
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| 01:49 | inboard thrust of the belt. And we have this string of fields here |
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| 01:57 | here, basically representing strike culmination and one of these regional antique lines. |
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| 02:05 | what will go through and look at one of these and see whether they |
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| 02:10 | limited by dip closure, strike closure seal, top seal or potentially |
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| 02:20 | Okay, so here's an example of of the fields? The carter Creek |
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| 02:26 | . You can see it's a faulted manifold here. Sure, and here's |
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| 02:37 | here's a map of Rickman Creek so it's the, the outboard field |
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| 02:43 | this series, with the Whitney Canyon defaulted fall Penfold back here and the |
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| 02:49 | creek fold here. Here's a structured map for that Richland Creek field and |
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| 02:55 | can see the leading thrust edge along , the crest here structure contour is |
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| 03:02 | deeper in this direction within oil water here represented by the dashed line. |
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| 03:10 | , um it's this one is under with respect to the dip closure and |
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| 03:17 | under filled with respect to the highest cut off along here. If we |
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| 03:23 | at the pressure depth data for the shown here on the left, um |
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| 03:29 | across here. Death across here, gradient here, that the static gradient |
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| 03:36 | , water gradient here and the oil here we see, it's it's over |
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| 03:43 | PSE. There's 720 PSC effective stress the crest of the trap here, |
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| 03:49 | we're not top seal limited in this . Good. So here's a here's |
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| 03:58 | cross section of the clear creek You see it's a faulted fault, |
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| 04:04 | fold here with the overturned limb, reservoir here, the nuggets, |
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| 04:12 | gas and oil like up here. it's a very small column pipe. |
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| 04:16 | mean, it's clearly under filled with to the dip closure and with that |
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| 04:21 | column. Right? It's not topsail either. So here's a para |
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| 04:30 | the Painter and East Painter reservoirs here have a pair of detachment folds painted |
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| 04:37 | verging towards the east, the east reservoir verging towards the west Here. |
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| 04:43 | of the two Fields. Oh and what this shows? Is that the |
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| 04:50 | painter reservoir here is controlled by the spill point along. Strike here, |
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| 04:56 | the oil leg, here's the gas . The oil water contact comes right |
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| 05:01 | to that still point at the strike here, so this is controlled by |
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| 05:06 | strike closure spilling out to the northeast the the east painted reservoir here is |
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| 05:16 | filled with respect to the tip it's under filled with respect to the |
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| 05:21 | closing contours along. Strike here and , there's the oil like there's the |
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| 05:28 | cab and the oil leg doesn't make down to that dip closure. It |
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| 05:33 | doesn't make it down to this deepest . So it's not false or limited |
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| 05:39 | . And then if we look at pressure depth data for the field |
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| 05:45 | pressure is here, depth is with the static gradient fracture gradient, |
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| 05:50 | leg. Uh huh. Oil like , small oil like big gas column |
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| 05:56 | and again, there's over 1000 c stress at the crest of the |
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| 06:00 | so it's not Topsfield limited either. here's a cross section of the Painter |
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| 06:13 | East Painter Reserve or painted reservoir East painted reservoir here. and what |
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| 06:18 | shows is that they're not filled down the highest um fault cut off or |
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| 06:25 | dip spill point. You see the lake here is way above the highest |
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| 06:30 | contact here. And each painting reservoir here is just a little bit above |
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| 06:37 | thrust fault contact here. So we're filled with respect to dip closure as |
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| 06:41 | as the highest fault closures. so moving down here to the yellow |
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| 06:51 | field in the middle of the trend . Mhm. Here's a cross section |
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| 06:56 | the field, the nuggets sandstone. a faulted for Ben fold, slightly |
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| 07:02 | land here. Oh, oil water here showing that it's under filled with |
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| 07:09 | to the dip closure and it's under with respect to the highest fought cut |
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| 07:13 | here. All right, So now got we've got a pair of field |
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| 07:22 | . We moved down here to look the the And shoots fields in the |
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| 07:28 | and shoots ranch field through here. one in in this one. |
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| 07:33 | here's the entries field in the end ranch east field a fall, take |
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| 07:39 | unfold defaulted detachment fold here with a of accumulations here and again, we're |
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| 07:48 | filled with respect to the dip There's no fault cutting through here, |
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| 07:52 | there's no false. He'll dependency within trip here. Again, we're under |
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| 07:57 | with respect to the dip closure and no fault through the fields who are |
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| 08:01 | falsely or limited. And lastly, come down to the last field in |
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| 08:10 | trend of Pineview field here, out the leading edge of the anne |
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| 08:14 | And here we have this fault bend representing the Pineview structure. Nugget reservoir |
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| 08:21 | . Oil accumulation here and again. one also is under filled with respect |
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| 08:26 | the disclosure and under filled with respect the highest fault cut off through this |
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| 08:33 | this whole trend of fields back here here. Oh one field is controlled |
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| 08:40 | the strike closure, but none of are controlled by the disclosure in |
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| 08:45 | in the dip direction or by false or by Topsfield. Mhm. If |
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| 08:57 | come down off this trend, there a recent discovery in in 2004 in |
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| 09:04 | in this covenant field. And here's here's a cross section of the |
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| 09:11 | You can see it's it's a fault fooled with a passive roof duplex over |
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| 09:17 | crest here, the accumulation up here the crest of the passive roof |
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| 09:25 | But here's the structure contour map of field faults shown here and here. |
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| 09:32 | oil accumulation itself shown here with different water contacts through each of the fault |
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| 09:39 | . So these faults are definitely Um and it it doesn't appear to |
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| 09:46 | filled, filled to the, to disclosure and it's it's probably filled. |
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| 09:54 | probably doesn't quite reach the fault dependent . Over here. Mm hmm. |
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| 10:06 | , So this is the three seismic of a full thrust structure. You |
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| 10:12 | see the anne klein here with all different combinations. And this shows the |
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| 10:17 | of the strike closure in each one these. Each one of these combinations |
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| 10:23 | limited by the strike closure either to northeast to the southwest. So this |
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| 10:31 | the importance of strike closure in defining traps. Okay, alright, |
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| 10:41 | look now at fields in the Canadian . So here's the structured contour map |
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| 10:48 | the waterton gas field. You can multiple thrust in briquettes here here and |
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| 10:55 | with a crest here. All wells defining gas water contact Coming through |
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| 11:03 | there about -4000 ft. And then , uh, different gas accumulations in |
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| 11:12 | one of these blocks. So, a cross section of that field. |
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| 11:22 | the reservoir level and the Mississippian And you can see the main |
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| 11:27 | Is this duplex structure. Mm With a different gas water contacts in |
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| 11:33 | one of these slices. So, not we're not limited by the disclosure |
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| 11:40 | the overall structure. And because we different gas water contacts in each one |
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| 11:44 | these intricate slices, the faults are ceiling. So we're not faulty |
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| 11:54 | Yeah, here's a cross section of Turner valley field in a long trend |
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| 12:00 | the Canadian rockies. So here's the and carbonate that forms a reservoir. |
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| 12:07 | . I want to contact way back here. Gas. oil contact way |
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| 12:11 | here. So we're not we're definitely falsely and limited along here. We're |
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| 12:19 | dipped limited in the, in the direction. And the fault here is |
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| 12:26 | 2100 ft oil column in 1200 ft column. So the fault here is |
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| 12:33 | big column heights and big pressures. another field in the trend. This |
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| 12:43 | the Savannah Creek field up here. , we're looking at a fault. |
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| 12:48 | folds and immigrated fault. Been fooled the main reservoir level being down here |
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| 12:52 | the Mississippi and limestone. Oh And again, we're oil water contact |
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| 13:00 | here in this slice. And we're limited by the disclosure in this |
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| 13:07 | The oil water contact doesn't reach. faults were not limited by false hill |
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| 13:12 | either in this direction or in this . Right, Alright. So, |
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| 13:23 | look at some triangle zones in the of the full thrust belt here along |
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| 13:29 | called the Alberta Sin Klein, which the um, the front of this |
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| 13:36 | zone along the front of the full boat. So, here's, here's |
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| 13:44 | example that we can see the, intricate slice that forms chords a triangle |
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| 13:53 | here with the main thrust here. thrust extending out here with a back |
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| 14:00 | extending up here along the top of structure. But so here's a seismic |
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| 14:14 | of that Alberta's incline, a long of the cabin Creek field here. |
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| 14:21 | the the Triassic, that's the main here. I'm sorry the Mississippi and |
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| 14:28 | the main reservoir here Triassic is the here is just the marker bed. |
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| 14:33 | you. You see here we've got passive roof duplex with a lot of |
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| 14:36 | slices in here with a roof thrust back in this direction with a sense |
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| 14:43 | displacement of top to the west So all these little wedges are thrust |
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| 14:48 | here, propping up this triangle zone the accumulation down here and here we |
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| 14:57 | dependent on full closure and fall closure in the leading edge of the intricate |
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| 15:06 | . Okay, alright. Now I'm to go down to the sub indian |
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| 15:10 | in South America and look at a of fields there and the biggest, |
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| 15:16 | most important field there is cusiana field Colombia and the sub Andean trend in |
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| 15:23 | . Here's a structured contour map of field. Here's a cross section of |
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| 15:27 | field. The main reservoir level is here at the top mirador sandstone and |
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| 15:33 | main trapped forming thrust is here in in Matthew. We see the |
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| 15:42 | cap here. The oil like here oil water contact here at the edge |
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| 15:47 | the green line and we see that were not filled to the deepest disclosure |
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| 15:53 | strike to the north or the strike to the southwest. The fault is |
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| 15:59 | emphasizes active today And its ceiling, vertical feet of gas and 800 vertical |
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| 16:06 | of compensate here. So the fourth is sealing large pressures and large reservoirs |
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| 16:14 | the main reservoir sandstone here. and here's the Ramos field down in |
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| 16:25 | um Northern Argentina here in this trend fields shown here and through here and |
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| 16:36 | that the fields again represent culmination in regional trend of declines along here. |
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| 16:44 | here's a cross section of the Ramos shown here. We have a full |
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| 16:49 | , full forming domain reservoir level here a detachment structure overlying that shown here |
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| 16:56 | the lowest score, no shales. are wells with dip meter data from |
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| 17:02 | of the worlds. Thank you. want a gas water contact here and |
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| 17:08 | . So again, we're not limited dip closure in this dimension. And |
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| 17:13 | not limited by false fuel dependency because gas water contact doesn't make it down |
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| 17:19 | the fault. Here's a cross section the next field. And this |
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| 17:27 | the Alvarado. Great trend back here again. It's the same type of |
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| 17:33 | with a full band fold here forming main structure and attached fold, liftoff |
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| 17:40 | fold here with the loss bonus shale cutting up through that to the |
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| 17:45 | Wow, near vertical depths. IsIS dips in the limbs of the fold |
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| 17:51 | the main reservoir level being down And again, the gas water contact |
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| 17:57 | down about this level. So we're limited by dip closure in this direction |
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| 18:02 | we're not limited by false your dependency the fault is way below the gas |
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| 18:07 | contact. Huh? So I mentioned the importance of the strike closure and |
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| 18:21 | saddle shapes incline is a key indicator strikes slip closure in these, in |
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| 18:27 | duplex structures. If we look at cross section here, where were off |
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| 18:34 | crest of this? We see just simple flat on ramp geometry. If |
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| 18:41 | come down here where we have the of the saddle shapes incline here, |
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| 18:47 | this cross section here. And we all these duplex slices propping up the |
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| 18:54 | wall here, forming up a passive duplex that gives us the strike closure |
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| 19:00 | and out along C. C. . So here's CC prawn. Looking |
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| 19:05 | this direction at that duplex structure, the main reservoir level, here's where |
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| 19:11 | reaches the culmination in the saddle shaped line and then dips off in the |
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| 19:15 | direction. And all these duplex slices water propping up the young. The |
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| 19:22 | in this strike direction. Okay, here's a map view and a seismic |
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| 19:33 | from one of these saddle shapes The leading thrust here. 2nd thrust |
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| 19:42 | in here in this shadow, saddle inclined here in the middle, plunging |
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| 19:48 | to the north and plunging off to south here. Seismic line. Across |
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| 19:54 | . It is shown here, right the roof thrust here. Fall bend |
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| 20:01 | here, mm hmm. And this structure here forming to saddle shapes. |
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| 20:08 | propping up this incline in the middle the structure here. Okay, going |
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| 20:18 | to Iran to Zagros full thrust Yeah. So here's a uh huh |
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| 20:28 | image of that. The Zagros full belt. The main thrust here. |
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| 20:35 | hi Zagros fault dementia here and through . But in front of that we |
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| 20:41 | the detached full structures. We see and all these little the polygons that |
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| 20:47 | see in the satellite image represent different eliminations in the detached falls along |
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| 20:57 | So being on that, we can nicely all these different four way an |
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| 21:02 | or dip closures outcropping at ground level the field here and so each one |
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| 21:08 | these represents a potential independent culmination and strike closure to the northwest and the |
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| 21:17 | is defined by the plunges. The here and is the limiting factor in |
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| 21:22 | fields in this direction. Okay, a map of the field with the |
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| 21:33 | thrust fault here and all the little out here in the front represented attached |
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| 21:38 | with oil and gas accumulations. Here's here's a cross section. Um you |
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| 21:50 | see that a testament layer down here all these detachment folds overlying it forming |
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| 21:56 | different reservoir levels. There's another cross with the evaporator attachment layer here. |
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| 22:10 | you see here, there's a lot relief on the detachment structure. The |
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| 22:15 | is coming up to the surface at levels from these large and a clinical |
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| 22:21 | type structures with the strike closure on of these combinations forming in and out |
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| 22:28 | the plane. You know the plane this cross section. Here's an example |
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| 22:36 | one of these fields rolling in a contour map here. The dark black |
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| 22:42 | represent the structure contours. The oil contact is shown by the dashed line |
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| 22:51 | and so again, we're seeing an where we're under filled with respect to |
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| 22:55 | dip closure in this direction, in direction and a long strike as |
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| 23:01 | The spill point along here occurs here this -2000 contour spilling out to the |
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| 23:08 | here and the structure plunges much deeper the southeast here in this direction. |
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| 23:15 | we're looking at an accumulation that's under with respect to the trap disclosure. |
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| 23:26 | a here's a cross section from southwest northeast, that same field. So |
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| 23:32 | is this cross section a prime across through the crust of the fold. |
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| 23:42 | can see the top seal here. water contact here and this shows quite |
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| 23:49 | they were under filled with respect to disclosure in this direction and the disclosure |
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| 23:54 | this direction and we're not controlled by thought cut off coming through here. |
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| 24:09 | another example here is a symmetric detachment . We can see accumulations here and |
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| 24:18 | . The main reservoir being here and in this direction. We're under filled |
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| 24:24 | respect to the disclosure here and filled with respect to the highest fault |
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| 24:30 | off here here, we don't have fault cut off, but we're under |
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| 24:35 | with respect to the disclosure in this . This is a structured contour map |
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| 24:45 | . This field, You can see structure contours here forming a nice four |
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| 24:51 | dip closure. The oil accumulation up and again, we're under filled with |
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| 24:56 | to the dip closure. Annual We're under filled with respect to the |
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| 25:01 | closure here along strike and here along as well as this, these two |
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| 25:07 | in the regional dip direction. if we go to Albania, Albania |
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| 25:25 | located here, across the Adriatic sea Italy here. Um, Albania actually |
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| 25:32 | the largest onshore field in in And again, it's a it's a |
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| 25:39 | thrust belt, shown by a cross here with fields occurring in the individual |
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| 25:47 | combinations. Here's a map of the here, we're looking at fields in |
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| 25:58 | hanging wall sheet and you see their small accumulations along here, um, |
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| 26:06 | along the crest of the santa with the fields representing local subregional culmination |
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| 26:14 | that incline of trend within the informal . In addition to these hanging wall |
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| 26:21 | , we have a number of sub football fields through here. And you |
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| 26:26 | again, we have one long antique , one long reach musical fields representing |
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| 26:33 | combinations in each one of these in one of these structures. Mm |
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| 26:44 | So here's a here's a cross section Albania and here's the upper thrust sheet |
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| 26:50 | the lower thrust sheet here with the accumulations in the hanging wall. She |
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| 26:57 | accumulations occur in these and a criminal are limited by the strike closure in |
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| 27:04 | out of the plane of dissection in football. We have these football accumulations |
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| 27:12 | fault. Ben folds Again, oil contact here, water contact deeper than |
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| 27:19 | fault, showing that we've got a font along here, an oil water |
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| 27:24 | higher than to dip culmination in this . So again, the sub trust |
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| 27:30 | here are controlled by the strike closure and out of the plane of this |
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| 27:40 | . Here's another example from Albania. fault propagation folds here and get thrust |
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| 27:50 | accumulation in the crest of this thought fold here and in the crest of |
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| 27:55 | slice here. Mhm and again, filled with respect to the dip closer |
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| 28:00 | this direction, the oil water contacts make it down as deep as the |
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| 28:05 | here in here, potentially where is or limited by the false here and |
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| 28:16 | . Okay, going down to the eightfold belt in Mexico. So, |
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| 28:24 | coming down here looking at the individual in Campeche Bay here in the full |
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| 28:30 | built here's here's one of the This is the detergent for in the |
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| 28:44 | Campeche Bay with a reservoir shown here level salt through here with these falta |
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| 28:53 | , full symmetric and asymmetric here and there is an interpreted cross section of |
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| 29:04 | showing the eventbrite later here in the combinations here, here and here. |
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| 29:11 | is the restoration of that showing the length restoration and the area balanced restoration |
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| 29:19 | the salt layer here. Okay, here's a here's a 3D on Seismic |
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| 29:30 | of two of those fields. The field here. The outfield here the |
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| 29:36 | field here and and again. We're filled with respect to the dip closure |
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| 29:44 | these guys Here we have an oil contacted 34 22 m in this Sinclair |
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| 29:52 | spill point is here at about 35 m. Similarly, here we have |
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| 29:59 | water contact at 3050 m. So have our under filled with respect to |
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| 30:05 | spill point here. Alright, so a minute look at this. Look |
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| 30:10 | this meant more closely and using the to find what is the full |
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| 30:15 | What is the fault dependent closure? what is the fault dependent column |
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| 30:19 | And the heavy black line here represents thrust fault cut off of the hanging |
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| 30:24 | sheet here. So where the structure intersect that fault define where your fault |
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| 30:32 | closures are. So, so take minute and answer these questions. All |
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| 34:23 | , are the gray lines, the . Yes, yes. So the |
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| 34:29 | sorry the gray lines here are the . So this is the this is |
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| 34:33 | fall plane here, but this is fall plane here. This heavy black |
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| 34:39 | here represents where the reservoir horizon hits fall. And same here, the |
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| 34:46 | black line here represents the hanging while off where that reservoir horizon hits the |
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| 36:10 | closure for the trap 2000 50 Yes, yes. For trap |
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| 36:20 | Up here, the full closure will about, It would be about 3,015 |
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| 36:26 | between 3,030 100. And the trap be 2004 50 or so 2400. |
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| 36:36 | right. So for To hear the closure, there's 3,030 100 m for |
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| 36:47 | trap, the full closure is between crest is at 2400 here. So |
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| 36:56 | full closure would be down here At 23 50 or so. Um For |
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| 37:06 | fault dependent closure For trap a. going to go from that 30 100 |
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| 37:11 | contour. Um All the way down the spill point here at 35 50 |
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| 37:19 | . So that's that that's the total fault dependent pleasure. The fault dependent |
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| 37:24 | life trap is less than that because oil water contact doesn't make it down |
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| 37:29 | the spill point. So for trap default dependent column pipe is from that |
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| 37:36 | contour up here Down to the oil contact at 34 22. For trapped |
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| 37:43 | . The fault dependent column height again less than a total fault dependent closure |
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| 37:49 | trump. Be the fault dependent closure from 2600 - 29 50. It |
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| 37:55 | from where we're about here, where highest contour hits the fault. Down |
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| 38:04 | here for the ultimate spill point for total possible fault dependent closure. The |
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| 38:11 | fault dependent column hype only goes down 3000 m here. So it's uh |
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| 38:17 | 2600 m here down to 30 50 for the fault dependent car. |
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| 38:27 | So again, um it's important to that difference between total closure and total |
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| 38:34 | height. Any comments or questions on , Are you all good with |
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| 38:52 | So here's another example field. This also from Campeche Bay and this is |
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| 38:58 | nod field. And here we've got beautiful symmetric detachment fooled with the salt |
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| 39:04 | here. Oil water contact up So we're not limited by either the |
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| 39:13 | dependent closure or any fault dependent seals this accumulation. Going down to deep |
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| 39:24 | traps in the gulf of Mexico. . There's a seismic section of the |
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| 39:31 | Fan. Full belt here we have fault and detachment fold with the top |
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| 39:40 | here. Assault detachment Verizon here and faulty detachment fold up here in the |
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| 39:54 | . Here's another example from the Mississippi . Full belt seismic data here, |
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| 39:59 | down here, detachment level here at top of the green reservoir objectives up |
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| 40:05 | in the shaded section and a symmetric fold a public structure with false extending |
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| 40:11 | through here and through here. So here's the great white field in the |
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| 40:22 | full belt. The main accumulation is with the secondary accumulation here. |
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| 40:29 | And again, it's a it's a detachment full with the detachment layer |
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| 40:34 | at the at the top of the , false cutting through the full limbs |
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| 40:41 | and here and here along. Strike symmetric detachment folds here with false propagating |
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| 40:50 | through the limb, but not reaching objective horizons here here, another section |
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| 41:01 | the potato full belt, showing this geometry where we have these individual detachment |
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| 41:10 | popping up here and here and found by these king fan limbs here |
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| 41:17 | here, here and here in the limbs up here in this section are |
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| 41:24 | actually faulted, so we're not dependent any false bent calm light of pines |
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| 41:30 | the structure up through here, here's a here's a Matthew of the |
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| 41:41 | area with a great white here in accumulations Tobago tried and And Tiger here |
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| 41:51 | then this baja structure here is a seal limited accumulation. So this is |
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| 41:59 | leak off point to protect all these traps. So the great white trident |
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| 42:07 | tighter are all protected traps protected by apex structure here in baja. |
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| 42:21 | so we've looked at 17 fields with fields limits of that 17, five |
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| 42:28 | of seven are potentially limited by false . one out of 17 is limited |
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| 42:34 | the strike closure. Only one is by top scale in 10 out of |
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| 42:40 | are under filled with respect to the closure, the top seal capacity or |
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| 42:48 | false seal. So 10 out of are limited by the hydrocarbon charge. |
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| 42:57 | , although it's, it's really important understand imbalanced the cross sections in the |
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| 43:04 | orientation and it's important to understand the closure um along strike where we have |
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| 43:13 | different combinations, but it's also important understand what are the charges limitations on |
|
| 43:19 | one of these. All right, an example of that from deepwater, |
|
| 43:27 | belt in Nigeria. Here's this attachment coming through here. This is the |
|
| 43:33 | that flips virgins along strike. So it's a steep bloom on this side |
|
| 43:40 | , where the concerts come together as steep climb on this side. And |
|
| 43:43 | we have these broad flats inclines on side of the structure and the the |
|
| 43:51 | lines here define the sink Lionel keels these flats inclines off the flanks of |
|
| 43:58 | structure and so that the charge into structures is a very limited area shown |
|
| 44:07 | the black dash line through here. this black dash line, any charge |
|
| 44:14 | migrate up into the structure here. it's along the deep sense here or |
|
| 44:21 | . A long strike sets here. it's a fairly limited kitchen area available |
|
| 44:29 | supply charge into the structure outside of black dash line, any any hydrocarbons |
|
| 44:37 | going to flow the opposite direction. going to flow up, dip in |
|
| 44:40 | direction or along strike up dip in direction or over to this other accumulation |
|
| 44:48 | , in this direction, away from accumulation here. So we have a |
|
| 44:53 | limited um fetch area to fill the here. Yeah, alright. So |
|
| 45:05 | summary, we see hydrocarbon accumulations occurring all types of full thrust belt |
|
| 45:11 | The fault Ben folds, the fault folds, detachment folds and duplexes. |
|
| 45:19 | we look at these 17 fields where know the oil water contacts and we |
|
| 45:24 | a complete structural picture of the field those 17, Only five are limited |
|
| 45:32 | false hell. one is limited by strike closure. one is limited by |
|
| 45:39 | limited by the top seal In 10 of those 17 are limited by hydrocarbon |
|
| 45:46 | . These are the ones that are filled with respect to the total |
|
| 45:50 | both in the dip direction and the direction. And so this limited charge |
|
| 45:57 | that we saw in that last side by the tights inclines adjacent to each |
|
| 46:01 | of these accumulations. It's probably the limit on the hydrocarbon accumulations in each |
|
| 46:07 | of these structures, so they're although it's critical to understand the structure |
|
| 46:13 | understand the fault seal, the strike , the top seal, it's the |
|
| 46:19 | area for the hydrocarbon charts, that's the most important in determining the volume |
|
| 46:25 | hydrocarbons in each one of these Okay. All right, so that's |
|
| 46:34 | the end of this first section for comments or questions on that. Excuse |
|
| 46:49 | , sir, I have a question this track closure. Yes, I |
|
| 46:53 | the concept of the deep closure, the deep closure, but I'm still |
|
| 46:59 | it difficult to understand the strike I understand the study shape just um |
|
| 47:05 | indicating with a strike closure, but do not actually see how Oh, |
|
| 47:09 | cannot imagine eating three d. How the strike of the the structure actually |
|
| 47:17 | the closure on the risk of So, I don't know if you |
|
| 47:21 | go through that. He gets Yeah, let me go back to |
|
| 47:24 | very good example that. Mhm. . Let's find a good example of |
|
| 48:25 | . Okay, so I've zoomed in this structure contour map of the Painter |
|
| 48:31 | reservoirs. Are you are you seeing Mcdonald's? Yes, sir. |
|
| 48:40 | so um by the way the strike , I mean the closure in this |
|
| 48:48 | direction of the structure, so parallel the axis of the fold. So |
|
| 48:57 | here's an example where the strike closure controlled by this. Sinclair mills |
|
| 49:03 | Still point here, this saddle some sink line here, Any hydrocarbons |
|
| 49:08 | go deeper than this. Oil water will escape out to the northeast |
|
| 49:14 | So that's what I mean by strike . If we come down to this |
|
| 49:21 | Painter Reservoir here, you see the water contact here and the structure contours |
|
| 49:29 | to find closure in this direction that much deeper than the the noise water |
|
| 49:36 | . So the strike closure in this is defined by these closing contours going |
|
| 49:43 | to the northeast here and similarly at other end, they're defined by these |
|
| 49:49 | contours going off to the southwest So, bye bye. Strike |
|
| 49:55 | I mean, the the plunge of antique lines, the closure in the |
|
| 50:00 | direction of the actual surface of the . Oh, yes, I |
|
| 50:08 | sir. I was thinking about it I know it's an anti client and |
|
| 50:11 | dips in different directions around the antique . So I understood how the do |
|
| 50:20 | , um, how the deep causes affected by the deep, deep in |
|
| 50:24 | access around the anti client. But you explain it and looking in the |
|
| 50:30 | of the antique lamp plunging. Now can shoot. Okay, okay, |
|
| 50:38 | . Mhm. Any other comments or . Okay. Mm hmm. All |
|
| 50:57 | . Well, let's, let's let's a break here. Let's take about |
|
| 51:02 | , Let's let's take about a 10 break. So come back at, |
|
| 51:09 | see, say 9939 35. I'm gonna go on to the next |
|
| 51:22 | to talk about basement court uplifts. other kind of compression, all contractual |
|
| 51:28 | . Yeah. Yeah. So now still looking at structures related to shortening |
|
| 51:41 | all structures. But instead of the skin thrusting that we've been talking about |
|
| 51:46 | , we're going to talk about basement structures where the basement is involved in |
|
| 51:52 | shortening. Okay, so in in bottom of the slide here, is |
|
| 52:05 | an example of one of these thick structures? Mhm. And you |
|
| 52:10 | basement is involved as a high angle falter out zone of high angle reverse |
|
| 52:16 | here. So, it's very different the thin skin structures that we see |
|
| 52:21 | in the Canadian rockies. And in The US 4th Rush Stop. And |
|
| 52:34 | we're looking at reverse faults, reverse fault structures in the basement. |
|
| 52:41 | we would expect to have higher, dipping reverse faulted 30 to 45° Dipping |
|
| 52:52 | 45. Yeah, 30 to 45 , forming it at 30 to 45 |
|
| 52:57 | angle to the maximum horizontal compressive The these reverse faults in the basement |
|
| 53:05 | High angle structures dipping typically 30-60° so dipping a little more steeply than we |
|
| 53:13 | expect from from geo mechanics. So here this list their their |
|
| 53:27 | these are uplifted basement blocks founded by faults. Or sharp fletcher's related to |
|
| 53:34 | faults. So, we have these fletcher's in these these tricks. Sure |
|
| 53:40 | zones. The hain wall basement blocks essentially under formed. Mm hmm. |
|
| 53:49 | they're not they're not cut by pervasive zones or there's no evidence of deformation |
|
| 53:55 | the, within the uplifted basement block . There are large structural relief. |
|
| 54:02 | relief in this dimension can be 5-8 In and out of the plane. |
|
| 54:08 | length to width ratios can be 4-8 the the vertical belief. And these |
|
| 54:16 | uplifted blocks are 75 km by and km long. So they're quite large |
|
| 54:23 | structures and this is a list of they occur where they're found. Um |
|
| 54:35 | most well studied in the Rocky mountain province. So colorado, Wyoming northern |
|
| 54:43 | , they also occur in west the Permian basin, central basin |
|
| 54:49 | Central basin platform. As an example one of these basement court up with |
|
| 54:55 | in Oklahoma. The Wichita Arbuckle trend one of these basement cortical structures and |
|
| 55:03 | they also occur in Argentina in the foreland and sierra. Companies in the |
|
| 55:10 | ranges in spain in southeast Turkey and and the atlas mountains in northern |
|
| 55:17 | All of these have basically consists of basic cordant list. Okay, |
|
| 55:29 | we don't we don't have a good of why these forms where they do |
|
| 55:35 | the limited structures in colorado and we think this is the tectonic scenario |
|
| 55:42 | led to those basement cord uplifts that abducted plate here ah underwent shallow |
|
| 55:51 | Uh huh causing coupling with the overriding here with the mantle causing shortening far |
|
| 55:59 | of the main the main conversion In the main thrust belt, shallow |
|
| 56:08 | subduction caused the inboard part of the and mantle to collapse, generating these |
|
| 56:17 | court uplifts in the inboard part of section. Right? So here's a |
|
| 56:28 | of Wyoming. This is the outline Wyoming and then all these these pink |
|
| 56:34 | represent individual basement court uplifts. The severely remind Utah Wyoming trust belt is |
|
| 56:42 | here, verging consistently towards the In comparison when you look at the |
|
| 56:50 | cord uplifts here and all through the here, they occur at quite a |
|
| 56:56 | of orientations, relatives in this main direction in the Utah You went to |
|
| 57:04 | in particular is at 90° to that East West compression. Alright, so |
|
| 57:15 | look at individual cross sections going from to south through the province or start |
|
| 57:22 | at the wind river basin. The range up here, represented by this |
|
| 57:27 | trending uplift here. Mhm. Here's scientific section across that. You can |
|
| 57:33 | the uplifted sedimentary section here um and triangle reverse vault coming back through here |
|
| 57:44 | then smaller. Uh And it forms out in front of that zooming in |
|
| 57:52 | this section. Looking at this line here, we have the uplifted basement |
|
| 57:58 | here. The football block here in main fault zone. The ea, |
|
| 58:05 | here with wells constrained allocation and a will overturn sediments in the football of |
|
| 58:14 | thrust on and the uplifted granic block is essentially under formed here is series |
|
| 58:30 | of regional sections across central Wyoming. we're looking at these sections 1234, |
|
| 58:37 | and 6 here here here here and . And you see these moderately dipping |
|
| 58:47 | falls here uplifting the woven arch the bear tooth arch here and the |
|
| 58:54 | horn arch here. Coming to the cross section here, across a second |
|
| 59:00 | of basement court up list, we the wind river arch here, the |
|
| 59:05 | Creek cards here and the big horn here. So we have a series |
|
| 59:11 | thrust and back thrust, uplifting this block and things in the middle being |
|
| 59:19 | and popped up as a result of the inter our compression of this overall |
|
| 59:26 | coming further south, we have the coverage again here and the Owl Creek |
|
| 59:32 | here has grown from a minor structure to a major structure with the bighorn |
|
| 59:38 | here becoming first staying relatively constant coming along, strike to the south here |
|
| 59:46 | have the winner coverage again here and . This cast barrage here coming along |
|
| 59:56 | south, we have the sweetwater arch here, this guy verging actually to |
|
| 60:02 | southwest series of thrust faults here and and there's more thrust faults here, |
|
| 60:11 | up this Casper arch as a result the shortening within this overall structure. |
|
| 60:16 | inner arch compression of this overall structure through the south To this section |
|
| 60:24 | # six. We're looking here across rock springs arch in the lyra me |
|
| 60:30 | here. So here's a zoomed in section of one of these. We're |
|
| 60:41 | at the bear tooth trust here, . Basement shown here in the tan |
|
| 60:48 | . Go on 45° dipping fault bound that structure, carrying this hanging wall |
|
| 60:55 | along that structure. Um basement involved through here in the basement, essentially |
|
| 61:01 | formed. We didn't know this within whole block here, here's another cross |
|
| 61:13 | extending from the winner of her. in an arch here to the Bighorn |
|
| 61:19 | back here. So we're zooming in looking at big horn basin here, |
|
| 61:26 | wind river basin here and the wind mountains uplift through through here in cross |
|
| 61:36 | . This is what it looks like the the uplift here basement shown in |
|
| 61:41 | pinkish color basement where it's exposed here essentially uninformed, moderately dipping thrust |
|
| 61:49 | coming down in a list of shape a a detachment in the lower crust |
|
| 61:55 | upper mantle somewhere around here and then a back thrust here of forming the |
|
| 62:02 | mountains here, the Bighorn uplift here the reverberation here again, the basement |
|
| 62:08 | . It's exposed along here is essentially formed and here we have a a |
|
| 62:17 | of the football sedimentary rocks here that deformed by Trish shear deformation in the |
|
| 62:25 | of this fault as it propagates up the northeast. Here's a zoom in |
|
| 62:35 | example of the wind river thrust. the seismic section basement hanging while |
|
| 62:42 | Main thrust coming through here. imaged by the seismic football block |
|
| 62:49 | Mhm. And here you see a uplift in the football blog that's really |
|
| 62:57 | an artifact of the seismic velocities. is a velocity pull up resulting from |
|
| 63:04 | fast basement blog being thrust over relatively sediments. And that change in velocity |
|
| 63:13 | you this seismic artifact called the Your side here's an interpretation of that |
|
| 63:24 | section. See the hanging wall the main wind river thrust coming through |
|
| 63:30 | . The football here with the death section taking the velocity pull up out |
|
| 63:36 | this case. And here you see overturned sedimentary beds from this flat underneath |
|
| 63:44 | hanging wall of the main uplift So, these bets come along, |
|
| 63:49 | the fault zone in her overturn. this is a this is this is |
|
| 63:54 | zone of intense try shear deformation. a seismic section across the cast for |
|
| 64:07 | . We're located here, out in of the main wind river block |
|
| 64:14 | Here's the hanging wall, here's the the thrust basement here, sedimentary cover |
|
| 64:20 | here sedimentary cover rocks in the football as you go below the thrust, |
|
| 64:27 | lose your sights from jimmy jane and get this seismic artifact this velocity pull |
|
| 64:33 | . It's not that's not a real . It's just an artifact of the |
|
| 64:38 | velocity rocks being thrust over the low settlements. Okay, so here's here's |
|
| 64:50 | example of that seismic velocity pull up here. We have the thrust pulling |
|
| 64:57 | up here over the Centenary section here where the basement overlaps the sedimentary section |
|
| 65:05 | in the football. You get this pull up. That's just an artifact |
|
| 65:10 | thrusting the high philosophy rocks over the philosophy rocks. So a lot of |
|
| 65:19 | like this Were drilled in the 60s we understood this philosophy artifact with this |
|
| 65:27 | pull up artifact and and none of resulted in producing fields. So here's |
|
| 65:41 | you into mountains uplift in Matthew. located here. The main full thrust |
|
| 65:47 | extends through here. So the N. To uplift here is Occurring |
|
| 65:52 | 90° the main regional compression direction of west here, here's the map view |
|
| 66:00 | the uplift on basement shown here in stippled pattern. High angle reverse faults |
|
| 66:07 | both flanks that occurring here and and here. And here's a cross section |
|
| 66:17 | the structure here. Here's here's the when basement basement, shown here in |
|
| 66:26 | in the stippled patterns. Main fault up here to the north here, |
|
| 66:33 | the southwest With compression occurring in a south direction at 90° to the main |
|
| 66:43 | compression direction and again where the basement exposed here, it's essentially under |
|
| 66:57 | Um here's a cross section of the an incline. This is to the |
|
| 67:02 | of the uplift here. This is basement structure propping up, propagating out |
|
| 67:10 | front of The U. N. here again, it's occurring at 90° |
|
| 67:15 | the main regional shortening direction. Here's cross section of that sedimentary rocks here |
|
| 67:25 | shown here in the winter group and stippling pattern here, about a 30 |
|
| 67:30 | 45 degree dipping reverse fault zone here roll over of the hanging wall beds |
|
| 67:38 | in the hanging wall and here in football as a result of pricier |
|
| 67:43 | In between these two are these two surfaces. These are the um Uh |
|
| 67:53 | . The boundaries of the Trish here and that trust, your deformation gives |
|
| 67:58 | this sort of roll over and decline the front of the main bounding fault |
|
| 68:04 | up here. This fault propagates upward dies out in the sink line |
|
| 68:09 | it doesn't propagate all the way up the surface or to the shallow level |
|
| 68:14 | this incline here. This is a of the Hamiltons dome. This is |
|
| 68:24 | from back thrust accommodation structure here shortening occurring northeast southwest and more or less |
|
| 68:34 | to the regional shortening direction defined by float belt here. Here's the dome |
|
| 68:42 | , basement. Shown here in the pattern. Well controlled, shown |
|
| 68:47 | producing fields here, the Hamiltons mm hmm that forms four way |
|
| 68:54 | four way out closer and outcrop. we'll see at the surface in a |
|
| 68:59 | . And then we have these overturned steeply dipping beds within this. Trust |
|
| 69:04 | zone here, just below the football the fault. Coming up here and |
|
| 69:12 | . This is a It's a 1 1 section. These are dips of |
|
| 69:15 | 30 and 45 degrees. So here have a very high angle fault, |
|
| 69:20 | 60 or 70°, much steeper than we expect from our understanding of the |
|
| 69:33 | Here's the glow creek arch. This another base in court uplift in front |
|
| 69:40 | the US out. Do you want uplift here? Oh, you can |
|
| 69:45 | that. The uplifted block here. hanging wall. The football here, |
|
| 69:50 | main fault propagating up through here into sim. Clonal axis here and then |
|
| 69:57 | boundaries of try shear deformation represented by dashed lines here. That gives us |
|
| 70:05 | . Roll over and a coin on four Limo infrastructure. The front range |
|
| 70:16 | colorado is one of these basement cord lists if you've ever been up along |
|
| 70:23 | the boulder flat irons or the garden the Gods in colorado springs For this |
|
| 70:30 | cut on I-70 west of Denver where have all these steeply dipping beds, |
|
| 70:36 | all formed by the folding in front this basement court uplift here. |
|
| 70:45 | If you go further back along I just west of this, you get |
|
| 70:49 | underperformed gran. It's all in The thrust itself dips in about 45 |
|
| 70:57 | here. The basement and the hanging here is sparsely under form in the |
|
| 71:03 | zone here, you get this flap overturned sediments formed by Trish your |
|
| 71:09 | Wow along the front of the From the front of the fall, |
|
| 71:20 | a cross section further south through the of the Gods. Here we have |
|
| 71:25 | vertically dipping red beds in the Garden the Gods in colorado springs making these |
|
| 71:31 | outcrops. Here's a cross section of showing the hanging wall block here. |
|
| 71:38 | block here. Main Uplift bounding fault , tipping off at about 30° into |
|
| 71:46 | basement, uninformed protozoa granted. And here in the hanging wall and then |
|
| 71:54 | the Oh, in front of that get these um, back thrust and |
|
| 72:02 | dipping limbs. Hear that form what see at ground surface here in the |
|
| 72:08 | irons. Yeah. Oh, if go into Utah and look at the |
|
| 72:18 | clients, they're like the san rafael there are also formed by these basement |
|
| 72:24 | , please. Right, here's an from the san rafael swell here in |
|
| 72:30 | Utah. An outcrop. You get flat irons of the sand stones giving |
|
| 72:37 | like this. You were looking So these things are dipping to the |
|
| 72:42 | to the east. Here's what it like enough for the basement coming up |
|
| 72:52 | . The vertical limbs here in the of the fold and then a steeply |
|
| 72:57 | district shaped fault here, bringing up this basement court uplift going south to |
|
| 73:10 | Audubon decline. Um This is a d. model of that decline. |
|
| 73:18 | looking now here at southern Utah close the Arizona border. You see the |
|
| 73:25 | line coming along here, the hanging here roll over here and then the |
|
| 73:32 | out here and then within um within deformed limb, we have all these |
|
| 73:41 | faults called shear bands showing the, the trifle shear deformation within the four |
|
| 73:50 | them here, if we go down Argentina in the hinterland of the um |
|
| 74:03 | sub indian full thrust belt in Argentina the making basin. We see that |
|
| 74:07 | the same types of structures. So an inset map showing south America Argentina |
|
| 74:15 | and we're along the western border of here at the western edge of this |
|
| 74:21 | basin. So here's a here's a diagram and cross section of that. |
|
| 74:27 | name came from here sediments shown by multicolor later trucks here, full thrust |
|
| 74:35 | attachment folds forming out in front of and all these thrusts and attachment folds |
|
| 74:42 | back into the basement cord up Do we see here? Mhm. |
|
| 74:48 | here's a restoration of that. So see all these basement court blocks slide |
|
| 74:55 | to form a sub horizontal basement top here, the basement where it's exposed |
|
| 75:00 | outcrop along here is essentially under formed In the relative shortening across this is |
|
| 75:08 | small, about 18%. Alright, the in the front of these basement |
|
| 75:21 | uplifts is where we get this. shear deformation that we talked about |
|
| 75:26 | So here's the hanging wall, there's foot wall, there's the actual fault |
|
| 75:32 | the tip of the fall. And in this triangular song in front of |
|
| 75:39 | in front of the fault too, where we get this Trish your |
|
| 75:43 | mm hmm. The velocity within this sure zone. All right. Changes |
|
| 75:51 | on location within the zone. It from high relative to the hangar, |
|
| 75:58 | high velocity close to the hanging wall , decreasing deeper down to zero. |
|
| 76:06 | you get close to the football of vertical angle here. And it's this |
|
| 76:12 | shear deformation that gives us these steeply to overturn limbs in the front of |
|
| 76:18 | basement corridor. Alright, the ancestral are another example of this type of |
|
| 76:29 | , right? And here's a map the Pennsylvanian, permian ancestral rocky mountain |
|
| 76:36 | . So these are shown by the range here in colorado. The un |
|
| 76:42 | . Up with you're in colorado and . And then these uplifts in Oklahoma |
|
| 76:48 | southern texas. The the Wichita uplift , the Anadarko and article trend |
|
| 76:57 | The Ardmore basin trend here, matadors in the central basin platform within the |
|
| 77:05 | basin here, with the Delaware basin this side and the middle and basin |
|
| 77:09 | this side and the main uplift here again. These are Oh, |
|
| 77:16 | orientations to the main short interactions, time defined by the Washington thrust belt |
|
| 77:24 | , searching to the northwest in these occurring it almost 90° to this main |
|
| 77:33 | shortening direction. So here's zooming looking at the income poverty uplift here |
|
| 77:44 | southwestern colorado, here's the basement court here, plainer reverse faults here, |
|
| 77:53 | doc here, but in this basement faulting, propagates out into the paradox |
|
| 78:04 | to form all the inclined symbol appears we see out in front of this |
|
| 78:08 | paradox patient in the pre Cambrian Within this uplifted block is essentially under |
|
| 78:17 | again the Wichita left in southern So, we're looking here, a |
|
| 78:28 | section across southern Oklahoma. Mhm. cross section appear across sections to the |
|
| 78:38 | and to the southeast here. In cases, you see this Listrik, |
|
| 78:42 | dipping reverse fault coming up, forming main part of the uplift here, |
|
| 78:49 | here's a detailed cross section of that the hanging wall here, rule over |
|
| 78:55 | incline here. Main thrust here and , minor synthetic thrust here, with |
|
| 79:02 | sedimentary beds being rotated up to some orientation in the football of the main |
|
| 79:09 | here. Okay, here's an example the Arbuckle mountains in southern Oklahoma, |
|
| 79:21 | north of Dallas, hmm. Here's main uplift here, plunging an incline |
|
| 79:28 | steve Forman here, moderately dipping back here with the main thrust bringing of |
|
| 79:34 | basement showing along here, this cross line is this size. We're going |
|
| 79:41 | here. So we see the the thrust here and and here. Um |
|
| 79:50 | rocks here, basement basement, shown by the top of the red here |
|
| 79:58 | a line or reverse fault coming through and through here, bringing up an |
|
| 80:04 | slice of the basement here. and where the where the basement is |
|
| 80:10 | here in the core of the anne . Again, it's it's essentially under |
|
| 80:20 | . Mm hmm. All right, another cross section across the Arbuckle mountains |
|
| 80:27 | here now, a little further to southeast, you can see the decline |
|
| 80:32 | the an incline here. Sedentary cover coming up rolling over into this low |
|
| 80:39 | thrust, with the sedimentary beds steeply to overturn in the front of the |
|
| 80:48 | front of the thrust. So, a balanced section across that whole structure |
|
| 81:00 | the Arbuckle Lana Kline extending out into Ardmore basin to the south, here's |
|
| 81:06 | here's the present day state. Here's main article thrust coming up here, |
|
| 81:11 | this is this is interesting because the foot wall of the Arbuckle thrust here |
|
| 81:18 | still higher than the corresponding units here the basement. So, to bring |
|
| 81:25 | football are relative to the basement. , we have to have another reverse |
|
| 81:31 | here, deeply within the basement, this block up relative to this |
|
| 81:37 | in the Arbuckle thrust, which looks a major structure in outcrop is actually |
|
| 81:43 | back thrust relative to this patient for uplifted to the southwest. So, |
|
| 81:51 | a restoration of that where all these blocks slide back down to the northeast |
|
| 81:58 | these minor slices fall back into these of keystone positions here, restoring all |
|
| 82:05 | sedimentary rocks back to a horizontal Okay, so here's here's another cross |
|
| 82:20 | across that same structure extending from the buckland o'clock here, out into the |
|
| 82:26 | Basin here. And within the art , you have all these center in |
|
| 82:33 | sedimentary rocks being deformed into second order as a result of this thrusting where |
|
| 82:42 | the combinations of each of these forms along this section and in and out |
|
| 82:49 | play in this section. Okay, central basin platform in west texas is |
|
| 83:02 | example of one of these basement cord lists. So, here's the central |
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| 83:06 | platform in Matthew and location map it's about 90°. They remain shortening direction |
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| 83:13 | the Washington thrust belt here. here's a cross section across the central |
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| 83:24 | platform here it is in Matthew with Delaware basin on this side, midland |
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| 83:29 | on this side cross section through it looks like like this where we |
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| 83:36 | the basement and massive revision carbonates uplifted this central basin platform block by hiring |
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| 83:46 | reverse faults here and hiring her back at this location. Okay, so |
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| 83:57 | going to zoom in and look at . Here's the the central basin platform |
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| 84:01 | the stippled pattern shown here. Here's margin the western margin of the central |
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| 84:07 | platform with the Dell approbation on And what we'll look at our series |
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| 84:13 | cross sections here along the western flank this National basin platform where it dives |
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| 84:21 | into the Delaware basin here. So start here in the south. Didn't |
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| 84:26 | our way north as long a series detailed cross sections. So here are |
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| 84:41 | of those cross sections. This is one here in the south. This |
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| 84:47 | one. Is this one. This see Is this one here and this |
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| 84:54 | D. Is is this one So on each of these, here's |
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| 84:59 | central basin platform here here here basement shown in the stippled pattern. |
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| 85:08 | vertical lines represent well controlled, well where we have the tops and in |
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| 85:14 | cases didn't didn't meter data from some the wells. You see the uplifted |
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| 85:20 | block here moderately. Didn't reverse fault and folded basement cover interface here in |
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| 85:28 | tri Sure zone in front of this here on Modern 33 dipping reverse vault |
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| 85:37 | , shall we dipping reverse faults wow, roll over anne klein formed |
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| 85:42 | the trickier deformation at the front of uplifted blocks here we have a high |
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| 85:49 | reverse faults all by itself here we a series of high angle reverse |
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| 85:55 | bringing the central basin platform up here have folded lamb here defined by the |
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| 86:04 | by the trickster deformation between these two zones continuing on to the north. |
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| 86:15 | we're looking at these sections, F. G, and H. |
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| 86:19 | E F. G. And Here. Central basin platform here, |
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| 86:25 | at the edge of the platform with Delaware basin here, right, starting |
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| 86:31 | the south section here we have to basin platform basement cordell placed here, |
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| 86:39 | only giving reverse faults here and bringing those blocks up into forming the |
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| 86:45 | cover interface. You know, a of folds here. Here's a nice |
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| 86:50 | example, basement court uplift here. basin platform. Try yours on |
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| 86:56 | Roll over and decline formed by the deformation in front of this basement court |
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| 87:07 | . Here's another example from And this the diagnosis field here at this combination |
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| 87:14 | basement here, largely on the Roll over an incline here formed by |
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| 87:18 | for defamation in front of the basement falls here. And lastly, here |
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| 87:24 | have this pop up blocker basement here the center, reverse faults on both |
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| 87:29 | of that with Well, I trust deformation folding the beds in front of |
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| 87:37 | fault tips here. Mhm. So a here's a detailed section of the |
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| 87:47 | kind of santa klein central basin platform uplift here, basement and shown by |
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| 87:52 | stippling pattern here. Oh Playing a fault here, dipping at about 45° |
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| 88:00 | the northeast with the pressure defamation the basement cover interface in front of |
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| 88:08 | in front of that basement accord Okay, right. So these these |
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| 88:20 | have been interpreted in a variety of ways. And so we're going to |
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| 88:24 | at some of those alternative models and that sort of again in this |
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| 88:32 | So here's the here's the first order that we're trying to constrain. And |
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| 88:40 | we have good data constraining the hanging here and poor and good data constraining |
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| 88:46 | football here. And this portion of structure is what poorly imaged or relatively |
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| 88:56 | . And so these are three different of that poor data zone. The |
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| 89:04 | is a trade fold here where we a high angled normal fault potentially causing |
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| 89:10 | trade fold over the structure here and . This is now inconsistent with all |
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| 89:18 | seismic data and the wealthy and that have from the. This up thrust |
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| 89:25 | was an alternative that was proposed based their mechanics where we have a concave |
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| 89:33 | shaped felt like this from a going a moderately getting reverse faults here to |
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| 89:39 | higher on reverse faults here. And lastly, we have this full trust |
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| 89:47 | which is consistent with all the seismic in the world data that we have |
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| 89:51 | showing a planner or a Listrik reverse , extending it 30 to 45 degrees |
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| 89:57 | the basement here with his own Trish deformation causing the folding up here. |
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| 90:04 | . These alternative models, the drake up structure, our unrestored rubble. |
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| 90:12 | so they're unnecessarily impossible or incorrect. hmm. So this this shows an |
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| 90:22 | of the normal faulty model where we trip fold over the structure here. |
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| 90:29 | hmm. To be restore a bubble be restore a Ble. This requires |
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| 90:36 | of the sediments here, which we see or normal faulting, which we |
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| 90:42 | see or detachment of the cover rocks from the basement. So this straight |
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| 90:48 | conformed by pulling these sedimentary guys up drape over the higher defaults here. |
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| 90:56 | that requires detachment of the sentiment. here from the fall in the basement |
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| 91:01 | again, this is something that's just observed. Okay, okay, so |
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| 91:13 | this up trust model is really driven the poor seismic data where you have |
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| 91:25 | no seismic data zone here. That you to want to carry this fault |
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| 91:32 | a steeply dipping orientation here in the seismic data zone. This gives rise |
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| 91:38 | this up thrust interpretation where you have hanging wall here In the football |
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| 91:45 | There's no vertical exaggeration along here. is 1-1 and then you have the |
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| 91:51 | dipping beds formed by multiple intricate falls shears out in front of the structure |
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| 91:58 | . And the problem with this is you try to restore it, the |
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| 92:03 | of the sedimentary sedimentary rocks here is , much longer than the top of |
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| 92:09 | basement blocks here and then here. if I try and slide this hand |
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| 92:15 | back along this zone of faulting I might have two possibilities. |
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| 92:22 | If I keep these two folk blocks contact, if I keep the hanger |
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| 92:27 | in the football block in contact, have to have this rotation. Ah |
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| 92:32 | I can't with this restoration, I restore the sedimentary cover interface to support |
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| 92:38 | orientation. Alternatively, if I use deadlines is my restoration data and restore |
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| 92:47 | to a supports on orientation, Have much longer beds here than I |
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| 92:54 | in the football. And I end with this gap between the football here |
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| 93:00 | the hanging wall here. So this thrust interpretation is impossible to restore and |
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| 93:09 | incorrect for that reason. Okay, . Through. And just like we |
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| 93:18 | about earlier, you know, these , The hanging wall shape and rotation |
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| 93:27 | the shape of the underlying fault. here where I have a plate or |
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| 93:34 | , I have no change in orientation tilt of the hanging wall relative to |
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| 93:39 | football. My basement covered contact in case is some horizontal in both the |
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| 93:45 | and hanging off where I have these up shaped district shaped falls. The |
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| 93:53 | of the hanging wall block here is result of the curvature of the list |
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| 94:02 | of the fault here. In that tilt is defined by um the curvature |
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| 94:11 | this district fall where I have a downward shaped fault like this. The |
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| 94:19 | wall is going to be rotated in opposite direction towards the football here. |
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| 94:25 | that rotation is defined by the curvature the fault here. And so if |
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| 94:33 | take the radius of curvature here. . That angle representing the radius of |
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| 94:42 | is the same as the tilt of hanging all blocks. Similarly here, |
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| 94:48 | I look at the radius of curvature this concave of fault, this mr |
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| 94:53 | fault, that angle of curvature is to the rotation of the hands roll |
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| 95:00 | here. Now where we have more shapes, we have more complex |
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| 95:07 | So here's an example where I have football here hanging old block here, |
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| 95:13 | trick thrust fault here where I have concave up shape, I get this |
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| 95:21 | rotation of the hanging wall bed where go from this concave up shape to |
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| 95:29 | blistering. I mean to a planner fault here. Um I have local |
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| 95:36 | , reverse faults, concave up shortfalls here to accommodate the relative motion of |
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| 95:43 | part of the hanging wall relative to part of the hanging wall. And |
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| 95:48 | in the front of this block here can get local extension where the basement |
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| 95:54 | structure here basically collapses into the So all along here the shape and |
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| 96:03 | of the hang role is related to shape of the master fault. But |
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| 96:08 | get very complex structures within that hang as a result of the changes in |
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| 96:15 | of the fault here. So here's an example that this is from from |
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| 96:30 | uplifts in in Wyoming the rattlesnake mountain here and then uh the Teton uplift |
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| 96:38 | , where in both cases I have Listrik shape reverse faults here cutting down |
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| 96:44 | the basement, the basement here and is largely under form. The folds |
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| 96:51 | formed by attrition deformation in front of leading tip of that basement court |
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| 96:59 | And the shortening of the hanging all here is related to the curvature and |
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| 97:09 | of the basement block along these By this series of questions what? |
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| 97:16 | all right the same or a equals difference between the hanging wall dip and |
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| 97:23 | football dip and A. And B. Or bed lines. So |
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| 97:28 | the headlines here at And um let's here, A C. In the |
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| 97:37 | state owned here and maybe in this direction here. So the, the |
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| 97:46 | of the uplift here is defined by function A. B plus C. |
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| 97:54 | two times the sine of this angle rotation of the hanging wall block s |
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| 98:03 | here, it's a total shortening It represents the total shortening minus the |
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| 98:09 | shortening and it's equal to Okay this A B minus a B minus Bc |
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| 98:18 | a C. Over two times one the cosine of this angle so that |
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| 98:26 | . We can use these equations to what the dip of this fog morning |
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| 98:34 | bounding the block has to be and the relative shortening is across the beds |
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| 98:41 | that deformation zone. So now we're to look at some of the second |
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| 98:55 | structures that result from these basement Topless, wow. So here |
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| 99:01 | we're looking at block diagram, I give up for being blistering thrust fault |
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| 99:08 | here. And what we're going to at. Our secondary structure is representing |
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| 99:14 | local compression formed where the trajectory of fault changes. The first example is |
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| 99:22 | the Bighorn basin here we will look the rattles, think about Goose Creek |
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| 99:28 | and Hambleton dome. It forms second structures relative to the main bear tooth |
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| 99:36 | circa uplift out here in front of structures. So the Grass creek structure |
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| 99:47 | the Bighorn basin asymmetric W. Plunging incline, mm hmm. Reverse fault |
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| 99:54 | it has greater than 4000 ft of . The front limb is steeply dipping |
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| 99:59 | strongly thin, is defined by well And the field has produced over 100 |
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| 100:06 | barrels since its discovery in 1914. a pretty substantial field. So here |
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| 100:15 | is located at the boundary of the basin in the America uplift here. |
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| 100:25 | what it looks like in Matthew we before way plunging an incline here and |
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| 100:33 | sink line here. Axis of the incline extending along here so okay curve |
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| 100:39 | linear shaped and climb here. So what it looks like in cross |
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| 100:50 | high angle reverse faults here and sedimentary rocks here are deformed into a |
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| 101:00 | by the treasury defamation at the front the fold here and the the back |
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| 101:07 | here. So the basement court Second order second order structure relative to |
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| 101:14 | main out lift off to the west . So here's a detailed cross section |
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| 101:24 | that grass creek field structure. You the sediments coming along here, basement |
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| 101:32 | , basement fault dipping in about 60° , one and then these Centenary beds |
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| 101:39 | , rotated by Trish or deformation at tip of the fault here, the |
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| 101:45 | , your deformation occurring within this. pickle zone defined by the two dash |
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| 101:50 | here. There's the east side of , the east Grass creek structure section |
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| 102:00 | , a basement court fault here, granite. Shown by the stippled pattern |
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| 102:06 | . Coverups, shown by all the layered rocks here, mm hmm. |
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| 102:12 | fall propagating up here into his own or deformation here, The force |
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| 102:19 | these sedimentary rocks over to us. steeply dipping orientation here and then try |
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| 102:26 | deformation propagates upward along these dash changing on generally to farming the overlying |
|
| 102:37 | up here. Okay, here's a section across that. You can see |
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| 102:47 | basement cover contact somewhere about here. fault zone coming through here uh fairly |
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| 102:57 | imaged actually by the sergeant data angle here. Football block here in the |
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| 103:05 | dipping beds on here. Not really by the seismic data. Here's another |
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| 103:17 | section across your. You can see top of the basement extending here. |
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| 103:24 | cutting through the basement here propagating up the sedimentary section here are And then |
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| 103:32 | the paleozoic section here being rolled over the trickster deformation in front of the |
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| 103:38 | tip as it propagates up through Okay, okay. The Rattlesnake mountain |
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| 103:47 | Wyoming. So this is a structure to back thrust off the major Oregon |
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| 103:52 | for and it's constrained by down plunge from surface outcrops in this canyon |
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| 104:04 | And we have a high angle high angle in zone characterized by second |
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| 104:08 | normal and reverse faults. The basement largely on the form. We c |
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| 104:15 | dikes in the basement that are not and the deformation is restricted to Cata |
|
| 104:21 | zones immediately adjacent to the falls. here we're looking at the Rattlesnake mountain |
|
| 104:29 | inclined here between the Bighorn basin and back of the absurd Erica uplift |
|
| 104:40 | So here it is an outcrop on way plunge again, inclined crest coming |
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| 104:46 | here, plunging off in in this , gently dipping back limb here, |
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| 104:54 | dipping for living here. Here's what looks like in an outcrop in a |
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| 105:04 | few. The hanging wall here, dipping beds here. So we're taking |
|
| 105:08 | view looking south where the stupid dipping are dipping to the east. We're |
|
| 105:15 | to the west. I'm sure you me in the west here. So |
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| 105:24 | one of these up thrust, grateful interpretations of that in decline. She |
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| 105:30 | puts a block here potentially formed by angle normal faults here with the sedimentary |
|
| 105:37 | draped over that full tripped over that basement box here in a drink Phil |
|
| 105:44 | I try and if you try and this, if you slide the basement |
|
| 105:48 | down along these high angle normal you get an unrestored herbal section. |
|
| 105:53 | length of the shallow beds is much than the length of the top of |
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| 105:58 | basement here. And that's shown in restored section here. We'll have a |
|
| 106:05 | line out in front here. That's represented by this in line here. |
|
| 106:11 | basement cover contact is only this long the under formed state, whereas the |
|
| 106:18 | get progressively longer as you go up into younger and younger sediments so that |
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| 106:23 | the overlying sediments have dead links much than the top of the basement cover |
|
| 106:29 | here. So this restoration is telling that this this interpretation is necessarily incur |
|
| 106:37 | and incorrect. Okay, so here's restorer sample of the same structure hanging |
|
| 106:48 | block here. Football block here. for uplifting the basement here, ballistic |
|
| 106:56 | falls with that strength. Well folded over the top of that. Not |
|
| 107:04 | in this case, but deformed by for defamation in the front of this |
|
| 107:09 | as it propagates upward and in this the the top of the basement and |
|
| 107:16 | sediments are restore a bill to a horizontal datum with the same line length |
|
| 107:23 | the sediments and for the top of basement. So you're hanging with |
|
| 107:38 | Do you want to do you want take a break before we go on |
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| 107:43 | continue on? Take a break. , Alright. Um mm hmm. |
|
| 107:57 | it's half past. Why don't we back at? Yeah, In about |
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| 108:02 | minutes. In about 20 minutes of hour. Okay, we have a |
|
| 109:22 | more examples of these basement court uplifts we're going to look at. The |
|
| 109:26 | one is this Hambleton dome on the of the Bighorn Basin. Um And |
|
| 109:32 | an asymmetric. Doubly plunging. An related to steep, northeast dipping reverse |
|
| 109:38 | With greater than 5000 ft of The fog dies out in the overlying |
|
| 109:44 | . It does not propagate to the . The mesozoic shales on the front |
|
| 109:49 | of the structure are steeply dipping and attenuated, strongly thin. In |
|
| 109:56 | the basement and the more rigid billions carbonates are deformed by faulting with how |
|
| 110:02 | falling the field as a whole has over 170 million barrels from the Permian |
|
| 110:08 | for AEA intensely formations in the Mississippi Madison group. So we're here on |
|
| 110:19 | flank of the Bighorn basin, again a back thrust related to the Abs |
|
| 110:24 | uplift here, there's a structured contour of the, of the Hambleton |
|
| 110:33 | Let's see those structured contracts here in water contact shown here, um offsetting |
|
| 110:41 | shown by the lines here and here then. All the black black dots |
|
| 110:46 | representing wells within the field, gently back when steeply dipping foreland. |
|
| 110:59 | here's a cross section of the See the hanging wall block here. |
|
| 111:04 | block here. District shape, reverse here, bringing the hanging wall |
|
| 111:13 | Main annual block essentially under formed beds this zone of pressure deformation in front |
|
| 111:19 | the fall, steeply dipping to There was a seismic line across that |
|
| 111:32 | the top of the basement here in . About here in the hangar law |
|
| 111:38 | section here in paleozoic Mesozoic section here the hanging wall corresponding section. Mesozoic |
|
| 111:46 | section here in the football and here's the bed. These beds rollover to |
|
| 111:53 | steeply dipping sub vertical beds formed by trickster deformation related to the fault zone |
|
| 112:01 | and overall just poor imaging of the itself and the steep beginning bets here |
|
| 112:13 | a restore herbal section across that with main dome up here, High |
|
| 112:18 | reverse volunteer dipping at 60 or 70° the basement basement and in carbonate rocks |
|
| 112:27 | at the base of the paleozoic largely uninformed sedimentary rocks shown. Business |
|
| 112:34 | Centenary section shown here in yellow, dipping to form two vertical dips and |
|
| 112:42 | by the trash or deformation in front the fault as it propagates up. |
|
| 112:52 | , so here's here's a restored section that um to the top of the |
|
| 112:58 | . We can restore just using the length and sliding this fault block back |
|
| 113:04 | the beds here because of the vertical have to be restored by area balancing |
|
| 113:11 | polygon represents the area balance in a state. So that represents the area |
|
| 113:17 | this set of beds in the deformed . In the under formed state. |
|
| 113:24 | represented by this triangle in the area in the area here are the |
|
| 113:31 | So we can do a long length of this part of the blog in |
|
| 113:36 | part of the block. And the here has to be formed by an |
|
| 113:41 | restoration because of the thinning of the in here. There's some sergeant lines |
|
| 113:51 | the Hambleton dome. You can see each case the hanging wall blocks |
|
| 113:54 | Football blocks here for them and fault in here in this section. Hang |
|
| 114:02 | here. Football block here. 4 High Angle, reverse fall somewhere about |
|
| 114:10 | . Lastly this seismic line. Annual here as you can see part of |
|
| 114:14 | roll over football box here and the basement court falls steeply dipping through |
|
| 114:28 | So this This blog diagram shows how structure changes along, strike a long |
|
| 114:36 | here. We've got the basement faults where the Trish here folds in front |
|
| 114:42 | the block here with the fault tipping within the lower peelings, opens the |
|
| 114:48 | of across here here we have we less displacement, less folding of the |
|
| 114:55 | of the crocs here with the higher fall extending here with the same dip |
|
| 115:01 | we see here here in this last , we have increased displacement. There's |
|
| 115:07 | bench man fault hanging wall block football . And then here is where, |
|
| 115:13 | this increased displacement, we get thinning these beds as their deformed by Trish |
|
| 115:20 | in in front of the tip of fall. Okay, the amount is |
|
| 115:29 | down into colorado and Utah. We'll at three structures mitten park will creak |
|
| 115:36 | Ramsey an incline um representing different structural is in front of the main. |
|
| 115:43 | went to uplift. These have monoclonal with no appreciable dip on the |
|
| 115:52 | The basement falls with, shall we cover in the covering units and false |
|
| 116:00 | displacement of section dying out in the mango shells. So here's the main |
|
| 116:11 | went to the basement court uplift here what we're going to look at our |
|
| 116:16 | creek structure here in the Rangeley and client here. So again. Um |
|
| 116:27 | are forming at roughly 90° to the regional shortening direction. Okay, the |
|
| 116:38 | part structure. The southwest verging structure to high angle reverse fault juxtaposing the |
|
| 116:45 | campion with the upper Mississippi and classics the football. The structural relief at |
|
| 116:51 | mental level is about 3000 ft. near horizontal beds are rotated to a |
|
| 116:58 | vertical in front of the fault. that's going to trust your defamation that |
|
| 117:04 | the structure has a rounded hinged on the deformation of the front line can |
|
| 117:08 | observed an outcrop. So here we , it is what it looks like |
|
| 117:15 | outcrop. You can see the hanging beds here rolling over into the |
|
| 117:20 | And structural deformation coming out into the football here in both meetings hanging wall |
|
| 117:28 | the football have the same sub horizontal . And that tells you that the |
|
| 117:33 | underlying. This has to be The lack of tilt between these two |
|
| 117:40 | tells you that you have a player , reverse phone, here's a restore |
|
| 117:48 | section of that. Here's the hanging for the football block cover rocks here |
|
| 117:55 | over being folded by the trash for in front of this fault tip default |
|
| 118:01 | upward into the Triassic shales here and out in the shells in the default |
|
| 118:09 | is plainer as required by the lack rotation of the hang long relative to |
|
| 118:15 | football. So focusing now on that foreman deformation that within this, the |
|
| 118:30 | sub horizontal beds here in here, there's no there's little or no internal |
|
| 118:39 | . It's only within about 500 ft the same coin. All actual surface |
|
| 118:45 | , do you start to see betting deformation bands? And as you get |
|
| 118:50 | to the fault, those betting colonel bands become better developed and more and |
|
| 118:57 | intense, more closely spaced. And start to get small displacement faults and |
|
| 119:02 | zones cutting through the sediments. When get into the overturned limb here, |
|
| 119:12 | the same criminal axis, you get significant increase in the deformation bands, |
|
| 119:18 | , closely spaced, and with minor displacement faults and fault zones performing the |
|
| 119:25 | in his truck. Sure zone. , so here's a restoring section showing |
|
| 119:36 | football here, hang walked here, faults here, basement cover interface here |
|
| 119:44 | here, no rotation of that I'm telling you that this fault has |
|
| 119:50 | be plainer As we get up here the four lamp, we get these |
|
| 119:57 | rolled over as a result of the defamation formed by the propagation of this |
|
| 120:02 | as it cuts up here in this . And then the fault itself propagates |
|
| 120:07 | and dies out in the makeup shale here. And then um here here |
|
| 120:15 | the football is where you get the deformation of these ah, of these |
|
| 120:22 | . Once you get on the structures in this direction and in this direction |
|
| 120:27 | virtually no deformation. Oh, he the hanging wall beds for the football |
|
| 120:34 | . All right, so, the creek structure is analogous to that plainer |
|
| 120:43 | cover in perfect interface in both the on the football telling you that that |
|
| 120:48 | has to be plainer um fault propagates into the man cochetel here and dies |
|
| 120:55 | here within this zone. You get related to the Trish here, defamation |
|
| 121:04 | the beds out here and here in hanging wall are only they're they're basically |
|
| 121:13 | . You see slight deformation in the here and here in the football and |
|
| 121:19 | only in close proximity to the actual that you get a lot of deformation |
|
| 121:24 | and shear bands and minor faults. , mm hmm, mm hmm. |
|
| 121:36 | . So this is this is Mm hmm. What I just talked |
|
| 121:45 | . Alright, so here's the We can slide this hanging wall block |
|
| 121:52 | along this plane or fault restored to sub horizontal datum of keeping essentially the |
|
| 121:59 | line lengths in all the overlying beds , right? The range of |
|
| 122:11 | another antique line out in front of mountains. It's an asymmetric doubly plunging |
|
| 122:18 | , but it's pretty much more than million barrels from the Pennsylvanian Permian Weber |
|
| 122:24 | since the field discovery in 1902. geometry of the hanging wall is tightly |
|
| 122:30 | by violent seismic data. And it's It's a lower displacement analog of the |
|
| 122:36 | creek structure that we just looked at fault shallows upwards, producing some south |
|
| 122:46 | hanging wall panels and the mango shell considerable thickness variations my birthday, you |
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| 122:55 | where the fault tips are into the shell. So here's a cross section |
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| 123:03 | the rain Stanley klein, Here's the reservoir sandstone here. This weber sandstone |
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| 123:09 | wall here, football here, plainer cover interface here, planer basement cover |
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| 123:15 | facing interface here, no rotation of context telling me that this fault has |
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| 123:21 | be essentially planer default propagates up into form of fold, dying out in |
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| 123:28 | bank of shale here with the page here, um, deformed by Tricia |
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| 123:36 | giving you this roll over and decline the same client. There's a size |
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| 123:49 | through the range of the anne Here's the main U. N. |
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| 123:53 | here. Here's the range of the klein here and you can see this |
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| 123:57 | back mm hmm. And here is as a kind of a Listrik |
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| 124:05 | Listrik up shaped fault. Listrik fault a cup shape. But in |
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| 124:10 | because of the lack rotation of the wall relative to the football, this |
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| 124:15 | has to come back and be the through here with a slightly steeper over |
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| 124:28 | . So here are a pair of of the Willow Creek Yannick client in |
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| 124:32 | range of the decline showing their exactly . Um no rotation in either case |
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| 124:39 | the hanging role relative to the telling you that the fault has to |
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| 124:43 | plainer trust your defamation here forming the of the fold and in the restored |
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| 124:51 | . You slide back along this plane fault. All right, restoring everything |
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| 124:57 | sub horizontal data with the same wine . How? So this sequence of |
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| 125:12 | shows the a sequential restoration or in bottom to top the increasing deformation, |
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| 125:23 | evolution of the structure. So as go up in this direction, mm |
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| 125:29 | . As I'm going down in this , I'm increasing the displacement on the |
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| 125:36 | . You know, I've got a displacement with Patricia zone here with a |
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| 125:41 | step in the forum here with increased here, default propagates further up section |
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| 125:49 | I get more rotation and more deformation the beds and its treasures. And |
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| 125:55 | , President Day ST paul propagates up surface in Flamenco shale up through the |
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| 126:01 | . And I get these steeply dipping in the form of the fold. |
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| 126:11 | , so I mentioned in most of structures, we get this overturned flap |
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| 126:17 | beds in the football of the structure this is a restoration of one of |
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| 126:23 | flats showing how they evolve. So the present day balance section. And |
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| 126:30 | going to assume here's the Arbuckle uplift , The main Arbuckle thrust here and |
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| 126:36 | flat overturned flap in the football of Arbuckle thrust here. So we're going |
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| 126:42 | zoom in and look at the restoration this part of the section that's shown |
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| 126:48 | , here's the President a state. the main Arbuckle thrust coming up through |
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| 126:54 | and here's where we have this flagpole sentiments in the football of the Arbuckle |
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| 127:00 | here and there are wells in the here that constrain what's in the face |
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| 127:09 | the growing. So here in this I have without Ben folds. It's |
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| 127:17 | up basically into a triangle zone with back thrust here. That's right. |
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| 127:23 | this back. I start to unfold flattens sentiments here. So, if |
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| 127:30 | first pull it back to restore the off of this un conformity with this |
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| 127:35 | conformity, I've now restored these to near vertical tip and let this back |
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| 127:43 | by a relatively small amount here and to unfold the hang rule for this |
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| 127:49 | out here. True. If I to slide this back, increasing the |
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| 128:00 | displacement here. Mhm. This becomes upright structure verging to the south originally |
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| 128:10 | is no longer overturned here or If I unfold this completely. So |
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| 128:17 | bring the top of the or emission here to some horizontal datum that comes |
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| 128:25 | to this restoration state. We're now close these beds all the way back |
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| 128:31 | some horizontal and a lot of these to fall back down into a horizontal |
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| 128:38 | and completely restored us overturned beds to original. So for his own |
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| 128:46 | So this is overturned flats are just tribal zones form in the football of |
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| 128:55 | overlying thrusts. All right. So of this section on thick skin basement |
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| 129:05 | uplifts. These they occur in the rockies, the colorado plateau harmonic lines |
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| 129:12 | ancestral rockies, including the Permian basin basin platform, but we also see |
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| 129:19 | in western Argentina in the western Rakhine and other basins around the world. |
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| 129:27 | verge in multiple directions relative to the shortening direction. The basement in the |
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| 129:34 | wall blocks is essentially under formed overturned are common in the reversed footballs, |
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| 129:43 | traps and those footballs are rare, , because you don't you just don't |
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| 129:48 | the strike closure. The elevation and of the top of the basement and |
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| 129:54 | hang wrong is a function of the of the underlying Master fault. So |
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| 130:00 | that, where that top is some . There's no rotation of the hanging |
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| 130:06 | relative to the foot wall is telling that the fault itself has to be |
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| 130:13 | . The fault zone. Seismic imaging necessarily poor because of the steep dips |
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| 130:17 | velocity inversions. The uplifted basement. thrust juxtaposition of fast basement over slow |
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| 130:27 | produces these football uplifts. They're not and declines. What are just artifacts |
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| 130:33 | the fast philosophies over the small the master faults are most commonly |
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| 130:41 | Listrik falls with little or no strike around that overturned flap of sedimentary cover |
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| 130:50 | commonly occurs along the foot wall of Master Falls and thats restore herbal and |
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| 130:58 | there's a triangle zone feature in the up thrust and draped fold models of |
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| 131:06 | basement card uplifts are largely an artifact the seismic data. They're impossible to |
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| 131:12 | and so necessarily incorrect. I Okay, well, that's uh, |
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| 131:25 | it for this section. Mhm. comments or questions on what we just |
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| 131:30 | over with the basement court uplifts? , sir. Um what is the |
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| 131:37 | between an octopus and normal trust Well, who chose folks? |
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| 131:45 | good question Marie go back to Okay with the with a normal fault |
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| 132:31 | fold interpretation that's shown here where I that high angle normal fault and the |
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| 132:38 | are drake folded over that. And the problem with this is if I |
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| 132:45 | this to here, the length of overlying beds is going to be a |
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| 132:50 | longer than the length of the basement interface here with the up thrust interpretation |
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| 133:02 | shown here where you have this concave shaped fault that's moderately dipping in the |
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| 133:09 | section and then becomes vertical, deeper the section. And the problem with |
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| 133:16 | again is that mm hmm. This basement cover interface can't be restored to |
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| 133:25 | by a fault of this shape. end up either with rotation over beds |
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| 133:32 | mine. The line lengths are unequal the cover rocks here in the top |
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| 133:39 | the basement box here. So these the two two Basic things but the |
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| 133:44 | for model in the up thrust Mm hmm. The trade full got |
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| 133:50 | normal falls. The out thrust model this funny concave shape fault. It |
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| 133:57 | vertical into the basement. And in cases, they're not restore a Ble |
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| 134:03 | the line length of the cover beds longer than the line length of the |
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| 134:13 | . Did that answer your question? ? Yes, sir. Okay. |
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| 134:27 | . Any other comments or questions? , well, that's it for this |
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| 134:49 | . Um we'll break here and take lunch, take a long lunch break |
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| 134:56 | resume at |
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