| 01:36 | Okay. Looks like most people are . Okay, e think we got |
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| 01:44 | here? I'm sure we did last , but I just wanna probably start |
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| 01:50 | . And, um, you one of things I was trying to |
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| 01:53 | across for the little bit that we here was that it's very important to |
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| 02:03 | to correlate using the shale sections. of course, you can see the |
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| 02:08 | sections here. But I think, , you know, when you have |
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| 02:14 | total log sweet, it makes a bit, or at least the standard |
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| 02:18 | log suite, which would be some ity and gamma log, RSP log |
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| 02:23 | both gamma and SP. It's a bit easier to get the idea, |
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| 02:31 | we'll be looking at some some logs and be able to see why that's |
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| 02:39 | . Another thing is the anyone a they get too much noise. |
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| 02:51 | uh when whenever we correlate, you it helps Thio have some context. |
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| 03:01 | the here we have, For we have a cold bed and sometimes |
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| 03:06 | beds air tied up because you may in an area where there's one thing |
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| 03:11 | strata graphically prominent across a big and you pretty much know that it |
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| 03:17 | at one point in time when there some barrel exposure. To the extent |
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| 03:22 | you would have a very shallow water and the opportunity for coal to build |
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| 03:29 | , I'm not necessarily a fluctuating sea . Now these, uh, when |
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| 03:35 | use market beds like this, you're always absolutely certain. But on a |
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| 03:39 | scale, if you have an you can use them because regionally, |
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| 03:43 | know that it's say, For one bed instead of 3 to 10 |
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| 03:48 | that you're trying to correlate is And that's why it's using in this |
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| 03:54 | publication. And once you have something hang your logs on, that has |
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| 04:02 | sort of timing. Event call sometimes , but it's not as direct |
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| 04:08 | say, biased fatigue or a Okay, and, um, here's |
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| 04:17 | instance where ah, you're near the and they know they're near the coastline |
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| 04:23 | they're seeing these. These limestone which kind of helped, um, |
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| 04:29 | out a little bit of the Um, again, you could have |
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| 04:34 | of limestone stringers that don't go across region, but when people start using |
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| 04:42 | thin bed is almost a time It's on Lee because they already have |
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| 04:47 | idea that it's widespread in the area could see here. In contrast to |
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| 04:57 | , you can see the sands are discontinuous. But when you have something |
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| 05:02 | you're fairly certain is continuous, you hang things on it. But |
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| 05:08 | in this case, in the case that, if we had bio strata |
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| 05:11 | data, it wouldn't matter that Now, in the correlation exercise that |
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| 05:16 | gonna have, it's not, It's is week of a data set is |
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| 05:22 | could get, but it za riel from areas that were drilled in the |
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| 05:27 | sixties and seventies. They're drilling there , but trying to do it with |
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| 05:33 | least amount of money. Eso In lot of cases, they don't have |
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| 05:38 | better developed by a strata. Graphic sets. Okay, so that well |
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| 05:52 | And you had a question on this we talked about motives and and I |
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| 05:59 | some questions on electric logs, like ones? In which column. And |
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| 06:09 | you have something. One of the with people having lots of options. |
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| 06:15 | days they can get a piece of and they could just start plotting their |
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| 06:20 | ray log over here if they want and their bulk density over here if |
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| 06:23 | want to. You have the Do all sorts of things. But |
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| 06:27 | you go and present it, by large, the rock tools are in |
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| 06:35 | Rachael Ethology Cools tools in this In other words, you're going to |
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| 06:39 | Gamma Ray and ESP in the first . The resistive ity or fluid tools |
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| 06:47 | gonna be, and they're called the in your book. By the |
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| 06:51 | there was a very tricky question in . Ah, in that test. |
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| 06:57 | the fluid to tools air usually in second channel and usually the well bore |
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| 07:03 | indicated between those two channels. And it will have perforations on it. |
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| 07:10 | , casing shoes where the base of casing string is, and and and |
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| 07:18 | where sidewall cores and cores were And, uh, and then to |
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| 07:23 | right of this, normally there's gonna a sonic, and then there's gonna |
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| 07:26 | a bulk density log. And when we're doing correlation, we look |
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| 07:33 | this suite of logs and you can . Um, you know one thing |
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| 07:39 | sands resistive it could be all over place, but in Shales, it |
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| 07:44 | more to do. Um, with tightness of the shells and, |
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| 07:53 | and the lack of tightness of the . In other words, the higher |
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| 07:57 | . It is going to be tighter there, including salt water and the |
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| 08:01 | resistive it ease are going to um, a little bit mawr showing |
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| 08:10 | they have water or bound water included them. But you get a nice |
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| 08:15 | of pattern off here to the And so when we correlate, we |
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| 08:20 | going to be looking at the gamma and or SPS. You're I think |
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| 08:26 | exercises most, uh, it may SPS again. I can't remember because |
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| 08:34 | they're either SPS or very bad gamma . And how should I say low |
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| 08:40 | gamma logs. But normally when we , we start correlating with shales, |
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| 08:49 | so you need to get away from things thicker sand units. And |
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| 08:54 | this is kind of a sand unit we don't really get a good shale |
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| 08:57 | here. There's a shell right right there. Let me dio. And |
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| 09:04 | . And this is looking at a sandwich Section two so it doesn't really |
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| 09:09 | . But here I'm showing how flooding from high gamma spikes. And, |
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| 09:14 | course, the high gamma spike is the right show. These organic rich |
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| 09:20 | are often called maximum flooding surfaces. in the North Sea and the |
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| 09:25 | they actually have names for them. they're the bounding units for their Jurassic |
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| 09:32 | . Uh, and here, uncharacteristic oil industry type work, they start |
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| 09:40 | the bottom and work their way So j 62 is older than J |
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| 09:45 | . A lot of times in the industry, we count things down from |
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| 09:48 | top because that's the way we drill . Yeah, Okay, So the |
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| 09:54 | of correlation let me see if I reduce this so I can see it |
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| 10:09 | really thio connect. Similar deposition will from one to the other. That's |
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| 10:18 | on a big picture scale. What trying to do. We're not |
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| 10:22 | Thio, look for Sands. One things that when I throw out my |
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| 10:29 | exercise, a lot of students, petroleum engineers, first thing they do |
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| 10:34 | start correlating 9500 ft with 9500 ft the other law. And that only |
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| 10:42 | if there's no structure. Have you nothing but flat lying beds? And |
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| 10:49 | logs that you have are coming from different areas around a salt dome. |
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| 10:55 | they will, by the nature of the deposits and are and which ones |
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| 11:02 | structurally up dip or down the well with the correlative sands and shale should |
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| 11:10 | , uh, not the same depth one well to the next. So |
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| 11:15 | do that, because what you're trying do is is figure out what the |
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| 11:20 | all episodes are and which ones correlate which other ones. Now, if |
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| 11:26 | have a sandstone and, well, and a sandstone and well to, |
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| 11:31 | someone tell me why that's not correlating two together is not the same |
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| 11:37 | Is correlating a deposition All episode, ideas? Yeah. Okay. Let |
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| 11:53 | , um can you repeat the Yeah. I have to log side |
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| 12:00 | side, and they have a Siris sand stones in them. Uh, |
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| 12:08 | I'm just correlating one sand from one , toe, one sand to the |
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| 12:11 | . Well, how is that Or possibly different from connecting or correlating |
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| 12:20 | episodes? And why does it Because the photography can repeat, that's |
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| 12:30 | right. Strategic AFI can repeat, so you could have sands of very |
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| 12:38 | that were not deposited during the same . Aleppo sewed, and I know |
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| 12:44 | going to skip sequence photography primer because figured, John, it gave you |
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| 12:49 | of that already. But and so have sequences. And what what occurs |
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| 13:00 | sequences? What is the bounding surface a sequence mhm erosion? You have |
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| 13:17 | original surface, right? Did So if, for example, I |
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| 13:24 | Sands in one sequence and I try correlate them to Sands and another |
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| 13:32 | why is there really highly unlikely probability there they're connected to each other? |
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| 13:42 | is that unlikely? Because erosion isn't . That's correct. But But one |
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| 13:55 | that is is that un conformity is gap in time, right? And |
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| 14:02 | you said, it's not even the gap, the gap in time |
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| 14:09 | the hiatus in time can be a amount of time, or it can |
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| 14:15 | millions of years of time. But either side of that on conformity. |
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| 14:21 | is the relationship? The relative age between the units above vs units below |
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| 14:32 | Bob? They're all younger above, they're younger, above they keep. |
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| 14:36 | can't be continuous sands with the units that. And that's a really simple |
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| 14:42 | of why you have to be But what about another surface between a |
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| 14:48 | and a regressive event? What's the between a transgressive and a regressive |
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| 15:01 | Yeah, that your maximum flooding It could be It could be a |
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| 15:07 | flooding surface. Or it could just a flooding surface. But it's a |
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| 15:12 | surface. And what in terms of elements? What what do most flooding |
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| 15:19 | tend to be. Perhaps, excuse , tracks owners are sales seals. |
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| 15:31 | . Now they could be part of trap, but not likely the whole |
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| 15:36 | . But but the seals, their and and again, what is the |
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| 15:45 | age relationship between the things below one another? The one above is |
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| 15:51 | right? And because of that de episodes, if you're going to try |
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| 15:59 | correlate them, they're really more than correlating Sands and Shales. It's really |
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| 16:04 | to correlate similar de positional episodes or de positional episodes with other sin deposition |
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| 16:13 | . In other words, they occurred about the same time. And then |
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| 16:17 | have probability, at least of them interconnected and single flow units, which |
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| 16:25 | don't get if you're just correlating haphazardly that look alike from the log |
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| 16:31 | Because I could correlate a channel sand another channel, sand. And they |
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| 16:37 | be completely different channels that were deposited either side of these boundaries that we |
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| 16:43 | talked about, whether it be a surface or in conformity and so they |
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| 16:48 | be continuous, even though hitting a sand or appoint bar. It's pretty |
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| 16:54 | or miss, because because of the , I'll system that it comes from |
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| 16:58 | we'll talk more about that when we in the final detail here. But |
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| 17:02 | now we're talking about correlation. And , uh, one thing that we |
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| 17:10 | is that when we're looking at things de positional strike, there is a |
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| 17:17 | chance we'll see layer cake type configuration we're correlating across strike. But when |
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| 17:24 | and that's deposition, I'll strike But we're correlating across deposition, I'll |
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| 17:30 | We're going to see strata graphic architectures bounding surface surfaces in the shape of |
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| 17:37 | forms separating these sands that look like the same depth there, the same |
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| 17:43 | . But in fact they're definitely separated numerous things that can actually seal one |
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| 17:50 | the other. And there isn't. is absolutely no continuity between those sands |
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| 17:55 | I bring this up because the rial end of the day, the rial |
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| 18:00 | for trying to correlate Wells is to out with logs is to figure out |
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| 18:04 | going on between two wells nowadays, we have a lot of seismic and |
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| 18:09 | think that we can see everything between logs, we don't need it. |
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| 18:14 | in fact, sometimes we don't have best seismic data that we need in |
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| 18:18 | areas because of energy absorption or of quality of the data that we can |
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| 18:23 | our hands on. And if you're with poor quality data, you have |
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| 18:27 | know how to work with that uh, and sort out a good |
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| 18:32 | in spite of the shortcomings of the . And of course, that's what |
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| 18:38 | are supposed to be good at. . Okay, here is, um |
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| 18:44 | a diagram kind of talked about But of course, if you're able |
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| 18:49 | tie a well at point A and , you can tie in the reflectors |
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| 18:54 | there's good continuity that works well in . For example, these beds, |
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| 18:59 | example, if I drill a well here, you might have some luck |
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| 19:04 | to Ah, by tying it to sonic on dso sort of a synthetic |
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| 19:14 | . You can get those as well VSP s. You could, uh |
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| 19:20 | know, you might be able to it really well, but then in |
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| 19:23 | , in some of these sections, can see there's there's more strata, |
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| 19:27 | architecture going on. They're actually looks there could be channels in here channels |
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| 19:33 | here. And you see this here in some some ways this could also |
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| 19:39 | a relic of the channel up there near the surface and more significant. |
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| 19:44 | you have to be really careful, with seismic. If you have a |
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| 19:48 | over here and trying to tell tie it to another. Well, |
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| 19:52 | really helps if you can get in what the shale intervals looked like because |
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| 19:59 | shell entered bull that I have my on might be different than one that's |
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| 20:04 | here farther down. Unfortunately, these examples there ah, probably gonna have |
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| 20:10 | change this. But they're not the examples off lots of shale sections with |
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| 20:18 | in between. Here's one where it a lot of shale section in between |
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| 20:26 | sands. And unfortunately, the curves such a scale that you really can't |
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| 20:33 | him. And this is kind of view that you get on a |
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| 20:37 | And if you're trying to correlate two next to each other, you can't |
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| 20:41 | it at this scale. You gotta them out and look really close. |
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| 20:45 | if I'm looking in here, I have trouble knowing that that correlates with |
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| 20:50 | rather than that part. Sometimes doing correlation is a little tough unless unless |
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| 20:58 | get a well data set in, already picked him. I find students |
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| 21:02 | have worked with me have a hard . It's almost a mental challenge beyond |
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| 21:08 | to correlate logs that haven't already been given tops. The real problem |
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| 21:15 | is, uh, depending on where got your data from the tops can |
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| 21:19 | called different things and some data You know, even if it's a |
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| 21:27 | company with really well man managed they can still have misinterpreted tops. |
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| 21:35 | can cause you all sorts of trouble you don't know how Thio correlate around |
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| 21:40 | problems. But here you can see obvious shale sections and you can also |
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| 21:46 | here. What can I see in shale unit right here? What's going |
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| 21:52 | ? And I'm not sure what that , but, you know, we |
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| 21:54 | a little sand programming out, but seems to be something that looks like |
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| 21:58 | might be trying to strata graphically significant and here and what's going on in |
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| 22:10 | . This area in here, it's . Um, this is north east |
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| 22:25 | it says so right up here. it's southwest because it says so right |
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| 22:29 | there. So as I go from to southwest, it may not be |
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| 22:35 | perfectly straight line, which is why might actually be on strike de positional |
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| 22:42 | . Then we're on de positional dip then we're on deposition of strike or |
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| 22:46 | else could be happening here? Come . Be brave, folks. Is |
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| 23:04 | appropriation? Yeah, it could. could be something like pro gradation, |
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| 23:11 | what? What you're definitely seeing is from here? Two over here. |
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| 23:18 | happening to the strata? Graphic You're sitting there sitting, Okay. |
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| 23:29 | so we probably have a depot center here, and you mentioned procreation. |
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| 23:34 | it looks like that Depot Center is forward through time. You see Sandy |
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| 23:40 | here and then it's getting Sandy and are there. If this source of |
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| 23:45 | continued, we probably see it build farther, but something Cut it |
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| 23:49 | And if it's still take procreation, the delta move to another another part |
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| 23:55 | the basin for a while, and don't see it on this particular |
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| 24:00 | You have to go somewhere else to a new distribute, Terry math |
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| 24:05 | building out something like that. But have the the under form, which |
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| 24:09 | the top set beds, the Fonda , which for the flat under bottom |
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| 24:14 | beds and the climate forms. Of , for those of architecturally tilted, |
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| 24:24 | , slanted reclining beds which are sort the indication that there's pro gradation going |
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| 24:29 | this direction. But in spite of the sand you can see here, |
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| 24:33 | a lot of sand here. There's as much sand there, and there's |
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| 24:36 | no sand here and trying to correlate of the other might be difficult. |
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| 24:41 | if if you if you had better character here, you could correlate thes |
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| 24:46 | intervals and see that they actually are . So not only is there some |
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| 24:52 | and thickening of the sand, but also the shale section thins in this |
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| 24:59 | . So I'm coming from an area limited accommodation space, since you know |
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| 25:05 | word to an area with less account excessive amount, accommodation, space, |
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| 25:12 | no sediment eyes being dumped in it limited amount of sediments being dumped in |
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| 25:16 | . So I'm moving away from the center from here. Thio here, |
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| 25:23 | . And, um, this is of what we call strata Graphic |
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| 25:28 | Now, um, lot of times we correlate wells, we expect to |
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| 25:33 | this happening from one well to the . But what if we see? |
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| 25:42 | , the sequence as it is, one of those sands disappears back |
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| 25:47 | We're one of the are are this unit disappears up here. For |
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| 25:53 | if if I drilled a well not far away from this and that shale |
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| 25:59 | was missing or that shale section and of that sandstone were missing, would |
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| 26:05 | think that was strata graphic thinning or else? And I know this seems |
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| 26:16 | of basic, but I'm hoping that catch the point. It's like a |
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| 26:29 | . Okay, The word structural or ? Exactly. What kind of fault |
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| 26:33 | it be if section is missing? type of fault will be normal? |
|
| 26:40 | good. Okay, so that's how tell a fault from from thinning or |
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| 26:47 | . Here we see thinning going in direction. But in spite of the |
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| 26:51 | , we kind of have an idea the rate of thinning. And if |
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| 26:54 | see something that's extremely anomalous and all a sudden a set, in other |
|
| 26:58 | , we see the top of this . But the bottom is missing and |
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| 27:02 | shale is missing in the top of Sandis sitting on that, the only |
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| 27:08 | that section could possibly be missing is there's a fault or some major erosion |
|
| 27:13 | surface, but usually major major erosion . We'll have a regional impression and |
|
| 27:19 | see it in the other wells. . And what about say, up |
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| 27:25 | ? If I had any part of thick wedge of sands Ah, one |
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| 27:33 | , a little to the north or little bit to the south of the |
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| 27:37 | , because this this is diagonal northeast northwest. So maybe a well off |
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| 27:41 | line might might have a fault running it and you would see section |
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| 27:46 | You see everything going along and all a sudden this well might be short |
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| 27:50 | that sand right there sitting on top that sand and you clearly be able |
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| 27:54 | identify the fault. So any time have to wells like these, if |
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| 28:02 | have this nice pattern of strata um, sort of normality here, |
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| 28:09 | little bit of thinning there here, kind of equally filling in here. |
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| 28:15 | filling in a little bit better, if somewhere in there all of a |
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| 28:18 | you've lost something that changes the slope this dramatically, whether you're in a |
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| 28:24 | bad flat line Fonda form or a lying under form. If you see |
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| 28:31 | change in the thickness, that doesn't along with your pattern of strata graphic |
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| 28:36 | or thinning, depending on which way looking at it, and that missing |
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| 28:41 | is probably going to be a normal . And, of course, a |
|
| 28:44 | of the places where we find oil gas have normal faults. So I |
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| 28:48 | it's important that that you know how to pick one with two logs. |
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| 28:53 | the main reason for that is there's lot of faults that can separate reservoirs |
|
| 28:59 | air lower resolution on in scale, what seismic can always reveal. |
|
| 29:06 | sometimes if it's full of gas or , it's got some booming reflections and |
|
| 29:13 | refraction going on that might give you ideas that something's there. But you |
|
| 29:17 | not be able to tell why some that reservoir on one spot does not |
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| 29:23 | to be draining with part of that in another spot. And being able |
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| 29:27 | look at the logs and tell that have a normal fault is a good |
|
| 29:32 | to figure out that they're separated Okay, um, here we're looking |
|
| 29:39 | correlation on de positional strike when you at on strike. And, |
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| 29:46 | is everybody now a deposition? I'll versus de positional dip is if somebody |
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| 29:54 | know. Ah, give me a out so I can explain it. |
|
| 30:04 | , everybody knows Just in case you're . How about if I ask it |
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| 30:12 | way? If I had a line here Thio here Is that on de |
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| 30:18 | dipper strike? Excuse me. This'll be de positional dip next. |
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| 30:29 | And if I had a line going like this, I almost have to |
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| 30:33 | like this. That would be deposition strike in a sense. Okay. |
|
| 30:45 | de positional dip is parallel to the of flow, and strike is perpendicular |
|
| 30:53 | it Can. Chris, it gets when you have, uh, you |
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| 30:59 | , fingers coming out in different And this is on de positional strike |
|
| 31:05 | , and it just shows you how of these bodies, um, that |
|
| 31:12 | of a road into the shell But if if, for example, |
|
| 31:19 | did this on dip in one of distributor Eri Mount bars, in other |
|
| 31:22 | like this say we looked up one the mouth bars like that with would |
|
| 31:30 | , five wells. What would my look like? Would they look continuous |
|
| 31:35 | discontinuous? It's a real obvious E can't quite hear you, |
|
| 31:54 | but of interesting question place. if you had a If I had |
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| 32:00 | wells in a cross section here when sands look discontinuous like this or continues |
|
| 32:10 | , Exactly. So, um, some situations, when we're looking at |
|
| 32:16 | positional strike like this, we actually layer cake beds because you might |
|
| 32:22 | uh, units that are widespread in strike direction. But in a dip |
|
| 32:29 | . They have client of forms, they break off. It's like and |
|
| 32:33 | reason I'm going into this because three is difficult for people Thio think |
|
| 32:38 | But here you can see that if go straight across these sands disappear because |
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| 32:43 | the client of forms. But with like a distribute Terry mouth bar, |
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| 32:52 | of having continuity across deposition, I'll . I actually have continuity across |
|
| 32:58 | I'll dip now. These would probably Klein of forms in them, but |
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| 33:02 | would be to be able to correlate sands and it just be dropping a |
|
| 33:06 | bit in structure. Okay, Here , um just another example of showing |
|
| 33:17 | how complicated is to pick out channels that sort of thing. But here |
|
| 33:24 | have a big sand and it finds and you gotta shale and you come |
|
| 33:30 | like this and that sand disappears and have a clay plug sitting on top |
|
| 33:39 | it. Maybe. Why does that look like a fault? Because you |
|
| 33:51 | sand here. You got sand there it's missing there. What on this |
|
| 33:59 | is telling me that that that's got be a deposition all thing and not |
|
| 34:03 | not a fault because the sands air on either side. They're kind of |
|
| 34:11 | either side. But also, if look above and below, there's there's |
|
| 34:16 | a force dip relative. See how kind of a consistent thickness here. |
|
| 34:23 | not missing section. There's no missing . It's just been what was. |
|
| 34:29 | has just turned into clay. That's faces change, okay? And in |
|
| 34:35 | , I don't see anything here. could really look like a fault, |
|
| 34:43 | when you look at what they're using kind of their primary correlation lines and |
|
| 34:47 | most of them happen to be in units. Okay, so so in |
|
| 34:59 | what we normally use, uh, the the gamut sp on the first |
|
| 35:08 | . And then we use sometimes the , but often times, uh, |
|
| 35:14 | resist, if any, log, could be the amplified short normal. |
|
| 35:18 | it could be, uh, even conductivity log, which is thean verse |
|
| 35:22 | it and what you're going to see your data set, I think, |
|
| 35:28 | an amplified resistive ity log and two them in a in a conductivity log |
|
| 35:33 | another or the other way around. it's hard to, uh, you |
|
| 35:43 | , sort out what this is with the logs without some kind of |
|
| 35:49 | But it's also difficult to sort it without having the logs. So the |
|
| 35:54 | are extremely important, and you can seismic through here, and seismic thanks |
|
| 36:01 | always react to face these changes, as it does to these intervals of |
|
| 36:07 | where there may have been a slowdown a deposition event and you have compaction |
|
| 36:12 | here That's longer than compaction in which is longer than compaction in |
|
| 36:17 | In other words. There's more compaction below this line consistently in the compaction |
|
| 36:23 | in this line. And so you to get a density, Uh, |
|
| 36:30 | depth of burial and time of burial difference between these surfaces and you get |
|
| 36:34 | reflection. And that's often times why can mimic timelines. They don't |
|
| 36:42 | but they can't. Okay, so this is what we use for |
|
| 36:47 | correlations, and and it helps course reservoir thickness over an area, and |
|
| 36:56 | it also helps you, um, a diagram like this, you can |
|
| 37:00 | a nice idea, uh, that space and infill starts over here, |
|
| 37:05 | it's pro grading in that direction. then at some point in time, |
|
| 37:08 | get a flooding surface that comes in top of it, and later |
|
| 37:12 | there would be procreation out here unless was severely exposed forever. Like, |
|
| 37:17 | , the coastal plain of Texas is . Although it may be gone underwear |
|
| 37:23 | , sooner than we hope. Uh, so, on a regional |
|
| 37:32 | , uh, you're looking at these thicknesses of deposition of packages to help |
|
| 37:37 | a depot center. And everybody in knows what a depot center is. |
|
| 37:40 | think it's like the thickest parts of basin. And if I was to |
|
| 37:45 | back to this, the depot center this basin is probably happening right here |
|
| 37:51 | it's pro grading and particularly if you about sand, your gross sand is |
|
| 37:55 | to be much greater in here than is anywhere else. And so that's |
|
| 38:01 | thing on a on a regional Um, but on local scale, |
|
| 38:07 | could look for unconfirmed is and false continuity of sands continuity of seals and |
|
| 38:15 | and actually work on the reservoir limits you might have structurally, uh, |
|
| 38:23 | to the bed and its structure and oil water contact you might have. |
|
| 38:28 | can limit the down the bottom of with a seal on top in a |
|
| 38:33 | , also helping to close it. all of this can be done doing |
|
| 38:39 | law correlation. And of course I'm sure everybody did Jonah give you any |
|
| 38:47 | of information like this? No, from like, you know, most |
|
| 38:59 | will know this from work. these things are very important because that's |
|
| 39:05 | we measure it. It's always important know what you're looking at on. |
|
| 39:11 | you're plotting data points on maps, wanna make sure that you're using the |
|
| 39:17 | data set Ah, on your vertical to make sure that everything is |
|
| 39:25 | Ah, but one of the things I think can sometimes be confusing with |
|
| 39:31 | is the distinction between all of these terms. So here is your actual |
|
| 39:39 | accord thickness, and this is your ice a packed thickness. So we |
|
| 39:49 | have deviated wells, and normally it's . The well will tilt this way |
|
| 39:56 | the dip. It could be the way. And you get slightly different |
|
| 40:01 | , uh, for the opposite But usually when we talk about a |
|
| 40:06 | a pack, we're talking about the strata graphic thickness. So barring the |
|
| 40:13 | that I put these arrows on here No, I didn't. I think |
|
| 40:17 | else did, but it looks like I would have done. But this |
|
| 40:21 | quite. This should be normal. not supposed to be tilted, but |
|
| 40:26 | be normal to the top of the in the base of the sand. |
|
| 40:30 | this is the true thickness, more or less at at this |
|
| 40:38 | Uh, but because this beds at angle, Uh, and this is |
|
| 40:44 | an angle, you're going to read as these points, and that's the |
|
| 40:50 | vertical thickness. Now it's different from true vertical thickness, because here's the |
|
| 40:57 | vertical thickness. But if we have holds the dead straight holes, you |
|
| 41:03 | have to worry about a B And of course, this is measured |
|
| 41:10 | . So I often give you a question on this particular diagram to make |
|
| 41:16 | you know the difference. And lot of times we worked with ice |
|
| 41:19 | data on we produce a map, we usually call it a nice APAC |
|
| 41:24 | . Because we don't We don't like our tongues tied and worry about |
|
| 41:30 | but in some cases you might be a situation where, ah, the |
|
| 41:37 | between the TV T and the tst significant enough that your boss is gonna |
|
| 41:42 | to make sure on your management is want to make sure they know the |
|
| 41:45 | between this thickness and that thickness. lot of times it doesn't make much |
|
| 41:53 | . Three Key, though, is at least this the TV T |
|
| 42:00 | And of course, the T v is a true vertical depth. |
|
| 42:05 | uh, which is here's TVT And here's TV, too. It's |
|
| 42:14 | the same t thing is the TV and it's not the same thing as |
|
| 42:18 | a B t. Nor is it same thing is this. Ah, |
|
| 42:25 | you don't have computers doing everything for , you have to know, |
|
| 42:32 | the coast sine theta method. uh, you get a thickness here |
|
| 42:37 | you can calculate based on the deviation that. Between those two points, |
|
| 42:42 | can figure out as though this is a normal triangle regular triangle. |
|
| 42:48 | you can figure out the TV t way with coastline theta method, which |
|
| 42:56 | not gonna ask you to do. I used to do it all the |
|
| 42:58 | . Let's see. So here's just showing you another reason why you have |
|
| 43:07 | Wells. Uh, if just if were all straight holes, you |
|
| 43:16 | you might see something like this with thickening of section, But this well |
|
| 43:23 | is deviated. This well here is deviated. This well is not deviated |
|
| 43:28 | all. And so the section seems be getting thicker just because there's greater |
|
| 43:35 | . Greater angularity here on this could , um, a structural thing or |
|
| 43:42 | could be deviation in the will and way they're showing it here. It |
|
| 43:47 | to do with just increasing dip. you see the same kind of response |
|
| 43:53 | you have flat beds in dipping wells flatbeds and dipping wells in the same |
|
| 44:01 | , uh can create even greater apparent that isn't actually there. And in |
|
| 44:10 | case, it's just showing you the tilted mawr. So you intersect |
|
| 44:15 | and it looks like that likewise, this was it was a flatbed and |
|
| 44:23 | looked like this, uh, but had a greater deviation in this |
|
| 44:28 | It would look the same. And think I probably have a solid like |
|
| 44:30 | or I don't because I figured I'd it in this one. But, |
|
| 44:36 | , so a lot of it is recognition with geological constraints. So it's |
|
| 44:40 | true auto correlation. When we when I worked in the chalks with |
|
| 44:46 | of other people, uh, the tool that they really had to correlate |
|
| 44:51 | the gamma log resistive ity, was almost no response at all in |
|
| 45:01 | chalks unless you have gas. basically, if you use the reason |
|
| 45:06 | curve, you'd be correlating a gas with another gas chalk. We're hydrocarbon |
|
| 45:13 | rich talk, and you might not if one next to the other in |
|
| 45:18 | same in the same area between two that are no more than 1000 ft |
|
| 45:23 | . Are they really in the same or not? And a lot of |
|
| 45:27 | were made because of that. So did some advanced stuff in in some |
|
| 45:31 | the hot and tour fields, and people are doing it to besides Amoco |
|
| 45:38 | done it in the past. People still doing that now, but But |
|
| 45:45 | thing is, is that with auto , which, of course, the |
|
| 45:50 | are great at what we found was will correlate a very nondescript. In |
|
| 45:58 | words, there's not a lot of and lows and a gamma logged through |
|
| 46:01 | chalk. They would correlate those from well to the next without ever |
|
| 46:09 | Saying 60 wells without ever recognizing a fault with missing section or on conformity |
|
| 46:16 | with missing sections and out of about wells, uh, you could have |
|
| 46:22 | on at least 60 faults. at least 60 erosion, all surfaces |
|
| 46:30 | of the nature of chalk deposition in North Sea it in the in the |
|
| 46:36 | Cretaceous, and early in late Excuse , Lower policy. Okay, So |
|
| 46:44 | we go into fields, we like develop a type of composite law. |
|
| 46:50 | , um, another thing, that people do will develop ah shall |
|
| 46:59 | the markets. And then if you biased photography and geophysics, you should |
|
| 47:04 | that if you're available. If it's now, in your exercise that we're |
|
| 47:08 | to get to, you're gonna have resisted any markers that I want you |
|
| 47:13 | focus on. But you'll start actually the bios photography because they are. |
|
| 47:20 | only a few of them. There's three wells, but there's only there's |
|
| 47:23 | a few bio strap markers that actually in all three wells. But you |
|
| 47:30 | those first. And then there's ones Aaron only two wells and then you |
|
| 47:33 | those next on. You can get sort of starter correlation lines when you |
|
| 47:39 | it that way. Then, in that, you'll start using the |
|
| 47:44 | Resist Tiffany markers. Once you've developed lines of correlation with serums and in |
|
| 47:54 | biased photography, then and only then you want to really start correlating the |
|
| 47:58 | stones, no matter how much they alike, and you're just dying to |
|
| 48:04 | them. Course, some of them so unimpressive you might not even think |
|
| 48:09 | sands. So it's just a heads on that. Okay, so here's |
|
| 48:17 | that I find the oil industry is bad about nomenclature. They're two different |
|
| 48:27 | kinds of logs that we can use AH, reference of a total |
|
| 48:32 | One is called a type log, the other one is called a composite |
|
| 48:38 | . In most of time, when in industry have a composite log, |
|
| 48:44 | call it the type long. The log really refers to identifying one sandstone |
|
| 48:52 | shale unit individually in a well and this is the type response for that |
|
| 49:02 | . And of course you could have log that is the type log for |
|
| 49:07 | formations. But a composite log is in that a composite log is really |
|
| 49:15 | composite of different sections of numerous logs together to help represent the entire section |
|
| 49:25 | you see. In other words, there's 10 pay Sands, you'll take |
|
| 49:29 | best, the best log of pay one, and then the best log |
|
| 49:34 | Payson, too, and the best of Payson three. Put it together |
|
| 49:38 | kind of come up with a common in the area or the field that |
|
| 49:43 | working it. And it may not , uh, the same depth |
|
| 49:47 | but it's a composite of multiple pieces log. And that's why it's called |
|
| 49:51 | composite, because it's multiple logs. not a type log. It's a |
|
| 49:58 | . Okay, now here is something the good Hope Fields, and this |
|
| 50:02 | out of an industry type publication, they call it a composite log. |
|
| 50:10 | , uh, this in fact, a composite long, so it's bits |
|
| 50:14 | pieces I can even see here. Here's a Here's a log identified |
|
| 50:21 | Here's a piece of log identified here a well named another one here, |
|
| 50:27 | you put it all together, and gives you whole section, and even |
|
| 50:34 | they call it a type log they realized that it was a |
|
| 50:38 | Okay, so this really is a log. It's only a type |
|
| 50:45 | If you just look at this and tell me that this sand it's |
|
| 50:51 | for all over the field, should basically reflect this character that I |
|
| 50:57 | here in terms of the base of sand, the finding upwards sequence you |
|
| 51:01 | there. And that would be the sand and the Q Sands right down |
|
| 51:06 | . And so, uh, I know. Are you guys catching the |
|
| 51:13 | ? I'm trying to say a type is a type is, uh is |
|
| 51:19 | a log where you're trying to explain type of that unit that strata graphic |
|
| 51:24 | or unit in these cases. you might have a type log for |
|
| 51:31 | . This and this. But this is taking a really good section somewhere |
|
| 51:36 | the field that represents these pay And then But in that same |
|
| 51:43 | this well here these sands aren't well , so they cut it in and |
|
| 51:47 | it in there. In other they may be faulted out in that |
|
| 51:50 | well and they composite together log that all of the Reservoir Sands sort of |
|
| 52:00 | strata. Graphic order, as you expect to find them. Of |
|
| 52:03 | if you drill down, some of might be shelled out. Some of |
|
| 52:07 | might be faulted out, and some them might be eroded out, which |
|
| 52:11 | have a hiatus high. It'll And so that's the distinction. So |
|
| 52:17 | composite log is bits and pieces of log to give you a total strata |
|
| 52:22 | section of your reservoir targets. The log is actually trying to define the |
|
| 52:32 | of a formation in a log that represents the character of that formation. |
|
| 52:38 | there's a two different types of even though here is published, it's |
|
| 52:44 | it a type log, composite and . In reality, this is a |
|
| 52:50 | log and not a type of Just as an example, the Norwegians |
|
| 52:56 | really good about following the scientific method strata graphic nomenclature, and they also |
|
| 53:03 | sequence photography and other technology as well any anybody else in the world. |
|
| 53:10 | , you know, it's ah, a country that sees value and |
|
| 53:18 | and so and then all the under foundational sciences that relate to good |
|
| 53:27 | Graphic interpretations. This is just showing particular logs, and I won't read |
|
| 53:34 | out. But this log, this log, it's in the UK It |
|
| 53:39 | the Jurassic. It's It's the block 11 major block 21 11 to |
|
| 53:46 | So that's giving you a hint as where it is and then within. |
|
| 53:51 | that large block, it's a little 29. Dash three and three is |
|
| 53:57 | well 29 is the little block, it tells you up here which one |
|
| 54:04 | these formations is best characterized by this ? It will tell you some of |
|
| 54:09 | are types, and that means that the best example we have of that |
|
| 54:14 | sums reference logs now have a reference , which is a type log. |
|
| 54:20 | , that sometimes sandstone in an area character or shale changes character, and |
|
| 54:27 | wanna have a reference log. It of shows you how the character changes |
|
| 54:31 | the type log from one part of field to another. So that's why |
|
| 54:35 | would have true and type reference Okay, so I hope everybody knows |
|
| 54:44 | difference between a composite log and a in a type log slash reference |
|
| 54:51 | And also be aware that most of when you're looking at a composite log |
|
| 54:59 | an oil industry publication like an A . G, they will call a |
|
| 55:03 | log a type log almost all the , which is incorrect. Okay, |
|
| 55:14 | here's an example of trying to correlate sands. And here here you have |
|
| 55:23 | a correlation here and another correlation looking at Sands and, ah, |
|
| 55:35 | you see anything over here that would it easier to correlate knowing that Sands |
|
| 55:40 | come and go? There's a few Stringer's Yeah, you can see some |
|
| 55:55 | zones. But for example, here's a good shale section and see this |
|
| 56:03 | mark right here. It ties perfectly right there. And this is an |
|
| 56:11 | short, normal. And so when talk about shale markers, when you |
|
| 56:20 | at your logs, you look for like this in one. Well, |
|
| 56:24 | looked very close to the same thing another. Well, so we come |
|
| 56:29 | across here, where do I have that looks kind of like like |
|
| 56:34 | And it would be right there. what do I notice is different between |
|
| 56:40 | . Well, in that well, other words, I think I see |
|
| 56:49 | same things in here. And I I see all the same things in |
|
| 56:53 | . Like all these markers over here up with all these markers, thickness |
|
| 57:03 | . Okay, So what are the are the three things that could be |
|
| 57:07 | here? There's thickness changes, so could be a deviated. Well, |
|
| 57:14 | you're drilling at an angle on the on the right. There is one |
|
| 57:18 | the left. You're more straight Okay. And what was the first |
|
| 57:24 | you said about thickness? Oh, that the one on the right is |
|
| 57:30 | bigger than the one on the Okay, so there's three reasons for |
|
| 57:36 | . Okay, who's speaking, by way? Uh, so Okay, |
|
| 57:42 | , thank you for volunteering. So , since this one's thicker, there's |
|
| 57:49 | reasons why it could be thicker. won would be That's more of a |
|
| 57:56 | section. So you're just seeing it a longer period of time? |
|
| 58:00 | another could be There is actual thickness . I mean, it actually just |
|
| 58:06 | like it's suspended law of the one the left. But if it was |
|
| 58:09 | life, it could just be one actually did have a thicker section to |
|
| 58:13 | . Okay. Yeah. Thank What you're trying to say in in |
|
| 58:19 | terms is from here to here we're from, say, the edge of |
|
| 58:24 | of a depot center to the center a deficit. Er, in other |
|
| 58:31 | , this is strata graphic thickening and strata graphic thickening. And this happens |
|
| 58:37 | lot when you when you move away the source of sediment and towards the |
|
| 58:42 | of sediment. Uh, you this is farther away from the |
|
| 58:47 | This is closer to the source of . You're seeing almost exactly the same |
|
| 58:51 | sequences. You're seeing almost exactly the sand sequences, and you're and you're |
|
| 58:58 | seeing the cycles are almost identical. and this is the problem with |
|
| 59:05 | Uh, basically, all they've done taken the same log and stretched |
|
| 59:11 | So there's really obvious to you in life it's not this obvious. But |
|
| 59:16 | real life there are intervals that become . And so, like I |
|
| 59:21 | we find things toe hang on which would not be the top of |
|
| 59:25 | sand that could come or go. it would be by a strata, |
|
| 59:29 | markers and then shale markers that you down here. And that's what we're |
|
| 59:35 | to get out when we start doing exercise. So as so to carry |
|
| 59:42 | with what you were saying, this be de positional thickening over here. |
|
| 59:48 | other words, when I go farther this direction, I'm going to be |
|
| 59:50 | out more and more and more. could be down. Dip into the |
|
| 59:55 | . Or, uh, this could cutting across from a delivery channel or |
|
| 60:02 | . Uh, you're on the edge the delivery system here in the |
|
| 60:05 | The epicenter of the delivery center sent right there. In other words, |
|
| 60:10 | Delta's here and this is off to flank of the delta. Okay, |
|
| 60:15 | else could it be true? It to do with what we talked about |
|
| 60:21 | . By the way, they also a good friend. There's no fault |
|
| 60:29 | here. What? This is another that this could be is this stretch |
|
| 60:36 | be due to the fact that I'm gonna go through it. I'm |
|
| 60:39 | do the first two that Sarah brought . But then the third one |
|
| 60:43 | who is strata graphic thickening like Ah, it could be. This |
|
| 60:51 | a deviated well, or it could and a bed this equal thickness. |
|
| 61:00 | the dip changes on the bed. got a greater dip here, and |
|
| 61:06 | stretching it out because you're cutting through thicker section like here. This is |
|
| 61:14 | because it's a higher dip. This thinner because it's lowered. If it's |
|
| 61:18 | exact same section, look scrunched But I've got this bed like |
|
| 61:23 | and when I cut through it, cut through a bigger section and the |
|
| 61:29 | like an accordion. The well is through it like this, but |
|
| 61:37 | you know it's straight down like So it's cutting through it sideways. |
|
| 61:41 | this, you know, this gets more exaggerated when you're doing a |
|
| 61:45 | Well, by the way, it it really hard to see. |
|
| 61:49 | because you might you might fill in hole gap with just a small section |
|
| 61:53 | here and not have a whole lot character. But anyway, the So |
|
| 61:58 | we go back here, this thickening be a result of strata graphic |
|
| 62:06 | It could be a result of, , deviation. Or it could be |
|
| 62:11 | result of increased dip on the bed here to here. This is flat |
|
| 62:18 | , but here it's it's bent over a roll over on the edge of |
|
| 62:22 | , of assault them. Okay. at the same time, it could |
|
| 62:28 | be exactly the same thickness. But no missing section in here. You |
|
| 62:33 | You can follow this. Tick over that. This took over to |
|
| 62:37 | and this took over to that, you can see that it stretches |
|
| 62:42 | Now when you have really high resolution , fatigue or a fee, sometimes |
|
| 62:46 | can pick, you know, say 25.36 million years here and 36 |
|
| 62:57 | years here. Same here and And we can stretch the log |
|
| 63:02 | uh, to make it fit the timing. And we actually see this |
|
| 63:07 | kind of accordion effect when we stretched between age points in a log versus |
|
| 63:16 | one another. And so this what just said was correct. These would |
|
| 63:22 | would be the same time. Is this would be the same time. |
|
| 63:25 | that and you're seeing the same I'll cycle in here, but it |
|
| 63:29 | stretch out the feet. How much you would see a Z. You |
|
| 63:34 | towards the deposition, I'll center. . So, um so when you |
|
| 63:46 | you do it right away, I you to start looking at, um |
|
| 63:51 | like a shell resisted beauty marker right . This thing right here, I |
|
| 63:56 | I already showed you that that thing working pretty good. Okay. And |
|
| 64:01 | do we see that? Over In this way. So it's gonna |
|
| 64:10 | that little shale in there, so gonna be this shale right here. |
|
| 64:15 | thicker over here, so it's stretched . But that shell marker right |
|
| 64:19 | he's put it right on the base it. That shell marker is right |
|
| 64:25 | . Well, actually, the So that little one there people's that |
|
| 64:30 | little in there. Okay. And this kind of looks like this. |
|
| 64:37 | then this bump right here, peoples bump So each one of those little |
|
| 64:41 | is a reason stilling marker. But can also look at a pattern you |
|
| 64:46 | see a pattern like this that looks to a pattern like that. In |
|
| 64:52 | words, you're looking at these things up and down, and the best |
|
| 64:54 | to do it is is to lay the other way. In other |
|
| 64:58 | rotate this around like this so that curve is flat across here and this |
|
| 65:06 | is flat across there, above it below it. And you can kind |
|
| 65:10 | move your logs and match them together you can look for actual markers that |
|
| 65:17 | think are consistent from one well to . Or you can look for patterns |
|
| 65:21 | you think are consistent and then what gonna be doing because you're gonna be |
|
| 65:27 | time the bio strap. Then you'll the shell resistive ity markers and or |
|
| 65:35 | ity patterns. And then you're going be correlating the sand stones that fall |
|
| 65:39 | between them. In other words, you do the bios photography and the |
|
| 65:43 | the SRM and resistive ity patterns, you've done those, the sands will |
|
| 65:50 | in between. And here you'll um, something like this and this |
|
| 65:58 | will end up showing you again the graphic thickening in one direction. In |
|
| 66:04 | . In other words, it's thinking this way or that way. But |
|
| 66:07 | between this interval, it's in that . In that interval in that |
|
| 66:14 | there seems to be consistent rates of . Does everybody see that Almost like |
|
| 66:21 | accordion. Even though it's a bad, it expands, it's a |
|
| 66:28 | bit thicker, so it expands It's a whole lot thicker. So |
|
| 66:32 | expands level. And these are all . You've got lots of resistive ity |
|
| 66:37 | in here in the market. so what happens if you're looking over |
|
| 66:43 | ? You're correlations. And all of sudden something disappears in your reason. |
|
| 66:51 | , particularly in the shale markers. lost a shale market fact, you've |
|
| 66:58 | this much section Normal fault. That's normal fault. And you're gonna |
|
| 67:07 | um, you're gonna have straight The beds are gonna be slightly |
|
| 67:11 | but, um, not dramatically so you're gonna have mostly strata graphic thickening |
|
| 67:22 | . Ah, and thinning in the that you correlate. But you'll be |
|
| 67:27 | along like this and you'll follow along that. Then you come up from |
|
| 67:30 | on you follow along, and all a sudden there's something missing, and |
|
| 67:33 | when you can pick a fault. this is even better than seeing it |
|
| 67:40 | Seismic. There's no other way to . All of a sudden I've got |
|
| 67:45 | section is there. This section is , but that section is missing, |
|
| 67:51 | your sands could look a little different here from over there. Your shell |
|
| 67:55 | look a little bit different over then over here, because again, |
|
| 68:00 | were just stretched logs. You it's perfect. Match eso what you |
|
| 68:05 | to try to do, uh, work on coming up with much much |
|
| 68:10 | these resistive, any markers and or like curious kind of doing This is |
|
| 68:15 | pattern because it's, uh fact. see this hatchet looking thing right here |
|
| 68:21 | a little spike on it? So looks like the backside of a fire |
|
| 68:27 | . Um, this, um, see something. You'll see a couple |
|
| 68:34 | these in your in your exercise, like that. And again it be |
|
| 68:40 | the shale section, not in the section up here. You're looking at |
|
| 68:43 | part right here. Okay, So can follow along here. Follow along |
|
| 68:53 | comes all the way up to and then it comes up to here |
|
| 68:57 | to here and then boom, because coming down here. It stops |
|
| 69:04 | The wells you have, we'll have of faults in, um the reason |
|
| 69:11 | know is because I correlated about 30 in the area, you only have |
|
| 69:18 | wells to correlate. Um, you find more false in your correlations when |
|
| 69:25 | have more wells and eso when you three faults the only way that you |
|
| 69:31 | spot ah faltas. If you see like this between two wells, you |
|
| 69:37 | pick a fault if you work in area for a long time, you |
|
| 69:41 | a truncation in the sands here that looking at, and of all the |
|
| 69:45 | looked exactly the same. You could it on the sands, but they |
|
| 69:48 | don't always look at the same. a lot of legacy data the logs |
|
| 69:53 | not this good either, but But spite of that, you can really |
|
| 70:01 | these faults on. You'll be able pick some of them. You need |
|
| 70:05 | have two logs to pick it. can't normally pick it in one |
|
| 70:10 | And unless you've looked at thousands of and you're not going to So for |
|
| 70:17 | example, uh, for you to a fault, you need to |
|
| 70:23 | Okay, in this, in this , I see a fault in |
|
| 70:27 | Well, with respect to that. , so in here he he writes |
|
| 70:35 | 130 ft, missing at 89. which is right here in well, |
|
| 70:44 | one, the top of the top the section missing. And when you |
|
| 70:49 | your exercise, I'm gonna want you put how many feet it is with |
|
| 70:52 | to what? Well, and, and you can put approximately where the |
|
| 70:58 | of that missing section isn't that. , you do it just like |
|
| 71:02 | It will be really clear, and I'll be able to look and |
|
| 71:06 | if it's reasonable. And again, can see, I think there's a |
|
| 71:12 | thickening in here, but not Not much. These air tilted, |
|
| 71:15 | pretty much no thickening going on in . There's a dramatic decrease. |
|
| 71:24 | And this is the reason why it when you have a normal fault. |
|
| 71:30 | , and you cut that well like . You're gonna be missing all of |
|
| 71:40 | strata graphic section right here and you're be picking up that section there. |
|
| 71:48 | you're gonna miss Section on the top the bottom. Let's see if I |
|
| 71:52 | it and then then you could go , and this is more obvious. |
|
| 71:55 | completely miss that sand, and you're to be losing part of the shale |
|
| 72:03 | above and below the sand as because it's cutting into the shells and |
|
| 72:08 | missing the scenes. In other this would have to tie right into |
|
| 72:16 | right there. But you're gonna be some section there. You're gonna be |
|
| 72:19 | all that section up there, here that one. You'll have this, |
|
| 72:25 | you're missing some of some of the because it's jails missing right there, |
|
| 72:31 | , because this section does not correlate that section. You've lost all that |
|
| 72:35 | right there. Now, if you a reverse fault which we're not gonna |
|
| 72:41 | any exercise, what happens to your and reversible, you repeat, it |
|
| 72:50 | repeat. And in this block you've that. You've missed the top so |
|
| 72:58 | top doesn't repeat. But this part the section here repeats down here cause |
|
| 73:07 | moved it up. It's coming And here, when you go completely |
|
| 73:14 | that, then you'll repeat the total above and below. And since |
|
| 73:21 | if we have instead of a reverse , we have a thrust. Thrusts |
|
| 73:26 | very, uh, long offsets. you're going to see a lot of |
|
| 73:30 | that repeat themselves, okay? And is just quickly showing you the expansion |
|
| 73:37 | a deviation. Well, which I we've already explained well enough, This |
|
| 73:42 | showing you a deviated Well, with fault. Um, you can see |
|
| 73:48 | it's expanded, its expanded appear. expanded. But here it's actually |
|
| 73:53 | So this is really obvious. This a very obvious fault. If you |
|
| 73:57 | a deviated well in a straight and it was missing, section in |
|
| 74:02 | deviance deviated Well, it would stand like a sore thumb because you see |
|
| 74:09 | significant amount of you know, instead seeing thickening in this direction, you're |
|
| 74:14 | thinning from here to here. In words, top of this marker, |
|
| 74:19 | all the way up to there up here and the upper part of that |
|
| 74:28 | is terminated over here. It's It should be thicker, but |
|
| 74:31 | But it's not only is it not , it's thinner. So it's obvious |
|
| 74:35 | there's something missing and all of everything A and B is missing in |
|
| 74:45 | And so you see, um, in this direction, thickening in this |
|
| 74:52 | . But here, thinning. And can see the same kinds of thickening |
|
| 75:00 | thinning issues with straight, straight and . Um uh, sort of conceptual |
|
| 75:11 | . It's because you're seeing this, then you're seeing that this is |
|
| 75:14 | But but in the well that's sitting on top of it. These gaps |
|
| 75:19 | show up in your lungs. You to find them by looking at it |
|
| 75:25 | this. Okay, then, in lecture, there's two other things that |
|
| 75:33 | important to know about. There's two types of cross sections. First type |
|
| 75:40 | a structural section. It's hung on current day. It's official datum like |
|
| 75:49 | level. So most of our structural or hung on sea level Is that |
|
| 76:03 | ? When How many of you have constructed a subsurface map? Nobody. |
|
| 76:15 | ? I have e have to I so. Okay, when you make |
|
| 76:20 | subsurface map, What are the depths you use subsea? You subsea. |
|
| 76:29 | sea levels, your datum If sea is your date, Um, the |
|
| 76:34 | is that you are mapping are what of what type of maps you call |
|
| 76:43 | structure maps. Right. And that's they're hung on it. There, |
|
| 76:48 | on a flat datum That shows you ? Which structure? The past structure |
|
| 76:54 | the president Structure President structure. Very . Okay. And, uh, |
|
| 77:05 | basically what we're doing here, and this is showing. This is a |
|
| 77:13 | cross section. So what is it you here? What is this in |
|
| 77:19 | structural cross section was your question. did you say? I didn't hear |
|
| 77:42 | question. Oh, I'm sorry. was the question? Okay, |
|
| 77:49 | So what are we seeing in This thing that's called a structural cross |
|
| 77:53 | . What? What is this It's a Yeah, This is probably |
|
| 78:05 | structural dip. Right? And you see uh, spending. You don't |
|
| 78:13 | Klein, a form that kind of like this and then curves down and |
|
| 78:16 | thinner. You're you're seeing the modern dip. And that and That's because |
|
| 78:23 | it's hung on a on a point day datum. So it's showing you |
|
| 78:31 | as you move in this direction, beds are going to get deeper and |
|
| 78:36 | . So just imagine your on the plain of Texas. And this is |
|
| 78:41 | structural dip line, which is also close to a deposition. I'll dip |
|
| 78:48 | in the in the coastal plain to , but, um, as you |
|
| 78:53 | from, say, Austin, or pick another place some place like, |
|
| 79:01 | , I don't know Brenham and we to the coastline. Uh, if |
|
| 79:05 | formation is to say, Yayla, going to see the Aiwa deeper and |
|
| 79:11 | as we go towards the coastline, that's not necessarily the deposition. I'll |
|
| 79:17 | , but it's it's reflects the deposition Dip. But there's also a structural |
|
| 79:21 | , too, because the beds air dipping into the coast into the |
|
| 79:26 | Okay, they're all tilted. There's back here, and there's subsidence in |
|
| 79:30 | direction. That's structural dipped in the type of strata graphic section, and |
|
| 79:37 | let you read this on your own time. The strata graphic section |
|
| 79:44 | Ah, marker ! That's a point time in the rock record. And |
|
| 79:50 | you do that, the structure that see is what the structure was like |
|
| 79:57 | this point in time. Whatever this in time happens to be, it's |
|
| 80:01 | based on a modern day surface or . It's based on a time datum |
|
| 80:08 | the past and in the search for systems. How can this help |
|
| 80:41 | No guesses, huh? Okay, , if we know what the structure |
|
| 80:51 | at this point in time and we that migration started after this point in |
|
| 81:00 | , we might have to do another that's hung on a earlier date to |
|
| 81:05 | if the structures that could be trapping here would be there at that time |
|
| 81:11 | if maturation was before this point in , we see these structures and these |
|
| 81:17 | looked like they were present, incapable trapping oil accumulations at that point in |
|
| 81:23 | when migration started. And, sometimes it doesn't change very much. |
|
| 81:30 | if you were to go down, to this period of time, all |
|
| 81:34 | this might be flat. There may no chance of having any structures that |
|
| 81:38 | trap something there, but Then as come up in time, you might |
|
| 81:43 | that this develops traps here and it traps there, and it develops traps |
|
| 81:48 | there that could start collecting oil, , deposited after. Excuse me, |
|
| 81:55 | , that's my mature, expelled and after that point in time. |
|
| 82:04 | so it's showing you how Depot centers , there's one here, there's one |
|
| 82:09 | , and there's one there. The and them changes through time. If |
|
| 82:13 | were to come all the way up section or go all the way down |
|
| 82:16 | section and keep hanging at different points time, for example, if I |
|
| 82:20 | gonna hang it on a time this surface would flatten out, and |
|
| 82:26 | would impact the structure underneath it. it would give you a handle on |
|
| 82:34 | how significant the structure was. And , if you bring it up |
|
| 82:37 | you could find out that maybe, , a lot of the traps disappear |
|
| 82:41 | time and that without proper traps and , uh, set up prior to |
|
| 82:49 | new structural situation, you might actually some of the traps that you |
|
| 82:56 | Here's something um, I did in North Sea with a strata graphic section |
|
| 83:04 | reveal the paleo structure. It showed Sands were thickening from this high in |
|
| 83:13 | direction and thickening from this high in direction. And the reason that was |
|
| 83:20 | is because this was Amerada Hess's This was Amoco's acreage, and Amerada |
|
| 83:26 | said there was a fault block that over here, and so the sands |
|
| 83:33 | thicken in this direction rather than thin this direction. But in fact, |
|
| 83:38 | thicker Over here in the sands tend thin out into a shale in this |
|
| 83:42 | . In other words, the depot is here. But it was |
|
| 83:47 | which is why it seems to And I was able to come up |
|
| 83:55 | something like this. There was a in here almost right about there. |
|
| 84:00 | was able to show that these this thicker in time and it thinned in |
|
| 84:05 | is it went on a structural high the east. This was West and |
|
| 84:09 | was east. This was Amerada has had the better acreage. But prior |
|
| 84:16 | this study, Amerada Hess, that's on it. But Amerada has projected |
|
| 84:25 | this whole unit here uplifted on this and all this sand in here was |
|
| 84:30 | present. They were wiping out all sand to help explain why this well |
|
| 84:38 | nothing over here and and the well the oil water contact had nothing. |
|
| 84:45 | there was a big fault through here removed that section and in in, |
|
| 84:53 | , in the work on this in this well, I was able |
|
| 84:56 | figure out what the strata graphic thickening to figure out what the section was |
|
| 85:01 | in this number three. Well, be able to restore the entire section |
|
| 85:05 | here and show that there was a of sand here to hear, but |
|
| 85:09 | end in that direction, but also this is past structure, but president |
|
| 85:16 | , it's down dip and and it be of into the oil water contact |
|
| 85:25 | legendary. Okay, and that's that that. So let's take a break |
|
| 85:32 | we start looking at the exercise. what I want everybody to do, |
|
| 85:36 | , is Thio. I'll give you 15 minute break so that you can |
|
| 85:42 | your bits and pieces because I'll be to them and and hopefully maybe, |
|
| 85:48 | , on some part of your You can You can look at some |
|
| 85:51 | those files while you're listening into the . Um, and I'll be showing |
|
| 86:00 | you some of the files on Just so you can see if you |
|
| 86:04 | any about you could look at it hard copies to at the same |
|
| 86:10 | So we'll come back here, right around, say 3 55. |
|
| 86:45 | . Okay, Now, we're gonna at the correlation exercise, but before |
|
| 86:50 | actually look at this, I wanna up the elements of it. |
|
| 87:13 | so you're gonna have some instructions in lecture, but I just want to |
|
| 87:24 | through. You're gonna have three and you have You don't really need |
|
| 87:39 | headers. But I know some students crazy if you don't have a |
|
| 87:44 | And it does. It does make easier to understand it better, of |
|
| 87:50 | , but it's not really necessary. here, you can see uh, |
|
| 87:55 | is gonna be the work. Davis two. This is the swelling number |
|
| 88:04 | in the infamous Hollande number one. you could look here for the on |
|
| 88:21 | this one has SP. It's got ity and conductivity and conductivity has always |
|
| 88:30 | at a more expanded scale. So you're gonna be correlating with when you're |
|
| 88:35 | the shale resistive ity for this? , you'll be using conductivity, but |
|
| 88:41 | the other wells, you'll be using expanded scale. Resistive ity. I |
|
| 88:47 | it's going to be the far right , and here you can see |
|
| 88:52 | resistive, it e expanded. Here's more expanded scale on the resistive |
|
| 89:01 | So the Holland has connectivity, which the inverse, and it's plotted in |
|
| 89:06 | a way it looks the same as expanded resistive ity curve. They're also |
|
| 89:14 | . What? They're all vertical I still didn't hear that. Are |
|
| 89:21 | they all vertical vertical wells? these are all vertical wells. |
|
| 89:25 | okay, there's no deviation. You have to worry about deviations for |
|
| 89:29 | Thank you. And you can you assume the beds. When you look |
|
| 89:34 | it, you'll get a hint that bed's kind of look like they're They're |
|
| 89:38 | expanding because of dips, but you see between these wells you'll be seeing |
|
| 89:45 | , and you'll be seeing, expansion. And but you will see |
|
| 89:55 | see missing faults. But like I telling you before, you won't see |
|
| 89:59 | many as I would be able to because I had more data to compare |
|
| 90:04 | , to find all the faults. , so that's the headers. Here's |
|
| 90:17 | three wells themselves. And this is word Davis number two, and you're |
|
| 90:30 | see Ah, this is the top this is Page one of it, |
|
| 90:36 | you're not gonna get page two. cut off part of the section for |
|
| 90:40 | group just because since we're not in and we don't have time to sit |
|
| 90:46 | look at it, I'm trying to it a smaller project for you to |
|
| 90:50 | on. But like I was saying , this is gonna be a resistive |
|
| 90:57 | curve over here, expanded one, you could see it's the same as |
|
| 91:02 | other curves, but it just it expanded scale, so you can see |
|
| 91:06 | character in it better, so you'll correlating when you're doing your shale resistive |
|
| 91:12 | thing. You'll be using this curve here, the one on this |
|
| 91:19 | in other words, and if you you rotate it around like this, |
|
| 91:24 | looks like you have mountains and And when you correlate it to one |
|
| 91:28 | the other wells, you want to it on its side, too, |
|
| 91:32 | you can correlate the mountains and the , and you can really spot a |
|
| 91:36 | of patterns when you have it flipped its side. And but it couldn't |
|
| 91:43 | these as much as I wanted you look at on one page. So |
|
| 91:48 | the scales air also hard to So I marked like, for |
|
| 91:52 | in this 1 84 100 ft. that's 8400 ft, and this is |
|
| 91:57 | be what, then? This is This is a one inch what they |
|
| 92:00 | a one inch slog 100 ft to inch. It's called the one inch |
|
| 92:05 | instead of a five inch log. , but this is a one inch |
|
| 92:12 | , which is often used for Uh, if you're in some serious |
|
| 92:17 | , you wanted a five inch but, um, here is 8400 |
|
| 92:23 | , so that's 85 86. You count on your own and near the |
|
| 92:29 | . I'll put a marker couple of here so that when you actually get |
|
| 92:33 | logs. You can see this All you have to do is fold |
|
| 92:38 | over here or you can cut it then tape it right there at 8900 |
|
| 92:46 | and you'll see this sand is exactly same. Is that sand? And |
|
| 92:51 | you'll have a whole section toe work for the correlation. Hollande won the |
|
| 92:56 | thing here. You know, these depths air close to the same strata |
|
| 93:02 | position, but it's instead of 8 something that's 9500 ft here. |
|
| 93:09 | uh, there's another marker. And you have two pages and you can |
|
| 93:14 | the 10,000 or, you know, . Sometimes when I overlap it, |
|
| 93:19 | find a place where I'm not worried the correlations, and I just tape |
|
| 93:22 | together there because he gave you uh, tail and head on these |
|
| 93:28 | to be ableto lap him up any you want it. You can see |
|
| 93:32 | interpretations that I was working on. couldn't erase them. I didn't and |
|
| 93:38 | . For some reason you can see is a transgressive, regressive sequence, |
|
| 93:47 | there's a few of those in And then here is the final while |
|
| 93:55 | wily swelling number two it's starting up . Ah, the important section is |
|
| 94:02 | be here, coming all the way , and you can see there's overlap |
|
| 94:08 | that I gave you just to make help. Easy for you to do |
|
| 94:11 | . But you can see 10 fives at the bottom of 10. 50 |
|
| 94:15 | , 10,050 feats right there. You always pull it up to here where |
|
| 94:19 | have something that's reliable. But if you look at this on its |
|
| 94:24 | , flip it over like this. this is flat on it. Facing |
|
| 94:32 | . This will look like mountains and . And that's what you wanna look |
|
| 94:36 | this curve over here? Uh, matter what the header says. The |
|
| 94:41 | to the far right is the one works. Okay, So once the |
|
| 94:46 | thing you're going to do then though so lucky tohave this exercise, by |
|
| 94:53 | way. Okay, I don't want rotate it, but I could, |
|
| 95:05 | I just have it here in a . But this is gonna list. |
|
| 95:10 | , when you print it out, can read it. Uh, |
|
| 95:13 | Here's some tops. and, as in real data, sometimes they don't |
|
| 95:18 | atop. It doesn't mean it's It could be, but it doesn't |
|
| 95:21 | it could be missing here, but absolutely mean it's missing. Could be |
|
| 95:25 | here, but it doesn't mean it's at the same time, it doesn't |
|
| 95:29 | that it isn't missing. It just when they were collecting samples, I |
|
| 95:33 | see it. So you have these tops that air really important. The |
|
| 95:37 | of the section is usually defined by issue, Iowa insists, and you |
|
| 95:43 | see that it got missed in one , but right underneath it is a |
|
| 95:50 | that's defined. The shell is defined EPA night easy alliances, and it's |
|
| 95:57 | all three wells, so this would the first one to do try to |
|
| 96:04 | it on the EPA nighties. why answers? In other words, |
|
| 96:09 | you start from the bottom up. this is zone D. Hang it |
|
| 96:14 | on that kind of to get an , then when you can hang it |
|
| 96:20 | this one, so do it like strata graphic section where, uh, |
|
| 96:26 | 10 and 80 to 18 are hanging by side in this section. You |
|
| 96:33 | do it just like this if you . If you wanna hang this one |
|
| 96:36 | the left, this one to the , Not to the right. But |
|
| 96:40 | me just see. I've got a here that looks like it would be |
|
| 96:53 | for me to grade. Yeah, what I see is on the far |
|
| 97:09 | is gonna be the work. Davis two the well in the middle is |
|
| 97:14 | to be the Holland one. And wily one eye's gonna be on the |
|
| 97:21 | , right. So you're gonna uh, in order from left to |
|
| 97:27 | . It'll be the work, Davis the Holland one. And then this |
|
| 97:31 | when you hang these so it won't won't be in this order. It's |
|
| 97:36 | be this well on the left. well in the center that well on |
|
| 97:41 | right. And also see from this that a student did when it was |
|
| 97:48 | two step process, he's strata graphically it on this on this date. |
|
| 97:54 | , since it is all the way , So go ahead and do |
|
| 97:58 | Normally we like toe hang it on highest section, but because this is |
|
| 98:03 | one where we see it in all , I think the student that did |
|
| 98:07 | particular example did a good job and it on the one that was available |
|
| 98:12 | all three. Okay. Does that sense? In other words, and |
|
| 98:20 | much lineup these depths on the three in the order of Davis left Holland |
|
| 98:28 | sweetly, right. Any questions? , Reina. Okay, So once |
|
| 98:40 | done that, then you want to doing, um Let's see, what |
|
| 98:46 | do I have to show you I just had a fruit fly land |
|
| 99:06 | my nose. Okay. I showed the well, headers, the |
|
| 99:25 | Okay, this is really important Yeah, I always leave the good |
|
| 99:31 | out. Okay, this this um, the composite log that you're |
|
| 99:40 | to use. And this composite log from a lot of wells, and |
|
| 99:49 | kind of line them up approximately where occur, but they're not gonna |
|
| 99:53 | These these depths. We're going to much shallower than what you're seeing where |
|
| 99:57 | at. But here's the disk or . Yeah. Alliances. Cockfield number |
|
| 100:04 | . The EPA night easier while insists actually happens to be a gamma |
|
| 100:08 | which you don't have eso. You're have SPS over here in your |
|
| 100:14 | And because the SP has a thin effect and and it's not as responsive |
|
| 100:24 | the gamma log, you're going to Sands that almost looked like this |
|
| 100:30 | I mean, even even less than . And I think that you'll see |
|
| 100:33 | in the exercise. But this is total section, and this is what |
|
| 100:41 | was for 100 years. When I this together, we'll act was 100 |
|
| 100:46 | . But you know, since since eighties it's been a lot like |
|
| 100:50 | When I correlated, I actually found sand units in addition to the ones |
|
| 100:55 | they found between here. But here's the Cockfield number one sand. |
|
| 101:02 | not much room for another stand between nep and it is a alliances. |
|
| 101:07 | once you get to the top of nineties eight. Yeah, why insist |
|
| 101:10 | is the EPA nineties? Yea, answer zone and this is the number |
|
| 101:14 | sand in that zone. This is number two sand in that zone. |
|
| 101:19 | three. Number three B three a . And you know when they have |
|
| 101:26 | three being a three A. That at one point in time they had |
|
| 101:29 | three and they skip to four. then they found three B and A |
|
| 101:32 | between it and you can't fool After a few few decades of work |
|
| 101:40 | and again, here's a four. so later on, somebody found you |
|
| 101:44 | see these were spliced logs they came with before a and this isn't a |
|
| 101:54 | here. This is just you need . Cut this and attach it to |
|
| 102:01 | so that you end up coming down . So you got the foray which |
|
| 102:03 | saw in the first page. And here this will be a five a |
|
| 102:08 | b five c and some of your , some of these sands, their |
|
| 102:15 | ville. So you're not going to them at all, But you're going |
|
| 102:17 | see shale sections with shell markers. isn't the expanded once you don't want |
|
| 102:23 | use the one that's close here. you're correlating, you want to correlate |
|
| 102:28 | the scale the expanded resistive idiots over on the right side or the conductivity |
|
| 102:34 | over on the right side. And when you go all the way down |
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| 102:39 | the Cook Mountain, you may or not identify the Cook Mountain when you |
|
| 102:43 | this. But that goes all the down to the EPA nighties, Jay |
|
| 102:50 | insists. And then there's some other tops that actually come in the middle |
|
| 102:54 | this. And there's one that's supposed sit couple, actually, that sit |
|
| 102:59 | in here. So when you're correlating logs, remember, this is |
|
| 103:10 | When you get to your logs See if I have the actual wells |
|
| 103:22 | here. Hey, Don, do have these slides on blackboard? Because |
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| 103:32 | didn't see them at all. Like saw the exercise, but not these |
|
| 103:36 | slides here on them. These right ? Yeah. Yeah, I may |
|
| 103:44 | have put the I may not have the instructions online at first, but |
|
| 103:47 | think they're on line now. let me make a note and double |
|
| 103:53 | on that, Okay? Thank I know I didn't do it right |
|
| 104:00 | , but I think I did it day or two ago. So maybe |
|
| 104:05 | of order if it did it and may have told myself to do it |
|
| 104:19 | didn't get to it. Okay, here are shell resistive ity patterns. |
|
| 104:25 | resistive ity markers. And like I , it doesn't matter whether it's conductivity |
|
| 104:29 | not. Conductivity is the inverse of it, and they plot to scale |
|
| 104:35 | . So that you So it looks same anyway. So eso you can |
|
| 104:39 | with these after you lined up the Strat correlate with the shale resistive ity |
|
| 104:46 | and then start worrying about the And once you start correlating the sands |
|
| 104:53 | to draw lines of Correlation, some will just, um, put there |
|
| 105:05 | on the log and they won't even them together. And I have to |
|
| 105:07 | out how they correlate. So you're have to take them together eventually. |
|
| 105:11 | wouldn't do it right away and use used pencils and you can use colored |
|
| 105:18 | over here, numbers or stars, something that you can erase. I |
|
| 105:24 | when I did it for hundreds of at a time, I used to |
|
| 105:29 | color men with colors and and it seems, um, antiquated. |
|
| 105:37 | it really works well in terms of to get a good correlation. And |
|
| 105:41 | , once you get your head wrapped 30 to 60 wells in the |
|
| 105:46 | you're you're really gonna have really outrageous and see lots of faults nobody else |
|
| 105:51 | see. Okay, so I'm gonna start back here the top. So |
|
| 105:59 | going to start out with this composite , which I just showed you? |
|
| 106:02 | got the three logs, and here says, uh, SP and, |
|
| 106:10 | and I don't think when there isn't sonic in there, uh, it's |
|
| 106:16 | be, uh, well, normal ity. And you're gonna map from |
|
| 106:22 | to right. The work, The Holland one in the number one |
|
| 106:27 | and I had it written down Okay, so here's what I graded |
|
| 106:39 | . You're going to correlate the logs I want to see the reason |
|
| 106:43 | so that I see that you you use shale resistive ity, marker patterns |
|
| 106:49 | the bios photography you're going to You're going to do the bios photography |
|
| 106:55 | . And I didn't list it on . Um, because this used to |
|
| 107:02 | a two part thing where I had do everything without the bias trap and |
|
| 107:05 | do the biased right to see how it waas. But to save a |
|
| 107:11 | of frustration and time on your In my part, in terms of |
|
| 107:16 | e thought it would be a good , since you're all trying to learn |
|
| 107:20 | to do this, to make it easy as possible with what I call |
|
| 107:25 | logs from hell for students. And think it's good for you to work |
|
| 107:31 | real logs and legacy type logs because it's something you're likely tohave to |
|
| 107:39 | And but beyond that, from an standpoint, if it's a challenge, |
|
| 107:46 | know you. Actually you get It's not a simple thing, and |
|
| 107:51 | will get that even though it's not , you can do it, and |
|
| 107:55 | think that's critically important. It's really that when you get through this |
|
| 108:00 | you feel confident that you could pulled wells together and figure out whether there |
|
| 108:05 | a fault between them or not. they're, you know, in relatively |
|
| 108:08 | proximity, they have to be on of each other. But you |
|
| 108:11 | within the same field or the same , uh, cluster of fields really |
|
| 108:16 | be a better way to put And and you're gonna mark the |
|
| 108:25 | Um, I give you credit for . If you if you only find |
|
| 108:31 | fault, you're going to get credit it. But that fault has to |
|
| 108:34 | like it makes sense, depending on correlations. Remember, I'm going to |
|
| 108:39 | looking for the missing section that you you see so and you should be |
|
| 108:45 | to see missing section. Some students no trouble doing this at all, |
|
| 108:51 | most students have a lot of trouble this and some some decide that it's |
|
| 108:57 | impossible. But I'm hoping that since got the bio Strat upfront and you're |
|
| 109:03 | of get your course's green line up your logs with that, then use |
|
| 109:09 | shale resistive ity markers to get it a little bit more up and down |
|
| 109:14 | log, and then then start worrying the sands that fit in between those |
|
| 109:21 | ity, shale markers or resistive ity patterns. Okay, and so so |
|
| 109:32 | have three parts to the grade. is correlation. How well is it |
|
| 109:37 | with these patterns in the bios Um, how well do you actually |
|
| 109:45 | a fault or not? If you two faults and one of them just |
|
| 109:51 | like you made it up, you lose a little bit of that |
|
| 109:56 | I don't grade this very difficult in very difficult manner or strict manner, |
|
| 110:01 | if you find two faults in one looks like it was made up. |
|
| 110:05 | have to take a few points but basically this is 33% 33% |
|
| 110:14 | And and so that's and the other is because once you get it all |
|
| 110:20 | up, then you'll go back and at the composite log and try toe |
|
| 110:25 | label the sands. And when you the sands, it's going to be |
|
| 110:34 | don't know if you can see this not, but see how that's on |
|
| 110:37 | top of the sand and that's on top of the sand. And that's |
|
| 110:40 | these air really small looking sands. with, um, in some cases |
|
| 110:46 | SP, it's gonna look even less . But I know there's a sand |
|
| 110:51 | two reasons. Here there's there is is a response here, and there |
|
| 110:55 | resisted the over here. And so got I've got it marked there. |
|
| 111:05 | what you'll do is put the name the sand. They're like, if |
|
| 111:09 | was the actual exercise, this would the Cockfield number one. Okay? |
|
| 111:17 | this would be, uh, the I e c A. Y insists |
|
| 111:22 | one here, and you just put labels on there, see? And |
|
| 111:31 | when you when you actually spot a , you're going to see something that |
|
| 111:37 | like this and you'll see you're coming to your resistive ity marker there and |
|
| 111:43 | to a resistive ity marker here. you see that all this section in |
|
| 111:47 | middle is gone, and and so fault would have to be right in |
|
| 111:53 | between between what's here and what's there so on this Well, that has |
|
| 112:01 | fault. You'll say, fault out number one. And that means |
|
| 112:08 | for example, if this was the number one, Uh, so you're |
|
| 112:13 | the fault out with respect to that . Put that you think the throw |
|
| 112:18 | 120 ft on it and see, see this section. I see that |
|
| 112:23 | see it there. See it But everything in between is missing. |
|
| 112:27 | , uh, and like in the , the exercise of the lecture that |
|
| 112:33 | was showing you. It's also helpful you tell me where in this. |
|
| 112:40 | , here's the top of the section missing, So the top of this |
|
| 112:44 | is 9500 ft. So you could W which will mean with respect to |
|
| 112:50 | one at 9500 ft, for And that's where the missing section |
|
| 112:58 | And you have to find one that you can define this well. |
|
| 113:02 | me. One fault between the three that you can find that's this well |
|
| 113:10 | and you're going to see you're going see thinning and and and stretching in |
|
| 113:15 | across thes, and it reverses a bit because you're near salt. So |
|
| 113:20 | a lot of, uh uh tectonics through time, so to speak, |
|
| 113:27 | theirs salt uplifting salt withdrawal going on you might see some reversals in strata |
|
| 113:35 | thickening and thinning. But keep an on what's going on in between those |
|
| 113:42 | here. In this example, you see I've got a section that's pretty |
|
| 113:46 | the same from one of the But you can, even though these |
|
| 113:48 | short sections you can see there's expansion here. Thio here from here to |
|
| 113:54 | . And yet when I come across , I've lost all that section. |
|
| 113:57 | , sometimes you can see, thinning going on. And the rate |
|
| 114:07 | thinning is so dramatic that you tell there's a missing section two. So |
|
| 114:11 | it doesn't just happen in the well thinning the most. It can happen |
|
| 114:16 | Faulcon fault, the thickest part of section and where there is expansion going |
|
| 114:21 | and, uh, and vice So don't don't just pick, pick |
|
| 114:28 | part that's expanding to find your It could be it could be occurring |
|
| 114:33 | the well that might have the thinning two. But with your correlation |
|
| 114:38 | you'll be able to see the difference that. And of course, you |
|
| 114:42 | you may not have right here. looks like there's good shale indicators |
|
| 114:46 | but you may not have good shale , but you'll be able to see |
|
| 114:50 | like, I've got a good solid over here with this over here, |
|
| 114:55 | all of a sudden, um I've all this section in here, and |
|
| 115:00 | and coming up from another direction. see it coming from here. So |
|
| 115:04 | it does help to start from the of the well and the bottom of |
|
| 115:07 | well. It kind of worked back forth a Z, you're seeing what |
|
| 115:12 | of changes air happening. But you have a good start. If |
|
| 115:16 | start with the bio strap, do shale resistive ity markers and the shale |
|
| 115:23 | ity patterns. And then once you those all lined up, then you |
|
| 115:27 | pick the sands the correlate. Like I had a shell resistive ity |
|
| 115:32 | um, appear and one down for example. You know, I |
|
| 115:38 | a good idea that this sand in is between that one and that |
|
| 115:42 | and all of a sudden it's missing here. Eso I'd be able to |
|
| 115:46 | out again I might have a bio pick on this. No, it |
|
| 115:50 | the Cockfield number one. This is upper nineties number one, and this |
|
| 115:53 | probably the two. And over the EPA night is number one is |
|
| 115:56 | . That kind of thing. So understand Have any questions? Do you |
|
| 116:04 | to have these laws? And in . A s format? Absolutely |
|
| 116:09 | Well, actually, I do. But if you get it that |
|
| 116:15 | you're gonna wanna put it on a . And e really think it's, |
|
| 116:23 | it's ah, heuristic Lee valuable thio do this by hand. Uh, |
|
| 116:33 | not busy work. It's just it's to get you so that you can |
|
| 116:37 | see. Um, you could look the whole log section that we have |
|
| 116:42 | look at that one time and then in on smaller sections at the same |
|
| 116:49 | without having to flip back and forth scales. And I think that's a |
|
| 116:54 | thing to be able to dio I be wrong, but I don't think |
|
| 117:00 | . So we kind of went through of this and Yeah, see, |
|
| 117:11 | would label these label your tops composite , sand, and not number |
|
| 117:17 | but But this would come from the log, like if this was our |
|
| 117:21 | , the first one, of would be the Cockfield number one. |
|
| 117:27 | . And then the next one, would be the affinities. Yeah, |
|
| 117:30 | answers number. And then after you can do like the number two |
|
| 117:37 | three Until you get to say, Cook Mountain or something, you could |
|
| 117:42 | label them by the numbers. Because you have a pen ideas number one |
|
| 117:45 | and the next one down that you you've got his number two, |
|
| 117:48 | you might want to pick this one number two on that one is number |
|
| 117:52 | three A. You know, it on what you see in the |
|
| 117:57 | This thesis, I don't think this this is one of your actual |
|
| 118:02 | but it's it's close to what you're to be seen. And that was |
|
| 118:10 | example of what one of those logs like. And so you're picking whatever |
|
| 118:15 | sands are that are identified in your log, if you can bear with |
|
| 118:24 | Sure, this is annoying. I the opposite log is a composite |
|
| 118:47 | Okay, but so once you've once done your correlations, you know you'll |
|
| 118:58 | a line across the top of this and you draw a line across the |
|
| 119:03 | of this sand and you'll call it number one and you can just call |
|
| 119:09 | . You can call this epi A you want. You know, y |
|
| 119:13 | g ah, number one. And under that, you could just do |
|
| 119:19 | two number three, as you label . If you think you have a |
|
| 119:24 | sand, for example, in between two, uh, you can name |
|
| 119:29 | to a if you want, just and likewise, if you see |
|
| 119:33 | you see something in between here, can see they have a three a |
|
| 119:38 | . You found something in here, could label it three c. So |
|
| 119:41 | labeling those tops is worth 33 And because you're gonna have correlation lines |
|
| 119:49 | it, can you kind of see at all? Yeah. Yeah, |
|
| 120:03 | okay, well, you can see three logs with three logs with a |
|
| 120:09 | across it. Can you see that all? Yeah. Okay, |
|
| 120:19 | somebody is going to know what to . At least two people will know |
|
| 120:24 | . So, anyway, this is EP in ideas. Yea, while |
|
| 120:29 | picked right across here. But what going to do is get them all |
|
| 120:33 | up with the bio Strat, Then shale resistive any markers? This one |
|
| 120:38 | just getting the bio Strat at the , so they didn't have their by |
|
| 120:42 | resisted the shale markers on it. thought this was a good example to |
|
| 120:46 | you given where we're going to start it. And and then But |
|
| 120:50 | uh, all you have to do label one of them. But if |
|
| 120:54 | have the lines of correlation, I see that the rest of them are |
|
| 120:59 | , uh, based on the lines correlation. In other words, |
|
| 121:04 | if you have lines of correlation, see if I had it in, |
|
| 121:11 | , my exercise. See, if have lines of correlation like this, |
|
| 121:28 | you were to label it in I would know this is the one |
|
| 121:31 | would know. This was the, , the Cockfield number one. The |
|
| 121:36 | . I insist number one and the license number two. But the number |
|
| 121:42 | then you have this line, so know that's gonna be number three. |
|
| 121:45 | if these lines of correlation are drawn there and here I have a gap |
|
| 121:50 | there's actually bigger distances between here. quite often, you know, we'll |
|
| 121:54 | of tape this one over top of one. Eso that we don't cover |
|
| 122:01 | the SP log or or this, , resistive ity log over here so |
|
| 122:06 | can see it. And then you of draw the lines like that from |
|
| 122:10 | top of this to that from the of it to the base of |
|
| 122:14 | And of course, this section would out of the way, and so |
|
| 122:17 | angle would be a little bit But when you draw it like |
|
| 122:20 | you can see the thickening in the , too. So when you when |
|
| 122:24 | first start doing it before you pick faults and you start putting some of |
|
| 122:28 | lines and you'll be able to see thickening in the thinning and you'll be |
|
| 122:31 | to tell what strata Graphic thickening strata thinning versus faulting, you know, |
|
| 122:37 | of strata graphic thinning. Ah, out pinch outs. Like if a |
|
| 122:42 | out happening here and not a this would all be filled in with |
|
| 122:46 | . You'd have shale in here that different than what you see over |
|
| 122:51 | And and that's why, um you , for example, this this is |
|
| 122:59 | a channel, and this is a in a well coming down in one |
|
| 123:05 | in in two dimensions. Say, the east in the West. |
|
| 123:12 | and this pinches out this way and way on either side of the sand |
|
| 123:16 | , there's gonna be shale. That's thickness because because the because while sands |
|
| 123:22 | over here in a channel shell is be getting deposited over here during flood |
|
| 123:29 | in the floodplain. So you don't because of sand pinches out, you |
|
| 123:33 | lose section because of a sand shale . You only lose section when there's |
|
| 123:42 | or a fault. So when when have a pinch out, this sand |
|
| 123:48 | would just turn into shale over and it wouldn't pinch out like |
|
| 123:53 | Okay, this kind of looks like strata graphic pinch out, but it's |
|
| 123:57 | a strata graphic. Pinch out because shell markers gone and sand is not |
|
| 124:04 | in mid air. It's it's surrounded shale. Uh, that's here and |
|
| 124:12 | . And if that sand pinches out , it's replaced with a section and |
|
| 124:18 | fixed section of shale. And so pinch out would show a shell |
|
| 124:24 | shell coming down at the base of and then in there instead of a |
|
| 124:28 | , you just have more shale and that would be evidence of a pinch |
|
| 124:33 | . Does everybody see that? Can conceptualize that? Well, no responses |
|
| 124:40 | everybody gets it or nobody gets E showed diagrams of that before where |
|
| 124:50 | had, like a ah channel in middle of a floodplain. But the |
|
| 124:56 | is, there's a volume of sediment here like this. It's the floodplain |
|
| 125:03 | being contemporaneously. There might be a sand that's sitting in the middle of |
|
| 125:08 | , and if the sand pinches out the side, you have floodplain |
|
| 125:12 | Now, if you have a floodplain there's, uh, say, |
|
| 125:18 | low stand and there's a a, , can't think of the term, |
|
| 125:24 | you get a, um, in Valley or an incised channel. You |
|
| 125:29 | have some incision in this, but not gonna have much incision over here |
|
| 125:33 | it's a big low stand, which a big in size ballot. You're |
|
| 125:38 | . You're not going to see incised here. You got to see a |
|
| 125:42 | that's incised into a flood plain, it won't be continuous deposition along this |
|
| 125:49 | it cuts into it. But it's to be Pini contemporaneously almost the |
|
| 125:53 | In other words, if I have floodplain like this and there's a channel |
|
| 125:58 | around in it, it's going to into the shell will look like an |
|
| 126:02 | of surface. It's not gonna be huge gap in time. It's just |
|
| 126:06 | be part of that current de positional . If I had a low stand |
|
| 126:13 | it dropped way down like this, might get an incised valley that's gonna |
|
| 126:17 | through Ah, lot of Sands and lot of Shales. And so that's |
|
| 126:20 | completely different character that I would see these correlations, and you will not |
|
| 126:25 | one of those in this particular area that clear and again, we all |
|
| 126:33 | that faces change. We know that can have erosion all that in this |
|
| 126:38 | 99.9% of the time. When you missing section, it is definitely a |
|
| 126:44 | fault, and that's after looking at wells instead of three. Very that |
|
| 126:51 | all very close to each other, I've done that in areas where I |
|
| 126:56 | 120 wells and was not only able find false that created boundaries to |
|
| 127:04 | But I was also able to find graphic pinch outs that created strata graphic |
|
| 127:10 | that would work that I recognized in the geophysics recognized in 2000 and one |
|
| 127:18 | 2000 and two. I forget the year as reported in a PG |
|
| 127:25 | So anyway, um, that should pretty good. Let me see what's |
|
| 127:30 | on here. What else do I to show you? Yeah, Like |
|
| 127:37 | said, you may not see Cook , but you're gonna label them |
|
| 127:41 | You could do this. I dio y epi epi number one through five |
|
| 127:47 | . And like I said, I you an idea of how to do |
|
| 127:50 | if you found some sands that you think fall into that composite log. |
|
| 127:55 | there are sands that aren't on a log, but it's pretty hard to |
|
| 128:01 | him out if you don't have more . Okay, so this So the |
|
| 128:10 | thing that you're gonna add onto this is you're gonna have the bias photography |
|
| 128:15 | here too. So the correlation is toe kind of depend on me being |
|
| 128:21 | to see that you've correlated the paleo . Then later and then that means |
|
| 128:27 | shell resisted. Any markers have to . They can't cross the paleo |
|
| 128:31 | They have to be inside the paleo . And then the sands have to |
|
| 128:37 | inside the paleo lines. That shale the markers or pattern lines. |
|
| 128:44 | In other words, if I have shell resistive ity paleo like this, |
|
| 128:49 | of my shale resistive, any markers go across it like this. If |
|
| 128:54 | do that, you've missed correlated You've you've correlated a resistive ity, |
|
| 129:00 | , event up here that shouldn't be with that one. So this is |
|
| 129:04 | of forced. The bios travel first your correlations, then the reason activity |
|
| 129:10 | or intervals will further constrain uh, much you can move these things. |
|
| 129:18 | then after that, inside of those any markers, you will attach correlations |
|
| 129:25 | the to the sands. And when get done with that, you're gonna |
|
| 129:29 | really happy, I hope. And doesn't take a lot of time. |
|
| 129:38 | mean, if t do it really . Uh, plot out the six |
|
| 129:45 | , uh, cut him, fold , or do whatever you can to |
|
| 129:49 | them and make three separate logs. start shifting the Holland one shifting the |
|
| 129:55 | one to this wily or the work . And then vice versa. Do |
|
| 130:00 | Holland to the other one. And may be useful to try to correlating |
|
| 130:08 | wily with with the work, Sometimes that helps. Um one thing |
|
| 130:13 | can't do is correlate with one and you can't pick a fault with |
|
| 130:18 | will. The only way you can a fault in a section with the |
|
| 130:23 | is if you have a well to it to, that hasn't lost that |
|
| 130:28 | . So there won't be in if they all looked identical, there wouldn't |
|
| 130:31 | any false. But if you see place where it looks like it's definitely |
|
| 130:36 | strata graphic thinning, but it's a section. Pick that fault, and |
|
| 130:41 | it's really hard to do, all have to do is pick one and |
|
| 130:45 | get the full 33 points. But has to look right based on your |
|
| 130:51 | and s o so if you have that looks like thinning and you just |
|
| 130:58 | know, I've seen things where they're the reverse, they make their section |
|
| 131:01 | than it needs to be by putting fault in. And that's you don't |
|
| 131:05 | to do that. And, but if you have thinning from one |
|
| 131:10 | to another well, and the faults the thinnest well, the well of |
|
| 131:14 | thinnest section, you're gonna have to some dramatic thinning Thio to make that |
|
| 131:20 | or to convince me, based on correlation lines that that fault is a |
|
| 131:26 | fault. Can I e have a . Can we do on the computer |
|
| 131:33 | on paper, just like a power ? Oh, yeah, When you |
|
| 131:39 | done, you can do it on point. But I think I think |
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| 131:42 | you're yeah, I really I really when your first doing it, it's |
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| 131:49 | really helpful to be able to slip logs and and the reason is is |
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| 131:55 | you can look, you can look . You can look at the whole |
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| 132:01 | while you're trying to figure out all things going on on the bottom, |
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| 132:05 | you have your mountains and valleys. could be looking at the whole |
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| 132:09 | and you might see that there's a ity pattern here. It's similar this |
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| 132:13 | here, but if you're just focused on that, you might correlate that |
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| 132:17 | that same pattern over here in the will. So when you when you |
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| 132:21 | it online, I mean, when put it on the computer, unless |
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| 132:24 | have a really, you know, computer with, you know, you |
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| 132:29 | when that can stretch the whole thing , maybe put it on your |
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| 132:32 | If it works for you can do . But I want you to be |
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| 132:35 | to. It really helps to be to slip the logs so that you |
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| 132:38 | see that. You know, I've pattern here that looks similar to a |
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| 132:42 | here where those two patterns up I don't want to accidentally correlate this |
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| 132:46 | to that one or this one to one in the other will. If |
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| 132:50 | catch, could you see my And I did. I did, |
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| 132:56 | . Makes sense. Yeah, that's the problem with computer scaling. Is |
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| 133:04 | if you look at the whole you can't see anything. Ah, |
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| 133:09 | you kind of need to see the log to see with the little bits |
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| 133:12 | pieces where they go relative to each . And And I think if you |
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| 133:17 | , it will be really quick and , you know, you can make |
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| 133:24 | of it and put it, Put on your computer so that if |
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| 133:27 | you know, make a mistake. can print out new ones or something |
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| 133:30 | that if you need to. But , um, when I when I |
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| 133:36 | I did it originally, I literally in, uh, those shell resistive |
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| 133:41 | markers and or patterns. And and I realized I was going in the |
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| 133:48 | direction, and I had to throw away and redo it. And then |
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| 133:51 | save time, you can, instead doing a color, you could do |
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| 133:54 | a pencil star and a pencil asterix a pencil square or like a w |
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| 134:02 | . If it's something that's w you know, do a squiggle like |
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| 134:07 | , uh, here, when you at it on side and look like |
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| 134:10 | like a sigma or something and so there's all sorts of you know you |
|
| 134:16 | draw a straight line double line so you tell the straight line one from |
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| 134:21 | double line one. And, you know, there's lots of ways |
|
| 134:25 | could do it with pencils without taking energy to color it and s so |
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| 134:30 | could try that too. But it if I had to do this, |
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| 134:35 | course I've seen it before. I do it really quick. But |
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| 134:38 | um, even when, uh, I did it for the first |
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| 134:43 | it didn't take me that long to it, uh, with three |
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| 134:47 | But then I went to the fourth , on the fifth. Well in |
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| 134:50 | . Well, then I had to revisions. And then I did the |
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| 134:53 | and 8th and 9th, and I to do revisions. And But that's |
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| 134:57 | only way to get a field really out really well. And, |
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| 135:01 | yes, you know, I was helping a graduate student correlate these things |
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| 135:06 | he was doing a water flow And then one of the the most |
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| 135:12 | parts of that study was the correlations we did because nobody else had ever |
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| 135:18 | to the trouble to correlate it properly a in an area that's, |
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| 135:24 | been highly productive in the past. , um and people just haven't use |
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| 135:31 | of these old skill sets that the know. And even some of the |
|
| 135:36 | geologist haven't haven't done it that Like a typical typical exploration geologist might |
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| 135:43 | be looking at things in that kind , you know, you have to |
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| 135:47 | at the big scale of that log , because be honest with you. |
|
| 135:51 | you had the whole log, it take you three days or four days |
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| 135:57 | to figure out that the pieces that gave you fit together and, uh |
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| 136:02 | you definitely couldn't do it on the , you'd have to slip these whole |
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| 136:06 | to figure out. You know, piece would be a good section to |
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| 136:11 | with that piece and that will, would be a good section to match |
|
| 136:14 | that piece and that will and s . That's why learning these techniques, |
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| 136:19 | think are really useful. And if again that the thing that this would |
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| 136:26 | you do is if you're working in area with a lot of legacy data |
|
| 136:30 | everybody else in your office was just tops as their picked by somebody 50 |
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| 136:36 | ago, 20 years ago, 10 ago, five years ago. And |
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| 136:40 | wrong. You're not gonna be able find with the person that can do |
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| 136:45 | you're gonna learn how to do Uh, by starting out with hand |
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| 136:49 | then put it on the computer Once you have a good idea what's |
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| 136:52 | on by hand, it makes it it really easy. Thio update and |
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| 136:58 | what you've done on the computer. then that would be a good |
|
| 137:01 | Thio Uh, you know, either raster files or L. A s |
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| 137:07 | , and I've been trying to get that work on capstone projects just to |
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| 137:12 | databases with We have lots of paper on. We also have a tool |
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| 137:19 | you can turn a paper log into L. A s file. But |
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| 137:23 | wants to do that extra step in work of having Thio to justify the |
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| 137:28 | and get them as raster logs. because I think it would be a |
|
| 137:33 | , really good exercise of if if could start out correlating with three or |
|
| 137:41 | wells with paper and then knowing the of the correlations and where the figure |
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| 137:49 | where the shale resisted the markers are consistent, looking easy to work with |
|
| 137:53 | , then push, push it and 10 wells or 20 wells. You |
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| 137:58 | correlate them faster than you could those just because you already knew something about |
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| 138:03 | section in terms of the patterns that be looking for on the computer |
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| 138:09 | And you know that there's repeats of here, but there's no repeats of |
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| 138:13 | here, that kind of thing. the I just I don't think there's |
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| 138:20 | other way to learn it. If don't actually try to slip the logs |
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| 138:25 | kind of see for yourself how it . It's not the fastest way to |
|
| 138:29 | it when you have 150 logs. if you had 150 logs, I |
|
| 138:33 | it would be incredibly invaluable for one of the field to start with. |
|
| 138:38 | over here and another part of the three over there and another part of |
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| 138:41 | field three over there so that in mind you'd be kind of conditioned looking |
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| 138:47 | what is a really good, defendable and solid correlation. And that's |
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| 138:53 | whole objective is in tow. Have correlations than the next company, or |
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| 139:00 | next person in your office is something definitely wanna dio. Uh, you |
|
| 139:04 | , if you're competing against another company if you're competing against the employer, |
|
| 139:08 | employees, rather than sitting in the next to you. Uh, this |
|
| 139:12 | one of the ways you could do better job. And that's why I |
|
| 139:15 | to teach it this way. ask another question. Sure. I |
|
| 139:22 | I think you mentioned Trivial Channel in the Composite Will and also you mentioned |
|
| 139:27 | structure elsewhere. Um, I just to check with you. What is |
|
| 139:33 | position of environment for? For this these three lots. I mean, |
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| 139:37 | it like shelf margin is offshore? offshore, it's ZMA mostly shelf margin |
|
| 139:44 | . Okay, You're not gonna find eyes. You're not going to find |
|
| 139:49 | tights. And ah, lot of you see. It's probably gonna be |
|
| 139:54 | streams and or distribute Terry channels. ? Count? Here. They You |
|
| 140:03 | to hear that again? what county then? I'm not gonna tell |
|
| 140:09 | Come on. Off cutters. You see it on the headers. |
|
| 140:14 | we're getting headers and ran. but but But they're not right next |
|
| 140:23 | each other. And And this is exercise. And, um uh, |
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| 140:33 | I said to do it, it's This is what I want you |
|
| 140:36 | learn from. This also is given parts of a puzzle. What is |
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| 140:42 | best solution you can come up And you have, Ah, a |
|
| 140:48 | of tools. You've got the composite , which is definitely going to help |
|
| 140:54 | . You've got the bio Strat which is definitely going to help |
|
| 140:58 | And you have the log characters from you can see shell resistive ity, |
|
| 141:04 | and and shell resistive ity patterns that definitely going to help you. And |
|
| 141:09 | you can. Then it should be easy to correlate the sands. And |
|
| 141:13 | may decide that some of the pants pinch out from one or went to |
|
| 141:17 | other. Because the thing that I to you very quickly looked like to |
|
| 141:24 | , it had a pinch out in , which I thought was really, |
|
| 141:27 | insightful. And some students, you , I would say out of 200 |
|
| 141:37 | shoots more than that. Probably out about 600 students. Three have really |
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| 141:46 | on to this, and we're able spot a good number of faults even |
|
| 141:51 | only three wells. And you couldn't with the fact that they were false |
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| 142:00 | or another. I mean, they it nailed. There would be about |
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| 142:04 | out of out of 500 students who do that, and it wasn't because |
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| 142:09 | done it before. It's because they really good just taking a look at |
|
| 142:13 | , slipping those logs and trying to the hierarchy of your levels of correlation |
|
| 142:21 | you want to do to get these tied together. And, of |
|
| 142:24 | when you do that, you may be inflow units, but you're getting |
|
| 142:29 | to flow units than anybody else could doing it by just trying to correlate |
|
| 142:34 | sands that many of which looked exactly same from one well to the next |
|
| 142:39 | within a well, what do you about the anecdote? That geologist shouldn't |
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| 142:45 | to pick faults that are less than ft on one inch logs that you |
|
| 142:50 | use five inch logs for less than ft. Uh, it's probably you're |
|
| 142:55 | find faults bigger than 20 ft. I met just like in general. |
|
| 143:02 | . I mean, well, here's you would do. You would do |
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| 143:06 | I just told you to do with one inch logs and then where you |
|
| 143:10 | section missing yank out the the five logs. You know, in other |
|
| 143:18 | , don't start out with a big Start out with with a system to |
|
| 143:24 | the problem, you know, get The puzzle is close closely fitting as |
|
| 143:29 | possibly can with those one inch And then when you get it kind |
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| 143:33 | tied down in that you know you're have compartments, you know, you |
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| 143:37 | I said, just getting the sections I gave you and knowing that they |
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| 143:42 | closely together is step one inside of , you're gonna be looking for the |
|
| 143:47 | that I've told you to be looking . And then, if you actually |
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| 143:51 | a fault, you might want to it down with a five inch log |
|
| 143:55 | really get it down to the inches , and you wouldn't get it down |
|
| 143:58 | the inches. But you could pick , um, even in chalks with |
|
| 144:03 | Strat data, I've been able to 30 ft faults and and that was |
|
| 144:08 | a section where they couldn't They couldn't anything with size because I had the |
|
| 144:13 | the time they didn't have O. s ocean bottom surveys, and so |
|
| 144:20 | precise me so they they couldn't. couldn't even see 100 ft faults. |
|
| 144:25 | a lot of times they can't see below a 50 ft fall. |
|
| 144:30 | yeah, you. What you said a good rule of thumb. But |
|
| 144:35 | want to do the one inches to to that point where you're looking for |
|
| 144:39 | that's, say, less than Anything that's less than 50 ft. |
|
| 144:43 | might want to try to use a inch log, but you might be |
|
| 144:47 | to spot might say, Oh, gotta be a 15 inch fault 50 |
|
| 144:51 | fault here and then pull out the to convince your boss with a five |
|
| 144:57 | ER is what I would suggest. of course, in this exercise, |
|
| 145:02 | think there's there's easily 120 ft if not bigger and again. Some |
|
| 145:11 | these areas are in places where it be hard to get really good. |
|
| 145:14 | d seismic. And it's not too away from an area where, as |
|
| 145:20 | mentioned before, somebody was looking for Cretaceous tertiary boundary, which is something |
|
| 145:26 | you confined with a log or bio data. It's almost like falling off |
|
| 145:32 | log. But with three d they missed it by 1200 ft, |
|
| 145:39 | and so, uh, you that's kind of the way it |
|
| 145:42 | It's the world isn't perfect. But you if you start, um, |
|
| 145:49 | correlations, looking at it in a level of detail and work your way |
|
| 145:53 | from that level of detail, finer finer. Then you can constrain your |
|
| 145:59 | , and you can between the form the Shales and then constrain your ties |
|
| 146:05 | sands and then, um, and from that point, you can possibly |
|
| 146:12 | . And like I said, I've students that could see where some of |
|
| 146:15 | sands of lost section and some of shells underneath them are above them are |
|
| 146:21 | . Have missed, have disappeared and missing and come up with a |
|
| 146:25 | really good interpretations. Okay? And think it's getting close to five. |
|
| 146:33 | So if you guys don't mind, meet again at 88 45 tomorrow |
|
| 146:38 | Good. Uh, we're not We're gonna dio if I get to a |
|
| 146:46 | where I need this. The sequence , primer information. I'll pull it |
|
| 146:52 | , but I don't think e Think guys got a good lesson from Johnny |
|
| 146:59 | ? And, uh, I probably give you the grades to the exam |
|
| 147:04 | Monday, because I'm right now, also working on your exercises, |
|
| 147:11 | uh, but it won't take long do the grading, But on |
|
| 147:14 | I'll try to get as much to possible in terms of grades by |
|
| 147:20 | And of course, I'm going to some time tonight, uh, copying |
|
| 147:25 | you uploaded on your email so that don't lose it in terms of your |
|
| 147:34 | . Okay. And if you have questions about this exercise, let me |
|
| 147:39 | . I think I already told you it was gonna be do, didn't |
|
| 147:43 | ? Next Friday on the 18th, . And then we'll have one other |
|
| 147:52 | which we'll talk about probably tomorrow. a mapping exercise, which is the |
|
| 147:59 | 15 point exercise. Okay, I'm sorry. Just say Friday 18 |
|
| 148:09 | Wednesday 18. But I think it's 18th Wednesday. Yeah, Yeah. |
|
| 148:22 | we're gonna have class, right? is 20th. We have one more |
|
| 148:29 | after tomorrow, and that will be 20th. So let's do Wednesday, |
|
| 148:35 | , assignments to Wednesday. Yeah. . Got it. And then, |
|
| 148:46 | , I have I have it written somewhere. I'll double check and let |
|
| 148:50 | know if I see anything different, it says November 3rd 18th. I |
|
| 148:55 | it right here. And the mapping will be November 27th. It actually |
|
| 149:04 | after the final on that will be after exam. But if you want |
|
| 149:08 | do it before, then you can gonna let you decide whether or studying |
|
| 149:12 | more important than doing the exercise. if you've studied enough and think you'll |
|
| 149:15 | well on the on the exam and can work the exercise, you |
|
| 149:18 | whatever. However, you want to your time. Are you gonna do |
|
| 149:24 | exam that's similar to the midterm and . I know you mentioned something. |
|
| 149:28 | , it's gonna be the 24th we on Tuesday. The 24th was gonna |
|
| 149:32 | the example. The format. Is gonna be same as the midterm? |
|
| 149:38 | , I'll be similar to the but I might rather than just multiple |
|
| 149:42 | , I might might ask for some answers. I'll have to be |
|
| 149:48 | um, e have to be very short answers because, you know, |
|
| 149:53 | think it really worked out well, we all got done in about an |
|
| 149:56 | , which is what I like to happen with my test. I don't |
|
| 149:59 | it when people take longer than an . When you say short answers, |
|
| 150:04 | you mean, like, a sentence two or using like, a fill |
|
| 150:09 | the blank type? Short answer, , like, maybe a sentence or |
|
| 150:15 | , Or there might be a and you have to have to answer |
|
| 150:19 | about the diagram. Okay, but yeah, trouble. People don't |
|
| 150:26 | a lot these days, so getting to write is could really slow him |
|
| 150:32 | . And, uh, and a student that can get through the multiple |
|
| 150:39 | quickly will come back and do the in the blanks and the short |
|
| 150:44 | If you have, like, three for an answer, for example, |
|
| 150:47 | mean, that would be that would brutal in an online situation. I |
|
| 150:52 | have a single English class in my undergraduate studies. We really All |
|
| 150:58 | Well, that Z that's pretty If you had a really good high |
|
| 151:03 | English class E, thank God, be honest face. Well, |
|
| 151:10 | personally, I had some. I some English classes and even, |
|
| 151:16 | language, German language classes and my in high school were better than the |
|
| 151:21 | in in college. So I was of glad I had the high school |
|
| 151:25 | , and I got I got in lot of trouble in college. I |
|
| 151:27 | correcting my teachers too often. And where I thought you were going. |
|
| 151:36 | , but anyway, when you uh, when you guys criticized |
|
| 151:39 | I'm just getting paid back. um is technical writing part of the |
|
| 151:46 | ology at U of H? no. You know, there is |
|
| 151:51 | a separate course, but a lot the ah lot of the classes will |
|
| 151:56 | you do essays and stuff like that the capstone you have a I like |
|
| 152:05 | , you know, if if you to know what you're supposed to do |
|
| 152:07 | a capstone, just go to the page where it has all the courses |
|
| 152:11 | . Click on Capstone Project in the track for the Geology one and the |
|
| 152:17 | Track for the Geophysics one. And get like a five or six or |
|
| 152:22 | page description on how to do, , the proposal and how to do |
|
| 152:29 | actual final capstone report. So really set up outline A number of professors |
|
| 152:36 | have taken that modified it for their students because they didn't have anything like |
|
| 152:42 | . Ecevit's pretty good, but what like to see is students put a |
|
| 152:46 | of effort into their proposal because, if you haven't had any writing |
|
| 152:51 | because when you when you're working on that's a few pages long, it's |
|
| 152:56 | whole lot easier for someone to teach how to write. Technically, |
|
| 153:01 | if you start out with a 25 report to try to learn how to |
|
| 153:05 | , technically, so so the one of the proposal is, is helping |
|
| 153:13 | those that need help in it in of technical writing. Start with a |
|
| 153:19 | the little problem and help people with . Then when they when they get |
|
| 153:22 | the the Capstone Project, you already a lot of the things that you |
|
| 153:27 | doing wrong or didn't know how to . And you'll get him right the |
|
| 153:30 | time for the Capstone Project report And when you when you go to |
|
| 153:37 | one more question about writing when you publish something in a peer reviewed journal |
|
| 153:43 | does the editing? Is that something obviously you would edited as good as |
|
| 153:47 | can as well as you can and then you shop it out to |
|
| 153:51 | else like a third party? no. What normally happens well, |
|
| 153:57 | , what normally happens is people have program that will help them wordsmith it |
|
| 154:02 | they have less technical grammatical problems. one of things that I always tell |
|
| 154:09 | to do, and sometimes they don't it. I had one student ended |
|
| 154:13 | having to drop a regular master's Student had to drop because he wouldn't |
|
| 154:17 | the papers But you can read Technical papers kind of give you an |
|
| 154:23 | , especially if you get one on similar to your project, whether it's |
|
| 154:27 | the area, whether it's the you know, it doesn't have to |
|
| 154:30 | an exact match for what you want do, but it'll give you an |
|
| 154:34 | of how how those kinds of papers written in terms of you know what |
|
| 154:40 | put in the introduction. What to in the abstract, Uh, for |
|
| 154:43 | of them could be totally bonkers. certain things belong in each one of |
|
| 154:48 | different steps. There's a section on discussion, stuff like that, and |
|
| 154:54 | then conclusions and recommendations come in. that's kind of listed out not |
|
| 155:00 | but it's listed out so you can it as a go by in the |
|
| 155:04 | project right up. And, but anyway, once when she kind |
|
| 155:10 | done all that, uh, if lot of times people co author |
|
| 155:15 | so the co authors will help them it, Or if you have someone |
|
| 155:19 | you, I think is an expert the field, that will take the |
|
| 155:22 | to edit it for you can do , but normally you'll send it into |
|
| 155:27 | journal and the journal will find peers review it. Um, to get |
|
| 155:33 | party to look at it on your is maybe a step you would do |
|
| 155:36 | that you would have it more polished . And a lot of our international |
|
| 155:42 | , just because of the language will well, they'll write a paper |
|
| 155:46 | they'll pass it off to someone they . That has pretty good writing skills |
|
| 155:51 | English to help them, you because a lot of a lot of |
|
| 155:55 | students will have trouble with technical writing the sense of the way we do |
|
| 156:00 | the United States, because we kind , uh, you know, there's |
|
| 156:04 | terminology is a lot different. sometimes our sentence structures air different. |
|
| 156:11 | whether or not we have an article front of a noun is different and |
|
| 156:16 | all sorts of things like that and , so an individual can always get |
|
| 156:22 | help on the outside. But when send it up for peer review, |
|
| 156:26 | Journal is gonna have a list of list of people that are experts that |
|
| 156:32 | go over lightly or they could just the crap out of it. And |
|
| 156:36 | way to take any of that kind input that you get is don't take |
|
| 156:40 | as criticisms. Take it as someone almost all these positions Air volunteer, |
|
| 156:47 | . So if someone actually correct something you've done, just think. Thank |
|
| 156:52 | that person's helping me learn how to better and and just go with the |
|
| 156:57 | like that. And it'll be a easier for you to, right? |
|
| 157:01 | you don't, you know, don't it personally when when someone says, |
|
| 157:04 | , you did this wrong, you that wrong It's Ah and they tell |
|
| 157:08 | why and it's like if you read , pay attention to it. You |
|
| 157:12 | make that same mistake the next And you could write a whole bunch |
|
| 157:15 | things without making mistakes after that. every every time someone edits and corrects |
|
| 157:22 | , someone's done you a favor is way to look at same. |
|
| 157:29 | it's the same with same with these things, except the thing that keeps |
|
| 157:34 | my emails that I tried to send is really driving me nuts because It |
|
| 157:40 | likes you to be absolutely certain of you can't say. Perhaps maybe, |
|
| 157:47 | , depending upon, you know, want you to be just straightforward. |
|
| 157:51 | And to do that, you'd have lie Sometimes, I think, |
|
| 157:55 | it is the worst. Oh, , it's horrible. E could have |
|
| 158:03 | back and looked at this faster than amount of time is going to take |
|
| 158:06 | . Thio put up with what you're to me while I'm writing. You |
|
| 158:10 | have a special outlook. Mine doesn't any kind of guidance on anything. |
|
| 158:14 | can turn it off some of these I turn off and it keeps popping |
|
| 158:18 | up and it just driving me But if you have underlined words and |
|
| 158:22 | click on it, that's the Yeah, and yeah, but you |
|
| 158:28 | , you can either take it or . Take it. But you |
|
| 158:31 | if you're typing really fast, it you down, toe have stuff popping |
|
| 158:34 | in the middle of your typing. know you can't You can't do 50 |
|
| 158:38 | a minute with things popping up every word, and it's easy enough to |
|
| 158:43 | back and fix those things And you know, while I'm typing, |
|
| 158:47 | realizing I made a mistake with my . I'm going to go back and |
|
| 158:50 | it, but it stopped me. now I have tow You know, |
|
| 158:54 | next 35 words, I would have two, not type yet, and |
|
| 158:59 | it's annoying. Anyway, I'm gonna you guys go, and it's been |
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| 159:02 | talking to you. And, what I said about the pandemic is |
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| 159:07 | take care of yourself. Please take seriously because, uh, for other |
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| 159:12 | , you know, as an old , I have to go get checkups |
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| 159:15 | the time. And I could tell the clinics that I go into that |
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| 159:21 | are really, really nervous and worried they're getting worn down to enough because |
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| 159:26 | just aren't enough people. I think gets much worse. People are just |
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| 159:30 | be told to go home and die we don't have any way to help |
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| 159:34 | . And and that's when it gets scary. So please take care of |
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| 159:39 | , and I'll see you tomorrow at . 45. Thank you. Thank |
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| 159:45 | . Thank you. I would say Yes, s So this is |
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| 159:53 | any assignment related? Remember Austin I don't know how you pronounce his |
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| 159:58 | name. Said he graduated in Oh, yeah, He was a |
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| 160:01 | guy. I was just on the with him yesterday because we're working with |
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| 160:07 | right now. Andi said to say . Okay. Tell him I said |
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| 160:12 | back. Don't Don't tell him I he was a good guy, |
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| 160:15 | Okay? Yeah. I mean, he was a terrible student, I'm |
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| 160:19 | just working with him because I have . If he was a great |
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| 160:22 | I chose to work with him. a good student. He and he's |
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| 160:28 | really good writer, too. he, uh he wrote a really |
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| 160:33 | capstone project. Alright, how can me out? Because running is definitely |
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| 160:38 | one of my strong points. He's good. Yes. Yeah. |
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| 160:46 | We'll take care and see you |
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