| 00:00 | OK. So as I was uh we're, we're looking at de |
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| 00:04 | here in this uh in this we go this way, OK. |
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| 00:10 | essentially what's going on here. So deification represents anaerobic respiration. |
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| 00:17 | So, deification is what's what's the using as a terminal acceptor, |
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| 00:22 | Nitrate. NRI NRI is something right? And so we call it |
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| 00:27 | notification because we're getting rid of Ultimately two leaves the environment. |
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| 00:35 | So electrification, it is not necessarily good thing because it rids the the |
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| 00:41 | of nitrogen. OK. Thankfully, balanced by fixation. So there's bacteria |
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| 00:48 | can fix into and return it into environment. OK. So uh so |
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| 00:54 | there's a certain environmental factors will promote of these sides of the triangle, |
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| 01:01 | ? Human activity actually influences particularly Nr in Venus protect. So it's human |
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| 01:08 | combined with global climate change will kind make these more excessive than they would |
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| 01:15 | be. And we'll talk about that . But um and so the other |
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| 01:19 | here is assimilated processes. So if processes get rid of something like into |
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| 01:27 | in the atmosphere, a dis a assimilation process the, the, the |
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| 01:33 | cells hold on to it. they produce and then keep it |
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| 01:37 | And use it. OK. So kind of assim toy process, the |
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| 01:42 | metabolism that produces the whatever it is holds on to it, assimilates, |
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| 01:46 | , it uses it for its own . OK. Um OK. So |
|
| 01:54 | , so like I mentioned identifications in respiration because that's what we're focused on |
|
| 01:58 | now. Different mentioned compounds that can used as a term of acceptor in |
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| 02:04 | . Um And so, as mentioned , the ammonia to nitrate, |
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| 02:10 | that's little trophy. That's, that's part of the equation to source, |
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| 02:21 | ? That's this would be that these over here, the acceptor, |
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| 02:32 | That the electrons are flowing too. . Anaerobic respiration. So um |
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| 02:38 | Sulfur forms. OK. So we're focused on uh anaerobic respiration using |
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| 02:46 | sulfur forms as a terminal acceptor. . And again, as I said |
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| 02:51 | , it's very common in marine particularly if you're familiar with um these |
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| 02:57 | vents, think of them as underwater in the depths of oceans spewing out |
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| 03:03 | lava and gasses, um gasses containing like co2 um uh sulfur compounds uh |
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| 03:15 | . And typically when these in these , the smoke coming out is just |
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| 03:19 | thick black smoke, they call these , black smokers for that reason. |
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| 03:25 | very active uh also very hot as can imagine the volcano, right? |
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| 03:30 | a lot of it it's gonna be hot that you'll have a um range |
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| 03:37 | , of different um tolerances to that . Uh So you around the |
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| 03:41 | you kind of see hyper themo files the mouth. Uh then thermo files |
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| 03:46 | meso files farther away, kind of living together there. And then um |
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| 03:52 | then you have this sulfur activity. . So things like uh H two |
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| 04:00 | and spewing out can serve as a . And so this is uh litho |
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| 04:06 | , right? Sulfur oxidation hydrogen to two, right? These are all |
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| 04:11 | forms of litho trophy here. And then the end products like |
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| 04:15 | for example, can serve as a for um uh anaerobic restoration, |
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| 04:23 | This becomes reduced back to H two . So all with the point here |
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| 04:28 | this term here. Uh So for Sye, yeah. Is that which |
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| 04:35 | basically feeding together, right? So in uh environmental areas like this, |
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| 04:42 | , they're not living as pure right? They're living in concert with |
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| 04:45 | these other microbes and activities uh using somebody else has made. Uh And |
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| 04:52 | it makes something that somebody else So kind of all feeding together, |
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| 04:55 | what we call central feeding. So kind of these, these environments are |
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| 04:59 | rich in kind of that activity. two are things like land landfills, |
|
| 05:03 | see lots of trophy going on. . Um Because there's like a diversity |
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| 05:08 | different chemicals being formed that different metabolisms use. And so you kind of |
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| 05:15 | all these coming coming together. So um and so you do |
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| 05:21 | you know, not just micros, you see associations between these types and |
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| 05:26 | things. These are called giant tube . OK? See one right here |
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| 05:32 | they represent an association be between um so metabolizing types um inside these, |
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| 05:41 | creatures and um the, the, those that are um litho troops, |
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| 05:50 | ? Like these sulfur oxidizers. These are um they fix CO2, they're |
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| 05:58 | trolls, right? So these worms in the sulfur rich environment, uh |
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| 06:03 | , they get the bacteria, get from the sulfur metabolism and then fix |
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| 06:09 | produce organic molecules. And that's what these worms, that's the benefit they |
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| 06:14 | uh is is that and so you can see around these vents like |
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| 06:20 | fields, size fields of these worms you know, doing their thing. |
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| 06:27 | ? It's waving like a like a um wheat field or something, |
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| 06:31 | Full of these worms. And so due to these symbiotic relationships with these |
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| 06:36 | particular sulfur metabol types. OK. um OK. Any questions, |
|
| 06:46 | OK. OK. So this simulator reduction. So again, this word |
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| 06:52 | toy. OK. So what that is the metabolism is going to get |
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| 06:57 | of the molecule. But um that then is free to be used by |
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| 07:03 | in the environment and that becomes important um these kinds of like a wetland |
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| 07:10 | , uh sediments of various aquatic environments where you see these activities uh using |
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| 07:17 | metal ions, right, as a acceptor, OK. Manganese, |
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| 07:23 | OK. And so there's always gonna some kind of a hierarchy of these |
|
| 07:28 | . OK. So in these uh you can see the reduction |
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| 07:35 | OK. And when you go out the field and you want to kind |
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| 07:39 | assess the the that's the right Um You wanna assess the metabolic potential |
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| 07:49 | the environment. I can't think of better word that you, you have |
|
| 07:53 | kinds of uh little kits to measure like nitrogen and sulfur, which you |
|
| 07:58 | , you tend to be limiting nutrients the environment. Um uh and also |
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| 08:03 | like oxygen levels. But the way can measure that is uh with a |
|
| 08:07 | called a redox probe, right? you're actually measuring this reduction potential, |
|
| 08:14 | ? And so if you have a if you stick the probe in the |
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| 08:19 | and it comes back as a very reduction potential, that's telling you that |
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| 08:23 | is, is quite anaerobic. All . So you should expect to see |
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| 08:27 | types of metabolisms like fly fermentation, respiration, and the and the degree |
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| 08:34 | the the the value itself can tell kind of maybe what the preferred acceptors |
|
| 08:43 | , right? Because remember each of has a particular reduction potential, |
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| 08:50 | So, so the production potential of environment is of, is plus |
|
| 08:55 | That's telling you, oh, this oxygen. It, it, it's |
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| 08:58 | , it's aerobic here, but it's you something that's uh I can't remember |
|
| 09:02 | numbers off the top of my but it was something like a, |
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| 09:05 | plus plus uh 100. That's telling that something different other than option probably |
|
| 09:12 | . OK. So I can tell that 10 degree of how anaerobic the |
|
| 09:16 | is. And so obviously things at , this is the top. |
|
| 09:22 | So naturally um +02, that's where gonna be mo most problem. So |
|
| 09:27 | gonna have your aerobic activity is gonna at the top where it's in contact |
|
| 09:31 | air, right? Compared to different below gets more anaerobic. OK? |
|
| 09:37 | this is kind of showing you kind how, what the order is, |
|
| 09:41 | ? And it's all based on reduction here, right? Each particular reduction |
|
| 09:47 | suits a particular acceptor. OK? that's what you're gonna see at each |
|
| 09:52 | . OK? And so, uh again, just to reiterate what we're |
|
| 09:57 | at here is a aerobic respiration, ? We're focused on what's the |
|
| 10:02 | right? What's the acceptor at the ? OK. And so things like |
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| 10:07 | and iron, those metabolisms can provide it's disseminator, right? Dissimulator, |
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| 10:15 | gets rid of it, but that these are free then to be used |
|
| 10:20 | others in the ecosystem, right? , these are very important. Uh |
|
| 10:25 | is super important, right? We saw it's, it's found in lots |
|
| 10:28 | red dots molecules, uh other nutrients and iron is a very important nutrient |
|
| 10:33 | particularly the form it's in, because some forms are more soluble than |
|
| 10:38 | . So uh manganese as well is in a coenzyme and different metabolic |
|
| 10:44 | So both very important uh for And so when these are available, |
|
| 10:50 | that can really um enhance the the and growth of lots of types in |
|
| 10:55 | area. So it's it's a good to, to be able to do |
|
| 10:58 | . OK. Provide these nutrients that otherwise might not uh get from these |
|
| 11:03 | of metabolisms which um OK. Any ? OK. So all we've been |
|
| 11:13 | about so far is really the the concept of, of, you |
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| 11:18 | the donor acceptor, right? What you put up front that become oxidized |
|
| 11:22 | better at that others at the end are better at receiving electrons. And |
|
| 11:26 | just looking at that concept in this context. So there's nitrogen compounds |
|
| 11:31 | sulfur compounds there. And the kind the environments you find those in the |
|
| 11:36 | thing is, you know, strong don't accept their energy release. |
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| 11:41 | And that can fuel different metabolisms in areas and et cetera. OK. |
|
| 11:46 | And so do you remember the assimilated, whatever comes after the |
|
| 11:53 | OK. Dissimulator means the the entity uh that produced the molecule gets rid |
|
| 12:02 | it, but others can use Asim toy. It has produced something |
|
| 12:06 | its metabolism and then use it holds to it that assimilates it into its |
|
| 12:12 | . Yeah. All right. So look at this question, read this |
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| 12:17 | I ask again if anybody has a or anything. So it's one of |
|
| 12:26 | before and after. So we'll see again here in a few minutes. |
|
| 12:33 | ? Um Do as best you we'll revisit. So as we um |
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| 12:42 | the page here, so to uh we've been focused on. So |
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| 12:49 | if there's one thing you'd be able do at the end of the semester |
|
| 12:52 | draw that little box, right? transport system source, et cetera, |
|
| 12:56 | ? If we get anything out of , you probably have that burn into |
|
| 12:59 | brain, whether you like it or . Um So it's back to that |
|
| 13:03 | again, right? So here about focus on what's up front, |
|
| 13:08 | Litho troops, right? What's feeding process? OK. So, of |
|
| 13:13 | , we're looking at more reduced molecules have electrons to spare. Um |
|
| 13:24 | Let's count down here. I eat of sin. Yeah. Hm. |
|
| 13:40 | . We'll see. All right, move on. We'll revisit that in |
|
| 13:44 | second. All right. So shifting Litho trophy and photo, photo |
|
| 13:50 | save that for Monday, but this a trophy. Um So again, |
|
| 13:56 | yielding reactions, right? Inorganic, ? Inorganic compounds. OK. Uh |
|
| 14:03 | CEPT, right. So here. right, let me make sure here |
|
| 14:10 | , we're focused on this right now these things as sources for the |
|
| 14:15 | But back here can be multiple right? 02, no three. |
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| 14:22 | lit tropy can occur aerobically or OK. One way or the |
|
| 14:27 | the other thing is uh uh one is the, is the energy |
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| 14:33 | The other thing is the carbon can't that. right? So these are |
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| 14:36 | we call them chemo Autotrophic, Demo Autos use Fix Co2, |
|
| 14:45 | And so meta agenesis is kind of own box, so to speak. |
|
| 14:51 | It uses H two. OK. certainly what the litho lithro would |
|
| 14:56 | Uh but combines that energy release with as an acceptor. OK. Forming |
|
| 15:03 | . OK. So Methano Genesis is a a metabolism of certain groups of |
|
| 15:11 | kea, right? Of these They ah hold on a sorry, |
|
| 15:21 | pen just went out. I don't how a digital pain can go out |
|
| 15:26 | it did. OK. Um there we go. Our I always |
|
| 15:32 | this spelled wrong RFC EAE or is R is that RJ Rarchae A |
|
| 15:46 | The brain cramp on that one. Archia. OK. Uh The |
|
| 15:50 | that's what does mass OK. I it's this one. Yeah, I |
|
| 15:56 | spell check that anyway. All So um so um let's look at |
|
| 16:05 | here. And so again, I in terms of that OK, respiration |
|
| 16:10 | of a terminal accept, which is we are. Uh we looked at |
|
| 16:16 | in anaerobic respiration. Now, we're at this part of it. |
|
| 16:20 | And so remember we're gonna see the molecules here in some cases, different |
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| 16:24 | different nitrogen compounds, different sulfur compounds fill the role here. OK. |
|
| 16:30 | remember, respiration is respiration, aerobic , you still have all this going |
|
| 16:36 | and you got this going on. . Um All right. This |
|
| 16:42 | OK. So uh we saw previously the nitrogen triangle, right? That |
|
| 16:48 | rungs litho trophy ammonia to oxidize to like ni nitrate, nitrate. Uh |
|
| 16:55 | environmental perspective, um the pro we're in the process um acidic compounds, |
|
| 17:05 | ? Uh nitric acid, nitrous nitric acid. These are acidic. |
|
| 17:10 | ? And so um uh agriculturally uh , nitrogen source comes from fertilizers. |
|
| 17:22 | ? And if you're over fertilize, can, you can generate lots of |
|
| 17:26 | activity because the bacteria in the soil as a by product can become very |
|
| 17:31 | . And so soil acidity is can a problem because not every, not |
|
| 17:36 | plants that grow and they're like OK. So that can restrict what |
|
| 17:39 | be growing in the soil. over fertilizing, that's one of |
|
| 17:44 | one of the concerns you have is changing the ph of the whole um |
|
| 17:49 | . Um And so the sulfur oxidation very often. So you see what |
|
| 17:57 | generating here is also acidic, If you, if uh bacterium is |
|
| 18:01 | that oxidizes H two S to all sulfate sulfuric acid, these are things |
|
| 18:08 | live in acidic environments because that's what producing very acidic in products. |
|
| 18:13 | uh a lot of times these are Ar Kia that are in this |
|
| 18:17 | with chemo files. And so you'll them uh growing at ph two ph |
|
| 18:22 | because they're uh acid tolerant. actually, they're acidophilic, they love |
|
| 18:27 | and they can, they can only in those really acidic conditions, but |
|
| 18:30 | obviously a by product of their me . Uh But also in terms of |
|
| 18:36 | the environment and how it can affect is the oxidation of sulfur, the |
|
| 18:43 | of iron. OK. So we a lot of our infrastructure here in |
|
| 18:48 | states and elsewhere. Uh We have lot of iron structures that were built |
|
| 18:54 | ago that still exist. And we , think of bridges and things, |
|
| 18:58 | know, especially those that are uh know, parts that are in the |
|
| 19:02 | submerged in water. So the iron react with sulfur metabolizing types in the |
|
| 19:08 | and um basically oxidize the iron and constitute corrode. And so there's |
|
| 19:14 | certainly been issues where bridges and other have collapsed because of this, uh |
|
| 19:20 | continual corrosion that occurs through the sulfur iron, uh iron oxidation sulfur |
|
| 19:27 | So, backwards sulfur oxidation iron So, um anyway, so this |
|
| 19:32 | it of course, creates a city well. So all combines to kind |
|
| 19:36 | weaken these iron structures. And um the uh OK. So this |
|
| 19:42 | just to show you kind of the of since we talked about restoration and |
|
| 19:49 | litho tropy and these different nitrogen and molecules and kind of what's some are |
|
| 19:55 | at some things, some are better other things. How do they all |
|
| 19:58 | up? So this is kind of all in one. Here's the roles |
|
| 20:02 | these things. OK. So it's all based on what's the, |
|
| 20:08 | oxidized or reduced to the molecule, ? So the more reduced forms like |
|
| 20:13 | would become oxidized tonight, trite and trait, all right, that's, |
|
| 20:17 | litho trophy. So it can be . OK. Then it goes to |
|
| 20:24 | , then we, we've then um those reduced compounds and oxidized them, |
|
| 20:30 | more oxidized forms now serve as terminal . So now the role goes to |
|
| 20:36 | end of electronic transfer chain for right? And so there's several of |
|
| 20:42 | processes uh ending up with N OK. So essentially we're looking at |
|
| 20:48 | nitrogen triangle, the triangle is laid flat. OK. So here's, |
|
| 20:54 | the bottom rung of the triangle. right, here's the side, |
|
| 21:00 | And now we're gonna close the loop like that because N two can be |
|
| 21:07 | in ammonia. So it kind of the loop there. OK. So |
|
| 21:11 | activities, OK? Then same with , right? We don't have a |
|
| 21:17 | triangle. They don't call it that least. But um so it's the |
|
| 21:21 | principle, right, more reduced compound sources broken down oxidized and then the |
|
| 21:29 | red uh oxidized forms serve as right, a aerobic respiration. And |
|
| 21:33 | of course, we see here and . OK. So kind of continuum |
|
| 21:40 | these things. OK. Um So with hydrogen atrophy, OK, |
|
| 21:50 | is uh this is my, obviously it relates to, of course, |
|
| 21:56 | hydrogen, as I mentioned already a times, using high oxide hydrogen is |
|
| 22:01 | really good way to get energy and of bacteria do it. OK? |
|
| 22:05 | so we call them, we call hydrogen atrophy because it, it it |
|
| 22:12 | itself is a is lit trophy, ? It's an inorganic material used to |
|
| 22:18 | energy from, but we call it trophy to kind of include those that |
|
| 22:26 | lithos but still use it. So E coli e coli, you wouldn't |
|
| 22:30 | litho because it it does bica system , it ferments, right? It |
|
| 22:35 | to get carbon from from big organic like glucose and things, but it |
|
| 22:40 | do the hydrogen reaction, right? even though it's not litho, so |
|
| 22:46 | kind of how we call it hydrogen because it's become more all encompassing, |
|
| 22:50 | in itself, obviously, this is lit atrophic metabolism but because many that |
|
| 22:57 | lithos can do it, we kind refer to it as hydro trophies. |
|
| 23:01 | kind of one of those terminology OK. Uh But because it's so |
|
| 23:07 | and and efficient and energy producing, I said, you see different |
|
| 23:11 | you see completely um uh in right? Or you see a combination |
|
| 23:18 | organic and uh here, right? and then H two reducing fumarate, |
|
| 23:24 | hydrogen, different combinations, right? You don't typically see with other sources |
|
| 23:31 | ammonia or, or H two S ? H two is kind of unique |
|
| 23:37 | that way. OK. Um And of course, Methano Methano Truth |
|
| 23:44 | excuse me. Um right here. . Use the H hydrogen oxidation to |
|
| 23:53 | CO2. So remember how bad CO2 an acceptor, right? It was |
|
| 23:57 | the very top of the list, , the worst. OK. Um |
|
| 24:02 | the reduction potential table. And so Methano Methano can make it work because |
|
| 24:09 | have a really good energy uh provider two oxidation. But also they tend |
|
| 24:15 | be environments in environments where CO2 levels be high. OK. So |
|
| 24:21 | right, the things that influence delta , right, the reactants and pro |
|
| 24:27 | ratio, right? So they they often environments where CO2 levels are high |
|
| 24:31 | that can further make this go. . And so uh Mealo Genesis is |
|
| 24:38 | four is a more potent greenhouse gas CO2 in terms of climate change. |
|
| 24:44 | This is one that's, that's certainly problem when you think of uh what's |
|
| 24:49 | , what's the main source for methane planet Earth? What's the main |
|
| 24:55 | not humans, cows? I think the cattle on planet Earth, all |
|
| 25:01 | the world, right? And the coming out of them, right. |
|
| 25:07 | , um, but thankfully, there's a, a process that can balance |
|
| 25:12 | out, right? Methano troops then eat the methane, right? |
|
| 25:17 | um, so you can kind of balance it out. I don't know |
|
| 25:20 | prevalent meal trophy is, but you have uh an opposite process there. |
|
| 25:27 | . So, um all right, uh let's look at the after |
|
| 25:32 | So while you're looking at this, you changed your mind, maybe you |
|
| 25:35 | . Ok. Um Are there any ? Ok. So remember we got |
|
| 25:46 | quiz Friday, right? Focused on . Ok. 14 stuff. Uh |
|
| 25:55 | think of questions. Email from my hours. Yeah, that's right. |
|
| 26:24 | . All right. 321. it's e all right. All |
|
| 26:34 | folks have a good weekend. Happy Bowl, whatever. Uh oh, |
|
| 26:42 | you think about it? Feel about |
|
