| 00:06 | Mhm. Hey folks welcome. Um today we're just continuing unit two. |
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| 00:29 | we're gonna finish up part one and get into part two of viruses which |
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| 00:34 | mainly focused on life cycles. Um uh resume again quizzes, weekly quizzes |
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| 00:44 | smart work so it'll be due next . Um so we'll do that. |
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| 00:50 | exam is quite a ways away. 24. So um of course you |
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| 00:56 | spring break in the middle there. um so regarding exam one I meant |
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| 01:05 | I posted the distribution on blackboard folder exam distribution. So um overall I |
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| 01:14 | it was you know fairly good. mean it was I think it was |
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| 01:19 | was like a 71 average I Um And so that's kind of what |
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| 01:28 | chewed for. So 70 plus or +23 points somewhere in that range. |
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| 01:34 | so I um usually hit it and I have not hit it in a |
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| 01:40 | long time. So again it was 6 70.79 or something like that. |
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| 01:46 | so um so a couple of things just mention um one is uh what |
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| 01:55 | did. Okay the first thing is final exam here is of course exam |
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| 02:01 | which is it's not comprehensive. Just exam as its own thing covering a |
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| 02:07 | of the course. Okay so you be asked any questions regarding unit one |
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| 02:12 | ? Okay uh Number two um Some the concepts though in chapter four certainly |
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| 02:22 | be relevant to check from 13 and . We'll talk about here Starting Thursday |
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| 02:28 | week but no specific questions from Unit . So um number two is uh |
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| 02:35 | you did good. Okay bad. your opinion was, if you're examining |
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| 02:42 | , have a certain degree of amnesia you happen to see that material |
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| 02:48 | But so now your focus is on this right exam too. Okay, |
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| 02:56 | forget about what happened in exam It's yeah, I'm sorry, it |
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| 03:02 | help if I did that. There we go. So thanks. |
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| 03:08 | focus on examples. Okay, that's goal and uh do not. And |
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| 03:15 | say this whether it be good or because it be good, it might |
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| 03:18 | overconfident okay which is fine but you , just stay the course, do |
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| 03:23 | you whatever you did for example and doing that. Okay. And so |
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| 03:29 | for those who didn't meet expectations were happy for by pleading on my knees |
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| 03:37 | you do not do what you did first time. Okay. Whatever you |
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| 03:40 | , you did the first time. it led to not very good |
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| 03:44 | it's gonna lead to not very good again. Alright, this is not |
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| 03:48 | first rodeo, I've been doing this 20 years, I've seen it all |
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| 03:53 | and that's again, if somebody that a 30 in exam one and that's |
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| 03:58 | same exact thing. Exam two score close to a third. Okay so |
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| 04:02 | gotta change it up. Got Okay so um so look at and |
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| 04:10 | gonna put this in the link on next email coming out thursday that there |
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| 04:15 | a 10 minute segment in the day lecture, january 1 17 23. |
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| 04:21 | , I go over the whole, , I'm gonna put that link in |
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| 04:26 | email, so if you have a about it you can look at |
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| 04:29 | the section in the syllabus okay? but also look at it, you |
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| 04:34 | have questions that's fine and we can it. Okay? But the bottom |
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| 04:39 | is you gotta change something up if didn't do well the first time. |
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| 04:44 | so um and I'm happy to so just uh give me a chance |
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| 04:50 | look at what I say on the , I'll basically tell you the same |
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| 04:53 | in person. So look at that and any of your questions let me |
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| 04:56 | . Okay um So yeah if you to look at me again, all |
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| 05:02 | do is just come to office hours arrange a time I'm available to be |
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| 05:09 | office hours. So just let me if we can figure that out, |
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| 05:13 | can go over the exam. Okay that's um that's what I had, |
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| 05:20 | again the purpose now is You've got , you're focused on exam two. |
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| 05:26 | ? Um and and there is no really no patterns in front of people |
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| 05:31 | me if somebody not so well in one do they do well too? |
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| 05:36 | have never seen any kind of It's all kind of random people do |
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| 05:40 | on one bomb to do well on bad on one. Do well on |
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| 05:44 | do well on all four g. do well in any other exams. |
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| 05:47 | no pattern. Okay. Um I I had to pick, I'd say |
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| 05:53 | because of the nature of the the unit to stuff its metabolism. |
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| 05:59 | kind of tend to run screaming to doors when they hear about biochemistry and |
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| 06:02 | . So, but I mean, make it, you know, I |
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| 06:06 | make it like six level chemistry. what I could. But it's um |
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| 06:12 | a you'll see as we do I mean, I'm not trying to |
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| 06:15 | it any more complex than it In fact, I'm trying to make |
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| 06:18 | easy. So but that can But again, people do well on |
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| 06:22 | . It's very random. The whole for the for exams. So, |
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| 06:26 | , if you are one that maybe with about chemistry chemistry, although we're |
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| 06:30 | going it's not gonna be about chemistry , but it's gonna be I gotta |
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| 06:34 | have to understand it all right. have to understand the material, but |
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| 06:38 | go through it in a way that is not uh you know, that's |
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| 06:44 | You can handle. Okay. And can handle. Okay. So don't |
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| 06:49 | afraid of. I guess what I'm . Don't if you already look through |
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| 06:52 | 13 and 14. You don't need memorize the 60 whatever reactions that are |
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| 06:57 | on, I don't present it that I presented. And here's the stages |
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| 07:01 | the process knowing the stages that that of that level. Right? So |
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| 07:06 | don't um if you look through those , you're gonna see a lot of |
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| 07:10 | and chemicals and pathways and this and any other. It's okay. But |
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| 07:14 | not gonna expect you to memorize that . Okay, so but I guess |
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| 07:18 | we go through it, you'll see I mean. Okay. Anyway, |
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| 07:22 | let's get on with this. so I just want to give a |
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| 07:26 | bit of recap so we did uh started with um basically defining a virus |
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| 07:33 | structure of virus um kind of the of reproduction of the virus. Um |
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| 07:44 | uh we'll finish up part one with uh and ecology. A little bit |
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| 07:54 | viral ecology and then we'll get into two which is life cycles. So |
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| 07:59 | , so recap definition right there not aren't cells, they don't really have |
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| 08:05 | metabolism certainly as sophisticated as we Um Obviously the host right there parasitic |
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| 08:14 | nature. Okay, um structure. so being coat around that genome, |
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| 08:24 | the most basic structure of any virus can be of course uh single double |
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| 08:31 | the envelope, right? Naked or . Um So that envelope of course |
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| 08:36 | derived from the host. So really viruses fall into the animal virus |
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| 08:43 | Not bacterial virus. Okay, so antivirus acquires it from the host as |
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| 08:49 | exits. Okay, um the presence these glycoprotein spikes, I mean really |
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| 08:56 | point here is that the virus is have virus specific proteins on the |
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| 09:02 | Right? Some of these can be prominent and invisible. Right? Hence |
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| 09:07 | call these spikes. In fact viruses something of this nature on their |
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| 09:12 | That's how they recognize a host by the host. That's how some of |
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| 09:18 | are involved in the exit of the the virus. Some are involved in |
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| 09:22 | functions of the viral cycle. Uh Mr Typically the things that your |
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| 09:30 | immune system sees that allows it to amount in immune response. Okay, |
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| 09:36 | uh within the size viral size range . Um so that replication so replication |
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| 09:46 | . So um of course it all and ends this part right here. |
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| 09:52 | recognition. So will the virus infected not? Depends on that compatibility between |
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| 09:59 | molecules assemble surfaces right then. Of what it needs and the host and |
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| 10:06 | of these states can vary simple habit them. Some won't um pretty much |
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| 10:12 | components are going to be a constant they'll need from the host. For |
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| 10:19 | . Um They don't really produce any of energy because we're going to rely |
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| 10:23 | the host for all this stuff. reputation cycle itself basically itself. The |
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| 10:29 | takes it over begins to use the resources to uh genome transcribe translate um |
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| 10:39 | assemble everything. So as we go life cycles more. So next lecture |
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| 10:48 | of a couple things to remember that help understand is uh what's coming in |
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| 10:54 | what's going out. Okay. And everything that's happening here okay. Can |
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| 11:05 | and vary in location from virus virus where these things occur. Um but |
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| 11:12 | think in terms of the endgame for virus making lots of viral particles |
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| 11:17 | what do you have to do? has to happen for this to go |
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| 11:22 | that one too tens or hundreds of particles. You need lots of protein |
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| 11:30 | you're making you're making individual units of . Alright. Making lots of these |
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| 11:37 | each one of those is a Each one has a genome. So |
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| 11:42 | have to make these, you have make this stuff. Okay, so |
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| 11:45 | we look at these viral life that's kind of helpful to remember |
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| 11:50 | Okay. It may seem very basic I think you'll see what I |
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| 11:54 | Um Okay. And then this this we talked about here. I don't |
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| 11:58 | your book already goes into it. so the typical for an enveloped |
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| 12:06 | the we have the capital structure which very visible. Okay. Kind of |
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| 12:11 | a little house or a fork or around genome. Okay, very |
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| 12:18 | But then you have do you have to have these nuclear capsule kind of |
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| 12:23 | which is basically distinctive. Has the city is intimately associated with the |
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| 12:30 | Okay, so the capsule particles shown basically just bind to the genome. |
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| 12:39 | . And that's the that's the caps . Okay, that's what you see |
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| 12:43 | here, the red or the capsule . There was a little thin blue |
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| 12:48 | . You probably can't see it. thin blue line going throughout that red |
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| 12:54 | . And that's the genome. So again, just the capsule proteins are |
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| 12:58 | stuck on top of the genome. a little bit different terms of how |
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| 13:02 | looks compared to This. But you see viruses are like this. |
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| 13:08 | And coronavirus is one and a number other things like this. Okay, |
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| 13:15 | just a variation in the structure. , so um and then we ended |
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| 13:22 | try ons and Vie Roids. so remember these aren't viruses. |
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| 13:28 | Ones, infectious protein ones infectious A. And that's all there is |
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| 13:33 | each of those structures. Nothing else RNA. Okay. Um I think |
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| 13:39 | Carney recaps everything with any specific specific questions. Okay. All right, |
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| 13:49 | we end this is an excellent Okay, we did this last |
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| 13:53 | So of course the answer was c mean d sorry, all the |
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| 13:59 | Right. So um as we look so we're gonna talk a little bit |
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| 14:04 | classification but don't memorize the classification Okay, it's just just pretty interesting |
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| 14:10 | out some of the some of the that you're very familiar with. And |
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| 14:14 | they kind of categorized? Okay this more about the current classification is based |
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| 14:25 | genome type. RNA DNA single strand double stranded. So that's one level |
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| 14:32 | categorization then. It's okay. How the virus get to the state where |
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| 14:39 | where it's produced this? M. . N. A. Okay. |
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| 14:46 | so all viral types have an easy to be way to get there. |
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| 14:51 | are a little bit more complicated Oh but this isn't a clipper question |
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| 15:01 | you do still need to see the obviously. Okay so um so in |
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| 15:07 | question then we have different RNA We have a Plus plus RNA |
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| 15:14 | You have a minus RNA virus. are both single stranded. Okay you |
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| 15:21 | have a double stranded RNA virus. and so with the plus RNA virus |
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| 15:31 | its genome is a template for what have three choices there. That was |
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| 15:40 | plus for any latino. What's what's template gonna be used for? Yours |
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| 15:50 | a plus that you make. What you use that one for? Well |
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| 15:57 | just stick with your body. So you make plus R. N. |
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| 16:00 | . S. For what purpose? actually don't make my song. You |
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| 16:06 | a D. N. A. the old central dogma DNA to RNA |
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| 16:11 | so the plus are is actually the that is translated. Okay so plus |
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| 16:22 | virus is genome can directly be arrive with them. Can plop on |
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| 16:28 | thing and start on and making Okay um the M. RNA synthesis |
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| 16:36 | what the minus RNA is. Okay with the minus RNA genome you can |
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| 16:43 | that into a messenger on a. . And so you're gonna see on |
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| 16:49 | table when we get there in a how this all fits. So the |
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| 16:54 | RNA virus, its its genome is template for that for our to make |
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| 17:00 | R. N. A. Specifically plus or M messenger RNA. Okay |
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| 17:05 | so the other thing here is that . R. N. A. |
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| 17:09 | RNA equals M. RNA. Same . Okay um then DNA synthesis that's |
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| 17:16 | one that one is a retrovirus. . What uses the reverse transcriptase to |
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| 17:30 | ? Because it goes R. A. As RNA genome but it |
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| 17:35 | to D. N. A. , so it's it's it's kind of |
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| 17:40 | thing compared to these three, these . Right. This one also it |
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| 17:45 | it would use copy that into a it could be translated into a into |
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| 17:55 | sorry, back up. So it serve as a template for transit has |
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| 17:59 | posed as a template for translation And then of course it has the |
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| 18:04 | so it's a double stranded. Okay let's look at this in the context |
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| 18:10 | this table. Okay so again this here this bringing it up now because |
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| 18:18 | gonna see this in uh next time come back we're talking about RNA life |
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| 18:24 | . And so it's important to remember . Okay, and so I just |
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| 18:29 | this in here the show um number this is R. N. |
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| 18:34 | Remember that you're a sales R R N. A. You don't |
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| 18:39 | time means. Right? So that's you're seeing used and this is why |
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| 18:41 | RNA. So the the the terminology way we um you talk talk about |
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| 18:53 | acids, right? They have a prime five prime end, right? |
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| 18:57 | complementarity. Right? And so there's we call a plus trend in the |
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| 19:02 | strength. Okay, Plus stranded coding . Sense strand um The minus strand |
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| 19:11 | the non coding the anti sense the strand. Right? All those terms |
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| 19:19 | to the plus minus strands and this and this is nothing that's um this |
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| 19:26 | applicable to write could be RNA. . Okay, It could be D |
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| 19:35 | A. R N A. That B D N A R N |
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| 19:40 | . And it can be DNA Okay, and so All of |
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| 19:51 | Okay, well they were kind of , you're talking about okay, fake |
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| 19:57 | for each of those. There's gonna 5.3 prime complementary strands plus and minus |
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| 20:03 | this applies to here as well. plus one is the Mayas right? |
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| 20:10 | crime thing. So it's all all same, all that applies. |
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| 20:13 | so um so this classification is based genome type. Okay. And the |
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| 20:25 | it takes to get to transcript. . Yeah translated messenger RNA plus. |
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| 20:34 | . Obviously that's essential. Right? got a virus has to get to |
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| 20:38 | stage to make viral proteins and assemble whatnot. So for the D. |
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| 20:44 | . A viruses, group one and is pretty straight forward because that's like |
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| 20:48 | how we do it. Right. we go through transcription right to come |
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| 20:54 | the plus R. N. Right? Basically we're similar to this |
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| 20:59 | ? There are times that of single D. N. A. And |
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| 21:02 | copy into a minus strands and you a double and you can transcribe the |
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| 21:07 | into A plus R. And so thing is the plus the minus minus |
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| 21:12 | . Okay, you copy a plus , you're copying into the complementary |
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| 21:17 | Okay. Yes. If we look let's look at this one right |
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| 21:22 | Okay. Right there. Um Plus . Okay, this one is relatively |
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| 21:31 | . So let's just talk about this , the D. N. |
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| 21:33 | RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Okay. you're an RNA virus except except for |
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| 21:41 | . Right. So if you're one these three. Okay. Group 345 |
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| 21:47 | have an RNA dependent on employment. because Okay, well we have |
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| 21:54 | Right. We transcribe not the same . Right? Because the virus is |
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| 22:02 | art our RNA polymerase can't do that that's what we call D. |
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| 22:07 | A dependent memories. They have a dependent RNA polymerase as the name |
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| 22:15 | Right. Different different now. Okay that's why it's a viral enzyme RNA |
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| 22:23 | carrying that has the gene for Okay um they can't they can't get |
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| 22:28 | from their host. Right? We have eukaryotic cells. Don't have |
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| 22:32 | Right? Our native we don't need write we don't copy our RNA. |
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| 22:38 | copy DNA. And the RNA. don't copy our. Okay so um |
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| 22:47 | let me just clean this up a bit. Okay so the okay so |
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| 22:57 | our double stranded RNA group three. that's very straightforward because you have a |
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| 23:04 | and minus together already as part of genome. Right so we copy the |
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| 23:08 | strand when we get transcripts right now the group four. Okay. So |
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| 23:16 | looking at it and going okay get up here to this. Right so |
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| 23:21 | got plus RNA. It can be on there and do their thing. |
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| 23:29 | . Why does it have to go further? Can they just stop right |
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| 23:33 | ? We're done. Well that's where have to come back early. I |
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| 23:37 | early on that diagram virus effects and have a bunch coming out out of |
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| 23:43 | host eventually. Right. So if virus infects and its genome gets into |
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| 23:50 | cell. Is is that one gonna enough remember? Lots of viral |
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| 24:00 | Every one of those has to have one copy of this for this |
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| 24:05 | So it's not enough to make quantities stuff. Okay so even if you're |
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| 24:11 | plus R. N. A virus still have to go through the |
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| 24:16 | Now. I will I will grant I will tell you that It |
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| 24:22 | Instead of having to do this jump these hoops right. Plus 2 -2 |
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| 24:30 | of course it would be much easier do to do this. Let's do |
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| 24:37 | . Let's copy that into a plus groups. It won't happen doesn't happen |
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| 24:45 | planet Earth. Okay. It's not it's an RNA virus it's not because |
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| 24:49 | plus RNA viruses because that's the rules we play gasses. Right? You |
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| 24:54 | the race doesn't work that way it it into would be complementary strand. |
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| 25:00 | so that's why we go through this . Okay. Which is copy that |
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| 25:08 | minus RNA is copied that then into plus or minus into of course several |
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| 25:13 | of it lots of copies and I want to keep it simple here but |
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| 25:19 | lots of copies. Hundreds. Okay so now you can make your lots |
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| 25:25 | protein assemble. Stick your genome copies there and you're on your way. |
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| 25:32 | so with the minus strand you know straight forward we just copy that genome |
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| 25:38 | a plus strand. Now we've got transcript we can make lots of |
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| 25:42 | Right? But right in reality we go this another one more step. |
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| 25:49 | again with the same R. R. P. To make minus |
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| 25:55 | . Because remember making lots of viral get their genome and copy for every |
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| 26:03 | of them. So even this This one is gonna go here as |
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| 26:09 | because it's a minus RNA. And what it's, viral particles have to |
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| 26:14 | stuffed with minus M. R. . A. Minus RNA genomes. |
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| 26:18 | ? So this is this is how done, right? And that's why |
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| 26:22 | done this way now when we go on a virus life cycles in specific |
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| 26:28 | time mexicans again of course. But uh but it can be you know |
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| 26:36 | gonna say confusing but it can be is it doing like this for? |
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| 26:40 | that's that's why. Okay. Any about that? Okay. Alright. |
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| 26:48 | so again you don't forget retroviruses. . So they're gonna be they don't |
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| 26:56 | they do not need A or an , they don't need that entire. |
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| 27:04 | because they just operate differently. So have an RNA genome they copy into |
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| 27:09 | . N. A. Right? that's because day integrate into the host |
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| 27:17 | . Right? So if you're gonna that of course you have to make |
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| 27:20 | into a D. N. Form. Okay. And so the |
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| 27:23 | transcriptase enables them to do that. ? So they have no need for |
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| 27:27 | independent and then it basically uses So here's where you can use a |
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| 27:35 | RNA polymerase to make its transfer. , so um okay so again going |
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| 27:43 | memorize this table, I just uh just to point out the types of |
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| 27:48 | you're probably familiar with. Right? chickenpox papilloma virus. Uh these are |
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| 27:56 | D. N. A virus double in the single stranded group of |
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| 28:00 | N. A virus is not a that we're familiar with. I'm not |
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| 28:03 | least parvo virus if you have This is a parvo disease. And |
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| 28:10 | and cats probably like the vaccinated for . Um are in a really a |
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| 28:16 | of the a large number of human are in are in a group. |
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| 28:22 | your coronavirus um your west Nile which endemic in this part of the |
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| 28:30 | Eastern texas, western Louisiana. Um course poliovirus. The data rabies, |
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| 28:42 | , mumps, Ebola flu. I cold viruses in there as well are |
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| 28:47 | minus viruses. Right, so um retrovirus, I think we know the |
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| 28:54 | is a big one there. But this group is kind of an oddball |
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| 28:58 | well. So um so retroviruses copy . N. A. D. |
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| 29:06 | . A. Right, right Okay, so this group which is |
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| 29:11 | as far as I know, strictly plant viruses. Okay, para retrovirus |
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| 29:17 | copies our DNA to RNA. Um don't integrate into the host chromosome. |
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| 29:24 | uh so it basically makes lots of copies both to translate from to make |
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| 29:32 | but then also these are these are as templates to make D. |
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| 29:37 | A. Okay so reverse transcriptase that it back in the D. |
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| 29:42 | A. And uh that's how they their genome basically. Okay so a |
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| 29:47 | bit different um strategy. Okay so yeah. Yes I do. They |
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| 30:05 | know apparently don't forget I said all viruses, Hepatitis B is a obviously |
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| 30:10 | human virus that is a pair of causes liver disease. Um Okay so |
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| 30:20 | you don't you don't need to then the table. I'm not gonna ask |
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| 30:23 | what group is mumps and measles in anything? Okay. Um Alright so |
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| 30:30 | thing well next last thing is just mention about giant viruses. So most |
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| 30:35 | the viruses were are in that 20 900 nanometer size. So these are |
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| 30:42 | that are now getting much beyond You can see here 1.5 microns in |
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| 30:49 | . Ok so and again you see these are I think I think they're |
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| 30:56 | D. N. A viruses that been discovered. This is like the |
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| 31:01 | Maybe 10, 15 years. Um they have lots they have lots of |
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| 31:07 | right so they're gonna accommodate more So large genome, lots of protein |
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| 31:14 | genes. They do have a somewhat a metabolism not fully developed metabolism like |
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| 31:24 | have or bacterial cell would have but can't do some functions. Okay. |
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| 31:30 | It's thought that these may be um when they infect things like amoeba. |
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| 31:37 | another proto zones um they it's thought they are um may have been not |
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| 31:47 | in the so distant past selves that of lost a lot of their functions |
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| 31:53 | still need a host to replicate but have enough functions left over to do |
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| 31:59 | like make make some of the amino for themselves. Uh metabolize some. |
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| 32:06 | don't know to what degree they can it but at least partially metabolized some |
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| 32:12 | . Olympics and things. So more functions than your typical smaller barges |
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| 32:18 | . So you know, it's still as to kind of what their their |
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| 32:23 | are. But um one strange thing this thing down here is these large |
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| 32:32 | have recently been seen to have viruses infect them. So that's like viruses |
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| 32:39 | the virus. Right. So that's of crazy. Right. So I |
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| 32:43 | think it's sort of a widespread But apparently the these large viruses maybe |
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| 32:49 | have enough function to actually support a affecting it. It must how else |
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| 32:57 | you be doing it? So it's very unusual. Okay. Um |
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| 33:02 | that's what I wanted to say about viruses. Okay. The I said |
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| 33:07 | part here on ecology. So like said before that Last I do |
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| 33:13 | I it was really nothing that was to me that showed them to be |
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| 33:19 | if any of you have any kind good quality cause disease. Although they're |
|
| 33:24 | as a tool and laugh for But in the last 10, 15 |
|
| 33:30 | um their importance in ecosystems has been okay. An example from the book |
|
| 33:37 | particularly from marine ecosystems um although they outside that area but it's probably the |
|
| 33:44 | well studied I guess. But certainly as well. They infect our gut |
|
| 33:51 | . Um And so what they do is too kind of control population |
|
| 33:58 | And in doing so they can kind um they can they can minimize the |
|
| 34:04 | of having like you know, just handful of dominant species that takes over |
|
| 34:11 | by controlling populations you can get more in the ecosystem and so they control |
|
| 34:15 | course um They can control populations of types in the environment um and cause |
|
| 34:23 | other types to flourish. Um But they're uh and that's what this viral |
|
| 34:30 | refers to is when they do carry their cycle and lice the cell that's |
|
| 34:36 | , organic matter that becomes available. can be used by others as you |
|
| 34:42 | here in this little cartoon uh in marine ecosystem uh that the shunt is |
|
| 34:49 | provides these nutrients that come about as result of affecting their their host and |
|
| 34:55 | them. And this comes available. then it has the other effect of |
|
| 35:00 | the population size is okay so you get a lot more diversity of types |
|
| 35:06 | . Um We'll talk about this later there's an effect. Um for these |
|
| 35:12 | can really just explode in numbers when an influx of organic material. Oftentimes |
|
| 35:19 | in and a lot of these contributes things like um and the of the |
|
| 35:25 | the coast of Galveston's that you may heard the red tide where these are |
|
| 35:29 | toxins that cause fish kills and And so there can be uh that's |
|
| 35:34 | viruses can actually can come in and that are present can actually control those |
|
| 35:40 | . So uh my mind is that are there's definitely um benefits and likely |
|
| 35:48 | to have have these in the environment that reason. Okay affect our gun |
|
| 35:53 | well. Okay so and as mentioned The a coming way to control micro |
|
| 36:02 | from a as a substitute for antibiotics at least in addition to having virus |
|
| 36:08 | viruses specific for killing pathogens. That be uh obviously that's a good |
|
| 36:14 | So um so that is part Okay. Yeah. Uh Gene you |
|
| 36:30 | like in the stage therapy context. nutrient gene transfer. Oh yeah okay |
|
| 36:46 | we'll talk about this in three. viruses are a mechanism to transfer genes |
|
| 36:53 | back to so it's called trans transformation goodness um Called trans deduction transaction. |
|
| 37:05 | And uh for example um certain types toxins that bacteria produce are cared by |
|
| 37:14 | phase specific bacteria but it's it's it's one of four ways in which bacteria |
|
| 37:20 | acquire change. There's conjugation using a there's transformation is taking up DNA from |
|
| 37:26 | environment. There's transaction involving a virus which is a different form. So |
|
| 37:32 | are it's one of the mechanisms by that can happen among bacteria because they |
|
| 37:35 | reproduce sexually. So they get lots variation in their populations through those those |
|
| 37:41 | through mutation. So we'll get into uh another month. Anything else? |
|
| 37:51 | so um so this is this we've this before. So I'm not gonna |
|
| 37:58 | a lot of time to point out life cycle. That's kinda what we're |
|
| 38:01 | to focus on in this next next two is life cycles. Um and |
|
| 38:08 | out maybe more. So the very we all already know that uh host |
|
| 38:13 | is an important part that this is starts it. Right? Um and |
|
| 38:18 | we all just have to do Um So on the surface of the |
|
| 38:25 | and the host of directing uh variations see here are does the entire capsule |
|
| 38:34 | enter the cell or is it just dino? So there's variations. We'll |
|
| 38:40 | uh bacterial viruses will look at first a little less complex because they're infecting |
|
| 38:47 | less complex cell type. Right. so um from bacteria viruses generally only |
|
| 38:54 | everything else stays out the pathetic reputation synthesis and assembly variations we see here |
|
| 39:05 | really is it the where the events happening. Right. So in the |
|
| 39:10 | cell you have lots of compartments and of different types utilize these compartments in |
|
| 39:18 | ways. Okay, so we'll see variations there that exit and transmission getting |
|
| 39:24 | of the host. There's variations there well. You can exit the host |
|
| 39:27 | host intact. It can just obliterate host and kill it as the stage |
|
| 39:34 | the viruses come come out of the . Um It just depends. Or |
|
| 39:39 | this virus just sits in there and nothing. So the whole spectrum of |
|
| 39:44 | on the host. Okay. But know, whatever the viral type, |
|
| 39:49 | of this that goes on inside the cell, the host suffers as a |
|
| 39:56 | . Okay, suffers in and be to grow as fast. Um Not |
|
| 40:04 | able to do uh its functions as as it would have. We're not |
|
| 40:09 | . Okay. Because it's sapping energy it. So but even that even |
|
| 40:14 | that there's a spectrum from where viruses inside the cell and between their |
|
| 40:18 | But doing it at a slow Right? Or maybe nothing at |
|
| 40:23 | Or maybe full blown pedal to the . Right, and all that. |
|
| 40:29 | all those differences translate into differences in the cell can can withstand that. |
|
| 40:35 | . So we'll see examples of Um Okay, so let's look at |
|
| 40:40 | question. This relates to the first we'll look at is bacterial viruses. |
|
| 40:48 | , so. Fage bacterial fage bacterial I mean the same thing. Okay |
|
| 40:55 | give me a chance. Sorry give a chance to read these. Okay |
|
| 41:33 | let me get the clock going Mhm. Alright. 3 2 |
|
| 41:58 | Okay. Oh yes so the two not part of the cycle are what |
|
| 42:08 | That is correct. But what are what are the two that aren't? |
|
| 42:13 | one? Which one? E. that's one the other one. I |
|
| 42:24 | I heard d these correct those those . So uh there's temperate and then |
|
| 42:35 | the opposite is virulent. Okay so are virulent. Right so um the |
|
| 42:46 | a genic page we'll talk about our . Okay uh and bacterial viruses pretty |
|
| 42:52 | have this kind of strategy where they the only the genome and not the |
|
| 43:00 | thing. Okay but A. C. Are true regarding a landing |
|
| 43:06 | . Okay so uh let's look at . Okay so um this is |
|
| 43:16 | yeah yeah correct. Um So t so T. Two T. 46 |
|
| 43:27 | and up to 10 or 12. These are little page like you see |
|
| 43:33 | remember the structure is like this I you call it the normal capsule |
|
| 43:39 | They have these other parts uh that part of the structure. Um This |
|
| 43:44 | in the middle of here will actually and that that pressure change actually shoots |
|
| 43:52 | genome into the um so and then are tail parts are recognition of the |
|
| 44:01 | . Um and then I guess like most bacterial viruses uh only the genome |
|
| 44:08 | going in all this other stuff is staying outside. So called because it |
|
| 44:13 | . They call the remnants here ghosts they're just the structure without the genome |
|
| 44:19 | . Okay. Um Vice a genic lambda is the example of that. |
|
| 44:25 | So temperate temperate as it can be hot or cold. Right? And |
|
| 44:32 | um so there's times when the like genic fage integrates into the host |
|
| 44:39 | Okay. And premiere pro fage. it combines the chromosome and in that |
|
| 44:47 | the host cell is perfectly fine. no it just it just proceeds as |
|
| 44:51 | functions replicates etcetera. Okay. Uh that the viral genome is along for |
|
| 44:58 | ride. What's going on? Um if you are less a genic |
|
| 45:05 | you will at some point you have go into a light excitement because that's |
|
| 45:14 | mechanism to make the viral particles. , so essentially is a temporary |
|
| 45:21 | Who can be very and there's there's that dictate how long it stays in |
|
| 45:26 | state. Okay, so um the so I'm gonna show kind of both |
|
| 45:36 | . Okay, so your pages, mode of operation is recognized host in |
|
| 45:46 | host genome into host. Make lots viruses break out of the cell and |
|
| 45:52 | course that kills the cell the fatalistic is a dead host cell at some |
|
| 45:59 | . Okay. So um so as proceed here. So the virus infects |
|
| 46:07 | they normally do. Um and then part of the process is, and |
|
| 46:15 | with any virus bacterial virus, gene in the virus is on a it's |
|
| 46:28 | time release. Okay. So it's be early genes, what we call |
|
| 46:33 | june. Sometimes there's mid jeans. early and late is typically what they're |
|
| 46:39 | . And so because of an uh there's differences in each part of |
|
| 46:44 | infection. Right? The first part like let's get into the host. |
|
| 46:48 | let's begin to copy the genome sort that then as we progress, there's |
|
| 46:54 | stuff I guess it needs to be assemble exit. And so these steps |
|
| 46:59 | different viral uh components. And so don't get expressed until they're needed. |
|
| 47:05 | hence early and late jeans. And so for the lighting fage, |
|
| 47:12 | do see production of viral proteins Okay. And among them are types |
|
| 47:20 | enzymes that will break down the host . So you see the chromosome |
|
| 47:25 | Um it uses those nuclear types to for its own use um be able |
|
| 47:31 | take over the cells. So you assembly of capsules in the other |
|
| 47:35 | Then the inclusion of the genome here then so basically we just call that |
|
| 47:43 | assembly. Okay. And then the of the cell, it's common for |
|
| 47:50 | . They have lighting page. They license on him license on break down |
|
| 47:55 | walls. Okay. So they can open the cell that way um anywhere |
|
| 48:01 | 50 to 500 page per cell. is overwhelms the cell obviously. And |
|
| 48:08 | death occurs pretty quickly. And so the if you have we have a |
|
| 48:17 | of E. Coli, right? so remember that when cells grow in |
|
| 48:22 | , right? It's very cloudy Right? If you just take like |
|
| 48:26 | drop of fage page and put it there that The solution will turn clear |
|
| 48:34 | probably 30 minutes because it's just a a rapid process. Okay, so |
|
| 48:38 | that these are gonna go on to more cells. Okay. And more |
|
| 48:45 | more and more. You know uh an exponential process. And so very |
|
| 48:50 | population can be decimated. Um so if you're letting you're letting |
|
| 48:58 | that's this is all you do. in that box. Okay. Now |
|
| 49:03 | your license genic, you can you this option. Okay, so here's |
|
| 49:09 | we have the integration into the chromosome the profane. Okay, so you |
|
| 49:16 | you may or may not be able see if there's a purple section on |
|
| 49:19 | of these chromosomes and that's the pro . Okay, so you can imagine |
|
| 49:24 | know how fast bacteria grow that we several generations here. Right. Each |
|
| 49:31 | the cells and generations will have a fage. Right? So this is |
|
| 49:37 | a ticking time bomb as each of cells will eventually go into this little |
|
| 49:48 | ? Okay, and very quickly you lots of faith articles as a |
|
| 49:54 | Right, So then the question what is um the queue was the |
|
| 50:03 | thing that says let's go into like cycle. Okay, so the key |
|
| 50:08 | that is to remember actually this right . Okay, so picture the cells |
|
| 50:16 | less and then go into like cycle ultimately begin to produce stage and |
|
| 50:22 | They have to go on inside cho to effect and that continues and that's |
|
| 50:31 | you know, that's what causes them produce lots of gauge particles. |
|
| 50:36 | and so let's let me ask you question here. Uh here. |
|
| 50:46 | so what is with the presence of nutrients promote, Listen, ginny or |
|
| 50:59 | the lighting cycle. Okay, so got your the land is specific for |
|
| 51:07 | coli okay, you got your echo and they're full of profit. |
|
| 51:13 | and then scenario one is you add ton of nutrients, Okay, There |
|
| 51:20 | two is they're starved. Which of is going to promote the page |
|
| 51:25 | let me redo this, which of is going to promote MS posit, |
|
| 51:31 | he's going to promote. Ah let go into the next cycle and make |
|
| 51:40 | of faith part of this. what do you think? Okay, |
|
| 51:53 | that thing I told you Right, uh this here, they come out |
|
| 52:01 | . They come, are you gonna hosts? Okay. 2 2 |
|
| 52:19 | 7 6 21. Okay. So who picked B. Who can be |
|
| 52:39 | . B. 73. Let's see one way to do it. Um |
|
| 52:49 | can't find it. Alright. Uh . So who picked B. Come |
|
| 52:55 | baby, you may be right, Right. It would be reasonable. |
|
| 53:12 | . Yeah. Yes you're right. it. Yes. So if um |
|
| 53:29 | that's why I was kind of hitting here with this. So um if |
|
| 53:33 | decides to go to like cycle it's of course then uh pop out of |
|
| 53:40 | profane state. Turn that cell into factory, right? Lots of particles |
|
| 53:46 | then exit. Right? Hope then perpetuate getting into more phase that these |
|
| 53:50 | find hosts. Right? So which more of These guys write more |
|
| 53:58 | So there's abundant nutrients to grow Remember that the host cells with a |
|
| 54:05 | can grow just fine. No And so you really have lots of |
|
| 54:08 | cells around. And and of course not it's not like 100% but it's |
|
| 54:15 | necessarily 100%. And all the coal are, it's never gonna be that |
|
| 54:21 | a portion of them will be. again the queue is if there's a |
|
| 54:25 | of nutrients there should be a lot potential host cells. Once I once |
|
| 54:30 | started going to like cycle and then can even make more of myself. |
|
| 54:34 | ? Whereas if it's in a starvation and the hotels are growing. If |
|
| 54:40 | didn't initiate it like a cycle, chances of finding host now. Much |
|
| 54:47 | . Much slimmer. So that can affect their long term survival in terms |
|
| 54:54 | the virus. Okay. Something happens our gut. Right? So we |
|
| 54:59 | landing page in our gut we Colin sure. And they tracked where you |
|
| 55:06 | a meal. You have lunch is say that not long after that there's |
|
| 55:11 | burst of landing page because of you digital nutrients and promoting growth and and |
|
| 55:20 | page and initiate light cycle. So it actually is B Okay. Um |
|
| 55:27 | least for at least in this particular because there's other viruses that undergo with |
|
| 55:35 | viruses, they don't call it Almost very similar. It's called pro |
|
| 55:39 | state. Uh And in those situations may be different different cues for it |
|
| 55:46 | to come out of that state. for this one for the bacterial stage |
|
| 55:52 | , that is actually the cue the of nutrients. Okay. Any questions |
|
| 55:58 | Okay, so okay, so here we have two categories so far of |
|
| 56:05 | bacterial viruses. One is delighted In fact make viruses kills up |
|
| 56:16 | Right. Has a profound state in hands go into light. Right. |
|
| 56:22 | one is this one. Right. is the M. 13. Okay |
|
| 56:27 | this to like most page only the enters itself. So you can see |
|
| 56:34 | right here. Okay, this part out. That's this is a little |
|
| 56:40 | . Different more morphology is kind of filament giant stick and genome exits the |
|
| 56:48 | of it stays outside now. Its is um we call slow release As |
|
| 56:57 | that it means it just really refers the rate rate of production. |
|
| 57:02 | And so the the M13 page does um integrate. So it stays there's |
|
| 57:10 | genome it stays out beside the Okay. And so um but it |
|
| 57:19 | direct so we can make copies of genome. Might as well have synthesis |
|
| 57:23 | genome uh synthesis of viral proteins and . Right? And then you see |
|
| 57:31 | M 13 exits. Okay, so assembled and then comes out Okay, |
|
| 57:38 | the host cell stays intact, the cell is not being lISZt here. |
|
| 57:44 | , so it makes m. 13 exits the cell and then you see |
|
| 57:49 | successive generations. Right, this host even though infected the virus is making |
|
| 57:58 | inside of it and it's exiting. not overwhelming it. Right. Talk |
|
| 58:04 | that continuing. Right. The host can for sure for sure the growth |
|
| 58:11 | of this of this cell is definitely lesson that would be without the virus |
|
| 58:18 | is still able to reproduce just at lower rate and hence you get multiple |
|
| 58:24 | . Right, so if you look this strategy um versus letting page, |
|
| 58:33 | does M. 13 benefit compared to page? So what's a potential Uh |
|
| 58:45 | for landing page? M 13 may have to face. Okay, so |
|
| 58:52 | about bulletin 13 likely always have Maybe like faith may not at some |
|
| 59:06 | . I think it was back to . Remember this uh this thing but |
|
| 59:15 | , so come out will there be host What can m. 13 be |
|
| 59:23 | of post page? Alright, every there's gonna be host cells around And |
|
| 59:36 | b. m. 13 there. it'll always have a host typically. |
|
| 59:42 | , it'll be it'll be replicating at lower rate like page. But you |
|
| 59:49 | , it'll it'll always have a host typically where there is a danger maybe |
|
| 59:54 | paige can you know have that? everybody in the population rule have a |
|
| 60:02 | to infect. Okay, now, with like even with like sage, |
|
| 60:10 | it's not that it takes will take population down to zero. Ok. |
|
| 60:15 | the host itself evolves, right? they can and they can uh resistant |
|
| 60:22 | can. Iraq? Right. So not necessarily always a scenario where a |
|
| 60:26 | fade or just obliterate to zero because actually would have benefited either. |
|
| 60:31 | So you do have evolution at And uh and you do get resistant |
|
| 60:36 | that come about so then the virus to evolve. Right? So it's |
|
| 60:41 | back and forth. Okay um Any about the m. 13. |
|
| 60:51 | so post offenses. So we talked this also in the context of uh |
|
| 60:58 | viruses. So uh this one here a strategy for every like form that |
|
| 61:08 | a has a view of viruses. because that's just acquiring mutation that will |
|
| 61:15 | one of the surface proteins whatever the uses to get into that host is |
|
| 61:20 | possible to acquire a mutation that will change the structure to make it less |
|
| 61:28 | make it less um less susceptible to infection. So um but restriction in |
|
| 61:39 | nucleus is are strictly bacterial thing. carry a thing. Okay. Um |
|
| 61:45 | familiarity is probably through competent DNA technology ? Use restriction enzymes to cut |
|
| 61:52 | N. A. And then hook back up together again in different |
|
| 61:56 | But of course um on the on viewpoint of the bacterium that has its |
|
| 62:03 | and it is to um as an type of agent. So all we're |
|
| 62:09 | in the nucleus is cleaved D. . A. And they do so |
|
| 62:13 | recognizing specific sequences. As you see with echo R. One which will |
|
| 62:18 | cut this into um what we call uh and sticky hands. That's the |
|
| 62:28 | . Okay. And so that's how can leave Vienna and come back together |
|
| 62:33 | . But for the bacteria it's how can destroy the viral genome. Uh |
|
| 62:39 | protected by having the cytokines methylated modified so that the in that state the |
|
| 62:48 | will recognize. You can't buy into sequence but the virus of course will |
|
| 62:53 | will not have this on this So um now a more again these |
|
| 63:00 | have been known for decades and discovered in them Late 60s. But crisper |
|
| 63:07 | is something more relatively recent. You've heard about this. You've taken |
|
| 63:12 | Alright. Um It's a or pseudo system in bacteria. Um It's based |
|
| 63:25 | so your immune system, adaptive immune and one that makes the antibodies E |
|
| 63:31 | and B cells um that there's a to that as you know. |
|
| 63:37 | That's what vaccinations all based on. get vaccinated. Um And you form |
|
| 63:43 | to that region if you encounter that later on, your body retains a |
|
| 63:51 | of that and it can immediately Right? This is in that way |
|
| 63:56 | what this system is similar to. , so the memory portion comes |
|
| 64:04 | Let's just go through let me show here, piece by piece here. |
|
| 64:09 | let's say there's a prior viral Okay. And um it um this |
|
| 64:20 | protein short for cascade right? Has activity can cleave and so it uh |
|
| 64:30 | it can recognize. Buy into that and cuts out a portion they call |
|
| 64:36 | viral spacer which is basically a short of nucleotides from the viral genome. |
|
| 64:44 | so that there is going to be record of that infection. Okay so |
|
| 64:53 | it's it's way of cataloging. Okay been infected by this virus. I'm |
|
| 64:59 | now store this for the future. and so that's where it goes into |
|
| 65:05 | CRISPR region. So these are all are all comprised of segments that would |
|
| 65:13 | come about would have originated. these all be little segments here. |
|
| 65:21 | let's just keep it simple like Okay. But those would have been |
|
| 65:27 | prior viral infections. This could have uh virus number one, number |
|
| 65:34 | number three. Number four. However wanna describe. Okay so it has |
|
| 65:39 | bank database bank that you can Okay so if it gets infected |
|
| 65:46 | okay it can transcribe that region. . Into RNA. S. And |
|
| 65:55 | we cleared them into the different segments . Okay and so the goal is |
|
| 66:03 | one of these? That's 1234 that of these will recognize is viral DNA |
|
| 66:11 | again complementary base pairing is all Okay so with the help of the |
|
| 66:19 | protein so it forms it's complex. so you have this cast protein and |
|
| 66:25 | have this part. Okay and so it does indeed recognize that viral |
|
| 66:34 | it basically is to degradation interfering with of viral genes inactivation Bottom line. |
|
| 66:43 | and so so the memory part comes here having this collection of viral DNA |
|
| 66:51 | that are acquired from private infections. and um and um that's its memory |
|
| 67:02 | . So it's a way to to basically. And so the way medicine |
|
| 67:09 | this is that this is part Okay, we can construct specific sequences |
|
| 67:20 | target typically mutated genes and and can there's anything function that will allow it |
|
| 67:27 | synthesize to make to repair the mistakes mutated gene and and hopefully cure whatever |
|
| 67:36 | genetic diseases. Okay. But this is all discovered in bacteria that |
|
| 67:42 | these things. So um All so let's look at this question. |
|
| 67:54 | , this is gonna segue us into out of bacterial viruses to animal |
|
| 67:59 | Okay, so okay, so the type of life cycle and animal virus |
|
| 68:25 | . So remember the animal virus now got different options because you're infecting a |
|
| 68:30 | carry on itself and all of its compartments that are in there. |
|
| 68:37 | Alright. So this kind of refers the virus effects. Where does it |
|
| 68:43 | in the cell? Where does it ? Okay. And this that kind |
|
| 68:48 | determines that Count down from five. it's going to be Yeah, |
|
| 69:01 | It's genome type D. N. . Or barney. Okay, so |
|
| 69:11 | let's look at why that is. let's start here and we talked about |
|
| 69:15 | before this is the uh trumpism. I can beat any virus that's gonna |
|
| 69:20 | a particular host cell. How many types of host cells in a body |
|
| 69:27 | . Okay, cold virus uses these molecules here that found on cells. |
|
| 69:36 | are involved in attachment this I cam so rhinovirus binds here. Okay um |
|
| 69:43 | has every viruses in particular chemical it to the, again, genome |
|
| 69:51 | So DNA viruses. Okay. What's logical place if they infect one of |
|
| 69:58 | that it's gonna go to in that of yourselves and hang out in the |
|
| 70:06 | is all outside the nucleus. Go the nucleus. I'm not gonna go |
|
| 70:12 | sell it all. Where's it gonna ? Yes. DNA virus? What |
|
| 70:20 | got A D. N. In the center nucleus? That's where |
|
| 70:24 | gonna go. Okay so why the what's in the nucleus that it can |
|
| 70:35 | ? What is what are your when remember anybody remember what s phases in |
|
| 70:40 | cell cycle synthesis. And so what in s phase using what D. |
|
| 70:50 | . A. Polyamorous? Right. what's that's where it's located. |
|
| 70:56 | It's in the nucleus. So those that don't have any memories. That's |
|
| 71:03 | they go to nucleus. That's where find it in abundance to copy their |
|
| 71:07 | . Okay so DNA viruses actually do of their life cycle in nucleus part |
|
| 71:12 | outside the nucleus stuff comes back in nucleus. So it's stuff going |
|
| 71:17 | Okay so RNA viruses do their function cycle outside the movies because they don't |
|
| 71:26 | a DNA polymerase. You know what D. N. A. Right |
|
| 71:30 | they have their own particular we're talking this earlier. Right are dependent on |
|
| 71:34 | primaries to copy there. So they much said their functions outside movies. |
|
| 71:39 | said all this. There's exceptions to things as I'll point out, of |
|
| 71:44 | retroviruses they typically integrate the host chromosome first transcript RNA DNA former pro |
|
| 71:52 | Okay. Um so let's just look so um well we'll get into the |
|
| 72:01 | specifically next time. But let me do this real quick which is an |
|
| 72:06 | entry into the host. Okay, unlike a bacterial virus where only a |
|
| 72:13 | goes in, animal viruses can have mechanisms. Okay, so collectively they |
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| 72:20 | this uncoated which is the stripping of capsule and getting the genome into the |
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| 72:27 | . That's what we call uncoated. , so you can have this process |
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| 72:33 | at the membrane. So the binding receptors. Okay. And then the |
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| 72:39 | of that virus basically because you it's it's just it's it's fashion |
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| 72:45 | It can actually fuse or meld with cytoplasmic membrane and in doing so it |
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| 72:54 | the capsule. All right. And it may maybe a license. I'm |
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| 72:59 | in and it kind of helps digest caps it and then the genome is |
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| 73:03 | free. Okay. Um so membrane we call it. Okay. Um |
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| 73:11 | a vesicles Alright. We call it zone. Okay, so again viruses |
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| 73:17 | just using entry mechanisms that oftentimes other use. So this is one where |
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| 73:25 | receptor media in those halitosis. It's cholesterol gets in ourselves. Okay, |
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| 73:33 | this virus uses a similar mechanism. binds the binding causes this and engulf |
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| 73:38 | to occur. Okay, forming a around it. Right then. That |
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| 73:44 | use of the life zone right down captured at least genome. Okay. |
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| 73:49 | then the third is kind of just variation of number two. Okay, |
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| 73:55 | again reforming your bicycle. Okay. the zone. But the difference between |
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| 74:03 | and the previous one is the uncoated at the nucleus. Okay, because |
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| 74:10 | DNA virus and we're gonna pop that inside the nucleus. Okay. And |
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| 74:16 | that's basically how the route it Okay, so D. N. |
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| 74:24 | virus. Okay. And these are our names and they don't need to |
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| 74:31 | any further. Just hang out in cytoplasm outside. So so that's that's |
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| 74:39 | good point to end it today, , so thanks and we'll continue next |
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| 5999:59 | |
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