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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_9_19_23_CH 22
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00:02 Yeah, why not? Yeah, like mhm Testing. Trophy. Testing
00:33 . Ok, folks, welcome. So this week uh exam one is
00:50 pulling their hair out, screaming to in their pillow? Um phones ringing
01:01 your head? Uh ok. So one, check your exam time and
01:13 . Ok. Um A absolutely unacceptable is if the sentence begins, I
01:21 dot dot dot Or I didn't know dot dot You can fill that in
01:28 . I didn't know there was an this week. I didn't know
01:31 blah, blah. All right. these are the reasons I get for
01:36 an exam. Ok. So don't fall into one of those two categories
01:40 that doesn't fly. Ok. So gotta know when the exam is
01:45 I've been saying ad nauseum in here on on canvas and elsewhere. So
01:52 cannot know a there's an exam and know when you're taking it. That
01:57 me is insane. Ok. So . All right. And I'll remind
02:01 with the emails this week. Uh Number two. And I'll keep
02:07 brief because you can consult yourself. we got a couple people talk and
02:14 going when you hear this, So I, I've already gotten
02:18 What do I even know about I've said that they're in class,
02:23 ? I say you don't need to all 50 reactions. OK. So
02:28 look back at the video lectures. talk about the chapter 13. 1
02:32 this is what you gotta know. remember that slide, right? Notice
02:36 what goes in what comes out, ? I'm not making it more complicated
02:40 that. Ok. So again, review sheet is your guideline not on
02:47 , it's not on there, it's on the test. Ok.
02:52 you know, if, if you're beginning to study tonight, ok.
02:59 I mean, it should have started weeks ago. Ok. So you
03:04 where, you know, you're but if you're renting that boat,
03:07 it is what it is and you , you know, um,
03:12 it's gonna be an uphill climb because a lot of stuff, right?
03:16 though I'm not making it super, don't think I'm making it super
03:20 Believe me, you could take biochem and it'll make it a lot more
03:23 . But I'm trying to give you highlights if you will, but sometimes
03:27 gotta go a little deeper for some . Ok. But, um,
03:32 get caught in the weeds, I . Maybe the advice don't get so
03:35 down in the weeds that you're losing of, you know, what's actually
03:39 . OK. So, um um you've got all kinds of
03:46 I, I never, I and I understand you, you,
03:49 don't necessarily want to use all the . Right. There's video lectures,
03:53 lecture notes, there's this, there's the other. So, you
03:57 you kind of gotta, if you're sure what to do, you
04:01 I recommend, you know, try of it. You know,
04:04 it's also a process you'll see as go through the semester. Well,
04:08 did all this, for example, studying I did ok on it,
04:11 didn't need to do all, all stuff. So you kind of,
04:14 evolve for you as well as you through. Ok. So, you
04:19 , it's, uh, if you ask so many questions, I'm of
04:23 available. Ok. So, anyway, uh, but yeah,
04:30 get caught in the weeds that you're . Keep to that exam review
04:34 Ok. Um, like I if you have any questions, let
04:38 know. All right. So, , the, the, the exam
04:42 like 30 or questions. And so thing about the thing about the,
04:50 got questions also about the, the grades and then, and you
04:54 the bonus questions are, are being against me. A think about
04:59 Why would I wanna do that to ? Ok. Why do I wanna
05:02 bonus questions? You get it Oh, you, you got
05:05 No, I might have to get right there may be other professors that
05:10 may, that may maybe want to that. But that's not me.
05:15 . It's, it's, uh, enough just to, you know,
05:20 not do all that stuff. So not playing mind games. I'm not
05:23 to, you know, I'm not to get you. Ok.
05:27 if anybody made 100 on the exam would be doing cartwheels. Ok.
05:31 fine with that. OK? But like to have a exam average of
05:35 a 40 they think, oh, great. That's not me.
05:39 So anyhoo um oh the points for . So Canvas won't let me do
05:47 like I can do, I'm black OK? Or the quizzes, you
05:51 actually they have a box, you click and says extra credit on
05:54 Canvas doesn't do that, right? it, it doesn't matter. It's
05:59 points per question. Simple example, ? A 10 question with one
06:06 right? So I go OK, questions, 10 points per question is
06:12 right? You can answer those 10 and make 100. So in reality
06:16 you can answer any 10, any of those 11 questions and you get
06:22 . So just think of that right? So I'm not out to
06:26 points away from you, right? be I don't ever reveal this,
06:30 at the end of the semester, get so many points you're gonna,
06:32 head's gonna spin. Ok? So not gonna have to take points from
06:37 , ok? I'm here to give points. Ok? So just think
06:40 the, so the because the the the exam is gonna be the same
06:44 you're gonna see two bonus questions. 36 questions 34 and two bonus just
06:49 any 34. Correct. You got . Any four, any 34 you
06:54 them. All right, you got . All right, you're all.
06:57 you get all 36 right? You 100 and I think six or something
07:03 that is the max. Ok. get out of the, out
07:06 get out of the points out of , forget about it. All
07:11 Points for question, right? Number questions, right? Times where the
07:15 per question is, right? You're getting cheated. Trust me.
07:19 Nobody's getting cheated, right? So questions about that? Ok. All
07:27 . So, uh, what else there? Uh, yeah, no
07:31 clear. No smart work this So I don't have to worry about
07:34 . Uh, we end unit one . So Thursday, we start the
07:38 unit. So obviously that's not gonna stuff is not on the exam.
07:44 that's the exam too. Ok. , um, all right.
07:50 that's, uh, we don't have much to do. So we gotta
07:54 a little bit more about the, , waste water treatment, nitrogen
08:00 Uh triangle and I bring up some about that because I realize uh the
08:05 in your book on that is kind , it helps if you put arrows
08:08 there. And so you'll see that . You know what I'm talking
08:12 Um I think that's it. So start with again as always uh where
08:18 been and where we're going. So I put this in here because
08:23 relates. So remember this, And hopefully you've seen this before.
08:29 our old um like calls this cell , right? The process there,
08:35 is this is right? Uh aerobic , right? 02, right?
08:44 I bring it up in this context bod, right? So the water
08:51 drink the water you recreate in, ? Swim or splash around whatever be
08:59 lake or ocean. River, creek pond, OK? Um What's
09:09 those bodies of water uh is what's what the water picks up,
09:16 As it flows by gravity down to body of water or pre precipitation,
09:23 ? Um Hydrologic cycle. OK. so, you know, it's obviously
09:29 concern then to monitor what's in that , OK? Because that can lead
09:35 certain detrimental effects as we've seen. . And so these areas of hypo
09:44 of hypoxia or dead zones, The process of eutrophication, right?
09:51 in particular, the, so just quick, right? So nitrogen and
09:56 and NP, right? Those are nutrients, right? For all
10:00 right? You need nitrogen to make acids, to make proteins, et
10:04 and phosphate, to make acids, cetera, uh to make a
10:09 Right. So, um and so nature, these things are, are
10:16 coveted, they are coveted if they available, right? So these things
10:20 gonna be in balance, right? , it's, these are necessary nutrients
10:25 , that our organisms are competing Ok. So they're not normally in
10:31 in nature, OK? But when present themselves in an excess ie
10:36 for larger runoff, right, then can get a blow up in the
10:42 of, of particularly algae plants, bacteria. Um because they're the
10:49 they're the um photo autotrophs, So they just need sunlight some
10:55 but you give them an influx of nitrogen phosphorus elements, then they'll blow
11:01 in numbers, right? That's the algal bloom. As you see
11:05 that biomass, you, you're not sustain that, those levels of nitrogen
11:10 phosphorus that they're gonna be used. away and then that big mass of
11:16 now no longer can be supported. no more NNP coming in. So
11:21 die, go to the bottom and their food for the next level,
11:25 ? For these guys. And so , so this represents, you
11:29 that does represent bod, OK. BOD is AAA quantity of, of
11:38 material that's present in a, in sample water sample. OK. And
11:45 it directly relates right. So biochemical demand relates to that in that
11:52 OK. At 0202 is consumed as the example, there glucose is
12:01 right? So if you get just molecule glucose compared to a million molecules
12:08 glucose, a lot. All So the a lot represents a high
12:20 , right? So it's relative to that organic material in the water.
12:25 . So, but it directly relates this metabolism going on, right?
12:29 consuming oxygen as your oxygen. We about that equation in various forms for
12:35 last almost three weeks, right? , um so that's it all connects
12:41 . OK. Um All right. a good question. So just to
12:47 us into wastewater treatment, OK? you know that's water, sewage,
12:57 don't wanna drink that or recreate in . Ok. Uh So you gotta
13:02 something with it. So, uh we sort of treatment, well,
13:09 wait till we get to the OK. But familiarity is likely with
13:16 uh uh residential wastewater treatment. So have um behind something behind a fence
13:24 a big wall or something to kind hide it in your subdivision is um
13:30 wastewater treatment plant. OK. Probably 100 and 50 or so households,
13:38 ? But there's also lots of, of our treatment plants associated with all
13:45 of manufacturing plants throughout the country. . Um Wastewater Treatment was actually of
13:55 multiple hats I wore before teaching. worked in that area and it's a
14:02 weird combination of biology. I'm telling some good stories here. Um,
14:10 some biology, engineering people that didn't anything about biology but are running the
14:16 for our treatment plant. Ok. , not that you need to have
14:21 knowledge of it, but you kind need to know the basics. But
14:25 , so it's a weird, a of people you're working with there.
14:30 . Um OK. So let's count before I keep rambling on here.
14:36 uh OK. I didn't mean for to pop up, but um both
14:41 these are answered by the same OK. You got one second
14:45 You want to change your answer. . Uh The both both are just
14:52 treatment, right? So we're gonna through the processes. Uh ABC D
14:57 basically the processes of wastewater treatment. ? And secondary treatment creates the activated
15:03 , right? That all correlates OK? It's the, it's
15:07 it's the, it's the, that's the microbes are doing their thing.
15:11 ? Is in the um secondary OK? You're trying to, the
15:16 of this sort of treatment are um the levels of maximized aerobic respiration.
15:26 really what it is. OK? promote their growth, the growth of
15:31 microbes because that's when what's gonna chew the bod be something of a,
15:43 is probably the scale you might see something that's a commercial, maybe a
15:47 bigger, that's slightly about the commercial side, a resident, what you
15:51 in a residential area. Ok. , so here you see it close
15:56 right down here are a couple of and so in here that is actually
16:02 secondary treatment stage. So you have big thing here, this, this
16:08 , this thing here you can't see very well moves, it moves in
16:13 . It's like a big um it's big paddle, basically turning turbulence in
16:18 water, right? Creates turbulence, the bear. OK. That's what
16:24 the aerobic restoration. So you have create turbulence in that body of
16:29 OK? To mix, mix in . OK? And that's what promotes
16:32 growth of these respiring microbes and breaks the material in, in the,
16:38 the water. So, if I to describe this process very briefly,
16:45 , as I said, promote growth aerobic respiring organisms, right? Which
16:49 basically doing this back here to are doing this, this one right
16:53 and they're doing that. OK? um that's one, then two is
17:01 want to, you, you want have a water output that's coming out
17:07 the process, that's relatively free of , right? Because that's the
17:13 So not, not the organic content , not the bod down and then
17:18 water coming out, that's relatively right? If it's, if it's
17:22 to be drinking water, it should zero. Ok. Or pretty close
17:27 it. Right. But not the goal isn't always drinking water,
17:31 ? The goal is lower bod that can then discharge it into municipal
17:38 rivers, streams, lakes, what you? Right. So,
17:44 and that's often times the case, a lot of us are drinking water
17:47 not oats. Ok. So, , so in order to do
17:52 if you're promoting all this growth, , you don't want to have all
17:56 growth coming out, right? You wanna be drinking all those microbes that
18:00 aspiring in there, right? Because gonna be others in there too you
18:03 want. OK. So we have settling, settling of all this material
18:10 being created in the water is the second biggest thing, right? Promoting
18:16 growth of these re spirals and knock the organic material, but then let
18:21 settle out, right? And then a clear, a clear, clear
18:26 . We call it the stuff coming the end, the effluent, have
18:29 clear, not turbine and cloudy full microbes, right? That's really the
18:35 , those two things. OK. um so we look at the basics
18:41 this process. OK? Focus focus on this here in this
18:49 OK? Um Anaerobic digestion you see is not always necessarily a part of
18:58 process, it can be, but this part of appears. OK.
19:05 um subliminally treatment is basically getting out getting the visible, visible,
19:15 debris, let's say that's coming Right. So I've been to a
19:19 of these treatment plants and the stuff comes in is like, you'll have
19:23 dead animal carcasses, you'll have Ok. So big stuff can be
19:30 of that. So you have to , get that, that's preliminary
19:32 I mean, that's not the but you do see these things
19:36 So anyway, it's get moves more the visible solid debris, get it
19:41 right. Then you go to these smaller screens, mesh screens that
19:46 out further sediment, sediments and soluble , ok? Until you get to
19:50 secondary treatment, right? That's where microbes are gonna be doing their
19:55 OK? Now the process, the sludge is kind of um so as
20:02 micro is doing her thing and chewing bod secondary treatment, you're gonna promote
20:09 of the material as well, So it kind of falls and creates
20:14 slug, what they call it activated it's full of these active just because
20:19 settles doesn't mean it's dying. We're gonna go into why that
20:23 But, but it does settle down then you can um return it back
20:29 the tank to keep recycling it and it going. Ok? But what's
20:33 is this the material, the stuff down and then you have clear up
20:39 out, ok? But you can that, that settled material that we
20:43 activated sludge, it's active because it's of metabolizing bacteria and things,
20:48 So we call it active for that . OK. So, uh now
20:53 it is gonna be drinking water, certainly you're going to do chlorination re
21:01 to disinfect, knock out the um types. Um And, and then
21:07 , that's what we can become drinking . Ok? You don't necessarily have
21:10 do this if it's not for drinking purposes. Ok. But certainly if
21:16 is, you, you, you that. Ok. Um,
21:20 So, so the other point here , remember that wastewater treatment plants aren't
21:25 , no, don't always associate it with, oh, drinking water at
21:28 end doesn't have to be right. , uh with lots of manufacturing companies
21:34 have associated waste water treatment plants because generate um different types of compounds and
21:41 that you don't just don't want to into the water, right?
21:45 Ok. So they divert it into wastewater treatment plan. Ok. And
21:53 necessarily aren't the fancy things you may here with these different tanks and this
21:58 that it can literally be a dredge a, um, a piece of
22:04 earth and just fill it up the and then that's their tank tank where
22:09 have the, the, where they the microbial activity and they have these
22:13 um portable thingies on top that are and they, they're like little turbines
22:20 they spin and they spin all over pond or lagoon, they call it
22:26 they create turbulent. So they kind do that's what these little things you
22:29 on top. They kind of create and mix it up and get respiration
22:33 . Ok. And so it doesn't , it can be what might look
22:36 a crude process, but it, it works. Ok. So,
22:40 anyway, the goal is the overall , whether it's drinking water or not
22:45 the end is knock down bod, stuff settle out and then discharge that
22:53 free or less water into a uh , a river lake pond,
23:00 OK. So, um so here kind of gives a different view of
23:05 . And um just mentioned, the involved as you might guess are primarily
23:15 . OK? Are here and there to a degree. Uh But also
23:21 are part of the game as right? So this is, this
23:24 a, an ecosystem we're talking about . OK. And it's a finely
23:30 one when it's working, right? . And so what we call Saros
23:35 basically decom decomposing type of activity, know, they you dead organic
23:41 So that's the kind of bacteria you in there. Um And so as
23:47 I'll just differentiate. So here we the primary treatment, right? So
23:52 here, right, high bod coming , right? Hopefully low bod coming
23:57 . OK. And so there's just treatment. So that's typically used for
24:03 for drinking water and become drinking You do those things and then in
24:08 middle is kind of where the action occurring right here. OK? And
24:13 this can be, as you here's the aeration, that's where
24:17 that re aerobic respiration is occurring. ? And then you settle out the
24:22 , right? And so here's a effluent going that way and then you
24:28 the s and the sludge is what the microbes that have settled out and
24:33 can reuse them. OK. what often happens is not often,
24:38 what will happen in the, because things are operating 24 73, 65
24:43 a year. OK. And who , you often don't know what's coming
24:49 in terms of there may be some components in there. And so you'll
24:54 these get in here and they can the whole system. OK? And
24:59 , it's not working. Right. . Because they're constantly taking measurements all
25:02 time of, you know, what, what are the, what's
25:05 , uh uh what is the how's the settling going in terms in
25:09 tank? Are we getting settling? which means, OK, we're getting
25:13 activity and, and so they, measure, you know, different types
25:16 nutrient levels and NP they measure in and, and all kinds of measurements
25:22 going on to make sure they're And so if there's an upset they're
25:26 see it. Right. And that's due to something toxic is, is
25:30 the spring coming in, knocks out bugs. And so that's where we
25:35 in. Right. We supplied different of bacterial mixtures to revive their
25:42 Right. Uh, but you um, you could go across
25:47 uh, um, um, with treatment plans are fairly numerous. So
25:54 a particular location, you could go a nearby facility and actually take some
26:01 that facility sludge, right? And it to inoculate your own system if
26:06 system is upset, right? This just like doing a a lab,
26:10 doing just a transfer, right? notating a liquid medium, right?
26:13 basically what this is, right? can take somebody else's activated sludge from
26:17 plant that's working well and use that your inoculum for your plant that maybe
26:22 temporarily not working so well. And can, that can get it going
26:26 . So there's different things you can , right? It's all just microbes
26:29 you're inoculated here and there. So um all right. So this
26:36 here is where we get into the part of this equation. OK.
26:41 promote in spring microbes knock down bod then get them to settle out.
26:47 . And so in wastewater treatment, promote the growth of these kinds of
26:56 that you see here, filamentous we call them, right? Uh
27:02 types, these branching filamentous types, ? Because these are gonna create a
27:07 of fibers basically, right? As , as you promote their growth and
27:12 , and then they also produce things uh it to produce and secrete things
27:16 um uh starchy type molecules. Um haven't talked about these yet. We
27:23 will starting Thursday uh things like Um Another one called PHB, which
27:30 a a fatty storage um product. so they kind of secrete these things
27:35 that kind of serves as a glue kind of hold this all together,
27:39 ? And that these are what we the flock flocculate, right? This
27:43 what I'm talking about is this OK? That's, and by
27:47 it settles down, right? that's how you, so you
27:50 you wanna promote good fluctuation, promote of these filamentous types. OK?
27:58 that's the beginning of getting good settling settles out. OK? Because remember
28:03 you don't have settling that, that is all bod, right? That's
28:08 organic material that contributes to bod. you gotta get it to settle
28:12 So you have clear or clearer water out. OK. So, um
28:20 so here's just an example of a test. This is done all the
28:25 in this business. OK? Um so here, of course, you
28:29 T equals zero with two different Um And so you see here on
28:37 side as you go down, How the water has become clearer compared
28:43 here. So you, you're having settling and there's, if you get
28:47 values, what's called the sludge volume , don't worry about that. But
28:52 the numbers tell you kind of how settling is occurring. So it's
28:55 are you getting settling and how fast it occurring? Right. So if
28:59 can do kind of these crude measurements get an idea of that, so
29:03 you want to have settling and optimally that occur rather quickly. OK.
29:10 , um and so again, back the, what's going on in
29:15 And so you got these kind of zones occurring. And um if you
29:20 have an event where the system gets , like something toxic has come
29:27 the first ones to be effective are a proto and see you see you
29:30 the microscope and you see, you it's basically devoid of protozoans or very
29:36 that probably means something's not, OK. And so because these,
29:41 presence of these guys are important, . Uh a metazoan, anybody know
29:46 a metazoan is? Are you a ? Yes, you're a medizone.
29:53 multi cellular, that's what metazoan OK. So this guy is a
29:59 and that's the water bear. So, and, and you
30:05 my background prior to this is all at bacteria under a microscope. So
30:10 you're ever looking at wastewater treatment that is a whole zoo unto
30:21 right? One of these things comes along bigger than the bacteria and then
30:32 holy shit. What it, the first time I saw that was
30:35 kind of scary. But, anyway, um, but you see
30:39 of these stock stock means they're, held down so to speak, they
30:45 move freely. Uh, you got swimming types here, but seeing these
30:51 is, is you're seeing a healthy typically. Ok, obviously, along
30:55 the bacterial types there. So, here's, here's what, here's the
31:01 of the proto zones and one of actually. So this is where you
31:04 the formation of. So these these types, right? And you get
31:09 network forming, you have these kind starchy and Fandy polymers form, that's
31:15 of the glue that holds it you trap other stuff in there as
31:18 . OK? And so you also these types, right? That's basically
31:24 swimming types. OK? So this is what you're gonna promote like
31:31 flo flo population that will settle. ? That's what you want, that
31:37 will settle out. OK? Um these guys will not, right?
31:43 swimming around. So you need to , have a way to knock them
31:46 too because again, all this is , you wanna knock it, you
31:51 get it out of your water. ? And so how do you get
31:56 of this? Well, that's where protozoans come. So your, your
32:00 ciliates, your free swimming, they're , they're doing a thing. Munching
32:05 these planktonic types that are swimming So that's, that's really one of
32:10 biggest contributions is to control the levels these guys. OK? And so
32:17 know, everything's working. All you got a nice healthy system.
32:21 ? Stuff settles out. You have clear effluent and you can discharge to
32:28 to make drinking water or what have . Ok? Um Any questions about
32:35 ? At least one treatment? So again, just a couple of
32:39 , right? Promote uh promote my uh aerobic respiration. The microbes that
32:46 that get turbulence in there get air in um finger. All right.
33:01 the second half of this is a cycle. OK. So we'll focus
33:06 that. Uh turn that on for rest of the time. OK.
33:15 remember with the nitrogen cycle or right? Each side represents different
33:25 OK? Um OK. Let's count . Have to answer email for
34:27 Sorry. OK. Um Version I to end into is that D
34:37 it's D OK. That's correct. one more. OK. This is
34:48 , that should be easy. I . OK. Ammonia, ammonia may
34:59 be the end product of which process processes. OK. Yeah.
35:48 All right. I'll just go ahead show it. I was gonna say
35:51 but let's see what we got. . That's what I thought. So
35:57 who picked? Who picked? Mm did you pick e OK. At
36:07 you're honest. I'll respect that. Why did you pick, what are
36:14 two? Hm. Yeah. Nitro, nitro nitrogen fixation and a
36:21 that you process it? Ok. knew everybody knew that, but it's
36:26 this. Ok. So I, of the cape to make ammonia,
36:35 ? So, or I guess that'd am moo generation. Maybe that would
36:41 anyway. So, uh, but , it, it means to make
36:45 . OK. It's actually how that's how you primarily get your nitrogen
36:50 through that process. OK. Um right. So I imagine the
36:56 So we this is a little bit a rehash, we talked about this
37:00 . So the many oxidation states of nitrogen, right? Uh more than
37:07 than any other element. And so all, so the whole continuum of
37:14 , right? Uh Lioy. So the oxidation of reduced nitrogen compounds,
37:25 the reduction of more oxidized forms, ? So the different sides of the
37:31 triangle. So the main thing here all these pathways are through pro caros
37:40 if not exclusively bacteria. OK. , so remember, you know,
37:47 importance of just the end molecule, ? We needed to for protein making
37:54 , making nucleic acids, right? cetera. So um obviously critical and
38:01 uh we need a different life on earth. Uses different, prefers different
38:07 of it. OK. Plants like . Uh we use ammonium as do
38:13 . So it depends. Ok. um obviously you have, you have
38:18 supply it and what supplies are these of different types of bacteria?
38:24 So, um ok, so obviously in it is a abundant in the
38:33 , right? Almost 80%. And the N two that comes into the
38:41 , um whether aquatic uh terrestrial, 90% of that 90% of this,
38:51 . That is its fixed, Which means it's converted into a usable
39:01 , right? Ammonia, right? then that can go just other other
39:05 but ammonia is, is the entry . OK. Um So 10% right
39:15 be 90% is fixed through bacteria. ? That's the the um nitro
39:22 symbiotic, mostly symbiotic, nitrogen fixers it into the, bring it into
39:28 environment. OK? 10% of it actually fixed through strictly a biotic needs
39:38 uh lightning can actually be a Um Lightning and um oh what's the
39:47 one? Lightening? And UV, is the other one. UV.
39:52 lightening can catalyze two formation from I it's nitric oxide, you know,
39:59 , and that happens in the atmosphere again, 01, only 90% is
40:03 bacteria bringing it in. And so he correct, correct here is not
40:11 , but Haber Bosch process don't worry it. Um has been around for
40:16 and 20 something years, I And it's still the way uh commercial
40:23 are made using that process. It uses um so this contrast,
40:29 strictly a biotic chemical process nitrogen plus moles of hydrogen to make ammonia with
40:41 biological nitro fixation night and day because process requires uh several atmospheres of
40:51 Uh uh a catalyst, a I think a platinum catalyst or something
40:57 uh temperature extremes. So very extreme to make this OK, compared to
41:03 bad action fixation which occurs at moderate . OK. So, um so
41:11 , it's very helpful to have arrows of just straight lines. So you
41:15 of see that it's a direction that's right? So atmospheric into fixed to
41:23 , ammonia can be oxidized through um nitrate, nitrate. So
41:30 so it's the metabolisms right? Here's little trophy. Um Here's anaerobic
41:36 right? So using these forms as acceptor, right? Res anaerobic
41:44 OK. Here using these as a , right, oxidizing it, they're
41:51 donors to a process. OK. um so a modification. So this
42:01 basically comes from the primarily from the of proteins, break down proteins,
42:07 release ammonia, right? Amino acids an H two on it,
42:11 So you break proteins down, you ammonia. That's I remember how we
42:15 our nitrogen uh in breaking down things eat. OK. Uh Others do
42:20 well. And so we're gonna see there's there's processes that can be.
42:24 remember the terms assimilate and dissimulator. it's in a simulator process. It's
42:31 on, it's hanging on to that , in the process it becomes part
42:36 the organisms being OK? If it's , it's let go. OK.
42:43 others around it can use it, it itself is not using so
42:49 OK? And we're gonna see both play a part here.
42:53 So measure fixation um again, as , 90% of the N two coming
42:59 earth that's, you know, becomes in form of ammonia is through biological
43:05 . OK? And so the enzyme the bacteria that have it my charge
43:11 , very oxygen sensitive, right? it's a very, it's an anaerobic
43:18 . OK? And requires a ton energy. A TPS and a
43:24 OK. And um but it is of these features that uh we'll talk
43:33 this in a month or so horizontal transfer. OK. So you can
43:41 um the like cell division of the , right? So the DNA parent
43:52 divides in that same DNA. That is in both daughter cells,
43:58 That's vertical transmission, right? Parent child, think of it that
44:02 OK. But other members of the that are here can also pants
44:14 yeah, back and forth, Horizontal gene transfer, conjugation transformation,
44:22 um transformation. Um What's the third transduction using a virus? OK.
44:34 this is how bacteria can get genetic , right? By sharing genes with
44:39 members as closely related, maybe not close related. So that's how you
44:45 among these different types have acquired this to fix in too OK through you
44:52 passage of these genes this way because are very widely different types,
44:58 A dream is a gram positive and four former sumo is a gram
45:04 Um I get a hubs yellow gram , a potato Arab, so widely
45:13 types. But yet they have this in common, this feature in
45:16 So and many others you can add the list. OK. So uh
45:23 , so you can have what it's tree living. So just an organism
45:27 itself, bacteria by itself fixes OK? But the biggest contribution in
45:34 of into the environment is through nitro fixation, a plant bacterium
45:41 endo and endo symbiosis, right? so rsoi is one of the main
45:47 among others, but this is one the main ones that does this.
45:51 . And so the human is things like soybeans, peanuts, um
46:00 , even clo like 40 clovers, those new it too and several
46:05 So this intimate association creates these formation nodules on the plant roots.
46:13 Um And that's what you see. me erase this over here. That's
46:17 you see uh over and over Let me add that in,
46:27 OK. So that's what you see . The little bulbous things on the
46:32 , that's the nodules. That's where bacteria are in that are doing the
46:37 fixation. Of course, they pull plant out there to show you
46:41 But that's where they occur. And so in cyanobacteria, right?
46:47 photo water, right? It has specialized structures, every 10 cells,
46:55 ? So these cells here consider uh like the vegetative cells, right?
47:01 the ones that, that um OK? But every 10th 1 is
47:06 hetero. OK? And that's where two fixation occurs. OK? And
47:12 that way because, because photosynthesis, way santa bacteria generates 02 that would
47:20 the N two fixing reaction. So put it, make a hetero assists
47:25 then that's, that's only two So now it's protected from the effects
47:29 oxygen. All right. So that's why it does it that
47:32 OK. And so, um and I'm just, I'm just showing you
47:38 , I'm not gonna, I don't you to know the details of
47:41 I just wanted to kind of, know, what do you know about
47:43 fixation? Well, it's how N comes in right to an environment.
47:49 Symbiotic types are the primary ones that this about uh it, the nitrogen
47:56 , right? That's, that's the that does the fixing, right?
47:59 energy requiring process. Those are the main things, right? And
48:03 to oxygen. Those are the main . But I figured since we're
48:06 let's just kind of show you what's on in terms of relationship.
48:11 So uh again, it's all right? Attractions to bring, bring
48:16 bacteria in the soil and the plants and it, and it's specific for
48:20 species, plant, species specific. . And a big part of this
48:26 the curling of the root hairs, ? That's what promotes the infection of
48:32 plant. OK. And within, you see these structures here, these
48:38 what we call bacteroides. That's actually the equivalent of what these would be
48:44 in these no modules here. Would be these things. OK?
48:52 so it's basically, it's a differentiated that just fixes in too.
48:57 And so within that bactero, you one right here, OK? That's
49:04 of these. OK? And uh see how 02 right is out kept
49:13 of the bactero because the, I can tell you it's not,
49:19 the, the font is too small . But here is your nitrogen being
49:23 down here. That's better. Hold on. There we go.
49:29 , perfect. All right. So is um the nitrogen coming in fixed
49:34 NH three. Then it can be by the bacterium and the, and
49:37 plant. OK? But this enzyme very similar to hemoglobin in your blood
49:45 . So remember what hemoglobin does, ? Bins oxygen, right? That's
49:48 it does in your lungs. Uh so here, this purpose is to
49:52 of keep oxygen levels low or none here to kind of keep it away
49:57 the vector so that this process can going. And so, you
50:02 of course, the tremendous amount of , right? 16, right?
50:06 A TPS. That's a lot of , right? Four and 88.
50:11 very energy expensive process and sensitive to . Ok. But you find these
50:21 , nitrogen fixing plants. Um I tried that. There we
50:27 Ok. Uh Here we go. . So you find these plants typically
50:36 nutrient poor soils, you can grow plants in sandy soil, right?
50:42 And so because they've got their own source, basically right through the symbiotic
50:48 fixation. So these plants can often in areas that aren't really where other
50:53 can't really live because they've got their portable in two sources nitrogen source.
50:59 . Um OK. So that's so , so the bottom side, the
51:05 side of the triangle now. So notification we talked about this
51:09 right? So there's actually uh two . This one and this one catalyzed
51:17 two different bacterial types, nitrous and backer does that one. OK.
51:23 don't, I'm not aware of a that does both in the same
51:27 So they're both create up by different . OK. Um In general.
51:33 OK. So in a simulator OK. So again, taking nitrate
51:41 ammonia, right? So it's gonna it into its amino acids, make
51:45 , right? So it's assimilating it . We also have a dissimulator process
51:51 denitrification and that's where you get rid it. Eventually the N two.
51:57 ? Um And we've talked about the , right? Nitrate, nitrate um
52:05 , the no three, right? um if it's not utilized whether through
52:11 electrification or through assimilation, the NNO itself is actually toxic, right?
52:18 so uh you don't want to drink with levels of nitrate in it,
52:23 ? Because it can form, you comm mine with organic chemicals and make
52:28 compounds. It can uh nitrate just drinking two high levels of it
52:33 , is toxic as well. So has bad effects. So you'd like
52:36 get rid of it if you can certain ways, there's certain ways you
52:40 do that. Um So, and talked about UTR already, the uh
52:48 be application, we talked about that , right? So that's a dissimulator
52:52 , right? You can, you , N two leaves the, at
52:55 goes into the atmosphere. OK? so um the production of N
53:04 OK? That's part of that So that actually is a very potent
53:09 gas, I think more so than . We talked about um another one
53:15 uh methano, right? So methane 20 which are both very strong greenhouse
53:23 . OK? Um And so you kind of can, can see the
53:29 in the context of, of these talked about before, right? There's
53:35 zones of hypoxia that occur. And so here's an example on the
53:41 slide, we'll see this. Uh again, here's the type of activity
53:46 see nitrate reduction to ammonia, But H two remember that hydrogen
53:55 right? So H two, that's really good energy releaser, right?
54:02 you combine that with the reduction of to produce ammonia. OK. And
54:09 uh this occurs in areas where anaerobic rich in organic carbon. OK.
54:18 why that's important is anaerobic enrich in carbon. Typically fermentation occur under those
54:27 . OK. And uh that can to release of hydrogen gas is often
54:33 a byproduct of fermentation. Um And that provides a source for that can
54:39 used as a energy source to fuel reaction. OK. And so this
54:45 uh it doesn't occur in all times it, it's under certain conditions.
54:49 , you can see this activity as . OK. But basically seeing different
54:54 in which these nitrogen compounds can be . OK. Um And this is
54:59 that will get, get rid of forming ammonia that can be used by
55:04 as a nitrogen source. OK. , back to this here.
55:10 So here's just an example of up coast of India. OK. Uh
55:16 study done where there was a um think influx of pollutants of certain
55:22 high organic content, high bod. . So remember that that gets eaten
55:29 aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, reducing the oxygen in the water, right? Creating
55:35 dead zones. OK. Well, you, in addition to that have
55:43 runoff, OK. There comes your right? Nitrate source. Now you
55:52 that entering into anaerobic waters. There your deification. OK. So here
56:01 uh no three goes down as it , we form nitrite, right?
56:06 just going following that path, And then um N trite gets used
56:12 down and then N two appears, ? So N two is a very
56:17 greenhouse gas has effect on the ozone . So, um again, correlating
56:23 , you know, this influx of bod coupled with fertilizer runoff,
56:29 So again, all man manmade right, man, men doing the
56:35 here to create ultimately um through the of these bacteria, of course,
56:40 production of these greenhouse gasses. So, and that can be
56:45 you know, in terms of, know, depending on how much influx
56:48 materials coming in here, that can a significant number. OK. So
56:57 all right. And so the last I think is the last one,
57:04 a track and sub what we just about here, right? Gentrification,
57:12 ? That was thought to be the way that nitrogen goes back to the
57:20 . OK? For decades. That the process that was thought to be
57:25 main one. OK? Until about years ago when this process was
57:33 OK. Um Animo reaction OK. ammonia is oxidized. OK. And
57:45 is reduced. OK to and OK. So this is now known
57:56 be the, we see this everywhere , in oceans, in terrestrial environments
58:02 bacteria are doing this reaction and, the bulk of the N two going
58:06 to the atmosphere is through this Not, not the notification.
58:13 So, um and so the bacteria do this, these are kind of
58:19 odd bacteria. They don't have a wall, they kind of they have
58:24 compartments, they're kind of blobby type and they have compartments, very visible
58:32 where they do this a reaction in . OK. So a very kind
58:38 AAA relatively new newly discovered group, they have some of these odd
58:44 OK. In that case, very metabolism creates generates mostly into going back
58:50 the environment. OK? Atmosphere. OK. So John through all these
59:00 any questions about this, OK. . So again, you know,
59:06 visualize this in terms of the right and put arrows on the
59:15 So like not two, not right in the back that way and
59:22 what you know this side of the right over here. The All right
59:29 , all right, that's denitrification on side, right? And then we
59:34 fixation on this side, right? nitrification on that side. So you
59:43 , I like a little triangle, what each side does. OK.
59:49 I think there are no questions, that's gonna leave early. 15 minutes
59:56 . All right, 15 more minutes study for
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