| 00:03 | OK. Well, we have three slide sets to look at one of |
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| 00:09 | . You don't have or do No, you don't have it. |
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| 00:29 | let's see. Can you hear me folks? Yes. Yes. |
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| 00:37 | we can hear you. Can you me now? You know what to |
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| 00:58 | ? Can you hear me now? need to get an echo. Here |
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| 01:02 | go. Here we go, here go. OK. We're good |
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| 01:06 | right? Everybody can hear me. . Yes, we, yes, |
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| 01:12 | can hear you. Turn it on long enough to hear you say. |
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| 01:17 | . OK. Now I have to this little trick. Try to make |
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| 01:34 | machine think that it's not doing something we didn't want to do is |
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| 01:43 | So uh what we have left for rest of the, the day is |
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| 01:48 | we're gonna do uh one lecture on integration of correlation of graphic correlation with |
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| 01:58 | data by geological data. I we've used some well data and we've |
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| 02:02 | some geophysical data and I'm gonna show how uh the kinds of details uh |
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| 02:09 | we can get out of uh doing sort of thing. And at the |
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| 02:13 | end, I'll show you um uh of our graphic correlation plot of the |
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| 02:19 | Paleocene Eocene boundary. It's a thermal for the entire uh Sa Zoi and |
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| 02:29 | turns out um many places where it's theres an un conformity there, including |
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| 02:36 | place. And apparently some people don't thats important. Um If you wanna |
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| 02:44 | something at a certain point in that section has to be in the |
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| 02:49 | that you think you see it. can't just be Eoin on top and |
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| 02:54 | on the bottom uh with an un in between the two, you have |
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| 03:00 | have a continuous section to see something really is at the Paleocene, Eocene |
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| 03:07 | and in Mexico uh in the Chant , uh someone I went to graduate |
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| 03:14 | uh was also uh trained in the , but he wasn't a first from |
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| 03:20 | . And uh so he was a good field geologist and he was a |
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| 03:24 | water specialist and he was working on water uh deposits in the Chant Base |
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| 03:29 | for a long time. And then we got, we got some seismic |
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| 03:33 | and we got some bio stratigraphic data we did a really big project uh |
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| 03:37 | it. And uh he uh he uh without me explaining it to him |
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| 03:42 | all, he totally understood what a diagram was and how important it |
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| 03:47 | So when I gave him the dates was able to build one on his |
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| 03:51 | . And it helped us come up a independent but really uh incredibly different |
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| 03:57 | than what had been uh presented in past. Simply because we built our |
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| 04:03 | around the data rather than what somebody in the Gulf of Mexico or West |
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| 04:12 | or anywhere else in the world. was, wasn't based on trying to |
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| 04:17 | our sequence boundaries fit somebody else's sequence from another place. We actually created |
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| 04:25 | boundaries based on the data. And it came up with some pretty interesting |
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| 04:33 | . And um so the way this talk goes, it starts, starts |
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| 04:38 | with a brief explanation of graphic correlation methods and what a standard reference section |
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| 04:44 | composite standard is. And uh I'm go through that pretty quick because we |
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| 04:49 | went through that. In fact, went through it a couple of times |
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| 04:53 | uh then we'll get into the Tampico Mela Basin and uh and then we'll |
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| 04:59 | about the pa uh paleo boundary in one outcrop uh that has some pretty |
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| 05:06 | results. OK. And you saw in uh this is exactly the same |
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| 05:12 | that I showed you. I, believe and um I am wondering why |
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| 05:19 | is got a white hash instead of black hash. But um but basically |
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| 05:25 | explained uh suppressed tops, raised Um This one doesn't label it. |
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| 05:31 | , here it is a secondary tiffs , uh, and uh this is |
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| 05:36 | apparent hiatal surface and this, in this example, it could be |
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| 05:41 | of those things that cause apparent hiatal , which is why we use the |
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| 05:46 | because we don't know what's causing the . And of course, the hiatus |
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| 05:56 | that there's missing time and this is missing time when you read that time |
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| 06:02 | down here. So it's 14 something maybe something on the order of 22.5 |
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| 06:10 | years is missing the way this is . And so, uh, |
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| 06:16 | that's a pretty significant hiatus, but may not be real in that. |
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| 06:21 | don't have a sample above it until . We don't have a sample until |
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| 06:25 | there, which doesn't change anything based what we're seeing here with the secondary |
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| 06:30 | . Uh Some of the bases that would have determined to be, |
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| 06:36 | valid, uh, are sitting here show that there's some strength to |
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| 06:40 | This is the only thing on this that bothers me a little bit is |
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| 06:43 | suppressed tops look like a depositional sequence you have to be really careful. |
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| 06:49 | we've got a, we've got a here and we have a good basil |
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| 06:54 | over here and a good top pick that on this depositional sequence. |
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| 07:00 | decided that these are suppressed tops or used to call them depressed tops and |
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| 07:05 | depressing. And um, I think did so many depressed tops. I |
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| 07:09 | to go into depression. So I to use the word suppressed. And |
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| 07:15 | and I think that works out this and uh this is showing you uh |
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| 07:22 | a little bit more color uh rock rates as they change through a |
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| 07:30 | which by the way is really What we almost always see is um |
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| 07:39 | , this one doesn't show it but a lot of times we'll see |
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| 07:42 | uh depositional sequence at that rate. then another one just like it at |
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| 07:49 | rate. And the reason being is I said before we left for |
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| 07:52 | And that is these, these uh , the well sets aren't moving around |
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| 07:57 | they're in the depot center, uh get a, a really high rock |
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| 08:03 | . If they're near the margin, slow. And if it's in |
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| 08:06 | it's somewhere in between all the way the section. OK? Is that |
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| 08:19 | , what now the benefit, how I have these tops? Ok. |
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| 08:31 | What these are terraces? And I'll have to go to the |
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| 08:35 | I, I explained it yesterday, maybe it'll make more sense out of |
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| 08:59 | . And that by the way is really good question. It means someone's |
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| 09:03 | to figure this out. So if have a graphic correlation plot like |
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| 09:08 | this is depth and this is time top of any fossil will be in |
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| 09:20 | in another fossil, it might be in another fossil. It might be |
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| 09:25 | in terms of time, but in , you would expect this one to |
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| 09:29 | lower, this one to be a higher and this one to be higher |
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| 09:34 | . So if I had a whole of fossils and I just plotted them |
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| 09:38 | this and this helps me understand so maybe it'll help you understand |
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| 09:44 | just think of this as a And so I have a top |
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| 09:50 | This is just based on time and have a and a top. |
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| 09:57 | we haven't even looked at the rock the rock record yet. So based |
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| 10:04 | time, we know that this one go to here and that's his |
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| 10:07 | We make that a plus, we here and obviously he's younger. So |
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| 10:16 | should be higher in the section, ? We have a plus there. |
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| 10:22 | , we have another one, a there. And let's, for |
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| 10:30 | do another one in between that's somewhere that and another one that comes up |
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| 10:37 | this, but do it here and right there and it's a plus. |
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| 10:45 | . So this is just in we know that relatively, this one |
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| 10:50 | be below this one. This one be below that one and that one |
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| 10:54 | be uh above all of them. ? This one's above all of |
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| 10:58 | This is above those two. This above that everybody get it. That's |
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| 11:02 | time. So if we go over we look at the, look at |
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| 11:05 | we see in the, well, we look at the rock record, |
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| 11:09 | assume there's an un conformity here. nothing for you there. This doesn't |
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| 11:18 | until there, this doesn't occur until . This doesn't occur until there because |
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| 11:28 | gap is like this. So I a fossil. So I have a |
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| 11:39 | over here and there's no one for or no fault, no normal fault |
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| 11:46 | no condensed interval. And you draw here because this time is gone. |
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| 11:57 | actually, it's actually this time is . But there are rocks here and |
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| 12:02 | are rocks there. The rocks above are gonna be this age. I'm |
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| 12:07 | that age. So we have things up to this age and then there's |
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| 12:12 | big section missing and we don't see more rocks until we get to that |
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| 12:17 | . And that's why you get the . If it's a normal fault, |
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| 12:21 | does the same thing. If it's condensed interval, here's what it |
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| 12:28 | Uh Here's what's actually happening. You this, then you would have, |
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| 12:34 | condensed. So the other one only to about right there in height and |
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| 12:39 | one only gets to about there in . And um it's, it's more |
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| 12:48 | . It's, it's like this is a hair above it. This is |
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| 12:53 | a hair above it and this is a hair above it. And, |
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| 13:00 | we had a sample here and we a sample up here. And so |
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| 13:09 | it hits, when it hits that interval, it's again, gonna look |
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| 13:13 | it's almost flat. Um theoretically you draw it like this, put an |
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| 13:20 | to it, but it's really hard see that because the, um even |
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| 13:24 | graph paper is not at the resolution you'd have to see that to |
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| 13:27 | to take, take something of this of time to squeeze down to that |
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| 13:33 | something that's just a few, few , well, sometimes a couple of |
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| 13:38 | , but that's it. The ice is really thin. You saw it |
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| 13:41 | that well, lock and that's, was a uh flooding surface and you |
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| 13:45 | a sample below it, a sample it. And basically you catch it |
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| 13:50 | this sample. So it plots all way across like that anyway. |
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| 13:55 | you wouldn't see it up there because isn't a sample up there, the |
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| 13:59 | samples up here. And that's one the reasons why, um I think |
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| 14:04 | important to use the geological data to you figure out with this and this |
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| 14:09 | why we call it an apparent hiatal . We're not sure exactly what it |
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| 14:12 | when we see it, but we it's a break and we know there's |
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| 14:15 | three things that can be used. a normal fault, one's a condensed |
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| 14:21 | . And the fact that if it just normal faults and un conformity. |
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| 14:26 | probably wouldn't need the word. a parent. Hi service. You |
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| 14:29 | call one a fault, one But because you have this condensed |
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| 14:35 | you can lump them all together and they're all apparent hiatal surfaces and, |
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| 14:40 | they are, they look like they're surfaces. And that's why the, |
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| 14:45 | , they plot, they plot because , that's where we have the last |
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| 14:49 | point. And, uh, and won't find one higher in the section |
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| 14:56 | , because it, we didn't get sample up there, we'd have to |
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| 15:00 | samples at a millimeter in here. the other thing that could happen |
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| 15:04 | uh if you're getting those close you know, for example, this |
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| 15:11 | a condensed interval. That's half a years when I click in there. |
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| 15:16 | getting 100,000 years and here I'm getting years, 100,000 years. Actually, |
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| 15:22 | way I did it, it's more 250 or uh break it down to |
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| 15:29 | . It would be about 125 125,000 I, if, if I took |
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| 15:33 | samples. And so, so what actually see in the chart is an |
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| 15:41 | Hiatal Circus and it, it could ever so slight like this. One |
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| 15:50 | the graphs that I showed you in Eocene study. They actually had something |
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| 15:55 | that where they thought they saw I don't think they did. I |
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| 15:58 | , I think they just put too credit in, uh, in the |
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| 16:02 | section above. In other words, , we had a high surface and |
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| 16:10 | from here got reworked up into this . Then you would think that, |
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| 16:14 | know, it might move up a bit and not a high sample but |
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| 16:19 | , a sample that might maybe would been, uh about this height in |
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| 16:23 | section. So you said you'd get little gentle sleep and it could be |
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| 16:28 | real thing and they might have actually . OK. And um and then |
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| 16:41 | is um and this is uh the that I have that really talks about |
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| 16:48 | gap. If you get a then you see uh depositional event like |
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| 16:55 | and then you see one like but you have no samples in between |
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| 16:59 | and here I explained that pretty But I think uh this diagram is |
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| 17:03 | little bit better. You know, , we extend this up like |
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| 17:06 | we extend this down like that. then we go to the well logs |
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| 17:10 | we go to the Geophysical data and what we had to do in this |
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| 17:13 | . The Geo the Geophysical data helped with significant reflectors that were called sequence |
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| 17:20 | . Uh One would be in here that's where, that's where we would |
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| 17:23 | the line. And we would assume we wouldn't change the data, but |
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| 17:27 | where we would pick the line. that helped us come up with sequence |
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| 17:32 | that were constrained above and below with data that we had. And then |
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| 17:37 | , we had the thing in it it uh in the original um company |
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| 17:42 | interpretation, their sequences were very different the sequences. We came up the |
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| 17:49 | they kept arguing with us because apparently thinks that sequence boundaries should never |
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| 17:56 | They should always, they should always at what uh Peter Vail and uh |
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| 18:02 | Old Hack and all those people did 1995. But uh are, are |
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| 18:08 | of you familiar with who Peter Bale ? Peter? Peter Bale is the |
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| 18:14 | the guy at X. It was at the time and then uh not |
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| 18:19 | after he started doing this, it Exxon because so apparently was a dirty |
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| 18:24 | in a foreign language. And uh just because it's an oil company, |
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| 18:32 | anyway, uh so it got changed Exxon. And uh Peter Vale was |
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| 18:36 | one that first came up with Peter . And the group that he was |
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| 18:41 | , came up with sequence seismic And it quickly morphed into sequence photography |
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| 18:49 | the, and it was a paradigm in the way sediment ologists look at |
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| 18:54 | basin infill. It was a huge shift. And um when I first |
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| 19:01 | here in 2022 most of the department was distrusting of uh sequence stratigraphy. |
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| 19:11 | I wrote in an email that it's paradigm shift. And one of the |
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| 19:15 | members wrote back um that Charles Darwin be rolling over in his grave now |
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| 19:22 | Don called that a paradigm shift. nevertheless, it was a paradigm |
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| 19:28 | Another faculty member that was the um editor of GS A said that sequence |
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| 19:36 | won't really be considered by the scientific until it's published in GEO A. |
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| 19:42 | he had all the journals in there his, in his uh office. |
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| 19:46 | pulled one of them out. Uh was a GS A journal. It |
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| 19:50 | the one that uh forget the name it right now. But it was |
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| 19:54 | it was like a, a monthly that came out and gave you timely |
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| 19:58 | modern things to consider. Every single of them had a sequence cartography paper |
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| 20:03 | them. And then the bulletin the bulletin of the American, um |
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| 20:10 | is it called? Um The Geological of America. Uh Actually, uh |
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| 20:17 | every issue but many issues would have paper on sequence to mean apparently he |
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| 20:21 | reading. So, so anyway, he read the ones on a different |
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| 20:31 | . So it's, it's important to to keep up. And the um |
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| 20:36 | , when you look at this kind thing here, uh The reason why |
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| 20:40 | bring this up is because in this area, pie, it's called Piny |
|
| 20:48 | uh reworking. Anything that's peny contemporaneous something that happens almost at the same |
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| 20:56 | . So if you have an outcrop right away, you have erosion like |
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| 21:02 | down cut. Like if you have low stamp, the stuff that it |
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| 21:05 | erodes is gonna be just a little younger then the stuff um uh that |
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| 21:12 | eroding into. And so it was confusing and you can have a lot |
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| 21:17 | uh reworking. And so I, developed this uh concept of uh how |
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| 21:22 | can have reworking over a long period , um, this would be a |
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| 21:32 | period of time. Oh, it's being eroded over a long period |
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| 21:39 | time because here's the time marching over . You can see that this is |
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| 21:44 | than that, but what it's eroding limited to a very short period of |
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| 21:51 | . In other words, all of eroded material is right about this age |
|
| 21:57 | then you see a little bit here a little bit there. And the |
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| 21:59 | reason that you don't see all of at once is because some of the |
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| 22:04 | show up in the first reworking, , uh, you might see all |
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| 22:08 | these species and two more new ones then they're reworking. They were probably |
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| 22:14 | at this time, but you didn't them in that sample and then you |
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| 22:19 | seeing more and more because uh the this works, the minute you see |
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| 22:23 | top, that's it, you're not re re invent it. So |
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| 22:27 | these species could actually be occurring, , all the way up here. |
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| 22:33 | as, uh, you wouldn't see . It's actually the opposite of what |
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| 22:36 | said is we come down the well , it's an outcrop, it's |
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| 22:39 | But if you're coming down a well , you see the top there and |
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| 22:43 | just saw one of the species. you're seeing, uh, two of |
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| 22:46 | species in total. Now you're seeing species in total. Now you're seeing |
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| 22:51 | species in total and now you have species in total when you get down |
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| 22:55 | that are new in, in what seeing. But all of that, |
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| 23:00 | interval right here is tight. So just sort of a short period of |
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| 23:05 | . This interval here in thickness has interpreted to be that depositional event which |
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| 23:13 | time uh approximately from here to So that's a uh reworking over a |
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| 23:22 | period of time of basically the same unit. Did you really see |
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| 23:32 | And then this is just a converse and there's, there's all sorts of |
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| 23:35 | that can happen in between. Um I say pie contemporaneous, I'll go |
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| 23:41 | to this one in a in uh the outcrops of the wells that we're |
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| 23:49 | on in Mexico. This pattern right was actually right over here. So |
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| 23:56 | it almost looked like the whole section one age. But you had to |
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| 24:01 | for these sequences of things that were but higher. And uh and |
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| 24:11 | I was able to, to get pattern like this, that was a |
|
| 24:14 | sequence and recognize that this was So everybody knew because they would see |
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| 24:21 | marker fossils. So they would know is happening. But with the graphic |
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| 24:25 | plot, you can actually see when happened and how it happened relative to |
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| 24:31 | the reworking. So it gives you lot of insights into why your data |
|
| 24:37 | screwy. But um when you uh , this is not an insignificant |
|
| 24:44 | When you recognize reworking in a what it says is that something is |
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| 24:49 | sandstones down into the basin because something being eroded. So something is being |
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| 24:56 | . So that's, that's uh it's you get reworking, uh whenever we |
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| 25:01 | reworking, even it's in one we make a note of it because |
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| 25:03 | can have something to do with sediment . So you go a little bit |
|
| 25:07 | dip, you're gonna see where that ended up. OK. And here |
|
| 25:14 | um what happens is extensive reworking and like a terrace. And the reason |
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| 25:21 | like a terrace is because it only happened to a small part of the |
|
| 25:32 | um over a short period of So it'd be here, the time |
|
| 25:38 | is here. But the fact that limited to one stratum, you |
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| 25:43 | one stratum is gonna be less time am than multiple stratum's this will rep |
|
| 25:48 | stratum's will represent uh you're eroding um things over a long period of |
|
| 25:58 | But the width of this um this is narrow, which means it's all |
|
| 26:06 | these things. They plot because they're , they're not plotting as a valid |
|
| 26:13 | graphic correlation plot, they're plotting as of, of a single period of |
|
| 26:19 | . So one, so say an , uh upper Paleocene outcrop was being |
|
| 26:26 | during this whole period of time. here it's just the opposite one bed |
|
| 26:33 | the Paleocene was being eroded uh uh a very short period of time. |
|
| 26:39 | , it's multiple beds are being eroded a, over a short period of |
|
| 26:47 | . OK. So this is a Strat democratic interval in terms of |
|
| 26:52 | which means here, but this is this scale time would be like |
|
| 27:00 | And so its a short period of . This is a very old |
|
| 27:04 | This is a very young fossil. what I mean by broad Strat democratic |
|
| 27:10 | . These fossils are all about the age. OK. I think I |
|
| 27:17 | found a way to say it that made sense. I'm trying and of |
|
| 27:22 | , now that we've talked about this little bit, I think you're getting |
|
| 27:25 | better feel for what, what this sort of metaphor for uh using all |
|
| 27:32 | data is a funnel and having separate work on separate parts of the fossil |
|
| 27:38 | and trying to make it fit is SN And uh I think also too |
|
| 27:45 | you understand how pulling all these things makes a like if I were to |
|
| 27:49 | all the data that came out of off to the right side, that |
|
| 27:52 | be my composite standard, turn it its side and go from, from |
|
| 27:56 | oldest to the youngest and line it over here and then I could put |
|
| 28:00 | well up against it. I'd have great standard and you can get information |
|
| 28:04 | plotted on a scale like this. what I call bio stratigraphic models and |
|
| 28:10 | that as your starter for uh a standard. And we don't need to |
|
| 28:15 | about that anything. So here we the um uh pretty much the uh |
|
| 28:24 | basin means peanut. And um and sort of looks like Mr Peanut, |
|
| 28:30 | guess. And um not sure if where it came from. But uh |
|
| 28:37 | nevertheless, um there's a, there's city in here called Chant too. |
|
| 28:42 | But there's been a lot of uh make a note that its sort of |
|
| 28:47 | shaped. And this is the well we had and the cross section. |
|
| 28:54 | gonna show you with um in a diagram follows these wells and this is |
|
| 29:04 | of the wells just showing you ah we could see the sequence boundaries. |
|
| 29:11 | here is a depositional event. So is a sequence, this is sequence |
|
| 29:15 | depositional event, sequence, boundary, event, sequence, boundary depositional event |
|
| 29:22 | boundary. And heres a depositional there was basically just went on to |
|
| 29:26 | , the top of the well or of our data set. And um |
|
| 29:32 | I can tell you that these are maximum flooding surfaces. These are ero |
|
| 29:36 | were erosional surfaces, these were actual conformity. So I would still call |
|
| 29:43 | an apparent hiatus surface surface. But this case, we knew they were |
|
| 29:46 | conforming. And, um, this sort of the scale that they were |
|
| 29:52 | and they based it on, their primary timescale is based on Bergren |
|
| 29:58 | all. In 1995 Bergren is up Woods Hole. He's a really incredible |
|
| 30:02 | and his, uh, his wife a good nano fossil worker. |
|
| 30:07 | um, and one of the most things about him is, is he |
|
| 30:11 | a nervous tick like this and I know how, but somehow he looked |
|
| 30:15 | a microscope probably more than anybody on planet sorting out some of these fossil |
|
| 30:22 | is a really bright guy too. everybody at Woods Hole I would imagine |
|
| 30:26 | pretty sharp. Anyway, uh, came up with that scale, but |
|
| 30:30 | was getting old. And so we to, and it's kind of over |
|
| 30:34 | and we, we kind of instant did exactly what I told you, |
|
| 30:38 | don't want to do, but we it just so it would make sense |
|
| 30:41 | um Mr Vazquez who wasn't really the author, but he paid for the |
|
| 30:50 | . But, and uh so we him first off and, uh |
|
| 30:57 | this is really a fantastic chart. The, when I showed this at |
|
| 31:01 | micro fossil meeting, one guy jumped of his chair and said, could |
|
| 31:06 | explain it to me one more He said, so telling me that |
|
| 31:11 | didn't try to make your bio fit sequences. You made the sequences from |
|
| 31:16 | bioy. I said, yes, what you're supposed to do. And |
|
| 31:20 | did he, did he get and he was a relatively famous guy, |
|
| 31:25 | I won't go into. But um basically what you can see here is |
|
| 31:33 | I can't do this because I have tell the students um what you see |
|
| 31:37 | this diagram is we have a time over here. Uh This uh this |
|
| 31:44 | started in 2012 and the 2012 scale come out yet. Some of the |
|
| 31:50 | I'm going to show you were based the 2012 scale, especially the very |
|
| 31:54 | one. But um but it took , it took us a good number |
|
| 32:00 | years to get everything that's in And uh and I kind of, |
|
| 32:03 | give you the chronology but uh first graphed all the wells and we, |
|
| 32:08 | we were graphing them, we constantly um where we didn't have enough data |
|
| 32:15 | looked to where we might have a good seismic reflector that appeared to be |
|
| 32:21 | un conformity or a surface or a uh sequence boundary. In the sense |
|
| 32:28 | veil veils, sequence boundaries are, un conformity when sea level drops and |
|
| 32:33 | have a lot of erosion to begin and then you have non deposition after |
|
| 32:39 | . So uh if you look at , anybody want to tell me what |
|
| 32:43 | of this is a Wheeler diagram, part of the section is there? |
|
| 32:47 | what part of the section is pick any well or, or you |
|
| 32:58 | pick any color actually. So each of these vertical columns is a |
|
| 33:05 | you know, and you know, you drill into a well, the |
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| 33:07 | are continuous, but these sections of wells are divided by their sequences and |
|
| 33:17 | un conformity in between them. In words, this is all missing |
|
| 33:22 | This is all missing section. Uh of this stuff is estrogen in nature |
|
| 33:27 | that's why it's blue uh green but most of it's um um fan |
|
| 33:35 | in some of its deeper water. um so here we have, let's |
|
| 33:44 | this. Well, we have a here and there's a little bit of |
|
| 33:51 | , there's a section here and underneath is a little bit of gray |
|
| 33:57 | We have a section that has a boundary in it. This particular sequence |
|
| 34:01 | is right here. So this is this is actually one of the only |
|
| 34:08 | where we actually have the correlative OK. Over here and these wells |
|
| 34:22 | have the stuff in this sequence. non deposition here. The gray is |
|
| 34:27 | deposition. The pink is erosion. the way, I was hoping someone |
|
| 34:32 | tell me and this pattern right here showing that we've got down lap or |
|
| 34:36 | forms developing. This is down this is down, lap. Um |
|
| 34:43 | to here is, it's probably not much, but from here to here |
|
| 34:45 | down lap, that sort of And that's what we saw in the |
|
| 34:50 | by the way. And uh but , but you can, it's something |
|
| 34:56 | you can interpret like I did in North Sea before you even knew that |
|
| 35:00 | was an issue. And uh so pink is erosion and then this is |
|
| 35:11 | deposition above here and this, the interval is the corret uh conformity and |
|
| 35:22 | couldn't correlate it in this well, this. Well, because it's, |
|
| 35:26 | uh it's missing here. You couldn't it to that whale because it's missing |
|
| 35:33 | . And what we were able to out was there was even an erosion |
|
| 35:36 | into here with that. We had little bit of section down there. |
|
| 35:40 | here we have uh here's a lot erosion into here and um we have |
|
| 35:51 | , well, right down to So what you do is, you |
|
| 35:54 | these things up on a Wheeler diagram you kind of look at one sequence |
|
| 36:00 | you go, what's the lowest point that sequence gets to right there? |
|
| 36:07 | the highest point that this sequence gets ? Well, it could be |
|
| 36:11 | So what we're doing is we're constraining boundary between the period of erosion and |
|
| 36:17 | period of non deposition here here, and here. So we, we |
|
| 36:25 | quite get it, but we know has to be between this one. |
|
| 36:28 | can't be any younger than that. can't be any older than that. |
|
| 36:35 | we had two that were right to . So we picked it, |
|
| 36:38 | we have almost three that are right that line. So we picked it |
|
| 36:41 | be right underneath uh this one, underneath that one and right underneath that |
|
| 36:50 | , it could have been as it have been as, as old as |
|
| 36:53 | here though. This is just more . In other words, if the |
|
| 37:04 | conformity was here, then there wouldn't been erosion there. That's why it's |
|
| 37:12 | it's there because that's, that's the in time when it stops eroding and |
|
| 37:16 | starts filling back up. And so you have that, when you have |
|
| 37:23 | low stand happen, first thing that , you get erosion and you start |
|
| 37:28 | it back up. But then right that sea level starts to rise and |
|
| 37:32 | turns off the uh the influx and way off in the deep water, |
|
| 37:41 | should be able to see that in rock record, but you don't often |
|
| 37:44 | get wells there. This one happened hit it and some of this basin |
|
| 37:48 | really deep at some points in Ok. So here we're gonna look |
|
| 37:57 | , um, we're gonna look at uh two sections flattened and uh this |
|
| 38:09 | a bit flattened underneath and uh you see that you have things that look |
|
| 38:15 | um submarine fan deposits. Do you the one that I showed you in |
|
| 38:20 | two D seismic in the Eine, kind of like corrugated look. Um |
|
| 38:29 | don't know if you guys ever remember that. Sometimes they do this at |
|
| 38:32 | . They have corrugated metal that's like or um they have plastic that people |
|
| 38:39 | for uh like a little greenhouse or and it's could be green, it's |
|
| 38:45 | like that. So this little ripple is showing you that there's channels and |
|
| 38:50 | levies and whatnot in. Um And is 3d seismic, by the |
|
| 38:55 | uh this is showing you that you've some sorts of channel deposits here. |
|
| 39:03 | um that basically was going on when when we had, you know, |
|
| 39:10 | data is over here, some of seismic came over here. A lot |
|
| 39:14 | this uh is subsurface onshore and then is, this is uh or close |
|
| 39:20 | the surface and then the stuff that look at uh younger is farther offshore |
|
| 39:26 | a little bit deeper. And this the evolution of the basin. |
|
| 39:31 | You had uh a big depression here the channel fed it and it built |
|
| 39:37 | out like this progressively in this And then after a while you uh |
|
| 39:43 | was uplifting, he had slumps coming from the side and there was another |
|
| 39:48 | slump area that built out like a Delta or an Alluvial fan even. |
|
| 39:54 | then later when we look at it here, uh which this might help |
|
| 40:00 | see it here is one of those and you can kind of see it |
|
| 40:04 | the 3d seismic. You can see , they go off to this way |
|
| 40:08 | off to this way and it goes this well into that well, and |
|
| 40:12 | another well over here kind of uh off down like this, its flattened |
|
| 40:19 | this surface so that you can see a fan. And this, this |
|
| 40:23 | a true uh Strat democratic uh cross because it's based on uh coming up |
|
| 40:30 | a plane somewhere. Sometimes you do plane at the bottom, the top |
|
| 40:34 | and sometimes you do at the this is underneath it. And so |
|
| 40:39 | were seeing is some of these fans their time and this is fans see |
|
| 40:44 | here and thats this van and then you can see it doesn't change a |
|
| 40:51 | lot but you, you can see there's uh we have different uh seismic |
|
| 40:56 | looking across here so that you can uh kind of the development of these |
|
| 41:00 | fans. And uh remember we looked this, so were looking at top |
|
| 41:10 | off, we're, we're looking at lap, we got down lap, |
|
| 41:13 | got top lap. We're primarily gonna looking at at off lap here or |
|
| 41:19 | , this in a sense would be is age 12345. Remember the law |
|
| 41:25 | , the one on the bottom uh to be deposited first. This isn't |
|
| 41:30 | , but you have to have this of form before that one can build |
|
| 41:33 | top of it. This client of had to be there before that one |
|
| 41:36 | build on top of it. And it's, it's not layer cake geology |
|
| 41:40 | it's a dip section and it's showing that growth and here's uh what I |
|
| 41:45 | to try to help folks understand Uh If you have a seismic line |
|
| 41:50 | this and you have units building down this surface here, uh What you're |
|
| 41:59 | doing in the model sense, you time one and time two here, |
|
| 42:05 | have time 5678 here. So the is bigger as you get away from |
|
| 42:13 | center of the delta. And um so if you're proximal to the axis |
|
| 42:24 | not the delta, but this, this case, it's a fan in |
|
| 42:27 | uh the axis of the fan is here as you get farther away, |
|
| 42:32 | uh successive layers that prograde out, is pro gradation. And uh if |
|
| 42:38 | erosion on the top of it, have off lap. But this |
|
| 42:41 | this is definitely down lap and this right here is time eight sitting on |
|
| 42:47 | of time two. So if you back to here, that's exactly what |
|
| 42:57 | showing you in, in here where go, I'm getting um getting away |
|
| 43:03 | the center of this, this fan I'm seeing down lap and it's |
|
| 43:07 | it's getting younger and younger as I up this way. OK. Here's |
|
| 43:12 | , the center of that one and getting down lap on the side. |
|
| 43:20 | ? And this, this type of lap out would be, would be |
|
| 43:26 | lap. And so if this is to the sediment source, like the |
|
| 43:32 | of the fan and this is a of the fan, the other side |
|
| 43:36 | the fan would be the opposite of , just flip it over a mirror |
|
| 43:41 | . In other words, it it would look like this for those |
|
| 43:50 | a room, for those not in room. If, if this was |
|
| 43:55 | axis, uh we would see it this way and this way on the |
|
| 44:00 | side. But this, this could be um down lap from a proximal |
|
| 44:11 | to a distal shoreline. And that's this diagram was to show was going |
|
| 44:18 | a delta building out and it would that it's from the, from the |
|
| 44:26 | to out of the shoreline. It's like this. If we had on |
|
| 44:31 | , it would look like this, would be almost the same pattern and |
|
| 44:35 | would look exactly like this too, this is distal and that's proximal. |
|
| 44:41 | we had on lap, we'd have here and as it gets closer to |
|
| 44:47 | , as it's on lapping, it's getting um proximal to the source of |
|
| 44:56 | . Uh You're getting a bigger, bigger break between number two and number |
|
| 45:02 | . So you have sand coming out here and it's building up in |
|
| 45:06 | But it's pro grading in this direction sand comes out and this is towards |
|
| 45:10 | ocean which would be distal, this proximal, which would be towards the |
|
| 45:15 | source of sand. And that's exactly it looks like the same pattern. |
|
| 45:21 | this word right here is proximal. means it's near uh near to whatever |
|
| 45:26 | providing the sediment as, as the um transgression is occurring because what it's |
|
| 45:38 | in a process sense is that sea rising. So it's adding accommodation space |
|
| 45:45 | top of this and then it, then it fills it in, then |
|
| 45:49 | adds more accommodation space and it fills here, then it adds more |
|
| 45:53 | it fills in here. But all time the sediments coming from this |
|
| 45:59 | It's not coming from a river over . This is proximal, this is |
|
| 46:04 | , we go back to this Um What have I done now? |
|
| 46:16 | . I'm going too far forward. think I'm, this is reverse. |
|
| 46:23 | . So if I, if I to this one uh that I showed |
|
| 46:27 | time, um this is proximal, is distal. And so it'd be |
|
| 46:35 | a delta pro grading out. And you remember when I drew the Clio |
|
| 46:49 | relation pattern, uh in terms of Wheeler diagram and uh the, the |
|
| 46:59 | correlation actually helps you see the breaks the depositional helps you separate the depo |
|
| 47:05 | systems from or the depositional events rather the hiatus, uh parent hiatuses. |
|
| 47:14 | um if I have a flat surface I'm pro grading a delta out on |
|
| 47:20 | of it goes like that, and might have been a low stand surface |
|
| 47:29 | a maximum flooding surface. In the case of a high standard systems |
|
| 47:33 | this would be age one, this be probably age. Let's make it |
|
| 47:41 | and three and two would be back . This is five, this is |
|
| 47:45 | , this is seven as I go this direction, the gap in time |
|
| 47:51 | from 1 to 71 to 61 to . So as I prograde from proximal |
|
| 47:58 | distal, the gap is getting And if I'm doing on lap, |
|
| 48:04 | gap is the other way around. looks, it looks like exactly the |
|
| 48:07 | pattern. But where, where you're to the sediments with a, with |
|
| 48:13 | transgression, you'll have something like this level rises and it's on that sea |
|
| 48:20 | rise and it fills it in and , there's no more space and all |
|
| 48:24 | depositions going on down here and maybe something like that. Then you have |
|
| 48:28 | rise in sea level. There's more space and it fills in here. |
|
| 48:32 | what's filling in here is sand running here or running down a river or |
|
| 48:37 | longshore current bringing it from a river else. Then you have another |
|
| 48:42 | This is just this is um proximal the source, right? And this |
|
| 48:52 | distal just like in the last one the gap is getting bigger as we |
|
| 49:02 | to the proximal point. OK. this, this would be one if |
|
| 49:06 | did it like we did the other , this would be 456 and this |
|
| 49:10 | be seven. And so this gap getting bigger towards the proximal side. |
|
| 49:18 | if I gave you a picture like , is this um is this a |
|
| 49:30 | or a transcription you would know right ? Then somebody in here tell me |
|
| 49:37 | this is a regression or trans, just drew a transcription and proximal is |
|
| 49:49 | the same side. Yeah. Is a transgression or regression regression regression is |
|
| 50:01 | the sea level regresses transgression is when comes of. And I hate those |
|
| 50:08 | because what I, what I would prefer is on lap versus down because |
|
| 50:14 | makes it much more simple on Of course, is um is a |
|
| 50:19 | down lap is gonna be a regression appropriation. It's about working regression is |
|
| 50:25 | what, what's regressive shoreline, No. Um The sea, the |
|
| 50:32 | , the shoreline, shoreline, the is moving back in this something's pro |
|
| 50:43 | into. So this is a the trouble with all those words to |
|
| 50:49 | the same thing and it's real easy say the wrong one at the wrong |
|
| 50:57 | , we confuse the students. So here you have this diagram right here |
|
| 51:08 | pro gradation through time like this. then if we have on lap, |
|
| 51:20 | bigger gap is gonna be here and the bigger gap will be near the |
|
| 51:27 | side. And you know, when working in a basin, often you |
|
| 51:31 | tell, you know, the deep that way or the deep waters that |
|
| 51:35 | . And the shoreline is probably this or if you have an oar card |
|
| 51:38 | show you where the sh shoreline it can help you too. But |
|
| 51:42 | , this looks exactly like the same , except in this case, this |
|
| 51:52 | the distal and that's the proximal. whats happening? Does this look like |
|
| 52:01 | diagram on the board right now? , I should thats exactly like the |
|
| 52:12 | see here is because remember we're looking time here, this is time and |
|
| 52:20 | rocks are still sitting on top of other. But if you're out, |
|
| 52:25 | out in the ocean, look on diagram over there and you see number |
|
| 52:30 | sitting on one that's distal. And did you get it? So |
|
| 52:47 | so this is a sea level rise is a transgression. OK. And |
|
| 52:59 | can use those words differently if you what's regressing. But normally regression uh |
|
| 53:06 | this, this uh sea line, sea levels pulling back and transgression means |
|
| 53:16 | moving over top of the land. don't know why transgressing seems real |
|
| 53:23 | Regressing is like what's regress. OK. And here is um top |
|
| 53:37 | , you can have something like this and that would look like this. |
|
| 53:47 | so I went through all of these things here to show you how it |
|
| 53:51 | look in a graphic correlation plot. to tell the difference between um a |
|
| 53:59 | and regression, you need to know the ocean is. So I could |
|
| 54:03 | a picture like this on the And I could ask you looking at |
|
| 54:09 | Wheeler diagram, is it a transgression a regression? And I might |
|
| 54:16 | is it a transgression that is sea rise or is it a regression? |
|
| 54:21 | level four is to prograde, the level has to move back. |
|
| 54:37 | So now we'll come back to this and we're gonna look right at San |
|
| 54:41 | Fan C here and you can see near the center of the fan. |
|
| 54:53 | know, we're getting, we're getting gradation its here. Then a little |
|
| 54:58 | later, it fills in here. this layer is filling in here, |
|
| 55:02 | there, there was no deposition, a little bit later, it's filling |
|
| 55:06 | there, no deposition, but a bit later, it's filling in. |
|
| 55:10 | this is an erosional surface, not an erosional surface, but |
|
| 55:14 | it's kind of reversed and may be by D. But here you can |
|
| 55:18 | of see the fan uh if we more wells, it would be |
|
| 55:22 | But this pattern right here, we're from proximal to distal and the gaps |
|
| 55:30 | bigger, bigger what's happening. Pro for gradation. It's filling in sea |
|
| 55:39 | . Regressive. It's this one right . So this is near the center |
|
| 55:49 | it, but just to make sure understand, and I told you, |
|
| 55:53 | could do flip it over twice. a model I made to show you |
|
| 56:01 | , this is T zero and uh gap here is T one, |
|
| 56:06 | two, T three YT three T . And so this would be to |
|
| 56:12 | tt one to minus T two to TT four over here, looking right |
|
| 56:22 | where the well hits it. Did ever see that? And this would |
|
| 56:28 | proximal, it's proximal to distal, to distal. You get the same |
|
| 56:36 | . If you just look at this of the pattern looks just like that |
|
| 56:50 | gradation. In other words, it's , it's getting a bigger gap as |
|
| 56:55 | get farther away from the center. nobody's said anything yet. But what |
|
| 57:02 | think is fantastic is from the well I can actually see from the graphic |
|
| 57:09 | plots, I can see the layers the fan, so I can actually |
|
| 57:14 | actually go in and date these And this is this is kind of |
|
| 57:25 | fancy would look. It's dropping off and more as you get away from |
|
| 57:30 | sides. In other words, as get, this is the center of |
|
| 57:39 | fan as you get distal, the gets bigger. OK. So, |
|
| 57:54 | and here, here's what it is up, the gap gets bigger as |
|
| 57:57 | get distal. So um now we're look at something that's going on over |
|
| 58:07 | , there's a bitumen bed there and looks like this and um it's got |
|
| 58:21 | different orientation than this, but it rotated. So this is a |
|
| 58:24 | We used a backhoe to or Steve a backhoe, hired a backhoe and |
|
| 58:29 | them to dig up part of their . So he could see this bitumen |
|
| 58:34 | and here it is here. And we, what we figured out was |
|
| 58:38 | uh this bitumen bed started leaking but during the Paleocene Eocene boundary, |
|
| 58:46 | imagine you have uh in the you're in the Gulf of Mexico, |
|
| 58:54 | get to the sea floor and underneath , you have reservoirs that currently are |
|
| 58:59 | leaking because the overburden is enough to the uh membrane seals from leaking. |
|
| 59:06 | then all of a sudden sea level because what we were trying to explain |
|
| 59:10 | sea level dropped. At this sea level drops, it removes the |
|
| 59:17 | . And what that does is all reservoirs that are close to balance, |
|
| 59:22 | they probably would have been any That's, um, course of buoyancy |
|
| 59:28 | in balance with the overburden would all a sudden the, um, the |
|
| 59:32 | higher in this section might leak oil gas, the ones lower in the |
|
| 59:39 | might only leak, uh, just gas and then the, |
|
| 59:45 | excuse me, just, well, could be all oil and gas. |
|
| 59:49 | then as you go, look at pressure on a little bit more, |
|
| 59:51 | stop the oil and all the gas coming. So you go from less |
|
| 59:56 | less oil to where non oil is out and then gas would leak. |
|
| 60:00 | , the low density oil would, bleed up. Well, another way |
|
| 60:04 | looking at it is to be condensate, light oils, heavy winds |
|
| 60:09 | at some point that would be it the bitumen is heavy oil and, |
|
| 60:15 | uh there probably was a bit of over here plus sea level drop if |
|
| 60:19 | have 5000 ft of water on something a significant burden, you drop it |
|
| 60:24 | ft. Um Or uh those that up with this uh particular model with |
|
| 60:30 | plate tectonics. Think that it dropped thou 2 m, two kilometers. |
|
| 60:35 | don't know if it dropped two kilometers two kilometers is a lot of |
|
| 60:39 | You take that pressure off of a , a lot of reservoir, all |
|
| 60:43 | reservoirs that were in balance prior to would have been um would have started |
|
| 60:51 | bleed if they had uh if they membrane seals over the entire Gulf of |
|
| 61:00 | . And do you think that that cause natural expulsion of methane into the |
|
| 61:08 | , condensate onto the surface bitumen at sea floor? All sorts of things |
|
| 61:13 | would produce a lot more CO2 or itself is even worse than CO2. |
|
| 61:18 | only good thing about methane is lightning turn it into CO2 pretty quickly. |
|
| 61:23 | uh uh in terms of our it takes a while to, to |
|
| 61:27 | an impact. But in geological it's instantaneous. So here's the graphic |
|
| 61:33 | plot and this was looking at an and I made this plot and this |
|
| 61:40 | where the bitumen bed was when we the break was. And this looks |
|
| 61:44 | cleaned up because there was a remember I told you there was a |
|
| 61:47 | of reworking here. I filtered out is all reworking and I've just plotted |
|
| 61:51 | isn't. And uh and we've got depositional event above it. Um This |
|
| 61:59 | in feet, this is in This section is in centimeters. So |
|
| 62:06 | had a really close sample in So you kind of had to respect |
|
| 62:10 | . Anything that was a little bit was, was showing me that there |
|
| 62:14 | a depositional system. Now, this looks like it was dropped in. |
|
| 62:18 | is from KSI at all. I the second author on most of |
|
| 62:21 | And uh when our friend, our that paid for the thing, he |
|
| 62:25 | the first author, Steve was the author and I was the third |
|
| 62:29 | But we had uh people like James and Josh Rosenfeld and uh Mark Bitter |
|
| 62:35 | on it. We had some really scientists on this and uh but eventually |
|
| 62:40 | got a uh later on, we a Zircon date and uh it blew |
|
| 62:47 | mind the date they got from the , its 56 mega atoms 56 million |
|
| 62:53 | ago uh at this, at this . And here's, here's what the |
|
| 62:58 | was that I picked. Uh something , well, right here for this |
|
| 63:03 | , it was 55.8. The Zircon 56 and it was down here. |
|
| 63:10 | my boundary on this un conformity is at the palace Eocene uh boundary. |
|
| 63:18 | what I showed was 5.8 gap to , 40 54.95 gap which is actually |
|
| 63:29 | 850,000 years. So it's a really and relatively speaking, it was a |
|
| 63:34 | and conforming sea level dropped. It right back up. And uh one |
|
| 63:41 | the reasons uh we first started looking this outcrop though is because we had |
|
| 63:47 | water four AMS here. We had forums here and all in this interval |
|
| 63:53 | , we had things that look like marine. So it went from deepwater |
|
| 63:58 | exposed surface and erosion and then deep again. So you had this really |
|
| 64:04 | drawdown that could have uh had an on releasing a lot of the CO2 |
|
| 64:10 | methane turning into CO2 that caused the Eocene thermal maximum, which by the |
|
| 64:16 | is a period in time to this is still hotter than we are right |
|
| 64:20 | . But, but it's, and , and it happened instantaneous. And |
|
| 64:27 | so it's something that's uh worthwhile. um certain universities did not um did |
|
| 64:33 | recognize this issue and uh several people working on it more to, to |
|
| 64:40 | the data, but a lot of don't want it to be real. |
|
| 64:43 | one of the reasons is because if have a drawdown, you expect to |
|
| 64:47 | lots of salt deposits, but this a very short salt deposit. And |
|
| 64:52 | don't think it, it dried up whole basin. So you may have |
|
| 64:56 | a high salinity, mass of And then all of a sudden it |
|
| 65:00 | more salinity uh without having the, having salt deposits. The thing that |
|
| 65:05 | would be looking for in the wells , if we get deep wells, |
|
| 65:10 | uh first thing that usually comes out these situations is gonna be something like |
|
| 65:14 | carbonate as opposed to the salt. salt is gonna be after it'll be |
|
| 65:19 | higher than when the calcium carbonate starts in because it doesn't take much to |
|
| 65:25 | calcium carbonate to precipitate, which is we have uh beats carbonates occurring almost |
|
| 65:32 | . Uh because the super saturation level that you get in lakes, it's |
|
| 65:38 | about four parts per 1000. That's . And you start precipitating in that |
|
| 65:43 | system. It's gotta be a little higher saloni, but usually salt doesn't |
|
| 65:49 | precipitating out until you get above 60 per 1000. And uh calcium would |
|
| 65:54 | out way before that. And um is kind of, this is the |
|
| 66:02 | we have and here's the uh the section that was in the same color |
|
| 66:08 | the previous diagrams and it cut down it. So you have all of |
|
| 66:13 | marine section forming here and as it's it's being eroded, it's caving into |
|
| 66:20 | of the sections. And uh uh know, it's starting to fill in |
|
| 66:25 | younger stuff as you go through But some of the latest paleo scene |
|
| 66:31 | right along. Remember, this this is no more than 50 m |
|
| 66:36 | . Uh Stuff that's late Paleocene in is falling in on top of stuff |
|
| 66:42 | a little bit older, late paleocene uh and Eocene, which is just |
|
| 66:49 | little bit younger than. So, made it hard for anybody to uh |
|
| 66:55 | the reworking because it all looks like could actually take this whole section and |
|
| 67:00 | it was actually the same age but the graphic correlation and trying to find |
|
| 67:04 | depositional sequences that are showing up we're, we're getting our tops, |
|
| 67:12 | oldest tops are showing up. The one, the highest, the oldest |
|
| 67:17 | . I don't know how to say really well. But the youngest thing |
|
| 67:20 | pops up uh as you're going down section is gonna be the oldest thing |
|
| 67:27 | the other one. In other if we go back to this diagram |
|
| 67:37 | , if I was just using the top, I would pick this as |
|
| 67:42 | top and it would, and it all be the same age all |
|
| 67:45 | way down. But we saw these younger things that were showing a depositional |
|
| 67:51 | where I had something of this age up and as sediments were deposited from |
|
| 67:59 | to here, they got younger or down the drill bit, they got |
|
| 68:03 | . And I saw this depositional sequence simply by the fact I was doing |
|
| 68:07 | correlation. Not because of any It helped me see the difference between |
|
| 68:12 | being reworking, which is its own its own signal and this being the |
|
| 68:18 | of the depositional sequence. So you imagine if you have all of this |
|
| 68:23 | uh that's coming from rocks of this filling in right here. It can |
|
| 68:28 | it very difficult for you to uh figure out what the age is if |
|
| 68:32 | don't have a graphical method to show . OK? And that's all that |
|
| 68:39 | . And we need to take a because I think we've been gone |
|
| 68:42 | it's almost an hour and a half . OK? I'm not gonna stop |
|
| 68:49 | , but I am going to try , OK, we're gonna um resume |
|
| 69:02 | and I think uh does it sound a, everything is in communication over |
|
| 69:08 | ? OK. Maybe if the online can't hear something, they'll let us |
|
| 69:24 | . OK. Uh Since we're gonna about um mostly Benthic forums, but |
|
| 69:34 | also have a little bit of an of um lactic for MS, what |
|
| 69:42 | like you to do when you're studying the test. Just kinda look over |
|
| 69:45 | of the main points of plank uh . I think in the study |
|
| 69:49 | I mentioned that a little bit and I may put some, I may |
|
| 69:53 | some key points and update that just you even though you're not looking at |
|
| 69:57 | . But the, the ones that have, the more detailed questions might |
|
| 70:01 | the OSOS uh the nano fossils and benthic forms because those are gonna be |
|
| 70:06 | three that we had time to get . I think, I don't think |
|
| 70:09 | can really talk about uh pilly environments at least mentioning uh some of the |
|
| 70:14 | about benthic for Amine Nephro. um They are good or localized basin |
|
| 70:23 | Strat democratic markers. In other if you're in an isolated area that |
|
| 70:28 | pretty much the same paleo climate, they can be fairly good. That's |
|
| 70:33 | they work so well in the Gulf plain. Because when they first started |
|
| 70:37 | , they were for the most part shallow water settings along the rim of |
|
| 70:41 | Gulf of Mexico. Uh they started into problems when they got into deeper |
|
| 70:47 | . And uh because some of these don't extend out into the deeper |
|
| 70:51 | Uh So in local areas, they be very good uh bio stratigraphic |
|
| 70:56 | But more importantly in that and more typically more useful because they're good indicators |
|
| 71:02 | pale meth imet. And if you from your reading exercise, if you |
|
| 71:06 | it, um uh Briar and his authors made a point that there are |
|
| 71:14 | beth forums that are pretty good Strat markers. And again, it's, |
|
| 71:18 | you're in a le isolated area, uh you're working in a deep water |
|
| 71:24 | , they're gonna be locally very If you're working in a shallow water |
|
| 71:28 | setting for bio Strat democratic markers they'll good. But if you, if |
|
| 71:33 | looking at wells across those paleo environmental , uh then you're gonna have problems |
|
| 71:39 | doing uh uh wider scale correlations and them as time, time units, |
|
| 71:48 | same kind of thing with uh blooms well or abundance events, you have |
|
| 71:53 | be very careful with how you use . OK. Um They tend to |
|
| 72:08 | endemic. The ones that we see the northern Gulf of Mexico, uh |
|
| 72:13 | be different than the ones we see southern Gulf of Mexico. And the |
|
| 72:17 | we see in the Car Caribbean will very different. And uh by and |
|
| 72:22 | , those that are on the west of Europe are gonna be very different |
|
| 72:27 | the ones on the east coast of America. And of course, if |
|
| 72:30 | go up the east, up and the east coast, we have ones |
|
| 72:33 | are tropical, we have ones that uh moderate, uh subtropical, then |
|
| 72:40 | have ones that are sort of uh temperate and then we have ones that |
|
| 72:45 | , excuse me, warmer temperate, we have ones that are cooler temperate |
|
| 72:48 | you get up to New England. then beyond that, you get things |
|
| 72:53 | are more boil or, or polar nature. So, uh again, |
|
| 72:58 | , it changes depending on where you're , but in any situation, uh |
|
| 73:04 | are forms of them, the species be different but the forms and the |
|
| 73:08 | of for Ammon Ifra that make up different morphologies uh are very similar. |
|
| 73:15 | the original pictures we showed you where saw um a leaf, it saw |
|
| 73:24 | and two assemblages, but the leaves different, but you had a leaf |
|
| 73:28 | it was because it was associated with stuff. Then, then you saw |
|
| 73:32 | move into the Pectin. OK. uh and then the pins were the |
|
| 73:38 | at that same water depth, they similar but they're pins but they were |
|
| 73:43 | different species. So through time, might change. But the character of |
|
| 73:48 | assemblage doesn't change if it's in the depositional environment, especially over uh short |
|
| 73:55 | of time, even over longer periods time. Uh You can see uh |
|
| 74:02 | that stay relatively same in terms of of the overall morphology and types of |
|
| 74:07 | that you see in the assemblages. the species will change through time and |
|
| 74:15 | very important in all marine and most marine environments. Uh does get a |
|
| 74:21 | bit rough in the deep water for calcareous ones, but the agglutinated ones |
|
| 74:25 | aren't affected by that and by the CD and they uh stick to the |
|
| 74:31 | . And this was a chart from that I talked about and you can |
|
| 74:34 | how uh they're kind of showing you some of these things can be uh |
|
| 74:40 | bio Strat democratic markers, but their environmental ranges are different. So |
|
| 74:46 | if you're looking at this one right which is, uh, deep |
|
| 74:49 | predominantly deep water and your looking in shallow water section, you wont see |
|
| 74:54 | . Uh, and you just have remember, uh, why it's |
|
| 74:58 | Not that it's an error or It, not, not that it's |
|
| 75:03 | . Uh, it will be a marker if you find it where it's |
|
| 75:07 | to be. In other words, you drill into a shallow water environment |
|
| 75:13 | it's a shallow water forum, that's a good marker. If it's a |
|
| 75:17 | water or m in a shallow water , that's probably cave or, or |
|
| 75:23 | other problem, you had a shallow one in deep water that could be |
|
| 75:27 | downslope transport. And uh I kind like this diagram because it really says |
|
| 75:36 | lot, um, just like caving up here can end up down |
|
| 75:47 | And so you look for the shallowest thing that kind of gives you an |
|
| 75:53 | of how shallow it can be. then, for example, um, |
|
| 76:00 | , if you don't find, since of these can roll downhill, if |
|
| 76:06 | go down here, everything is down . But one thing that's down here |
|
| 76:11 | wouldn't be there is that one. , in some ways you interpret it |
|
| 76:15 | little differently. So this thing, this is supposed to be, I'm |
|
| 76:20 | sure what that is and, oh, I know what it |
|
| 76:23 | I can't think of the name right and these are, um, |
|
| 76:28 | different types of agglutinated things here. that's definitely a gluten, but you're |
|
| 76:32 | the C CD. This is Um, uh, if, if |
|
| 76:40 | , if you find this, it's not likely that this one is |
|
| 76:43 | walk up the hill. So, , you, you look for the |
|
| 76:49 | thing that you can find in just like you would look for the |
|
| 76:53 | top that you see as you're as you're, as you're drilling down |
|
| 76:57 | it because you're drilling through a young and you hit the oldest thing. |
|
| 77:02 | you're gonna know that that's, in situ or close to in situ |
|
| 77:08 | you didn't see it up here and wasn't caving down here, it wasn't |
|
| 77:11 | up here. You just ran into . So you had to be all |
|
| 77:14 | way down here in the sense of . Withy Mery and, um, |
|
| 77:20 | the, the Caspian Sea, we had a, um, one |
|
| 77:26 | the most complicated places we ever Caspian Sea. Everything rolls downhill. |
|
| 77:32 | , the deepest part of the Caspian , I believe is 1200 m which |
|
| 77:37 | really deep or something. That's an lake, so to speak. They |
|
| 77:42 | call it a sea, but it's, it's separated from the ocean |
|
| 77:47 | of the time. And uh there been periods of time and you can |
|
| 77:50 | it in the, uh, in fossil record where uh sea level was |
|
| 77:54 | enough that it spilled into it, that those are pretty rare ones. |
|
| 78:01 | . So for all four amine fr kind of look for the composition of |
|
| 78:05 | test, the shape and placement of primary aperture, the coiling an arrangement |
|
| 78:11 | chambers, secondary apertures and surface features ornamentation. And so we're gonna talk |
|
| 78:18 | first the composition of the test. those alle grains are organic membraneous |
|
| 78:25 | So they don't have a calcareous So if they roll down the |
|
| 78:30 | uh a lot of these are usually shallow water, but sometimes they found |
|
| 78:34 | , in deep water, presumably because gone downhill or there are, are |
|
| 78:39 | that can actually live down there. its are in the paleozoic. Theyre |
|
| 78:44 | to the paleozoic and theyre calcite These um Well, when I show |
|
| 78:50 | to you, I'll, I'll, make more comments, but this is |
|
| 78:53 | gluten like sand grains glued together. looks just like little sand grains or |
|
| 78:57 | grains might be, but you can quart silt grains that are glued together |
|
| 79:01 | good. Anything about these when they're deep water and it's silt, they |
|
| 79:07 | their uh the grains together. Since building blocks are very fine, they're |
|
| 79:13 | delicate looking and they have very uh small grains to glue together. If |
|
| 79:18 | in shallow water and you have, know, say medium or larger sand |
|
| 79:22 | particles, they'll look pretty uh bumpy grumpy. I guess, uh, |
|
| 79:28 | they have these bigger particles that they're together to make their, their |
|
| 79:34 | The mids are uh porcellus cal And then the Rolin its, most |
|
| 79:42 | the ones that we call calcareous are be the mills and the ro roal |
|
| 79:48 | , the rot talis are highland So they have a lot of preparations |
|
| 79:52 | them. So I'll show you what mean by all this. Here's the |
|
| 79:55 | granular com uh it's compound moar granular system, then it's compound because it's |
|
| 80:02 | layers of one that goes from smaller grains to larger ones. And then |
|
| 80:08 | that's, this looks like well sorted this is poorly sorted. It's in |
|
| 80:15 | sentimental logical sense. Uh This one porcellus reason it's called porcellus is because |
|
| 80:23 | has layers on the outside of the wall and on the inside of the |
|
| 80:28 | wall. So it looks like porcelain the outside when you see it, |
|
| 80:31 | looks like porcelain. And uh sometimes don't see this kind of detail unless |
|
| 80:36 | really have high powered scopes into a section. And uh this is what |
|
| 80:41 | and radial is like. Um you you have lots of perf and perforated |
|
| 80:47 | a lot of them are perforated. this is like if you think of |
|
| 80:52 | calcite, this is the calcite crystals lined up in such a way as |
|
| 80:56 | you were to have a thin section this. And you're uh, rotating |
|
| 81:00 | polar or orientation, some of these bright up and some of them would |
|
| 81:06 | , you know, it's like cross . And, um, but |
|
| 81:11 | these are the, uh, uh, the ones that are, |
|
| 81:17 | , hyaline and perforated, some are perforated than others. These, you |
|
| 81:21 | see perforations on them. It looks , uh, it actually looks like |
|
| 81:25 | on the outside and porcelain on the . But inside that wall, uh |
|
| 81:31 | more like this and this, this and large is what an oso shell |
|
| 81:35 | like too I might mention. And here, they tend to have organic |
|
| 81:41 | binding some of these things and that material in a fossil can be extracted |
|
| 81:46 | used to figure out the DNA. . This is just looking at primary |
|
| 81:54 | and this is what it one it's a whole uh Most of the |
|
| 81:57 | might come out of here and this kind of the oral end where they're |
|
| 82:02 | to uh I have bits of protoplasm around some little particle that they can |
|
| 82:07 | and turn into energy. And uh this one has multiple primary apertures. |
|
| 82:15 | these almost look like secondary apertures in sense, here's a primary aperture that |
|
| 82:21 | like the top of a flask. a primary aperture that has a bunch |
|
| 82:26 | little holes in a row like And here's one, it's just like |
|
| 82:29 | sieve plate and this is uh one a tongue in it and, |
|
| 82:35 | we call it something different, but won't bother. And here, here |
|
| 82:38 | can have flaps that actually, sort of make the aperture a little |
|
| 82:44 | smaller and provides the animal with when retracts a little bit more protection. |
|
| 82:50 | then there can be other perforations in of these things. And the ones |
|
| 82:53 | are the most perforated are gonna be planktonic ones and the chamber arrangements can |
|
| 83:00 | dramatically different. Here. You can one that's just coiled. Here's one |
|
| 83:05 | has a chamber and it coils up has another chamber started out with this |
|
| 83:10 | and probably flipped, flipped over here there from there up to this |
|
| 83:15 | And as the organism gets bigger, last chamber gets bigger and they, |
|
| 83:29 | , there's a lot of biology behind but I won't, I won't bore |
|
| 83:32 | with it. And, uh, something, uh, some of |
|
| 83:38 | we have big names for the, , types of this is uni re |
|
| 83:41 | , valve B cereal, two, B cereal can look different than |
|
| 83:46 | But this is B cereal. This tri cereal. You have a new |
|
| 83:51 | , they're actually coiling like this uh, that one would coil three |
|
| 83:56 | a time and then some of the coil just like, uh, |
|
| 84:02 | nautiluses. And, um, here call these septal bridges. That's because |
|
| 84:08 | have septa between here. And um, you know, if you |
|
| 84:13 | holes pon through and you get to surface you're gonna see. Um, |
|
| 84:18 | other words, there's holes pon in way inside, they go like that |
|
| 84:22 | they, and, uh, as chambers attached you, you, |
|
| 84:27 | you leave part of, uh, of it open and it looks like |
|
| 84:30 | and they call it septal bridges. this is like in a, in |
|
| 84:34 | , something called an EUM the EID he doesn't have this big opening and |
|
| 84:39 | has these smaller ones that he can and move around in, in the |
|
| 84:43 | . Uh He seems to be the , one of the hardest nuts to |
|
| 84:47 | . For some reason, you'd think that looked like this might be |
|
| 84:51 | But then he's got this uh umbilicus here and his aperture is all the |
|
| 84:56 | around there where these have just tiny things and uh something small out here |
|
| 85:00 | the other end. And uh here is something, these are, |
|
| 85:05 | are um, a gluten it. is very fine grained. This one |
|
| 85:10 | can see is coarser grain. So is probably from, from deeper water |
|
| 85:15 | something thats coarse grain like that. It's gonna be, um, |
|
| 85:22 | and like the Samina here, they're gonna be um, uh coarser |
|
| 85:27 | , shallow or water. Although sometimes they're get coarse grain stuff from a |
|
| 85:33 | , uh you might actually see coarse grain stuff from the center channel |
|
| 85:38 | a turbid and this is, what this thing looks at head |
|
| 85:42 | It's very, very thin but it's and it, and it looks like |
|
| 85:49 | . And here's some of the uh, interesting arrangements and, |
|
| 85:53 | then we skip to Filin its, , um, are the ones |
|
| 86:02 | uh, shell is like that micro compound. They're very large. |
|
| 86:08 | they're about, they're about the size rice. People call them fossil fossil |
|
| 86:13 | . But they're, they're not of course. Um And if you |
|
| 86:17 | them in water, they don't But they also have, uh this |
|
| 86:23 | um if this is the fusilli, round sections that you see here, |
|
| 86:31 | a piece of chalk is a fusil it, this round section is looking |
|
| 86:36 | it, if you cut across the of the thing, like it's this |
|
| 86:41 | . And if I do a slice way, it looks like this. |
|
| 86:45 | other words, it coils, I see the starting to finish, but |
|
| 86:49 | kind of coils, coils like It's like if you roll prosciutto or |
|
| 86:58 | , OK. And uh and here's other ones uh because they have these |
|
| 87:08 | septal bridges and septa between the Um And it's very elaborate system. |
|
| 87:16 | of the filin its uh that are are studied in thin section because they |
|
| 87:20 | these patterns that you can recognize and distinguish from other patterns. The |
|
| 87:25 | thing is, is if you, slide it, slice it exactly |
|
| 87:32 | Uh you get one thing, but you're off a degree or two, |
|
| 87:35 | know, you gotta make sure your are right. When you do thin |
|
| 87:39 | , I don't think you need to that. I just want you to |
|
| 87:42 | they're different. And here's the Millio and notice that they don't look like |
|
| 87:48 | in these drawings because they don't have lot of ornamentation. It's just like |
|
| 87:52 | piece of porcelain there. It actually like porcelain. OK. And so |
|
| 87:57 | porcellus. It looks like a, looks like, you know, you |
|
| 88:01 | some wedgewood china and it's sitting down in these funny shapes. If you |
|
| 88:07 | into it and looked, looked inside shell, you would see that |
|
| 88:11 | it's a, it's sort of a of a glazed layer over top of |
|
| 88:16 | rough, a rough layer like you again, like when you break |
|
| 88:22 | OK. And here's some more, don't know why, but Purgo is |
|
| 88:28 | of my favorite ones. I I like Pergo. And uh this |
|
| 88:35 | , this is Cris um this is these are larger Benic and uh this |
|
| 88:41 | is related to some of the uh uh that are almost the same style |
|
| 88:46 | arrangement that uh make up the limestones are used in uh some of the |
|
| 88:52 | uh ancient uh sculptures and pyramids and . And uh there's one in thin |
|
| 89:04 | and there's different shapes. In other , that's probably get a slice like |
|
| 89:10 | through there. It's gonna look something that. There's another one and because |
|
| 89:16 | so big and, and uh it's to see their unique arrangements. They're |
|
| 89:21 | . The larger benic are also done these are usually related to reef |
|
| 89:26 | Uh lots of calcium carbonates trying to out of the water there. Super |
|
| 89:31 | , warm, warm uh water that's got calcium carbonate in, it becomes |
|
| 89:37 | saturated pretty quick, like at the of the ocean where the deep water |
|
| 89:41 | up, it's almost saturated as it comes up and gets into warm |
|
| 89:45 | And unlike everything else, when it warm, it's less soluble. And |
|
| 89:50 | it, it's uh easier for the to take it out, take it |
|
| 89:54 | of the water call. There's a of biology involved in that. But |
|
| 90:01 | and large, that's how it And these are the road linens and |
|
| 90:05 | typically, um these usually look a if, if it's a uh fresh |
|
| 90:10 | specimen, it's gonna look kind of , but it's got perforations in |
|
| 90:14 | Sometimes the perforations are very obvious and times they're not. And uh these |
|
| 90:21 | our good old Eva Ginas. And we find these a lot in the |
|
| 90:25 | section and here you can see ESC ligase, uh then we um get |
|
| 90:31 | into the Myo and the pliocene. we have uh paleogene and then starting |
|
| 90:37 | the Neogene, you also have them up in there. And here are |
|
| 90:41 | bulla theos, this is Draco um, molars. And I think |
|
| 90:46 | showed you pictures of these, these have been off slides. I showed |
|
| 90:49 | already from, uh, from the in, uh, the North Sea |
|
| 90:55 | the chalk deposits. And that's exactly age these things are. What's good |
|
| 91:00 | these is, um, there's a number of them so you can zone |
|
| 91:06 | . Uh, but I would have point out the zones are for the |
|
| 91:09 | part, relatively long. And uh some short ones, but uh given |
|
| 91:17 | , uh they're not gonna be as at graphic correlation as other things, |
|
| 91:21 | their tops are useful, their tops definitely useful and sometimes their, their |
|
| 91:26 | are useful. But here you can , uh you're going through an awful |
|
| 91:31 | of plank, four M zones, two plank, four M zones. |
|
| 91:35 | uh and these things, you some of them are going down below |
|
| 91:39 | . So, uh the rate of is limited and that rate of evolution |
|
| 91:45 | have a little bit to do uh in reality, these things could |
|
| 91:51 | be multiple species or morpho types that could identify as species, but people |
|
| 91:56 | looked at them close enough to subdivide so you could see it. |
|
| 92:03 | Here's uh some in the temperate waters Kurri and these are really fresh. |
|
| 92:08 | these are like living things, Now these are scanning electron micrograph. |
|
| 92:14 | you put a dab of water on of these and you put on |
|
| 92:16 | a reflection or even a transmit or , yeah, reflective, uh, |
|
| 92:23 | this or transmitting light through it like , you can see the chambers. |
|
| 92:27 | my friend Pergo again or one of close relatives. Uh, this is |
|
| 92:33 | fossil I really like. And this EUM, the one with the, |
|
| 92:38 | , uh, what did they call here? Oh, there it |
|
| 92:51 | They call them septal bridges. But also have an element of that. |
|
| 92:55 | called the, um, where is ? Yeah. And, uh, |
|
| 93:07 | also, uh, other things inside here and, uh, that become |
|
| 93:12 | little bit more complicated and I won't into totality. But this particular genus |
|
| 93:22 | , uh, if you find a marine for, in a lake |
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| 93:26 | , a Saline lake system, it's an EID is in there and they're |
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| 93:31 | really tough. They, they can of pull their protoplasm in and kind |
|
| 93:34 | seal everything off pretty tightly. uh, they're ready to go the |
|
| 93:39 | they get dropped in water and, , they even survive, they can |
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| 93:44 | swallowed by birds and, uh, , uh, later on be dropped |
|
| 93:50 | , uh, come back to life they never actually did. And that's |
|
| 93:56 | more of them just to give you idea of the incredible, uh, |
|
| 94:00 | of shapes and forms and the number species. Um, you know, |
|
| 94:05 | take something that looks like this and there's maybe 20 of them that looks |
|
| 94:08 | like that. But they're different species they look different and they occur, |
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| 94:12 | at different levels. So again, , I just want you to understand |
|
| 94:16 | there's an awful lot of uh micro data to help us, uh tell |
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| 94:21 | difference between things from one interval a to the next. And these, |
|
| 94:26 | these are from New Zealand and there a, can't remember. Uh |
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| 94:31 | I think that's who it is. Hornbrook is a paleontologist and its either |
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| 94:38 | or strong. One of them is one that draws these pictures. He |
|
| 94:41 | really fantastic pictures. Um Unfortunately, may never look as good as the |
|
| 94:49 | . And there's, uh, this this, of course, is Triassic |
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| 94:54 | , here's uh up mid to upper . This is upper most Cretaceous. |
|
| 95:00 | you have a lot of, so can see there's a lot of |
|
| 95:07 | So, um, and I showed the case of some of them, |
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| 95:11 | know, they, they showed you of those uh charts of how they |
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| 95:14 | occur through time. A lot of are a little bit longer ranging than |
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| 95:19 | planks. And that's good because, , the next thing that we're gonna |
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| 95:25 | about, if I can keep we only have, if we stay |
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| 95:41 | long as Leon Leon's gonna stay to . Do you guys wanna stay till |
|
| 95:46 | ? I don't either. Ok. . What did I pull up? |
|
| 95:53 | I pull up the right thing? , I just went way too far |
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| 96:06 | the list, I think just um I can ask you some questions on |
|
| 96:22 | . Here are the plank four AMS uh I think it's important that you |
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| 96:30 | this diagram and um can everybody online hear us? Yeah, but we |
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| 96:54 | see anything. You're not sharing your . Thank you. I'm starting to |
|
| 97:08 | how this is actually working. I to, to make both of these |
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| 97:13 | work at one time. This has be sh just, this has to |
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| 97:17 | shed. So when I close the shearing goes away its magic one |
|
| 97:31 | , I'm gonna grow up and I'm be smart killer. But every, |
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| 97:39 | now and then I don't know if guys have ever felt this way, |
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| 97:42 | sometimes I feel like I've forgotten more I've ever learned. You may feel |
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| 97:49 | way on a test. Yeah. . I'm being mean. OK. |
|
| 97:58 | think sometimes it helps to make fun yourself. OK. So anyway, |
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| 98:14 | I think the online people can see now. Can they? Thank |
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| 98:23 | OK. Theres only seven steps to this. OK. This is a |
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| 98:28 | planktonic for him and I Globo Ginos . And uh what do you notice |
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| 98:39 | this thing for those of you that in the classroom? What do you |
|
| 98:42 | do you notice about this? You the calcareous test, here's the calcareous |
|
| 98:55 | and you see it, you see there's like little dots, those |
|
| 99:00 | lights shining behind it and those dots sort of shadows form because there's perforations |
|
| 99:07 | holes in the test. So the , the perforated cal, the hyaline |
|
| 99:14 | calcareous forms, all of them and are, these are highly perforated, |
|
| 99:19 | all of them are perforated but not the planks. The planks its dead |
|
| 99:24 | . And when you see these pictures by people, you don't always know |
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| 99:29 | the ones that have a little bit perforation or planks versus the ones that |
|
| 99:32 | a lot of preparation. Um, learned Oster cards on my own to |
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| 99:36 | with. And finally, um, , I went to university, I |
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| 99:42 | at South Carolina. I went to of Georgia and talked to a professor |
|
| 99:46 | and, uh Barron Case and Gupta wonderful guy. But, um, |
|
| 99:51 | the, uh, you know, , they never tell you in a |
|
| 99:55 | . They, so here's, here's for MS, here's Benthic forums, |
|
| 99:59 | they don't really say this is Look at all those perforations. |
|
| 100:04 | this is what's amazing about them. full of perforations and, uh, |
|
| 100:10 | imagine to be retracted, these are to the podium. It's, you |
|
| 100:17 | , it's, it's an Amoeba like . It's a single celled organs and |
|
| 100:22 | he wants to, he can retract of these, these are really, |
|
| 100:26 | thin looking. Do they look like ? Maybe because it's called filamentous pseudo |
|
| 100:32 | . And a filament of pseudo podia called a Rhiza. So these rises |
|
| 100:38 | Nodia when they, when he pulls in this whole mass is in this |
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| 100:45 | area, this whole mass. When retracts his Rhiza pod, his whole |
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| 100:51 | is in here that makes him But if he spreads them out into |
|
| 100:58 | water, it makes them less dense this helps them move up and down |
|
| 101:03 | the water call. Ok. Um anyway, we don't need to go |
|
| 101:13 | that. I wouldn't ask you about anyway, but here they are highland |
|
| 101:17 | the road in its includes certain which is most of them and includes |
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| 101:23 | the planktonic forum and effort. And I don't think we need that for |
|
| 101:30 | I'm trying to get to uh the helix like forms that are Elucidate |
|
| 101:38 | Um are pretty uh pretty interesting because look different than the typical plank for |
|
| 101:44 | there. Um They have bilateral uh uh by serial arrangement of the chambers |
|
| 101:57 | it, it a lot of them just round test with, with one |
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| 102:03 | thing that makes them Glo Gerina. they uh if it's Globo yours, |
|
| 102:09 | got a primary plus accessory apertures. So they're kind of easy to, |
|
| 102:16 | identify and when things are simple, makes it really easy for you to |
|
| 102:20 | them. But uh but you just to look at some of the key |
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| 102:24 | things about them to help you tell apart. And uh uh nevertheless, |
|
| 102:31 | people are, have better eyes and really good at it and other people |
|
| 102:35 | , can uh mess them up. by and large it's, it's |
|
| 102:38 | uh it's a group that consistently can identified from one species to the |
|
| 102:43 | I like to sh show these kinds charts. This is plotted on the |
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| 102:48 | of their ranges. And this could a bios Strat graphic model and you |
|
| 102:53 | take it from this and figure out that zone is. Um in a |
|
| 102:59 | more modern, more modern in 1985 out about how many mega atoms that |
|
| 103:05 | and use that as a top and base and you'd start out with something |
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| 103:09 | a preliminary composite standard that you would building on pulling new things into |
|
| 103:20 | OK. So here's the pictures. you see all those perforations kind |
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| 103:26 | Right. Um I don't know why is here. You can see really |
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| 103:38 | the perforations, but you know, you get a drawing like that, |
|
| 103:40 | they really there, what's the difference this and a regular calcareous Benic? |
|
| 103:46 | uh plan a spiral? And uh see this one after I told you |
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| 103:52 | I said, here's a primary there's a secondary aperture. What do |
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| 103:55 | think that is well, most of are glo gerina and some of |
|
| 104:08 | a couple of them are gonna be . This is a really famous one |
|
| 104:17 | looks like a handshake and this is glob of genos. And of |
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| 104:24 | it's got this primary aperture and you see there's secondary apertures all over. |
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| 104:28 | other words, it had a primary , then it grew a chamber and |
|
| 104:31 | didn't cover up the whole uh previous aperture. So it has secondary cham |
|
| 104:36 | apertures after that. And um this uh Tr Lois by Lobi which is |
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| 104:45 | and there's another one called Hank Anina looks similar to it. Uh These |
|
| 104:50 | global Italia and uh I guess instead just the, when we look at |
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| 104:59 | globe of Ger Rhinos, they're just a globe, the globe of |
|
| 105:04 | you have this rotating set of chambers spires around it. These are relatively |
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| 105:12 | . So they have what we call keel over here and it's a single |
|
| 105:17 | . And uh here you can see primary aperture here. It's like a |
|
| 105:21 | along the edge of the last several . And heres sutures in here for |
|
| 105:27 | chambers. And this, we call the spiral side and we call this |
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| 105:32 | oral side because the aperture is on side, it's basically his mouth, |
|
| 105:37 | he doesn't have a mouth because he's single cell. Can you imagine something |
|
| 105:41 | a single cell building? Something like , you're looking for miracles. There's |
|
| 105:51 | um i its just amazing. The of life is just absolutely amazing. |
|
| 105:58 | . This is sort of the same of game plan. It, uh |
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| 106:05 | plan a spiral. You can see has an oral side. In this |
|
| 106:09 | , you can see there's the oral in that one. Here's the oral |
|
| 106:11 | in this one with all these secondary . Um but on the edge it's |
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| 106:17 | a keel that looks kind of like part's got a keel and then this |
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| 106:21 | got a keel and this one really , here's really a good one. |
|
| 106:26 | that's the last chamber. But over , this, this, this is |
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| 106:29 | keel and there's a keel, we that a double keel. And uh |
|
| 106:35 | , here you can kind of see just on the edge, there's mail |
|
| 106:38 | there and Akeel right there and here's one. Why do I tell you |
|
| 106:42 | ? Because if you ever see one these, if you see one of |
|
| 106:45 | , you know, you're in the , all these other guys are in |
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| 106:52 | uh Cenozoic, these guys hit, these things, you stepped into the |
|
| 106:59 | and be careful. You don't fall a Dino the dinosaur footprint. |
|
| 107:04 | uh anyway, uh the Cretaceous tertiary just because of forms like this can |
|
| 107:09 | very easy to spot someone that just a crude understanding of or a, |
|
| 107:15 | ira. You know, if you're you're working in samples around the, |
|
| 107:21 | Cretaceous tertiary boundary or the Cretaceous Cenozoic or the Cretaceous Paleogene boundary. Uh |
|
| 107:30 | soon as you see these things popping in your, well, you |
|
| 107:32 | youve hit the Cretaceous, then theres whole bunch of, here's the hetero |
|
| 107:39 | that, uh, that I think kind of neat, but it's, |
|
| 107:44 | are, uh just simple heter Uh And then there's other ones, |
|
| 107:49 | different general, this race Me Gal . Uh or you might even say |
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| 108:00 | , I don't know how else you say it. But anyway, uh |
|
| 108:04 | uh these are really interesting just because more than B eral. It's multi |
|
| 108:12 | . You don't see planktonic forms. only a couple of forms that make |
|
| 108:16 | into the Sao that looks something like . Uh And it turns out they're |
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| 108:21 | that perforated, but here you can the ridges that are formed that align |
|
| 108:26 | the perforations. So these things can really unique uh uh ornamentation in addition |
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| 108:33 | the perforations and in addition to the and secondary apertures. And here, |
|
| 108:39 | you can see somewhere over here again uh normally when you see something that's |
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| 108:45 | and looks really perforated and it's by like this a year in the Cretaceous |
|
| 108:54 | , but mostly the Cretaceous never know I can push this without invoking a |
|
| 109:08 | . So they're really useful for a stratigraphic resolution. And uh OK. |
|
| 109:25 | have I done now? Excuse Oh, it is. Ah I |
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| 109:43 | go back. I don't think it's latest it might be. Oh, |
|
| 109:46 | it is because that there's a Um So anyway, this higher or |
|
| 109:52 | ratio with Bendix here's uh they're highly for bio stratigraphic resolution. And I |
|
| 109:58 | you a chart I can't even see trying to move this out of the |
|
| 110:13 | . Goodbye. OK. Maybe that it. That was it. And |
|
| 110:18 | right, its the last one. I wanted to go back in terms |
|
| 110:21 | bio stratigraphy. This chart says you can see that the diversity is |
|
| 110:31 | and these are, these are just fossils. These aren't all of |
|
| 110:34 | These are just the key ones. if you do all of them that |
|
| 110:39 | not trying to create these zones, they occur at different levels all throughout |
|
| 110:43 | , you can, you can immediately how valuable they can be because they |
|
| 110:49 | a massive uh evolutionary rates. Uh really good for picking the Cretaceous tertiary |
|
| 110:56 | uh like nobody's business. And uh kind of what I want you to |
|
| 111:00 | about it. But this uh this a key point, higher or lower |
|
| 111:05 | with benic uh indicates deeper, And we'll start talking about that in |
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| 111:10 | minute. Some of these forms don't any shallower than 50 m, especially |
|
| 111:15 | ones in the cretaceous and uh the coiling of some of them, going |
|
| 111:21 | one direction means cold water and going another direction means hot, hotter |
|
| 111:26 | And uh and it's not always the and it can switch uh if you |
|
| 111:31 | from uh the upper northern hemisphere or lower southern hemisphere and into the temperate |
|
| 111:38 | in the equatorial zone. So sometimes coiling, you have to know where |
|
| 111:43 | are in the planet at that point time. Like there are things that |
|
| 111:47 | uh fairly well north that have which is helpful for people that needed |
|
| 111:55 | . But the same land masses were the equator uh during the Permian or |
|
| 112:00 | Paleozoic, uh the me, the Pennsylvanian and, and uh permian and |
|
| 112:06 | lot of coal beds were formed. you have to remember where you were |
|
| 112:09 | terms of um um the various plates time. Yeah. OK. So |
|
| 112:25 | I gotta get this one up. . And um I think we're gonna |
|
| 112:57 | the screen here in the uh but I think everybody online can |
|
| 113:01 | OK. OK. So depositional this is just a broad list of |
|
| 113:09 | many things that we can uh And uh of course, uh open |
|
| 113:16 | shelf is what we call neritic. worked with people at Amaco that didn't |
|
| 113:24 | what neuritic mean. But um neurotic means it's a water mass over top |
|
| 113:30 | a shelf. OK. In Bol it's on the slope and these, |
|
| 113:39 | terms were used before 1957. But guy by the name of Hedgepeth um |
|
| 113:46 | out a treatise with a whole bunch co authors and they subdivided the uh |
|
| 113:53 | ocean floor and with the water masses relative to the o the whether it |
|
| 113:58 | shelf uh slope or abyssal plane. uh the, the slope of course |
|
| 114:06 | gonna be bath. The abyssal plane abyssal in nature and then the shelf |
|
| 114:11 | neritic. And um I think sometimes helps people if I tell you what |
|
| 114:19 | are without having them written. So um we talk about Benthic forums |
|
| 114:26 | us. I've shown you some slides sort of in the preamble of all |
|
| 114:32 | , that, you know, we Zon nation schemes and we've looked at |
|
| 114:35 | Zon schemes in terms of water What do you think about the water |
|
| 114:44 | ? One of these things is the why for MS live at different |
|
| 115:10 | Excuse me? Is there anything there actually, is there anything in there |
|
| 115:16 | actually a depth indicator? There's, , you know, if, if |
|
| 115:24 | think about water depth, the first , one thing that everybody would know |
|
| 115:32 | away about water depth isn't even on list. It's called pressure. Why |
|
| 115:38 | pressure on the list? I pressure is probably of all of these |
|
| 115:52 | . The one thing that's definitely controlled death is pressure. Why would pressure |
|
| 115:59 | be important? Ok. Uh there actually were paleontologists that thought that |
|
| 116:11 | things were built stronger because they, , were, they were in deep |
|
| 116:17 | . But when, when, uh , if you happen to have been |
|
| 116:21 | at 5000 ft in the water, around you would be that pressure. |
|
| 116:27 | other words, the differential pressure, push on your flesh would be zero |
|
| 116:33 | every, every cell in your body , was created at the pressure of |
|
| 116:39 | ft. Every 33 ft is an . So that would be a lot |
|
| 116:44 | atmospheres and people would call you atmospheric them. Anyway, it was a |
|
| 116:53 | . I hope you weren't offended. ? I just, I'm really looking |
|
| 117:00 | to tonight. I know it's, know it's hard being a student in |
|
| 117:07 | , but it's really hard being the . Ok? Um And when I |
|
| 117:15 | near the end of when I'm teaching class like this, a lot of |
|
| 117:18 | starts popping up in my brain. was suppressed be when I got |
|
| 117:22 | Now things are starting to open up there. Um So I might get |
|
| 117:26 | little giddy before we get done. , but for uh water depth, |
|
| 117:31 | one thing in here that's an absolute is the deeper it gets, the |
|
| 117:35 | the pressure goes, it doesn't have impact on them because the ambient pressure |
|
| 117:39 | they live in has always been the . But there is, there are |
|
| 117:43 | couple of organisms that live in the that are withstanding enormous pressure that is |
|
| 117:49 | equal to their body pressure, their internal body pressures. Imagine a |
|
| 117:55 | that goes from the surface of the and dives thousands of feet in the |
|
| 118:00 | . That's pretty incredible. I don't how they can do that. I |
|
| 118:04 | , but they have internal organisms that organs rather that help them, |
|
| 118:09 | maintain their nitrogen levels and that kind thing. They don't get the bends |
|
| 118:13 | we would. Um But on the hand, because they go down like |
|
| 118:17 | , they're taking the pressure and uh way you get the bends is uh |
|
| 118:22 | you're using compressed air, then that changes the pressure in your body. |
|
| 118:27 | when you come back up, it to equilibrate uh slowly, that's why |
|
| 118:30 | have to come back up slowly or it creates bubbles in your brain and |
|
| 118:35 | other places. Uh So anyway, it's very dangerous. So, but |
|
| 118:40 | thing, the thing is that there's lot of these things that change with |
|
| 118:45 | temperature is one of them salinity is of them salinity though. Once you |
|
| 118:51 | in the open ocean, it's not much 33 to 35 parts per |
|
| 118:55 | So that's fairly consistent. When you into shallow water, you get more |
|
| 119:01 | water coming in from the coast. then when you get into a thing |
|
| 119:04 | an estuary, you can go from degrees, excuse me, zero parts |
|
| 119:08 | 1000 to 2, 35 parts per . All the way from uh somewhere |
|
| 119:15 | it. Like, say the Chesapeake all the way up to Washington |
|
| 119:18 | down to uh Virginia Beach where I up, you have um, 0 |
|
| 119:24 | 35% salinity in it. So, of the things that's important too, |
|
| 119:28 | terms of the range of things is fluctuation. Um A lot of organisms |
|
| 119:33 | really well in stable conditions, unstable , things that fluctuate a lot require |
|
| 119:40 | different ways of coping with that. other words, uh you know, |
|
| 119:44 | just pull on clothes for colder but uh there's also uh things about |
|
| 119:49 | body that help us adapt to warm when you can't take any more clothes |
|
| 119:54 | . And it also helps to uh to cold weather. If you |
|
| 119:57 | you didn't happen to have any of . But uh there would be a |
|
| 120:01 | ban on the earth's surface that we survive if we didn't have clothes. |
|
| 120:07 | So, uh but we, if consider all the organisms in the world |
|
| 120:13 | that tend to be stable, um variation is what lives around them. |
|
| 120:18 | they're controlled by the b Biota and interactions with Biota. If you go |
|
| 120:24 | harsh environments that fluctuate a lot, then you're gonna find uh it's a |
|
| 120:32 | environment and a lot of the energy that animal has to deal with those |
|
| 120:37 | . And not just competing with other but dealing with stresses. And of |
|
| 120:42 | , one of the reasons why we high diversity in the tropics. It's |
|
| 120:45 | it's a relatively, uh, tame that doesn't fluctuate a lot. |
|
| 120:52 | um, because of that, the , different species, basically, |
|
| 120:59 | their genetic maneuvers are to try to something that nobody else eats. So |
|
| 121:05 | looking for their special niche, in terms of getting food resources, |
|
| 121:09 | don't have to have organs and organelles other parts of their body that have |
|
| 121:15 | deal with fluctuating temperatures, fluctuating uh dramatic fluctuations and pressure, all |
|
| 121:23 | of things like that. So stability really important in terms of, of |
|
| 121:27 | thing we call diversity, the more it is, the more likely you're |
|
| 121:31 | have a diverse uh number of If you get into an estuary where |
|
| 121:36 | a lot of fluctuation, temperatures can from zero to very warm water, |
|
| 121:41 | from a bathtub to a hot bathtub freezing water. Uh If you get |
|
| 121:47 | in the deep ocean, uh you blow a certain depth, you |
|
| 121:50 | it's just a gradient and as long you're not going too far up and |
|
| 121:54 | in that gradient, it's pretty stable matter what the air temperature is. |
|
| 121:59 | uh and that kind of thing. we have all these things that affect |
|
| 122:03 | . I think some of the most things are food resources or nutrients. |
|
| 122:07 | turbidity can affect a lot of uh organisms. Uh No turbidity, something |
|
| 122:13 | a A for M or an Ostracon not have something to grab to |
|
| 122:19 | Uh light's important for certain things. The nano fossils, for example, |
|
| 122:26 | uh chlorophyll and some of the other things have chlorophyll. So they g |
|
| 122:31 | get some energy from the sunlight and and different things like that. |
|
| 122:35 | um carbonate availability is really critical. For example, if you go below |
|
| 122:41 | C CD, um because of the and the temperature, the um solubility |
|
| 122:49 | calcite is very, very high cos one of these things, its just |
|
| 122:53 | reverse and it relates to Ph too uh and that sort of thing. |
|
| 122:59 | when we have these depth zone depth nations, the depth zon nations are |
|
| 123:03 | controlled by a combination of these things the stability of these uh different envi |
|
| 123:10 | conditions and or also the availability of and nutrients. Ok. So for |
|
| 123:19 | , for MS, one of their main uses is paleo ayme. Uh |
|
| 123:25 | a certain extent they can uh help paleo climate. And certainly the plank |
|
| 123:31 | can help with paleo climate, with isotopes and uh levels of productivity have |
|
| 123:38 | do with when conditions tend to be re food resources are high. And |
|
| 123:45 | and it also helps you figure out different elements of depositional systems. Uh |
|
| 123:51 | example, certain kinds of things will like a path, the depositional |
|
| 123:57 | If you're high in it, you're have completely different forms if you're low |
|
| 124:01 | it because all of these things are and it may be, there may |
|
| 124:07 | a more stable situation as you get . But some of these things are |
|
| 124:12 | to be difficult, especially if you the C CD carbonate compensation to. |
|
| 124:22 | . Uh If you're in shallow you know, a lot of |
|
| 124:25 | uh excrete shells and stuff like that shallow water because because Calcite comes out |
|
| 124:31 | of the water, in, in higher temperatures, it's a lot easier |
|
| 124:36 | an organism to pull it out of water mass than it would be if |
|
| 124:40 | were in very deep, very cold . So here is that thing. |
|
| 124:47 | This is from Hedgepeth at all, . I forgot I had this |
|
| 124:53 | but I'm not surprised. And here's shelf, here's neritic, here's |
|
| 125:00 | Uh anything in the water, swimming pelagic. Um And this would be |
|
| 125:08 | ep pelagic meso lag Bethy pelagic. again, we break this down into |
|
| 125:15 | bay, middle pathy and lower And then this is abyssal out |
|
| 125:21 | And this, um this one says and outer, most of us, |
|
| 125:25 | uh paleontologists now uh is an extension what hedge pep did we have an |
|
| 125:32 | neurotic? We have a middle neurotic an outer neur. And uh this |
|
| 125:37 | usually around uh 200 m or something 600 ft. I need to make |
|
| 125:44 | what my time is. Ok. doing good. And uh and so |
|
| 125:50 | this is, this is the ocean and all those things that I had |
|
| 125:53 | the list change as we go down . And one thing that's certain the |
|
| 126:05 | , the higher up you are the , you are obviously the more variable |
|
| 126:12 | conditions can be uh even a storm in and hitting in the interne and |
|
| 126:18 | up the turbidity. The turbidity could fantastic for uh plankton that tries to |
|
| 126:23 | nutrients out of the water, but would be terrible for something like a |
|
| 126:29 | that uh needs sunlight to uh to excrete its calcium carbonate shell. And |
|
| 126:38 | in here know what it is in that helps it secrete that shell. |
|
| 126:49 | know you who, who, who take carbonates in here and be proud |
|
| 126:54 | it because you have a reason not know the answer. You didn't, |
|
| 126:59 | didn't get that in your carbonate Ok. Well, it's, it's |
|
| 127:07 | reason why we have reefs in shallow . Uh For one thing, |
|
| 127:11 | it's easier to pull the calcium carbonate of warmer waters and shallower waters, |
|
| 127:17 | pressures, higher temperatures. It's one the strange things that dissolves better in |
|
| 127:22 | water or uh dissolves better in uh water instead of warm letter. But |
|
| 127:31 | , so remember that getting a lot calcium, turn the hot water |
|
| 127:37 | get it around your thing. So cold water will help uh dissolve |
|
| 127:42 | But the um there's a little uh algal uh thing called Soosan Felli something |
|
| 127:51 | recall from high school biology. sorry, but it's al also in |
|
| 127:58 | . They talk about it. But Anelli is that algal uh that's symbiotic |
|
| 128:03 | uh with the coral kind of lives of it. And uh the activity |
|
| 128:10 | that Algy mass or that algal, Algy bodies helps the uh the coral |
|
| 128:17 | , the shell helps it pull the carbonate out of the water. And |
|
| 128:20 | why they're usually 50 m or less get really good, hard, um |
|
| 128:27 | they call stony quarrels or hard quarrels opposed to uh the whip quarrels. |
|
| 128:33 | , uh, you know, just in offshore Texas, there's garden banks |
|
| 128:37 | I think uh there's parts of that are deeper than 50 m, uh |
|
| 128:41 | actually have hard corals. It's one the unique places in the world. |
|
| 128:47 | . So, um there's a lot different approaches to paleoecology and unfortunately, |
|
| 128:53 | had a lot of courses in this you havent. And uh when we |
|
| 128:59 | at a species, you know, looked at the, um, the |
|
| 129:04 | paper and you saw certain species were in certain depths and some of them |
|
| 129:10 | only in one box. Some of were in a broader range of several |
|
| 129:14 | , right? That's specific indicators. other words, we know they live |
|
| 129:21 | and it's a specific indicator. That would be the species now that |
|
| 129:28 | put their generic indicators. So when looking at the chart and doing your |
|
| 129:33 | , remember if you can't find the , look for the genus on the |
|
| 129:38 | and figure out what the range of genus is. In other words, |
|
| 129:43 | may be a species that's here. Maybe I should write this on the |
|
| 129:50 | . This is this kind of helps . OK. I'm not gonna do |
|
| 130:23 | whole chart but um suppose you found um texture. Oh Let's, let's |
|
| 130:32 | . Um What would be good, Annia and you found an no in |
|
| 130:37 | that was here. Uh Maybe to and another one that might be from |
|
| 130:44 | to there. Uh One that would mar marine when it might come uh |
|
| 130:52 | this, they had three of those uh there was an onion. Uh |
|
| 131:03 | but the species on on your data doesn't have Annia, right? So |
|
| 131:11 | you could do is if you find notion, it's not on the |
|
| 131:15 | look at this marker here and this here. And you could say based |
|
| 131:21 | that chart most non in fall within and you could use that as your |
|
| 131:27 | . It's not this one, it's this one, it's not this |
|
| 131:29 | but it's gotta be somewhere in And so when you see an notion |
|
| 131:34 | you didn't or um, could be anything in there. My mind's gone |
|
| 131:40 | again. I was uh experiencing euphoria few minutes ago. But uh but |
|
| 131:46 | my uh my mind is just uh . But uh say, well, |
|
| 131:50 | had altium, altium is gonna be one that's over here. Say you |
|
| 131:54 | a bunch of al fums and I Sics is on the list too. |
|
| 132:00 | might see him coming out here and down there. So maybe there's a |
|
| 132:04 | that goes from, from here to . There's one that goes from here |
|
| 132:08 | here. Uh s and um, you can't find that the species that's |
|
| 132:16 | the look up table, which is that figure in rear is look up |
|
| 132:20 | . Uh Then what you do is do a generic and the genus would |
|
| 132:25 | somewhere between here and here rather than one or that one. So, |
|
| 132:31 | if you see it in a sample uh sample number one at an onion |
|
| 132:45 | you didn't know about and here's sample one through here. And for the |
|
| 132:54 | you would draw a bar that goes this because remember he was up to |
|
| 132:59 | and back to there. So that be a bar. And then for |
|
| 133:03 | , if you had the civics, would know that it ranges from here |
|
| 133:08 | there. And so you would go that in the water depth probably for |
|
| 133:17 | one would be in there. Even though you didn't find the |
|
| 133:25 | but when you find the species, that one in, you put that |
|
| 133:28 | in too. So for every sample you can find something that's generically |
|
| 133:33 | a generic indicator or a specific indicator species, put it in, put |
|
| 133:39 | specific ones in first and then you find any more. Look at the |
|
| 133:44 | and see if you can find another to help draw the genus in and |
|
| 133:49 | they overlap, if you only had , where they overlap would be approximately |
|
| 133:52 | the water depths. OK? And you're lucky and you get one that |
|
| 133:57 | like this in a sample and another that overlaps like that, that's probably |
|
| 134:03 | water depth. OK? That's kind how you would do it. But |
|
| 134:06 | , if you, if you do well enough, you'll see multiple |
|
| 134:10 | And when you do the exercise, I really want you to do is |
|
| 134:14 | to work together in teams and somebody do the first five samples and you |
|
| 134:19 | do the second five samples or something that. If it was two or |
|
| 134:23 | all of you work together that are in town, that would be about |
|
| 134:27 | people. You could do two samples and share the data. OK? |
|
| 134:32 | what I want everybody to do no how you do it, I want |
|
| 134:36 | to write their own report, which be your own chart. And some |
|
| 134:41 | like to get on, um, , different, uh, software products |
|
| 134:47 | , uh, you know, like and just make a really elaborate one |
|
| 134:51 | , uh, it looks really good I have the ones that are |
|
| 134:55 | I tried to, I have to closer because I figure they're doing it |
|
| 134:58 | . So I don't notice they didn't mark anything down and, uh, |
|
| 135:04 | they didn't get it right. Or show you when we get into |
|
| 135:07 | I'll show you a really uh mistake somebody made uh in doing doing |
|
| 135:16 | OK. So, so it would presence or absence of the species in |
|
| 135:22 | . And um just so, you , it's not magic. Um The |
|
| 135:28 | , the way the rock record, don't think they, they really clearly |
|
| 135:34 | it to you in that paper. uh my eraser over here, all |
|
| 135:40 | , I need to stop doing They did show you something that was |
|
| 135:50 | Strat column that showed you the pale certain organisms, certain forums. But |
|
| 136:06 | just the easiest way to do We'll just pretend like we're gonna look |
|
| 136:11 | things that are middle neurotic and this time here. So this is recent |
|
| 136:23 | uh maybe this is my scene down . OK. So what we would |
|
| 136:29 | is we would, we would look a fossil living today and maybe it |
|
| 136:34 | in the Pleistocene and it has a like that. And then if we |
|
| 136:41 | another thing that started living here and up there and they kind of live |
|
| 136:47 | and overlapped in terms of uh the we would know this is middle |
|
| 136:54 | And so that's probably middle neurotic and would get down to here. And |
|
| 136:59 | , if something overlapped with this thing here, we could do it something |
|
| 137:04 | here, we could do it something here. We could take it even |
|
| 137:08 | . And that's why it's important to your pale on ecological models, uh |
|
| 137:13 | of in little pieces of the And what scientists do is they read |
|
| 137:19 | papers from here and somebody's papers from and they put it together and they |
|
| 137:22 | up with a chart like what you saw. But we don't, we |
|
| 137:27 | , you have to have um an of the recent. So these are |
|
| 137:31 | body parts, animals with hard body , hard body parts that paleontologists see |
|
| 137:38 | they're preserved in the rock record. biologists usually like to work on soft |
|
| 137:43 | animals. So, uh paleontologists do lot of this. My master's thesis |
|
| 137:48 | on recent mollusks to help uh develop environmental models. But the uh initial |
|
| 137:55 | was actually trying to show how uh diverting a river that actually changed the |
|
| 138:02 | of the uh of the Cape Romain Inlet Complex. So it was almost |
|
| 138:06 | a biology project, but it was associated with uh projecting into the rock |
|
| 138:12 | . So anyway, that's what you're of doing. You're projecting back into |
|
| 138:15 | rock record. We have a we see it associated with a |
|
| 138:19 | you see this one associated with an , known, an older, |
|
| 138:23 | that kind of thing and you, you work your way down the |
|
| 138:26 | Another thing that can happen is there be um uh a fossil in the |
|
| 138:32 | box. But over here you don't if he overlaps with anybody. You |
|
| 138:37 | saw any overlap with him. There be some sediment, logical reason that |
|
| 138:41 | decided this is shallow water or deep . And uh you associate it with |
|
| 138:46 | and with the ostra cods, um find minerals in certain types of lakes |
|
| 138:53 | are bicarbonate and rich, they're uh bicarb and we find ones that are |
|
| 138:58 | chloride uh enriched and they have different and, and, and we can |
|
| 139:04 | that in the modern day and we the same thing, we project it |
|
| 139:10 | . So that's how it gets and how it actually gets into the rock |
|
| 139:14 | . Some, somebody went and went the biology paper, the rare person |
|
| 139:19 | does biology, uh hard body parts figured out what they were. And |
|
| 139:23 | in fact, a lot of um for example, the, my |
|
| 139:28 | boss's boss who is a paleontologist at Amica Research Center and he did his |
|
| 139:36 | thesis on um uh offshore Forum and just to get a, a good |
|
| 139:42 | of what really is deep water in recent. OK. There's another thing |
|
| 139:47 | we do is there are assemblage indicators so there's changes in assemblages. And |
|
| 139:55 | I mean by that is certain things clustered together or um uh what would |
|
| 140:03 | an assemblage if I have high diversity foraminifera? Where do you think that |
|
| 140:09 | , where do you think I'd be the water? So they have lots |
|
| 140:13 | different species of bed? You I, I'm sorry, I'm trying |
|
| 140:25 | get it. It's really c I know why, but it seems like |
|
| 140:35 | getting dark outside or is it just cold in here? OK. |
|
| 140:48 | If uh this is what I mean assemblage indicators and um people talk about |
|
| 140:55 | but then they don't always talk about . But the number of things that |
|
| 140:59 | find in a particular sample sometimes, it's, it's simple diversity uh |
|
| 141:05 | is uh is, and simple diversity just number of species in an |
|
| 141:15 | And uh there used to be another um that was often a hat and |
|
| 141:22 | and uh these two things kind of to um you know, if you |
|
| 141:28 | 10 species here and it's just one each that's very equitable and it would |
|
| 141:33 | I have a high e on And uh this is the uh Shannon |
|
| 141:37 | Information function which has something to do density and diversity of what you have |
|
| 141:42 | the same time. Uh And I to have the students calculate that, |
|
| 141:46 | I don't do that anymore. So numbers species is a, is a |
|
| 141:52 | good count. And if you look for MS because I told you what |
|
| 141:56 | said about environments, it fluctuates a here. Uh It can be pretty |
|
| 142:02 | here just because of the calcium and are calcium critters. So um if |
|
| 142:07 | look at diversity uh and diversity is up in this direction and I plotted |
|
| 142:14 | here, it probably looks something like . Uh probably like, man, |
|
| 142:24 | more like this and here would it would be the base level for |
|
| 142:33 | curve, something like that. And if I see high diversity um in |
|
| 142:44 | in forums, it's usually gonna be between the uh outer neurotic pathy uh |
|
| 142:52 | pretty much the middle, the edge the middle neritic or the sort of |
|
| 142:55 | middle of the middle neritic. And would be high diversity. So low |
|
| 143:00 | is gonna be the shallow water or water. And that would be |
|
| 143:03 | Authentic plan, the forums. It probably be like this. I'm just |
|
| 143:12 | get this out of here. Just where the, where the sh the |
|
| 143:17 | and uh outer neur, the inner and the inner, middle and outer |
|
| 143:22 | , the baseline of that's about So this would be Benic for MS |
|
| 143:27 | forums would be something like this and not drawing it really. Right. |
|
| 143:35 | see. It'd be more like getting to shore. They're, they're really |
|
| 143:41 | and, uh, as you get here it starts to go up like |
|
| 143:45 | and then it would be like So some of the things that you |
|
| 143:50 | , um, look at, of , when you get really deep, |
|
| 143:54 | they're preserved, they may disappear and you're gonna get a gluten fors really |
|
| 144:01 | down here. And so we're looking these specific and generic indicators, but |
|
| 144:10 | the assemblages that we would see, would the ratio between benic and planks |
|
| 144:16 | out here in the deep water, right here in the battlefield zone. |
|
| 144:21 | actually probably because of the C CD do this, it might just nose |
|
| 144:28 | . But as we, as we into the outer neurotic and move out |
|
| 144:35 | the um the deeper water of the and then the abyssal for a |
|
| 144:42 | we're gonna see um the planktonic to ratio go way up and that ratio |
|
| 144:50 | a measure of the assemblage. It's a specific generic measure. It's a |
|
| 144:55 | of the assemblage. It's a measure the ratio between things that do better |
|
| 144:59 | here and things that do better farther and uh not so bad here, |
|
| 145:04 | not as well as they do So, really low uh PB ratios |
|
| 145:13 | really high PB ratios here. In , you can get to 100 and |
|
| 145:19 | flanks and no bei OK. So , that's, that's what I'm talking |
|
| 145:27 | . And um changes in assemblage structure in assemblage composition is you're seeing a |
|
| 145:37 | of things change the actual assemblages that see from here. Uh Sometimes you |
|
| 145:44 | see bio faces of things at any in time that change dramatically and you |
|
| 145:49 | compare the things and it's like a cluster of these things that kind of |
|
| 145:54 | together uh and they change through not time, but through depth. |
|
| 146:03 | . OK. Now there's, there's specific thing and then um changes uh |
|
| 146:13 | changes in uh individuals. That's another . So anyway, anyway, |
|
| 146:19 | I've just been down the Gulf of . Um Somebody did a little bit |
|
| 146:24 | on the BFI after the paper that working on. And uh they also |
|
| 146:31 | mini basins and what could fall into mini basin. There's even indigenous in |
|
| 146:36 | in a mini basin. And uh didn't want to get into this much |
|
| 146:41 | with this class, but I just you to see that the pre art |
|
| 146:44 | , which is an old paper. Newer papers are actually, you |
|
| 146:48 | coming up with a lot more detail this is an old scheme of uh |
|
| 146:56 | when they figured out the pale uh uh nature of uh virtually every formation |
|
| 147:03 | as it was mapped out in the Gulf Gulf coastal plain uh in part |
|
| 147:08 | the shelf, uh many years ago they were, when they were really |
|
| 147:11 | a lot of work into it and . So, here's what I mean |
|
| 147:15 | um um assemblages, uh this is you diversity gone from low near shore |
|
| 147:24 | higher as we get farther offshore. uh and that's, that's an assemblage |
|
| 147:29 | without knowing what they are. More usually means um outer shelf and probably |
|
| 147:36 | outer part of the middle shelf as turns out. And uh I mentioned |
|
| 147:41 | some point in this lecture or in class earlier on that in uh offshore |
|
| 147:48 | China, the shelf edge is at m instead of 200 m and the |
|
| 147:54 | gets even higher. And that's probably the food resources there, the stability |
|
| 148:00 | the environment is even greater than it be at 200 m and you're getting |
|
| 148:04 | kinds of things that are just happy all get out. And that again |
|
| 148:11 | , is sort of a um an type of parameter that out. |
|
| 148:22 | This this right here is shallowing And then, so here it would |
|
| 148:28 | to, here is outer, inner and then it goes to |
|
| 148:35 | So it's, it's getting deeper and it's outer again. So this is |
|
| 148:41 | is, this is shallowing upwards, upwards and shallowing uppers. So you |
|
| 148:47 | see the cycles just by diversity and , I have a whole lecture on |
|
| 148:59 | when I teach this class to uh students. But diversity is a really |
|
| 149:04 | thing because because of equitable and uh and um just the simple nature of |
|
| 149:12 | , having more things is this would s the um for simple species, |
|
| 149:20 | have the letter S and that's what is. And this clearly shows you |
|
| 149:24 | there could be a pattern that you use now. Uh Just so, |
|
| 149:28 | know, that um paleontologists uh this done by Culver and Boozes and Culver |
|
| 149:37 | was a younger guy, Marty um was at the Smithsonian when I |
|
| 149:42 | there and you have these, um came up with these charts for the |
|
| 149:48 | bad thing about this is it wasn't truth. Uh They just pulled the |
|
| 149:52 | out like artificial intelligence would and wherever said, a particular genus, this |
|
| 149:58 | ammonia. Ammonia. Beeri is sort the sort of a um a group |
|
| 150:03 | these things. It's, there's more one species, but it's hard to |
|
| 150:06 | them apart and uh or you could bear, be pear but bear |
|
| 150:13 | But anyway, ammonia is basically a water thing and some of the deeper |
|
| 150:17 | may be downslope transport or uh it be um that the paper named something |
|
| 150:27 | . You never know unless you put lot of effort into it. And |
|
| 150:30 | don't think they did that. They a lot of papers and added a |
|
| 150:33 | of data. Here's one for this is the one with the uh |
|
| 150:38 | had things called R processes, which didn't mention, but it also had |
|
| 150:42 | bridges, those septal bridges and the processes with the septal bridges helps it |
|
| 150:48 | of uh get out of its shell expand, but also to sort of |
|
| 150:52 | all the valves off and protect And these things you can see uh |
|
| 150:57 | there might be water sources. Some them get out o on the |
|
| 151:01 | Uh There, there are um some channels that go here and this may |
|
| 151:05 | down slope transport, but EFI can have been found live uh in some |
|
| 151:11 | these deeper depths. So ammonia would shallower in general. Uh EFI would |
|
| 151:17 | deeper. And if you see any these on your list and you can't |
|
| 151:20 | the species name on that look up , you can look at this chart |
|
| 151:26 | uh here's uh hands of why I think any hands of why were on |
|
| 151:30 | , but there might be uh there be a few. And um and |
|
| 151:34 | is showing you the distribution of the in the publications at the time. |
|
| 151:38 | was written um probably in the um in the eighties. Here's one that |
|
| 151:48 | a little bit deeper, ammo Um I had to explain this to |
|
| 151:55 | boss at Amica Research Center, but Bulit is an agglutinate for him. |
|
| 152:01 | , uh, he can tolerate anything because he can tolerate anything, he |
|
| 152:04 | handle an estuary. And why is down here in the deep battlefield |
|
| 152:10 | Uh, because he's agglutinated and he dissolve. So when he gets down |
|
| 152:16 | , he stays down there, uh in here there's more competition for the |
|
| 152:22 | . So there's good probability that this a real life, not just a |
|
| 152:28 | distribution but a real life distribution. other words, there's, there's shallow |
|
| 152:34 | baits where most things can't avoid, tolerate the fluctuation down here. Um |
|
| 152:40 | resources are really limited uh which can in an estuary at certain points in |
|
| 152:46 | . But this guy is tough enough live down here, but also he |
|
| 152:50 | dissolve. This is just another Palo scheme. I don't know why I |
|
| 152:56 | all these in here. This is one out of your book. And |
|
| 153:01 | uh I don't see a hands let's see. Halo fragments is gonna |
|
| 153:08 | a big one. But uh and Dina, here's an onion. We |
|
| 153:14 | about an Nion over there. There's a deep water one here. Pompeo |
|
| 153:19 | he's in Middle Bethel thats a nice benthic forum. And here is kind |
|
| 153:25 | what I was talking about. Uh you have uh this is sort of |
|
| 153:34 | grade from high stability to low stability terms of the environment. Here's the |
|
| 153:43 | of physical stress, physiological stress is up. Species, numbers diminish more |
|
| 153:51 | , opportunistic species. There are things do well in the shallow water that |
|
| 153:55 | be explosive and we call them And uh this is the chart I |
|
| 154:02 | I wasn't gonna show you in but there it is. And um |
|
| 154:08 | is from a lot of research that done back in the last half, |
|
| 154:12 | whole last half of the last And uh so, um these are |
|
| 154:21 | , they can't live in too many places. These are species that can |
|
| 154:25 | under a lot of different conditions. . And uh so this would be |
|
| 154:31 | stuff here and this would be, it could be uh Estrin, |
|
| 154:38 | Um Temperate might be the highest stress if it's Estrin cold because it's cold |
|
| 154:44 | of the time, it wouldn't be bad as, as this. And |
|
| 154:48 | it's temperate, uh temperate doesn't fluctuate much. So it might be down |
|
| 154:53 | . Subtropical would be here and tropical in here. And uh this is |
|
| 155:01 | this is kind of what drives limited things can live up here. |
|
| 155:07 | When you're down here, the energy the or organism the whole time he's |
|
| 155:12 | is his life is not constantly dependent the temperature or the or the uh |
|
| 155:19 | the salinity up here in the marine . Salinity and temperature are really important |
|
| 155:25 | down here, uh they're stable and is gonna be stable too. |
|
| 155:39 | here's how, you know, they're situ. Um, uh, you |
|
| 155:45 | , you find it, you find fossil in its range, that means |
|
| 155:47 | wasn't reworked, same thing with all this contamination. You can have reworked |
|
| 155:53 | . Uh, other, in other , they're older. So that would |
|
| 155:56 | them out of here. Uh, can be caved and they can, |
|
| 156:00 | can also have down dip transport and people don't spend a lot of time |
|
| 156:07 | at that when they're doing this. if, if you look at several |
|
| 156:14 | parameters and you look at several of , uh you look at the specific |
|
| 156:22 | generic and then you look at some the assemblage parameters. Uh You can |
|
| 156:27 | of kind of get a good feel you've got it right. And I |
|
| 156:36 | chose, OK. One of the this is showing is the cyclicity of |
|
| 156:45 | . And uh this is here is seas, the seas come in and |
|
| 156:51 | seas go out, but here the went out, the seas come |
|
| 156:55 | the seas go back out. And would be if you had one well |
|
| 156:59 | your one spot, um that one on the earth has gone from shallow |
|
| 157:06 | to deep water often. And this uh we look at the uh population |
|
| 157:18 | um in, in a single we, we end up with these |
|
| 157:24 | , could have something to do with species like the populations would be more |
|
| 157:28 | when the conditions are more right for particular species. That's why abundance |
|
| 157:33 | is important. The blooms. For , when uh when, um, |
|
| 157:40 | and start run off a certain time year into the water or if you're |
|
| 157:45 | dip of Galveston Harbor for uh human . And there's other places in the |
|
| 157:52 | where it happens where a lot of comes out and the phosphate uh helps |
|
| 157:56 | , uh bloom, especially any kind plant thing. As long as they |
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| 158:03 | bloom too much cos then when they , they biodegrade and they can take |
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| 158:05 | the oxygen but abundance abundance curves can you figure out where you are on |
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| 158:12 | chart chart. And uh and assembly can uh on that chart because |
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| 158:20 | certain things that are in a certain , oftentimes in the middle limit, |
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| 158:25 | probably doing better than they are anywhere because up dip, they're worried about |
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| 158:29 | , down dip. They might be about food resource. So if something's |
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| 158:35 | from inner to outer neurotic, it's biggest populations are in middle neur. |
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| 158:43 | if you uh likewise, if, something is uh middle to middle to |
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| 158:51 | b, then the outer neurotic is where it's doing well. And of |
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| 158:55 | , a lot of dents are doing there. But when we look at |
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| 159:04 | um individuals, individual species, they have variation in the species sizes can |
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| 159:10 | shapes, can change, coiling can , the composition and construction can change |
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| 159:15 | little bit. And, um of , uh in the osos, when |
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| 159:22 | conditions are poor, um they uh with asexuals, reproduction and you only |
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| 159:29 | females and it's not reworking. It's because of the harsh conditions, uh |
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| 159:35 | extra energy to have a male uh they just flush it in the |
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| 159:42 | and then, uh I hope everybody . I'm just kidding. But, |
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| 159:49 | , and then with the four answers uh the planks, you're gonna have |
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| 159:53 | and megalis ***. And that's where uh you have a lot of their |
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| 160:00 | sexual reproduction and some um will start as a, a small, a |
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| 160:05 | first chamber and some will start out a large 1st 1st chamber and that |
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| 160:10 | deal that can have something to do uh environmental fluctuations. And then I |
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| 160:16 | juveniles down here for the Ostra If, if you never get |
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| 160:19 | the conditions are probably bad. So you see uh a sample where there's |
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| 160:24 | whole bunch of adults and juveniles and you go a little bit deeper water |
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| 160:29 | of a sudden or maybe shallower If they're marine ones and you're getting |
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| 160:32 | to fresh water, you may only juveniles uh in uh Baffin Bay, |
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| 160:39 | . Uh There's freshwater ostro cods in rivers. When you have a |
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| 160:43 | you have fresh water run off and have fresh water falling into Baffin bay |
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| 160:47 | it becomes almost freshwater. You have of freshwater Osco Ostra Cos in |
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| 160:53 | And then within weeks, uh the comes back and they all, they |
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| 160:57 | die before they can get to be . And uh thats one of the |
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| 161:01 | you can recognize uh hurricane deposits using Koch. And this is just another |
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| 161:08 | of those charts and another one Um I don't know why I can |
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| 161:13 | repeating them in here. Uh And is showing you some of the Plank |
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| 161:19 | . This is uh some of the water, um Glover Italia and Glover |
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| 161:26 | , uh that like to be uh in the bath field. And uh |
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| 161:30 | they're pretty famous, but this is an example of um um here's coarsely |
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| 161:41 | course examples of these things uh just they're in shallow water, they would |
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| 161:45 | finer. Here's other ones that are . It's not showing you the same |
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| 161:50 | . But uh but something that you see if you had this species, |
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| 161:54 | agglutinated for m in, in shallow , it might have larger particles than |
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| 161:59 | was in, in deeper water. here is um um a simple erinaceous |
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| 162:07 | and uh test in shallow water. uh here's showing you some of the |
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| 162:12 | complicated ones in deep water and you see that it almost looks like it's |
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| 162:16 | , but it's not, some of change their shape. Here is um |
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| 162:27 | water to deep water and you can't tell from the top, the coil |
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| 162:31 | different, but you can tell from this is more lenticular in deep water |
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| 162:36 | this is more of a disk shape uh and then the opposite can |
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| 162:44 | Uh This thing is getting uh uh elaborate ornamentation than the uh other ones |
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| 162:52 | if it was in shallow water. So, in deeper water, we're |
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| 162:57 | more and more complicated um internal structures external structures and it's uh one of |
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| 163:07 | problems with this is it's not You know, you can, |
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| 163:11 | the uh the gluten ones from, shallow to deep are gonna go from |
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| 163:16 | to fine, doesn't matter what they . But uh sometimes, um here's |
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| 163:23 | here's shallow water, here's deep, shala, this is showing you small |
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| 163:28 | large. Uh But if you go really deep water and uh there's an |
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| 163:33 | like if you get into the outer stuff or the inner patio and you |
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| 163:38 | close to the C CD, you be seeing them smaller, actually thinner |
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| 163:42 | because they're having a harder time pulling calcium out of that system because there's |
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| 163:46 | there. Here's uh efim the little that I like to talk about. |
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| 163:53 | uh this one, this one is salinity, this is normal salinity. |
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| 164:00 | normal salinity, low salinity. You see the retro processes and the uh |
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| 164:08 | bridges are getting bigger on these And this one is interesting. Here's |
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| 164:17 | U varina pergrin and this is a uh prolific thing you can see |
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| 164:22 | it's an inner, outer shelf, to upper bol and this is upper |
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| 164:27 | and deeper. You can see that getting smaller. It can't pull as |
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| 164:31 | calcium carbonate out. It looks almost like a different species to me. |
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| 164:37 | uh you can see that the ornamentation uh where you can pull out more |
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| 164:41 | is bigger. You, it's getting and to hear, we don't even |
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| 164:44 | the ridges. We just have the with spines on them. And, |
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| 164:52 | , let's see, I think, far do I have to go? |
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| 165:10 | think we've covered all the slides that really need to look at um in |
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| 165:15 | of doing the exercise. And but some of these other things are |
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| 165:20 | . So I would invite everybody to take a look, um, take |
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| 165:29 | look at all the slides just to get a feel for how, |
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| 165:35 | how they vary with the water How, for example, um exactly |
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| 165:42 | things can change in terms of the and the longitude. These are DS |
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| 165:46 | wells drilled at different latitudes uh relative the plates where they were when |
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| 165:52 | the ocean plates where they were, these samples were collected or the, |
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| 165:57 | age of the rocks they came Rather, here's uh some curves showing |
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| 166:02 | cooling and warming from uh different Here's a right coiling and this is |
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| 166:11 | coiling. This is the oral and the spiral side of the same |
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| 166:17 | And so, um, here he's from right to left. Here it's |
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| 166:24 | left to right. Excuse me, from right to left. Oh, |
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| 166:30 | is, this is left coiling, . And you look at on the |
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| 166:35 | side and this is showing you some the plank forms and what their latitudinal |
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| 166:46 | are in the recent. So you see this in the um and uh |
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| 166:52 | samples too, this is these are species. But again, uh where |
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| 166:57 | are extant and they overlap with extinct , you can uh pretty much figure |
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| 167:02 | that they fit in there. There's genus of ostra cods, for |
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| 167:07 | uh that can occur in almost any water temperature. And another thing |
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| 167:12 | closely related to it that can't occur anything colder than 50 °C. So |
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| 167:18 | relatively shallow water versus deep water. if you see a, an overabundance |
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| 167:24 | this thing called Citarella, you it's probably deeper water. And then |
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| 167:28 | you see as an assemblage with a of Clodia, you know, it's |
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| 167:33 | warm water. So the there's a of these things and there's no way |
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| 167:38 | gonna learn all of them for this . But I wanted to go through |
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| 167:41 | . So you would have an idea how robust the the method is and |
|
| 167:45 | lot of work goes into it and , its not just a, you |
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| 167:50 | , one fossil tells you everything you know, it's not 10 fossils |
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| 167:54 | a list that help you get It's all of them put together and |
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| 167:58 | also the assemblages and it's also things can happen to individuals as they go |
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| 168:04 | 11 environment to the next. There's thing um called Cipro deus, thats |
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| 168:11 | ostrogoth that when you get into brackish , it starts to develop nodes on |
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| 168:17 | back. And uh so that's a strong indicator that you're close to the |
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| 168:23 | the, the uh shoreline. And and it also occurs in non marine |
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| 168:31 | that have salinity in them. It's it, it can help you with |
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| 168:35 | lot of different things. So without the whole world to you in a |
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| 168:43 | . Yeah, that was. So this, is this like a or |
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| 168:57 | , the same tradition is existing in zones of San? OK. That's |
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| 169:04 | good question. OK. And this , it's not evolution but uh what |
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| 169:30 | is, um everything has a uh genotype and the genotype of these for |
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| 169:41 | allows, in other words, it's um and uh I'm not an |
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| 169:49 | in genetics, but I did take genetics courses and um but the uh |
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| 169:55 | gene and of course, when, we study it in terms of uh |
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| 170:00 | evolution of species and stuff it becomes too, but I don't usually look |
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| 170:05 | DNA. But if you, if have something like this, what this |
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| 170:08 | showing you these, this is a , that's a phenotype. That's a |
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| 170:12 | . In other words, there's proteins the genotype that allow it to build |
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| 170:16 | a certain way. And uh if stressors on that, on that |
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| 170:23 | it, uh it highlights certain uh of genes within each um chromosome that |
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| 170:30 | help it do different things. In words, in all three of |
|
| 170:36 | if this guy happened to be born , he would look like that. |
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| 170:40 | he happened to be born there, would look like that. Ok. |
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| 170:44 | that this is, this is their expression. But, but they, |
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| 170:48 | it's their genotype that has all of excess uh genetic material to allow it |
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| 170:56 | have different forms. But what would for evolution is if this got, |
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| 171:02 | the shallow ones got separated from the ones, the Deepwater population was like |
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| 171:08 | for a long time, they might part of that genotype and only have |
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| 171:15 | their, so their, their genotype change after time while the genotype over |
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| 171:20 | is changing over time and they would different species. And that would be |
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| 171:25 | and its geographic isolation that allows it populations are together. Um they're able |
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| 171:33 | uh sort of mix and mingle even though even though though these are not |
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| 171:41 | uh sexual reproduction but they can split or the other. But they, |
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| 171:48 | but if you take this genotype and stress in a certain way for all |
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| 171:51 | population, it's gonna start changing. , it's gonna change towards what it's |
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| 171:59 | normal. It's gonna move and then not saying it's gonna happen overnight. |
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| 172:06 | and uh but then with sexual if uh for example, um I |
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| 172:16 | know who could you take say there a population of elephants who were tall |
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| 172:23 | short and they got separated from each and all the short ones went together |
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| 172:29 | all those tall ones went together and , that those populations would be isolated |
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| 172:35 | the stressors would be different there. their phenotypic expressions would start to change |
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| 172:40 | their genotypic expression would move in that , you know, so that the |
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| 172:45 | of something is this over here and over here, if I could bring |
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| 172:53 | over here, it's, it's instead that, it's maybe here, it's |
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| 172:58 | halfway of that and over here. it's trying to, it's trying to |
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| 173:02 | center its genotype and that's, that's I understand it. It may, |
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| 173:07 | be perfectly incorrect, but it's, it's the uh geographic isolation that separates |
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| 173:13 | population, especially if it's reproductive um of their populations that have reproduction then |
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| 173:23 | through sexual reproduction rather uh then then it's, it's a lot easier |
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| 173:29 | get gene pools separated. Eventually, know, everybody, everybody lives at |
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| 173:35 | um I don't wanna use people because are completely different and complicated. But |
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| 173:42 | animals that were on Australia got separated animals from the continent that it was |
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| 173:48 | to. So they ended up coming with things that don't exist anywhere else |
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| 173:52 | the world, like the platypus And it's because of the geographic |
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| 173:58 | It's not, it's not because something driving it to happen. But they |
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| 174:03 | , those populations were separated, they under different stresses and they moved |
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| 174:08 | their changes, their little changes through eventually became significant. And there, |
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| 174:18 | like whole, whole sets of organisms go up on one pathway by |
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| 174:23 | I don't know if you remember those that I was shown like even the |
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| 174:27 | fossils, which evolved very quickly and evolves even faster. But the |
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| 174:33 | you know, you had an arm off like this and that shape. |
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| 174:36 | based in the morphology as the, an ex a phenotypic expression of the |
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| 174:41 | of the algae. But uh so see some going off this way and |
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| 174:45 | going off that way. So they're , they're very different from each |
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| 174:49 | You know, first you have one turned into two and then that isolation |
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| 174:53 | more severe, then you might have coming off of that and it's like |
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| 174:57 | of difference in um and you have different uh uh things that might even |
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| 175:03 | new families of, uh, nano as opposed to just new gene? |
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| 175:13 | . Is everybody back? I think kind of take, took a pseudo |
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| 175:20 | . Let's take a, another, , I don't know, did anybody |
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| 175:22 | a break? Was there anybody in while I was going through this? |
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| 175:28 | ? I think somebody left for a seconds. Ok. How about if |
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| 175:33 | take a 10 minute break and then come back and we work on the |
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| 175:36 | and then we'll be done. That good. I just feel like I'm |
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| 175:45 | everybody and it's just like you go . Ok. So if we stay |
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| 175:53 | here long enough, we're gonna we'll definitely have a different phenotype by |
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| 176:01 | time we get out of here. , we have phenotypic expressions like we're |
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| 176:07 | gonna have sore throats when we get of here. Doctor Don. Can |
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| 176:12 | use uh Excel for the, the graph? |
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