| 00:01 | Okay let's get this. Okay so got a new session I. |
|
| 00:08 | So make note of that. That . Alright so go through um It's |
|
| 00:22 | fake ultimately today. So basically uh see either link lipids scram negative |
|
| 00:32 | Water patrol cell envelope ion gradients Is that it? Re false |
|
| 01:19 | Yeah. Yeah. All right. camp down here. 10 98 7654 |
|
| 02:11 | 1. Alright. So nature Let's see if you didn't answer. |
|
| 02:23 | you are correct. Okay. Um all true statements as well. Are |
|
| 02:31 | . Um So let's go over this as we go through. But yes |
|
| 02:38 | are all true. Alright. So um Is G. Yeah of |
|
| 02:49 | Yeah. Alright. So like I we'll go through these points and I |
|
| 02:53 | this up again. Let's go through kind of basics here. So in |
|
| 03:00 | of uh content in itself. So obviously the aside from water which |
|
| 03:07 | be bonded molecule in any living you already make up 70% itself. |
|
| 03:14 | if you look at beyond water uh information molecules, proteins. Uh |
|
| 03:23 | D. N. A quarter And this is for e coli um |
|
| 03:30 | zones of course uh composition of both and RNA molecules. Next cell envelope |
|
| 03:39 | contains whatever the structures are for that organism. So likens the cell wall |
|
| 03:46 | uh membrane foster lipids, lippo party rides uh kind of combination of course |
|
| 03:56 | of lipid and carbohydrate. Then different of ions and metabolites that are involved |
|
| 04:05 | different reactions. Uh probably means these molecules that have multi functions in signaling |
|
| 04:14 | cells and biting the D. A. Uh protective purposes and other |
|
| 04:21 | . Um The uh and so in of like and to see their has |
|
| 04:31 | of this than E. Coli and would that be? Yeah. Grand |
|
| 04:38 | staff is a gram positive organism. uh grand positive have a lot more |
|
| 04:44 | like materials. Right? As we'll whether it was at the composition structure |
|
| 04:50 | the grand positive and negative. Uh a lot more much more. Okay |
|
| 05:00 | grandpa gives have that called like oreo kind of structure. I have an |
|
| 05:06 | layer a rare type of light down than the sight of. But we'll |
|
| 05:12 | through this um Many questions. The okay so here it kind of |
|
| 05:21 | through just an overview of things to here and what we'll cover all. |
|
| 05:28 | with the basic uh membrane often called internet brain because there's multiple layers. |
|
| 05:39 | for this this is the so uh see that there's various functions for this |
|
| 05:50 | and other and of course this this the boundary that within it here's the |
|
| 05:56 | effects of knowledge structures there. Uh the nuclear Boyd. Okay so the |
|
| 06:04 | Oid is not a is not a bound structure. Okay, it's simply |
|
| 06:10 | area occupied by chromosome. Remember prepared the most part. One circuit pro |
|
| 06:17 | that is in various states of coiling out typically appears like a gray kind |
|
| 06:25 | area and sell uh taking up a portion. So again, it's not |
|
| 06:32 | not it's visit the area occupied, no membrane covered. Okay. The |
|
| 06:42 | and so there's also a point of for it as well. You see |
|
| 06:48 | um it will be attached to the and kind of the central point. |
|
| 06:54 | . And uh right here typically and for the purposes as we'll see like |
|
| 07:02 | here that it's some kind of uh ahold of the chromosome. It's really |
|
| 07:09 | purchase of verification that it does that we'll see how that works. But |
|
| 07:13 | they're certainly point point has been to memory that kind of hold longer. |
|
| 07:20 | so that survives that each is a that the uh driving of course uh |
|
| 07:30 | visible under electron microscope for sure uh synthesis occurring there. So it's always |
|
| 07:35 | be lots of number one function. main cell is okay, then uh |
|
| 07:45 | can have external to this side of membrane a cell. Okay. And |
|
| 07:54 | can uh think positive bacteria, uh . It's gonna have a different structure |
|
| 08:02 | be thin positive, not much, as much. And then have the |
|
| 08:09 | layer around it. Grand Meghan has sort of cell wall out of ram |
|
| 08:20 | positive has just one thick uh so easy to kind of different. And |
|
| 08:31 | um things like plasmids can occur. these are small circular pieces of DNA |
|
| 08:39 | in addition to the chromosome. Uh are often on the average 5,050,000 base |
|
| 08:49 | compared to chromosome. That will be times that size. Okay, so |
|
| 08:56 | maybe one or more in a Archaea bacteria. And these um not |
|
| 09:05 | of them have. Okay. And can be these entities that can be |
|
| 09:10 | clean. Sounds right. Larger chromosome only transfer of course during two application |
|
| 09:18 | , but these can be transmitted to cells in the population. Okay. |
|
| 09:25 | talk about that later on the This is kind of a generic |
|
| 09:30 | And I just show you like these little structures here. These inclusions are |
|
| 09:35 | terms, describe uh can be storage like storage for example, they can |
|
| 09:44 | other food storage type molecules are in molecules. Um Other types of meta |
|
| 09:52 | related structures. These kind of And so it can encompass a number |
|
| 09:56 | different Structures. And began. We'll about that in part two. |
|
| 10:02 | Um but there are no organ elms you're familiar with in a eukaryotic |
|
| 10:11 | Like there's no there's no other types membrane bound structures. Uh there can |
|
| 10:18 | structures. These can be protein structures can create the structures but not living |
|
| 10:27 | their structure like. Okay. And , the inclusions where they have like |
|
| 10:36 | very depending on species and the that have often these kind of a lot |
|
| 10:42 | variation. Um And so the uh the both are made of the |
|
| 10:53 | material. Right, figure out. tend to be more numerous and |
|
| 11:00 | Right pill. I tend to be and less numerous. And we have |
|
| 11:06 | specialized functions. Okay. Thing called sex pilots. That's how bacteria can |
|
| 11:14 | plasma. For example, other types pillai involvement. Taking up to the |
|
| 11:20 | in the environment. Um, I often attachment in fact. So |
|
| 11:26 | so there is you have made the material. There is a difference in |
|
| 11:30 | of the function. Okay. And they do of course the Della Flora |
|
| 11:36 | motility. Okay. Uh we'll also that actually there are that can be |
|
| 11:42 | in motility as well in a very way. Um so another structure so |
|
| 11:51 | . So this shows up in the here, capsule capsule covered all this |
|
| 12:00 | um in in certain bacteria and many they didn't have a capsule are often |
|
| 12:07 | . These causes. Okay, so terms Carolyn's factors uh is one will |
|
| 12:15 | mention a lot in the last quarter course talking about medical microbiology. But |
|
| 12:21 | factors can be any number of these . We just talked about the capsule |
|
| 12:27 | can be um various factors. So any kind of a structure that enables |
|
| 12:34 | micro to cause the specific for Of course. There's many other things |
|
| 12:39 | have not seen factors toxin, uniform and other things. Uh but the |
|
| 12:47 | certainly is is found in many happens many uh pneumonia, a very big |
|
| 12:55 | . So you'll see that as the in many in many types of |
|
| 13:01 | Okay. The thing about the capsule is covering covering the the envelope |
|
| 13:09 | It's hiding those molecules. Uh, might potentially be an to the |
|
| 13:17 | Can see that the capsule kind of and kind of making it visible to |
|
| 13:22 | immune system. Also a capsule makes continent less uh, be able to |
|
| 13:31 | by your white blood cells. One the primary ways to get rid of |
|
| 13:36 | . Okay. And a capsule make kind of more slippery. Not so |
|
| 13:42 | for that reason it's a very Okay, so again, we're gonna |
|
| 13:49 | through some of these structures in a more detail, particularly the nature of |
|
| 13:53 | grandfather about uh, Russian uh, the purpose of the just transfer |
|
| 14:05 | it's that purpose, I guess. could say that. Okay. The |
|
| 14:15 | the plastic will contain often uh, that may not be on the larger |
|
| 14:22 | . Okay. And you can have factors that may be on the that |
|
| 14:26 | transfer between cells. And so the them and eventually have uh, real |
|
| 14:32 | become uh, others very different types property. So, um, but |
|
| 14:40 | , not not all plasmas are necessarily to transfer them specific genes that maybe |
|
| 14:47 | what we call conjugated plasma can be . Others don't have that property. |
|
| 14:54 | the other way it can be passed is through the division of the South |
|
| 14:59 | . But other types that have those can be for sure. Okay so |
|
| 15:10 | we'll talk about three. So uh this I'm sure this review for you |
|
| 15:18 | you went through a little something by . But just to refresh your |
|
| 15:23 | Right? So uh a little bit structures. Term fluid mosaic model. |
|
| 15:30 | ? Fossil lipids have particular chemical The polar uh called polar head |
|
| 15:38 | non polar portions of these fatty acids side chains and connecting both artists. |
|
| 15:46 | So of course in english solution they violate uh fatty acids themselves in terms |
|
| 15:56 | differences. Right? Um like us this uh uh type called but here |
|
| 16:12 | this representative types of fatty acids, can also form colonies uh propane uh |
|
| 16:22 | sided uh structures. Uh this gives change overall a more flat uh structure |
|
| 16:32 | more rigid structure. Okay, um the archaea can have these right that |
|
| 16:41 | different from Esther. These tend to less susceptible to fibrosis or more and |
|
| 16:48 | hard and kind of look it remember see these particularly in our high |
|
| 16:55 | Okay. And adaptation to the And so they can also increase the |
|
| 17:02 | of these. Okay, by memorizing to form a much longer on very |
|
| 17:10 | uh rigid molecule that can also have cycle ization. So the cycle again |
|
| 17:18 | makes it more rigid structure and more structure. So you have to remember |
|
| 17:24 | at high temp. High temp is membrane. I kind of want to |
|
| 17:30 | know, kind of energy from temperature gonna want to break apart these connections |
|
| 17:35 | fossil if it Right. And that's to cause those small apart. |
|
| 17:39 | High temp. And so obviously lead material comes comes out. So you |
|
| 17:46 | keep those those possibilities together. Those memory limits together to maintain the integrity |
|
| 17:56 | ? At high temp. And so want to promote association between your |
|
| 18:03 | So how do you best do Will make them really straight. |
|
| 18:07 | And make the law. So it lots of hydrophobic interactions. You have |
|
| 18:11 | hold like the molecule. Right. you have lots of come together as |
|
| 18:15 | changing very straight and stacked together and will enable to withstand high temps. |
|
| 18:23 | , these are adaptations for those kinds conditions. Okay, these kind of |
|
| 18:27 | uh living molecules are right. And also remember that the the of the |
|
| 18:39 | of the membrane. Right? Looking the diagram appear the presence of course |
|
| 18:47 | . So proteins of course are Right? Various functions and it's a |
|
| 18:55 | membrane that function. Right? Transportation candidate reactions involved in metabolism. Um |
|
| 19:05 | happens? Right. It's about 50 more or less in terms of |
|
| 19:11 | content and fossil is right. So all familiar with that term selective |
|
| 19:17 | Right. So selective permeability comes from fossil lipids themselves. Okay. Because |
|
| 19:26 | certain things can get in. Water can flow through but not charged |
|
| 19:32 | or water logging molecules right there, . And so um you have to |
|
| 19:37 | certain proteins that will enable those things get right. Uh Memorization has also |
|
| 19:44 | functions as well being involved in the . So uh it all depends on |
|
| 19:48 | the proteins are making it up. ? So both both go hand in |
|
| 19:53 | . So um any questions about So the question So I kind of |
|
| 20:04 | want to go so much in the something. I know you've you've all |
|
| 20:07 | that. So let's just kind of at it. This question here to |
|
| 20:10 | of answer a couple of main things to know um The uh so we'll |
|
| 20:19 | a little bit about transport processes uh to uh uh But this one is |
|
| 20:31 | about a aquatic bacterium that hand is an interest Sailor, sodium ion concentration |
|
| 20:41 | millimeter. Living in a pond. salt concentration point over five. So |
|
| 20:52 | have to remember that these are microbes at the mercy of their environments. |
|
| 21:00 | can't always control they can't control going . They have different levels of size |
|
| 21:07 | things that they need and have to these at optimal concentrations different ways to |
|
| 21:14 | that. Okay So let's go 10 here. Okay. 543 210 |
|
| 21:50 | All right. See who Elsa get . Okay, who answered E uh |
|
| 22:18 | , that means. Right. So , what do we call that kind |
|
| 22:21 | process? Right, right. You're . Active transport. This is active |
|
| 22:28 | . So, as gentleman mentioned, none of those because it's the |
|
| 22:39 | So my sodium apparently is being taken by that cell even though it's nowhere |
|
| 22:46 | . So it's all about concentration Yeah, just explosive. I'm curious |
|
| 22:56 | things. But the thing with diffusion it's gonna be for uh charge. |
|
| 23:05 | that can't get cell otherwise. But fusion is always going down the rate |
|
| 23:13 | process active um uh transport. protein but always down the great that's |
|
| 23:28 | textbook definition. So, remember your right past called simple diffusion facilitated diffusion |
|
| 23:40 | going down a grade. I know transport both of course occur across the |
|
| 23:48 | depending on what the site is and need for the cell for that |
|
| 23:52 | Um Any question about that? Yeah. Yeah, I'm gonna go |
|
| 24:05 | about it right now. Okay. help required. Right. Things like |
|
| 24:13 | is um oh, to see to of course water can pass through |
|
| 24:19 | diffusion. Okay, it's small enough pull it. It's small enough to |
|
| 24:23 | through um facilitated fusion uh involves a transport because the molecule is charged or |
|
| 24:35 | and big enough for just can't It's by the by there. So you |
|
| 24:40 | the floor ingredient or out of the , direction. movement is always based |
|
| 24:46 | going from high to low concentration. , so um osmosis is all |
|
| 24:54 | The process was reserved for water, ? For water. Right? So |
|
| 24:59 | use of water molecules. So remember these terms. Okay, the hyper |
|
| 25:05 | hip, a tonic that you may . It's all about the solute |
|
| 25:11 | Right? So water remember is water to the area of high concentration, |
|
| 25:19 | flows there to basically hydrate the solvent . Okay, so the water flows |
|
| 25:26 | the high solids up always right? now you can't have and so like |
|
| 25:33 | said, water can flow without any from a transport molecule. But if |
|
| 25:38 | need rapid transport water which can happen , bacterial seller here can certainly vary |
|
| 25:47 | fluctuate and salt concentrations may be such they lose water and you need to |
|
| 25:54 | it back in or get rid of quickly or flood. Right? So |
|
| 25:59 | horns are specific for water transport molecules will facilitate rapid movement. So bacteria |
|
| 26:06 | archaea can form these rather quickly in membrane and we're done with. So |
|
| 26:14 | it's for again, transport transport of conditions. So this idea of hyper |
|
| 26:23 | selling tears. So for periods tend keep their seven tiers hyper time, |
|
| 26:31 | ? Water flow in, it's like shape uh and warmer the set. |
|
| 26:39 | , that's where that cell wall comes handy. Water flows in a balloon |
|
| 26:46 | the cargo box and the box is cell wall, a balloon for the |
|
| 26:52 | pressure against that side of the and certainly in a bacteria archaea, |
|
| 26:58 | flows in and can press against the wall and maintain pressure pressure, maintain |
|
| 27:05 | forming itself so that itself slightly hyper water. Um Is any questions? |
|
| 27:20 | let's uh we'll start with their We'll pick it up thursday. Um |
|
| 27:26 | , next week, Tuesday. Tuesday. Hey |
|
