| 00:10 | Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Okay. Fish. Okay. |
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| 01:33 | Testing. Testing. Testing 1 Testing. Okay, folks. |
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| 01:50 | Yeah. Okay. Okay. Um today I'm gonna finish up, We |
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| 02:04 | viruses and then get into metabolism in 13. So, uh so there'll |
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| 02:13 | a number of questions and other other slides around the metabolism. |
|
| 02:21 | um like I said, um, we get into that, and if |
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| 02:27 | look through your book, it could a hairy kind of um God, |
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| 02:33 | is this I'm looking at here with these pathways and things. So try |
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| 02:38 | to really learn something, but I to get out of it, or |
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| 02:44 | , you know, a few concepts relate to biologics, of course, |
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| 02:49 | process of reparation, but not bogged in all the little all the various |
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| 02:57 | that go on. Okay. All various reactions that go on. |
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| 03:04 | uh how about memorizing each reaction and each enzyme? It's not that at |
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| 03:10 | . Right. So, it's more learning to processing stages what's going in |
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| 03:14 | coming out? Um And again, could be underlined kind of concepts that |
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| 03:22 | um that support the whole the notion mechanism respiration, how lights. I |
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| 03:33 | , we're talking about in the context precarious, but of course applies there |
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| 03:38 | applies to you and me and all , um is how we exist. |
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| 03:46 | know, these basic concepts of metabolism how you get energy from the |
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| 03:51 | Um so, we'll we'll get into and don't be so that like black |
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| 04:00 | them. I mean, every every clicker question here is two points |
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| 04:05 | it's right or wrong. Okay, , I want to get away from |
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| 04:09 | getting so tunnel visioned on grades and f it, you know, just |
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| 04:15 | about the question of concept and get brain work. Don't obsess so much |
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| 04:21 | points to make points that's right or . But do otherwise of questions. |
|
| 04:29 | are not getting right or wrong, . Okay, so, but my |
|
| 04:35 | there is, you know, you you're answering questions and maybe we want |
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| 04:41 | take it seriously, but if you well then you're not all right. |
|
| 04:46 | then ultimately, you know, that's how you But the point is to |
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| 04:50 | away from this obsession with I gotta this pair of that, and that's |
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| 04:54 | you think about you lose sight of whole what you're even learning. So |
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| 04:58 | trying to do. So anyway, that's that's reporting. So let's finish |
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| 05:05 | with a couple of things already emailed this morning about this, so uh |
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| 05:11 | don't think I need to say So stuff is due this week just |
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| 05:15 | be aware of. That uh backward will open after class today. There |
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| 05:21 | there will be like three questions on 13 stuff. I think it's like |
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| 05:27 | or 10 questions total nine plus one Three of the questions are related to |
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| 05:32 | tractor, 13 stuff we'll talk about , and the rest are on |
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| 05:37 | Okay. Um Okay, so let's let's start with this one. |
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| 05:43 | This is the old plus minus. right, So take a look at |
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| 05:49 | . We're going to start with And kind of recap that kind of ended |
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| 05:53 | last time. So here we have name, virus possessing a single plus |
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| 05:59 | strand um as its genome. Uh wouldn't have to first transcribe this into |
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| 06:10 | minus antisense strand, then translate from minus antisense strand into proteins. |
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| 06:16 | true or false. It's all Okay, so hi Amber. |
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| 06:27 | Plus our day virus. What's it to do in terms of translation? |
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| 06:51 | . Okay, we're gonna time or . So answer something 10. |
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| 07:02 | lets see majority says false. And is true. The default answer is |
|
| 07:11 | . Alright, okay. So let's like a little flow chart here. |
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| 07:20 | we go. So uh that that lens I RNA dependent RNA polymerase. |
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| 07:25 | . It's gonna copy that plus genome a minus genome. Um And then |
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| 07:33 | course that's not translatable. Right? not a template to make a |
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| 07:38 | It's a template to to produce a in time. So you can't translate |
|
| 07:46 | . Alright, so um it would to go this route and go back |
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| 07:53 | plus R. N. A. that can be translatable. Right? |
|
| 07:56 | so could translate this to write. it's a numbers game. Right? |
|
| 08:03 | need to have lots of stuff if a virus. And you're making lots |
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| 08:06 | viral progeny projects require lots of proteins assemble and lots of genomes insert |
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| 08:13 | So is work more efficient to make of stuff and then make hence you |
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| 08:20 | lots of proteins and things Great quick . All right. So um and |
|
| 08:28 | we looked at these uh sites we of put through everything on here. |
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| 08:34 | more or less talked about last So uh so differences between RNA and |
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| 08:39 | viruses remember that they're you know, there's outliers in both groups but most |
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| 08:46 | viruses behaviors behave this way. Most viruses behave that way. Okay. |
|
| 08:52 | then as we just talked about the and minus things that have already |
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| 08:57 | Okay, and again, as I uh explained to a student today and |
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| 09:06 | um this this plus minus thing is a future. Just because we haven't |
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| 09:11 | talking about viruses. It's a future every living thing on this planet that |
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| 09:17 | nucleic acids. Okay. You bring cockroach a mouse of where? |
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| 09:25 | They have to take acids and you about these molecules when you talked about |
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| 09:29 | them and otherwise using the plus and . Alright. Just complementary. It |
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| 09:38 | so happens there are viruses that their be a single strength in the that |
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| 09:44 | be against that. You know that of because all depends on What's that |
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| 09:53 | template board. Alright. Can that uh violent Juno will be a template |
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| 10:01 | where can clock right on making Well then. Oh then it's |
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| 10:05 | It's a plus. Right, The information is already there. Right. |
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| 10:09 | can do its name or it's a strength. It's a template to maine |
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| 10:15 | transfer to make an to make a drink. Okay, so uh so |
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| 10:22 | keep that in mind. Right? always keep in mind uh what's the |
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| 10:27 | ? Right. Because it needs lots genomes are certain to be assembling catches |
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| 10:32 | there's lots of proteins to make those . Right? So that's what we're |
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| 10:35 | these steps here in here. And the way to make proteins. The |
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| 10:39 | to make copies of genomes and to it all together that um and I |
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| 10:46 | threw this one in here. And they can't create viruses. Animal |
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| 10:50 | Okay, uh can evolve vestibule formation fusion with that range encoding the encoding |
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| 10:59 | . Right. Getting the genome released them so they can name one to |
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| 11:04 | processes here and uh Right. Um questions? So that's kind of the |
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| 11:13 | virus here we can talk about is . Okay, so HIV is a |
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| 11:21 | feline leukemia virus is a retrovirus among . And so again, always begin |
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| 11:27 | the with the uh what's the product . Okay, so um so |
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| 11:40 | Richard barges are having RNA genome. , but they are the oddballs |
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| 11:45 | Okay. Unlike the other groups of viruses, They they're gonna go around |
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| 11:51 | DNA. They have a DNA That's what differentiates them. So when |
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| 11:56 | see references to Redford virus, what viruses in general I at least will |
|
| 12:03 | will specify um a non retroviral RNA . Okay. If I just simply |
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| 12:12 | to viruses without these guys because he's a unique group. Okay so retrovirus |
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| 12:20 | union comedian. Okay so they have is a viral enzyme reverse transcriptase. |
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| 12:27 | we don't have that materials don't hand in time. Okay. And because |
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| 12:32 | don't copy our our nation the N. A. Okay of course |
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| 12:35 | do into a plus and minus Right so A. Plus R. |
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| 12:41 | . A. Gino. And so again plus minus relationship. It doesn't |
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| 12:48 | if it's between between RNA and RNA and DNA. DNA and |
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| 12:53 | Okay. You always have that So they were popular to the complimentary |
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| 13:00 | transcribe into the minus strand of. and then it will use host race |
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| 13:09 | make a double stranded double stranded Okay and I have to do |
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| 13:18 | Why I can't just be staying as single strand of DNA. Mhm. |
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| 13:24 | that what? Well that's true It won't it's not really not stable |
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| 13:27 | a and inside the cell. The it's gonna put that song on alert |
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| 13:34 | gonna be great. More likely. but aside from that the coronavirus is |
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| 13:39 | that integrates. Right? So it's to have to interview with double stranded |
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| 13:45 | because that's what the chromosome is double DNA. So that's how it's going |
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| 13:48 | insert into the chromosome by having a stranded DNA. For Okay. So |
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| 13:54 | can start to the host. The host you can't well in that |
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| 14:00 | was a pro virus. Right? with with retroviruses um we had the |
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| 14:09 | of age. Right. Let the . Oh, ginny, right. |
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| 14:12 | of appropriation in searching the crumbs So so for animal viruses that do |
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| 14:17 | and there are others certainly besides there's DNA viruses and viruses can do |
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| 14:23 | what we call it a provider and is a distinct and they're integrated into |
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| 14:27 | host chromosome. Um so while in state they can direct synthesis of transcripts |
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| 14:34 | virus production. Right. And we'll in the next five a lifestyle |
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| 14:42 | And so again it's a process storage transcripts translating developed proteins assembly just like |
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| 14:54 | other viral cycles. Jack. Except course this has the DNA intermediate in |
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| 15:00 | . Right, So with the retrovirus cycle. Okay, so these are |
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| 15:06 | specific in terms of very narrow narrow range. Okay. And narrow tissue |
|
| 15:14 | . Right. Really? In fact type of self okay, we'll talk |
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| 15:18 | this later this semester to help Very important in the controlling the overall |
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| 15:25 | response. Um have have specialized functions their own. Okay, so the |
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| 15:35 | infects these. Okay, you can it does. So through um obviously |
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| 15:41 | have recognition of receptor proteins on that cell T helper cell and gains |
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| 15:49 | So the encoding process occurs here is reverse transcriptase viral enzyme eventually get to |
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| 15:56 | double stranded DNA copy. So this going to occur. Yes, of |
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| 16:01 | where the host chromosome is right. then uh so it's integrated. So |
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| 16:07 | is the pro virus state. Um we see it inserted right |
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| 16:15 | And so while in that state. , what we call a latent state |
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| 16:20 | often subscribe to that. Um so a latent state is when the virus |
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| 16:28 | serving here in the chromosome but there's no no symptoms in the host. |
|
| 16:36 | ? Um it's kind of sitting Okay. And it can be in |
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| 16:40 | state for several months, even Okay. And but it can as |
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| 16:47 | began to initiate low level viral production you see here. Okay, so |
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| 16:53 | gonna have translation outside of this. , the assembly is actually occurring outside |
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| 16:59 | the piece as well. And then budding process. Remember that cells can |
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| 17:06 | of pinch viruses rather than kind of off the membrane so had around |
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| 17:13 | And in doing so, a low of production occurs itself is still |
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| 17:19 | Okay. But um but sharing Okay. And so so at this |
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| 17:28 | , so it can be so the can be in a state where it's |
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| 17:33 | going anywhere recommended assembly of viruses. you can begin at low level of |
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| 17:41 | production. But it'll still take a to build up enough levels of this |
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| 17:46 | it becomes detectable in the blood. . So of course when it does |
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| 17:51 | then one years HIV positive. That's retrovirus. So um and so that |
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| 18:00 | course over time then there's these viruses up. They don't want to infect |
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| 18:04 | salaries. Okay, eventually killing those . And so the HIV virus will |
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| 18:14 | it infects these to help ourselves and to help ourselves actually do affect the |
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| 18:21 | that form antibodies. B cells we'll about those later um and also have |
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| 18:27 | on their own that by killing these cells are really almost obliterating the immune |
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| 18:33 | , adaptive immune system which is critical of the immune system. And so |
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| 18:38 | with that guys just don't die necessarily the HIV virus. They die from |
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| 18:43 | like pneumonia. Very typical because they they can't prevent the bacterial infection. |
|
| 18:50 | it's fun to it. So, there are a number of drugs to |
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| 18:55 | the effects of retrovirus HIV form. uh of course we'll make targets is |
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| 19:05 | retro reverse transcriptase virus specific amazon. that's part for a number of antiviral |
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| 19:14 | those that have access to the proper . It's like a cocktail like nine |
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| 19:21 | antiviral drugs that are taken. But know nowadays and it happened for 15 |
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| 19:27 | or more 20 years now that treatments pretty effective. And those with HIV |
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| 19:33 | deposits can can live a long productive with the magic jobs. Right? |
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| 19:41 | I mean, I know David. , but you know, magic johnson |
|
| 19:45 | . Yeah. Okay now. Ah He was a hall of Fame |
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| 19:50 | player for the Lakers. And I announced he was HIV positive in the |
|
| 19:57 | 90's 91, and uh And he's strong. You know, it's what |
|
| 20:05 | 30 something years later. So, there's parts of this world where HIV |
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| 20:13 | is is endemic and is epidemic in locations in under underdeveloped nations. And |
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| 20:20 | all about, that's all about access the drugs and that's that's a whole |
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| 20:24 | issue. Economic and political and So, but you do have access |
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| 20:29 | the treatment and it's pretty effective. . Um not like it was 30 |
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| 20:35 | 40 years ago. He just broke uh at that time. So |
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| 20:42 | Any questions. Yes. So for uh or the D. N. |
|
| 20:48 | . Doesn't happen for the reverse constituencies of the nucleus. So what, |
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| 20:55 | what did the exercises from the chromosome meet for the for the reverse transcriptase |
|
| 21:02 | the RNA. The plus R. . A. For the retrovirus. |
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| 21:06 | the for making it uh double stranded . Doesn't happen out of the nucleus |
|
| 21:11 | the eukaryotic cell. Yes. well, what will happen is it |
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| 21:19 | um transcribe D. N. Into plus copies of the genome using |
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| 21:25 | enzymes um is correct. You're That's right. If there are questions |
|
| 21:35 | leave the latest thing um likely uh going to be a function of the |
|
| 21:45 | ramping up production and then taking a on the host. So I was |
|
| 21:50 | initiate that as the host cell begins decline in terms of function. So |
|
| 21:55 | that's what happened. The other Yes. All right. Just to |
|
| 22:03 | , we consider like any virus or virus once it's integrated into the I |
|
| 22:08 | say yes you refer to it as . I refer to it as like |
|
| 22:13 | pro virus state. Okay so it be you can be in that state |
|
| 22:17 | not being a state but but um certainly the only ones that are capable |
|
| 22:21 | that would be a DNA virus or , an ordinary virus that's a non |
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| 22:27 | type wouldn't do that because they don't a D. N. A. |
|
| 22:32 | . You have to have and the life cycle would have to be a |
|
| 22:36 | . N. A. Forum like integrated to the and it doesn't have |
|
| 22:41 | . You know, it's not capable doing that. And of course the |
|
| 22:44 | retroviral are you a virus types our they can't integrate. Yeah. |
|
| 22:55 | Um So on to me to me leads to shame. Okay so viruses |
|
| 23:07 | butting off right now. You have accumulated them outside the cell and you |
|
| 23:14 | say they're almost kind of synonymous to . I think button is kind of |
|
| 23:19 | of the actual process of it And shedding is kind of like what |
|
| 23:24 | see as as these are accumulating around cell kind of thing. So that's |
|
| 23:29 | yeah, that's how I get. . Okay. Yeah. Um All |
|
| 23:38 | . So host resistance so I mentioned that with bacterial resistance to veg that |
|
| 23:46 | a common feature is just a mutation in the population that alters the surface |
|
| 23:55 | protein like protein and have you uh so that the virus doesn't recognize it |
|
| 24:02 | binds only very weakly to it. if that happens then of course the |
|
| 24:07 | factory is either the gated or is in fact um RNA interference is widespread |
|
| 24:17 | you carriers um Archaea as well. and so there are these are we'll |
|
| 24:24 | about these also later in the Unit . Um so these can interfere with |
|
| 24:31 | replication of viral protein expression. Another we'll talk about this as well. |
|
| 24:39 | The last quarter of course on medical but we're already aware of this mechanism |
|
| 24:46 | down to the immune response producing antibodies response to virus 20 your primary um |
|
| 24:54 | the to what we call neutralized There's neutralizing antibodies that will bind to |
|
| 25:02 | surface of the virus and uh that the virus from attaching to its host |
|
| 25:08 | certainly interfering with its ability to attach its host. Um And then there's |
|
| 25:16 | innate immune response. So innate immune are or what you're born with these |
|
| 25:21 | things like the physical barrier, micro is part of your naked response. |
|
| 25:28 | So interfering with potentially different types of specific chemicals in your body, our |
|
| 25:35 | immune defenses. And so one of chemicals is interfering and it acts to |
|
| 25:42 | I'm gonna show you easier on this here. Okay. Um so the |
|
| 25:48 | um the virus infects itself. Okay initial cells to get infected will um |
|
| 25:58 | virus infection initiates the production of Okay. See and that refers produced |
|
| 26:06 | is I. M. For okay. In that infect itself then |
|
| 26:12 | interfering little diffuse out of the cell uh interact with neighboring cells. |
|
| 26:20 | now there's neighboring cells that have yet be infected. They're the ones that |
|
| 26:24 | protected attention. Right? So they a receptor for interference. Then the |
|
| 26:30 | will come in and induce production of proteins. Okay. And it's in |
|
| 26:36 | uninfected sounds nearby that can and negate infection because they're affected from it |
|
| 26:45 | Okay so um and so again that refused to any of the cells in |
|
| 26:51 | surrounding area that can they can then protected which I so um we'll talk |
|
| 26:57 | little bit more about that again when get to innate immune system but it |
|
| 27:04 | certainly a defense. You have um . Any questions before we flip the |
|
| 27:15 | to your metabolism. Okay but when screaming out of the doorway and we |
|
| 27:19 | talking about the capitalism. Um so we're gonna begin with question, |
|
| 27:32 | course is the number of questions. clicker questions. Some are just |
|
| 27:37 | That don't require cooker. Just require quicker in your brain. Okay, |
|
| 27:44 | here's the first one. Basic metabolism question. Okay, so the false |
|
| 27:55 | is what to read through those. think, you know, if you |
|
| 28:02 | remember my intro bio days or I to teach that. So you |
|
| 28:07 | you didn't get some of Campbell's? mean Intra Bile one, I |
|
| 28:14 | Mhm. Not sure how much. how, how thorough it was. |
|
| 28:28 | even, Yeah. Mm hmm. . Okay, let's uh put the |
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| 29:17 | on. Mhm, mm hmm. . Okay, toss it to in |
|
| 29:46 | we have any last minute to to um Alright. And one good. |
|
| 30:03 | , nice. It is. G are true statements. Um okay. |
|
| 30:14 | hmm. Again, all the questions gonna see like always will be posted |
|
| 30:19 | . The answers. So don't worry frantically writing these things down. |
|
| 30:24 | Um, so one of the concepts that we really want to zero in |
|
| 30:32 | . It's actually D. D as dog. You would have done it |
|
| 30:36 | morning. Your body sees this as source of electrons. Okay, so |
|
| 30:44 | can put that in your head. right, hold on to that for |
|
| 30:47 | while. All right. Whatever you and see what your favorite food in |
|
| 30:50 | . Okay. Um you do have reactions occurring your body, you know |
|
| 30:56 | if you over you deserve yourself. you feel sore muscles right there. |
|
| 31:02 | as a result of fermentation? Mm . Um So along with D. |
|
| 31:09 | . As in dog. Also B in boy. Okay. Um those |
|
| 31:14 | concepts really doesn't look that concept, I'll make it one very shortly. |
|
| 31:19 | , So generally the food you eat ultimately become oxidized by the cells of |
|
| 31:23 | body. Okay, So this term . We're gonna see a lot of |
|
| 31:29 | . Okay. Um oxidation reduction. the role of http. Okay. |
|
| 31:41 | uh this. Okay. It can it can be used to provide energy |
|
| 31:48 | energy is required. Alright. So of the main themes here is and |
|
| 31:55 | just relate to the T. Formation or hydraulic assist, but is |
|
| 32:00 | idea of And we see it a of times already, um coupling and |
|
| 32:06 | releasing process with an energy requirement We saw earlier in the context of |
|
| 32:14 | i on gravy, right? We a proton that we use that um |
|
| 32:20 | help drive another process and energetic Okay, So this is the current |
|
| 32:26 | enviro energetic six. That's how it's life works. Right? It's a |
|
| 32:32 | of these processes together. Okay, um I'm gonna go through let's go |
|
| 32:39 | to kind of first part here. . So we have our it's called |
|
| 32:46 | guy microbe I guess. Okay. so um as a microbe of course |
|
| 32:53 | and multiplies as we've seen, Um This represents to get this amount |
|
| 33:01 | biomass right? All the total amount living material, right? Went from |
|
| 33:08 | cell to bazillions of cells, represents a lot of energy occur, |
|
| 33:14 | ? Um a lot of heat given and this is going on. |
|
| 33:18 | He's always a byproduct of these thermodynamic that we'll be talking about. |
|
| 33:24 | Um But he itself okay that you generate from the acquisition of nutrients, |
|
| 33:34 | ? Breaking down nutrients. So chemical right? For life flow, harnessing |
|
| 33:43 | in that load. Blood explosions, ? Doesn't work all right. Because |
|
| 33:50 | you know for the most part exists ambient conditions, moderate conditions, |
|
| 33:56 | Um And so harnessing energy from a explosion for example. Although to be |
|
| 34:04 | , energy a lot of us can wasted like and of course, you |
|
| 34:08 | , life can can operate under those . So you might wonder why why |
|
| 34:13 | why is there so many biochemical reactions you just go from this to that |
|
| 34:18 | from glucose to see CO two and picks. It seems like the Brazilian |
|
| 34:22 | . It's because you can't take glucose blow it up all at once. |
|
| 34:27 | get all the energy from like something that picture show, right? You |
|
| 34:31 | it in steps in increments, You slowly break it down. That's |
|
| 34:38 | slowly but do it in steps stages . At different points, you harness |
|
| 34:43 | energy. Okay. And we'll elaborate we go through. Okay. But |
|
| 34:49 | one of these um things that keep hammering you over the head with, |
|
| 34:54 | this the Auditorium Federico thing? So is from what you see |
|
| 35:00 | this guy, it was it's getting complex types of things like we |
|
| 35:11 | right? The fake acids, proteins, carbs, you will find |
|
| 35:15 | all those four of those in meat or in in uh in plant products |
|
| 35:22 | well. So, but certainly they're . It's not C. 02. |
|
| 35:27 | ? So, and in 13 we uh metabolism wise, we really didn't |
|
| 35:32 | hair, a profit activity metabolism of these more complex organic materials. |
|
| 35:38 | that's kinda what we're gonna do in and 14 we get into um uh |
|
| 35:45 | of how redox reactions work and then the little troves and photo troves. |
|
| 35:51 | those guys, Okay. Um and we look at the kind of catastrophic |
|
| 36:00 | um again, in the realm of tropes. Organa tropes, right? |
|
| 36:05 | a breakdown of these more complex Okay. And you know, we |
|
| 36:12 | , yeah, this is what this what we're eating is how we're getting |
|
| 36:15 | from this. Yeah. What is ? Where's the energy come from? |
|
| 36:20 | the molecule you get here's glucose Where is the energy coming from? |
|
| 36:29 | we know it's coming for americans, know, we got all the |
|
| 36:39 | Well, no, I mean if go to the molecule itself, you're |
|
| 36:43 | this resort to what which are what those things bonds. Right, |
|
| 36:51 | So bonds breaking bonds. Right. and what makes up the bond? |
|
| 36:57 | do you do? Well, but and the electrons electrons make up |
|
| 37:02 | bonds. So, if energy that where the energy resides in molecules, |
|
| 37:07 | how do we harness that? So, it becomes an issue of |
|
| 37:12 | reactions, Right. That's, you , oxidation reduction. And so I |
|
| 37:16 | observations. Um okay, reduced molecules electrons, right? Because oxidized you |
|
| 37:26 | them up. Right. Um and your food sources stuff for And you |
|
| 37:34 | mention the question of what you waiting lunch today. Alright. Those food |
|
| 37:38 | are going to be ultimately be oxidized we've broken down, right? |
|
| 37:42 | you know, that's that's a digestive breaking out of a lot of food |
|
| 37:45 | smaller but ultimately goes to molecules And molecules those go on to your cells |
|
| 37:51 | then we'll do the oxidation. And so, in the in |
|
| 37:57 | stripping electrons from right at different Okay, so electrons are energy capture |
|
| 38:03 | electrons because everybody knows they're in they're do something with that. Okay, |
|
| 38:09 | , yeah, so, we're breaking this complex forms, We can do |
|
| 38:13 | in different ways as we'll see. reparation fermentation. Okay. And both |
|
| 38:21 | to a reduction in size of the ? It's just that fermentation uh doesn't |
|
| 38:30 | all the way. Okay. What called incomplete oxidation? Okay. Because |
|
| 38:36 | could go further. All right. go beyond slomo can go beyond |
|
| 38:44 | Okay. There's still energy left in molecules. Alright. How do I |
|
| 38:51 | that? Because within all the I drawn the chemical structure before the chemical |
|
| 38:58 | . But you know that you know the seas are bonds and the ages |
|
| 39:03 | cds or bonds. Right? So chemical Angela. Okay, you can |
|
| 39:07 | that down further and there's bacteria that grow. So so these fermentation are |
|
| 39:15 | , incomplete occupations that don't use Right? Respiration on the other hand |
|
| 39:22 | is does use oxygen. But there's so many areas of reparation is |
|
| 39:29 | be all about oxygen. Okay. that's how we respond. Right? |
|
| 39:35 | there are probably more bacteria that can other things. Other options. |
|
| 39:40 | anaerobic respiration. Exactly. So you fermentation you can have an aerobic |
|
| 39:46 | You can have aerobic respiration. And so um With the restoration of |
|
| 39:54 | we can go further. Right 0. 2 and water you can't |
|
| 39:57 | anything. There's no life form that that can break down c. |
|
| 40:03 | 2. Cf is very stable. um you can fix here too. |
|
| 40:09 | . But that's using it as a block to make make more contact with |
|
| 40:14 | . Okay so um so so you're to see what your water that's |
|
| 40:20 | I'm not gonna go beyond that. , so that that is a complete |
|
| 40:24 | . That's what respiration is and do . So because it is that way |
|
| 40:29 | can you can harvest more energy from molecules because you are going all the |
|
| 40:35 | to see you too and water. so we'll see that there are steps |
|
| 40:39 | the way where you fall a tps . Okay. There's other steps. |
|
| 40:45 | more steps when you form these, this guy in A. D. |
|
| 40:51 | . These these are are electron Right? So it's all about observations |
|
| 40:57 | reductions and you're releasing electrons and certain . You've got to have something |
|
| 41:03 | The captain the care of the Okay. And that's where N |
|
| 41:07 | T. H in particular in D. Is the form it becomes |
|
| 41:12 | seen the electron th but if D. H also participates to a |
|
| 41:17 | degree but you can accumulate certainly any along the way as we go through |
|
| 41:24 | process. Okay, now, what is it doesn't stay although these are |
|
| 41:31 | carrying molecules, right carrying electrons that energy that in itself does nothing for |
|
| 41:37 | . Okay. Because you do still have to convert these into that a |
|
| 41:44 | . Exactly. And it does Right. Those, those ultimately proves |
|
| 41:49 | lot of HTTPS by a mechanism will look at here in a second. |
|
| 41:54 | , so um you know in a theoretical yield on paper With this mechanism |
|
| 42:03 | 38 80 p promote glucose oxidized. , over here, two Fermentation to |
|
| 42:20 | . Do you think it's better? fermentation? Yes. Criminal acts of |
|
| 42:28 | fermentation, we'll never get you the amount of biomass as aerobic respiration. |
|
| 42:34 | . Or even random of respiration. , so and so that the I |
|
| 42:41 | , don't worry about writing the number . You'll see it again. But |
|
| 42:47 | electron transport system. Okay, so that's how that's the big that's really |
|
| 42:55 | whole crux of this thing is right respiration electronic transport system. So uh |
|
| 43:03 | that's what so many D H F . D. H. To feed |
|
| 43:08 | feed that system of electrons. And then uh then ultimately they are |
|
| 43:14 | on to a terminal accepted. And so if it's aerobic, it's |
|
| 43:20 | , right? It's anaerobic respiration. something other than oxygen. Okay, |
|
| 43:26 | . Um for the iron in some it could be, but nitrates very |
|
| 43:31 | uh as a terminal accepted for anaerobic . And um you actually haven't heard |
|
| 43:38 | lot about the desperation because what you and prior to this course is all |
|
| 43:42 | steroid restoration. Okay. But those require inherently, I think probably outnumbers |
|
| 43:50 | that inspire area. So economic activity is huge on this planet. You |
|
| 43:55 | think so, but it is whether fermentation or respiration and aerobically it's it's |
|
| 44:00 | big fight. Okay, so um , although uh so honestly, uh |
|
| 44:09 | information gives you the highest level of . T. P. S. |
|
| 44:13 | but nitrate respiration is not that far in terms of yield. Okay. |
|
| 44:18 | It has to do with just with nature of the molecules 02 is a |
|
| 44:23 | um strong oxidizing agents. Okay. and so it's it's has the ability |
|
| 44:32 | compute an oxidizing agent. A strong agents becomes good news. It's with |
|
| 44:40 | electron grabber. Okay. A little so than nitrogen. And then and |
|
| 44:48 | powerful electronic grab grab ability equates to energy. Okay. As we'll |
|
| 44:55 | All right so um so having um I heard a second. Alright um |
|
| 45:05 | you know I remember reformation can occur and Arabic okay. Using the same |
|
| 45:11 | same process of electron transport chain and carriers and blah blah blah. |
|
| 45:17 | Um now in terms of what it like fermentation reparation two totally different fermentation |
|
| 45:26 | actually much less complicated. That doesn't all components. You're gonna see |
|
| 45:31 | Okay. Very simple by comparison. . Um photo hetero trump. So |
|
| 45:41 | operators I mentioned before the upper part that term is right They can use |
|
| 45:47 | to generate energy. Okay but they fix co two Okay they have to |
|
| 45:53 | down uh by these pathways you see . Okay And so um as mentioned |
|
| 46:03 | previous diagram obviously you know always used an example for reparation even for |
|
| 46:12 | Right but obviously a many other things be used. Organic compounds can be |
|
| 46:19 | besides that. So, we're not focus on really in 13. |
|
| 46:24 | That's more 14. Um but mentioned because we're talking about different metabolic types |
|
| 46:30 | you're already aware of this anyway, Chapter four We talked about previously. |
|
| 46:35 | little tropes um these are chemo autotrophs there. So they fixed seo to |
|
| 46:41 | using organic forms of energy. Break down and use the energy to fix |
|
| 46:46 | 02. And of course, for water troughs, you know, those |
|
| 46:50 | plants, etcetera. Check. we'll leave this for another week |
|
| 46:56 | So let's go back to here and at this question. Okay, |
|
| 47:01 | uh respiration. Okay, so respiration not require what? Okay, |
|
| 47:16 | let's see how you do on this . Okay, think about it. |
|
| 47:32 | . Okay, mm hmm. thank you. Okay. Mhm. |
|
| 48:20 | , whatever. Okay, paused it a second. I think 222 is |
|
| 48:32 | count. All right, here we . Mhm, rip her off. |
|
| 48:42 | right, boop. Yeah, all required. All are required. |
|
| 48:51 | especially important is that Member member There you go. Yeah. Already |
|
| 48:59 | a gradient. You need to have sides to create a gradient. So |
|
| 49:04 | is critical for that um among other . So, let's uh so this |
|
| 49:12 | kind of just a basic scheme for . Okay. And what's needed. |
|
| 49:21 | , uh The first part of 14 focus more on really on the mechanics |
|
| 49:27 | this, but I like to bring up right after that. She used |
|
| 49:31 | seeing it and have a waste of we're talking about. Okay, |
|
| 49:36 | um So the A. T. . Making machine if you will. |
|
| 49:40 | right. There's a T. Synthesis right here. Okay. Um |
|
| 49:47 | going to make our HTTPS. Now fuels is if you use it. |
|
| 49:51 | , I'm gonna try to take this . I'm gonna go. Guitar teachers |
|
| 49:55 | kind of mix it up. So time I'm gonna go kind of |
|
| 49:58 | All right. So eight ep is GDP making act creatively. Well, |
|
| 50:05 | . Um I just mentioned right 30 respiration theoretical yield. Alright. So |
|
| 50:12 | fueling that thing? Right. what's fueling is protons going down the |
|
| 50:17 | ? Right? So here we go make a tps take center. |
|
| 50:24 | Well, what's right there come Well, in this case it's protons |
|
| 50:27 | down to grazing. Just remember when go down the drain and release |
|
| 50:31 | Okay, So that proton gradient has . Now we're continuing to go back |
|
| 50:39 | this direction. Okay, So we this Protonix radio right? High out |
|
| 50:44 | , Low inside. Right? So keep stuffing those protons outside. |
|
| 50:50 | I'm gonna create a high level of energy. Right? That energy is |
|
| 50:55 | when those proteins. Protons come back the green, which is all gladly |
|
| 50:59 | . Right? Diffused down there, to give them a conduit. The |
|
| 51:03 | is a decent place by living by is not to allow the minutes to |
|
| 51:08 | hydrophobic. Right? With those charged . So, um now the other |
|
| 51:16 | you have and don't worry so much about this. But you also have |
|
| 51:21 | this is true for most sells a interior, negatively charged on the |
|
| 51:27 | All right. So you have really forces. You have charge attraction, |
|
| 51:32 | ? Positive charge like negative charge. . And you have the force of |
|
| 51:42 | . So you have to force is what we call the proton motive force |
|
| 51:47 | or what can bring in programs And , when they come in energy release |
|
| 51:54 | that's what contributes to the A P synthesis. Okay, so keep |
|
| 51:59 | backwards. Okay. So what what the proton grading? And we've maintained |
|
| 52:04 | . Right. Because we saw before the proton pump scenario that we're giving |
|
| 52:10 | Tps away. Alright. Hide relies the tPS to produce the greatest |
|
| 52:16 | But you don't see that here. don't see that anywhere in here where |
|
| 52:22 | doing this. All right http to plus phosphate. Okay. You don't |
|
| 52:29 | that because that this this this produces that we saw earlier can generate but |
|
| 52:36 | not sleeping at. Okay, So energy is coming from the flow of |
|
| 52:42 | . Okay, get that out of . It's coming from this. |
|
| 52:50 | um electronic energy. Right? And a number of components inside that electron |
|
| 52:56 | box. Alright that are alternately picking electrons and right hand pick up. |
|
| 53:04 | , you know. Right? And each of those steps is an energy |
|
| 53:08 | . Okay. And that energy releases to protons being pumped out. So |
|
| 53:15 | where the energy is coming from. not coming from spending 80 pieces coming |
|
| 53:19 | electronic transfer. Okay. So um then keep going, going back to |
|
| 53:27 | front of this diagram then to the . Um if you have a electron |
|
| 53:34 | chain and it's dependent and maintained in is dependent on electronic coming in their |
|
| 53:44 | to be transferred right then you gotta something a source fueling that thing |
|
| 53:53 | Like a steam engine that you're shoveling and it right to make the engineer |
|
| 53:59 | ? You have to have something funding shoveling electrons. Right? What? |
|
| 54:05 | that's what this is. Right, there. That's the source. |
|
| 54:12 | um what could be, what could that What could be What do you |
|
| 54:20 | for lunch today? What? So is a hey, is your |
|
| 54:28 | Okay. Sounds great. But I a for lunch salad. Alright. |
|
| 54:35 | of course the salad starts here. hearing broken down then finding to individual |
|
| 54:41 | which are actually what a is But could be any of the carbs and |
|
| 54:46 | proteins. Any of the take potential ultra potential uh energy sources. |
|
| 54:55 | , so um a molecule is are source molecules? Okay. Food source |
|
| 55:03 | now. Um Okay. The other thing here is it's one thing they |
|
| 55:09 | a source of electrons. Okay, a source of electrons shoveling electrons into |
|
| 55:15 | thing. And what's the what's the part? How is the shoveling part |
|
| 55:20 | ? Right. A. Is the the salad salad? Right. That's |
|
| 55:25 | to the individual molecules. Okay. keep saying the shoveling electrons in. |
|
| 55:30 | . What's the shoveling part that's going ? Transport? Yeah. But what |
|
| 55:38 | ? Just to show how do I to those electrons in the first place |
|
| 55:40 | even show them I have to take molecules and do something. Yeah, |
|
| 55:48 | oxidation reactions will will will allow electrons be pulled out and then given to |
|
| 55:53 | electron characters. Right? And the . H et cetera, those guys |
|
| 55:57 | to the whole right. So the and my example is kind of oxidation |
|
| 56:04 | and the character to the N A . Because A B H. And |
|
| 56:08 | those guys will go down and be ones to be the shovels and give |
|
| 56:12 | their electrons to the electron. So um so the thing was alluding |
|
| 56:18 | was flow electron flow. You have maintain that it's one thing to have |
|
| 56:26 | source that can show them in but have to have something that keeps them |
|
| 56:32 | right because that's the whole the only why the thing is even being |
|
| 56:37 | the proton grading. There's a constant of electrons. Right? Because he |
|
| 56:42 | electron transfers in our box there energy to the public proton. Okay. |
|
| 56:49 | we've got to maintain that that showing ended there. But also the |
|
| 56:54 | Right. And that's where the importance this comes in. What's sitting |
|
| 57:01 | Okay. Because that's what draws electrons it. Okay. Here we |
|
| 57:08 | Okay. So in terms of electron ability? Not a scientific term in |
|
| 57:17 | of electron on this electrons lover, would that be A or b mm |
|
| 57:28 | . Right. Because that's that. want the molecules the one that just |
|
| 57:33 | to suck on electrons and that's what is. Okay. That's what nitric |
|
| 57:39 | be with your anaerobic aspiring. And so having that there very strong |
|
| 57:46 | sector. Uh, we'll keep the going. So actually you arranged all |
|
| 57:52 | components in the in our in order uh strong donor of electrons to stronger |
|
| 58:03 | stronger except er, of electron the at the very end. The strongest |
|
| 58:09 | your opinion. The strongest don't have be weak. And that's how that's |
|
| 58:14 | slow keeps going. Okay? So B were eliminated then what happens? |
|
| 58:25 | a paper plastic bag over your head tied off. It's the same |
|
| 58:30 | The same thing will happen. All . You're restricting oxygen. Right? |
|
| 58:36 | means you're cutting me off. That electrons don't flow anymore. That means |
|
| 58:41 | gonna run out of your production no flow. No group proton gradient. |
|
| 58:46 | https. You dead in eight That's that's all because you couldn't maintain |
|
| 58:54 | proton gradient, Jack. That's how all ties together. All right, |
|
| 59:01 | keep breathing is my advice. Um keep maintain your proton radiant. |
|
| 59:10 | that's that's what I said. The stuff you eat is ultimately your |
|
| 59:15 | in your case your mitochondria yourself look that as oh, here come the |
|
| 59:20 | eventually. Okay, so again, to maintain. And again, this |
|
| 59:29 | , it's the same whether it's whether is something. Well, I'm going |
|
| 59:34 | say that I got a couple of coming up. See see how we |
|
| 59:37 | . So yeah, maintain proton maintains a teepee production. How what |
|
| 59:42 | we need? We just went over . Right. And of course that |
|
| 59:46 | be the last time I mentioned all stuff. What kind of throwing all |
|
| 59:49 | there and seeing what sticks and then pick up the pieces and stick, |
|
| 59:55 | it at you again. Okay, redox reactions is what it's all |
|
| 60:01 | Okay, so, again, this here, a couple of energy required |
|
| 60:06 | . We see it in the Right? proton radiation. Right. |
|
| 60:11 | you release it http production energy Put it together, electronic transfers energy |
|
| 60:21 | , couple it with proton pumping. ? Again, putting these two processes |
|
| 60:26 | . Okay, so let's look at question. Okay, um, we |
|
| 60:34 | inside e coli if this were e , I'm sorry for an aerobically |
|
| 60:43 | Which location would easily indicate slash show to us. One. I circled |
|
| 60:50 | . 1, 2, 3, 45. Exactly. 1, |
|
| 61:00 | 3, 45. Um So, diagram, same, everything just asking |
|
| 61:07 | question today. Timers on. And the stragglers jumping. All |
|
| 62:03 | 32 And yes, it's gonna be . Alright, location three. This |
|
| 62:11 | where? Alright. Terminal acceptance. , let's I'll come back to |
|
| 62:20 | Let's look. Let's look at um yeah, here's the question. Here's |
|
| 62:25 | next one. Okay. If this a little trophy, what what would |
|
| 62:34 | you that? Would you look your trough now? Mhm. What would |
|
| 62:43 | what would tell you what location would you that? Hey, yourself. |
|
| 63:24 | remember you think a little trophy Mhm. Think elves. What you |
|
| 63:35 | words you put together to define? trophy. Okay. Yeah. All |
|
| 63:41 | . Let's uh let's see what we here. Yes, it is. |
|
| 63:50 | one? Okay. Hold my breath that one. Right? So it |
|
| 63:54 | be organic? Why? It's right . Organic, Right? Organics. |
|
| 64:03 | hmm. Yeah, real big. aerobic. Okay, so the |
|
| 64:13 | what's the source? Is it organic is it something organic? And that's |
|
| 64:17 | versus hetero trope plan. Okay. Okay, let's all right. |
|
| 64:25 | I'm gonna go kind of piecemeal piecemeal through this, right? The |
|
| 64:31 | components. Right? So here's the member, Right? So I mentioned |
|
| 64:35 | how that's important in terms of creating sides, if you will. |
|
| 64:38 | So we're gonna stuff we're gonna make gradient. You kind of have to |
|
| 64:43 | some division where you can put yourself one side and less on the |
|
| 64:46 | Right? So, also, of , the cell membrane can be folded |
|
| 64:51 | , create a lot more, a more surface area. You can stuff |
|
| 64:54 | full of these enzymes involved in If you're if you're a photo |
|
| 65:01 | you can stuff it full of the pigments and things. So membranes are |
|
| 65:06 | for that reason. Okay, so electron transport chain then a source feeding |
|
| 65:11 | , right, We're gonna have electron that's going to be in a reduced |
|
| 65:16 | that will become oxidized. Right? up electrons again the organic division. |
|
| 65:27 | but the the source molecule, whether glucose or whatever, is not the |
|
| 65:34 | molecule that interacts with the electron transport . Okay. Even though it's a |
|
| 65:39 | of electrons, it's it's these intermediaries a baby carriers. These are the |
|
| 65:44 | that actually interact with transport chain. , yeah, the alternately alternately become |
|
| 65:53 | and then ultimately oxidized. They already up electrons to the front transport. |
|
| 65:58 | that. And so, as this uh electron transport chain will have |
|
| 66:04 | organized in a way so that you strong donors or electrons upfront stronger except |
|
| 66:10 | as we go to the end. . In your terminal accepted becomes is |
|
| 66:17 | an oxidized form. Right? Which think of it as electron poor, |
|
| 66:22 | picks up electrons becomes reduced. To be aerobic or anaerobic. Um |
|
| 66:29 | the process becomes reduced. Right? I know it's kind of counterintuitive, |
|
| 66:33 | go molecules molecules becoming reduced must becoming . Right? Well, no, |
|
| 66:37 | actually gaining electrons. So um and what happened. So again, this |
|
| 66:44 | transfer processes coupled to energy release from is a couple to pumping protons. |
|
| 66:50 | . And then the force the combination the diffusion of protons downgraded plus the |
|
| 66:58 | things. Okay, charge attraction, insight, attracting protons. And so |
|
| 67:06 | again, of course that leads ultimately the production of a Tps as energy |
|
| 67:12 | going down the gradient uh is coupled a T. P. Production. |
|
| 67:17 | , now and again, all important the flow. Right, electron flow |
|
| 67:23 | important, maintain up slow. so having a source feeding it having |
|
| 67:27 | except er accepting those electrons. And um and the other thing is |
|
| 67:38 | happened in here. Okay, uh . So what you see on the |
|
| 67:43 | , the other thing that we can to this is um the if it's |
|
| 67:49 | photograph, light Thanks. Thanks. can be the driver that induces the |
|
| 68:00 | redox reactions really as well. See is kind of the driving force to |
|
| 68:05 | about the redox reactions but in in auto trophy. You still have electron |
|
| 68:11 | . Right? What's the electronic source planting here on the way. |
|
| 68:24 | Water electronic source. Plants Um CO2 the is the carbon source for the |
|
| 68:32 | check. Um Okay. So I'm gonna go hardcore here on on all |
|
| 68:42 | firms here, but it's obviously important know. We're talking about bio energetic |
|
| 68:48 | um the Right. So we can can look at all kinds of |
|
| 68:55 | Um You can look at individual chemical , you can look at a collection |
|
| 69:02 | metabolic pathways, you can look at single cell, you can look at |
|
| 69:07 | population, you can look at an , you can look at uh the |
|
| 69:14 | if you wanted to in terms of energy changes, People do that. |
|
| 69:20 | . Um And so uh the delta term is one that we typically refer |
|
| 69:26 | as the useful energy. Something you do, right, whether it's moving |
|
| 69:31 | the gel um or muscles what have . Okay, Delta G. And |
|
| 69:36 | associated with these changes is always uh ask the entropy term, right? |
|
| 69:42 | measure of disorder or order. It a lot of energy to maintain |
|
| 69:48 | Like these bodies. We have our ordered in terms of molecules and and |
|
| 69:53 | putting together of components and things takes lot of energy. And we know |
|
| 69:57 | because if we we we fuel our on a constant basis, right? |
|
| 70:03 | only um maintain a body temp is lot of heat produced and that's why |
|
| 70:08 | why we are in those arms. ? We have I'm a tablet with |
|
| 70:13 | heat and that's what controls your But um but you know, use |
|
| 70:20 | energy also to maintain this disorder. life does right? Of course when |
|
| 70:26 | die. And it kind of more and kind of go to what into |
|
| 70:31 | and the ether into, you the dirt into the air everywhere. |
|
| 70:35 | ? Of course. Then uh interviews . So anyway, so it's extra |
|
| 70:41 | undergone. Right? Negative, focused so negative delta G process or those |
|
| 70:48 | release energy. Okay, positive energy require energy. Right? So think |
|
| 70:54 | these as cattle bolic, negative Yeah, positive. Right? So |
|
| 71:01 | one of the things to realize as is when you when you do these |
|
| 71:08 | of bio energetic six analysis. And again, you can you can |
|
| 71:14 | can define it in different ways and just mentioned can be a single |
|
| 71:17 | It could be an ecosystem. measuring energy changes. Okay. And |
|
| 71:23 | we were talking referred to as open closed systems. Okay. And the |
|
| 71:29 | and surroundings, Right. Candidate for exchange with the surroundings. Okay. |
|
| 71:34 | , you know, obviously not just all sort of chemists, you |
|
| 71:38 | and so they chemists aren't biologists uh the sense that there are, you |
|
| 71:42 | , chemists typically are looking at closed , right, biologists looking at open |
|
| 71:47 | , right? That's what life is systems. And so here's just a |
|
| 71:52 | simple example here. So we have chemical reaction could be a metabolic reaction |
|
| 71:56 | plus B. Two C plus Reacting some products and so in a |
|
| 72:02 | system just figure the test tube with cork on it. Right, closed |
|
| 72:06 | . Right. And so if we reactions to that to our system and |
|
| 72:14 | put the cork on it. And then just proceed to watch the |
|
| 72:18 | . The reaction will get to what begins with e equilibrium. Right direction |
|
| 72:25 | come at some point the equilibrium. . And then after that point there |
|
| 72:29 | really no net change going on. ? It's an equilibrium. All |
|
| 72:33 | But you know, life being an system can exchange with the environment. |
|
| 72:39 | ? So we can keep supplying, know keep supplying the actions, |
|
| 72:45 | We can use often very often the products are can be used for other |
|
| 72:52 | processes. Okay? Or it's just so like so like so to water |
|
| 72:56 | breathe off C. 02. We've taken air oxygen. So we're |
|
| 73:01 | systems. We exchanged the environment But what happens if if I come |
|
| 73:09 | equilibrium? What has happened to I'm taking a dirt nap. |
|
| 73:17 | Um So I close to equilibrium than are. Okay. So hopefully I |
|
| 73:24 | get there too soon. Alright, when you come to equilibrium, you're |
|
| 73:28 | dead. Okay. Not basically you . Okay. Ah So uh So |
|
| 73:35 | the thing about life but we can take new food and nutrients and we |
|
| 73:40 | it and then we give off stuff other things feed other metabolic pathways and |
|
| 73:46 | on and so forth. Right? we're always we're approaching equilibrium but never |
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| 73:51 | getting there. Right. That's that's we're trying to do here. |
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| 73:55 | Like I said, when you do the equilibrium, it's lights out. |
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| 74:00 | , So um productive. So there's couple of things about those 2G that |
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| 74:07 | manipulable. Okay. In other words can you can enhance it. |
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| 74:13 | Maybe it's a process. It's a delta G. But it can swing |
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| 74:17 | a negative delta G. Uh Something's when I think that can occur is |
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| 74:24 | a reaction. So we call additive . Right, So here we have |
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| 74:30 | glucose, right? Plus phosphate, , six phosphate. This reaction |
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| 74:37 | that is an uphill you see the in energy has an uphill reaction. |
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| 74:44 | takes its name is a positive delta reaction. Right? Plus 13.8 killer |
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| 74:50 | promote standard of units for uh delta . And so how can we make |
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| 74:57 | go? It's an inherently anabolic process energy where they're gonna come from. |
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| 75:03 | , we can couple it with a hydraulic sis because that's energy releasing |
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| 75:10 | So we can combine these two. . And when we do it just |
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| 75:15 | basically add up the the energy Right? So to hybridize a |
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| 75:23 | it's a negative A little over 30 jules from also you combine them with |
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| 75:28 | net result is negative. Well then it is then it's a process that |
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| 75:35 | can go, okay, so this all the time in metabolism, combining |
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| 75:39 | a teepee, hydrogen or other molecules to help fuel the process as |
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| 75:47 | Just have to be chemical reactions per . You can be concentration gradients as |
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| 75:51 | seen store. There's different forms of energy potential energy that when they go |
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| 75:57 | their gradient, they can release energy couple that to something else to |
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| 76:01 | Energy requiring process. You can manipulate are reacting to products. Okay, |
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| 76:09 | uh if you can have a high of reactant. So we see here |
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| 76:15 | this equation, right, if we manipulate reacting to some products, may |
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| 76:22 | able to influence the Delta G Make it negative more negative or from |
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| 76:29 | positive to negative. Right? By reaction concentrations or products. We can |
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| 76:35 | can either um I have an excess reactors over products or we can also |
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| 76:43 | it by just taking away products as form right? Which happens all the |
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| 76:47 | in the taliban is um We have reaction. They're all linked, many |
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| 76:51 | them are linked together products of one of another. So you can take |
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| 76:55 | the product as soon as it's you can maintain a high ratio there |
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| 77:00 | reactions to products and that can drive G to be more negative. |
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| 77:06 | another way to to manipulate that to make the process go okay. Um |
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| 77:16 | I threw a lot at you. , So my suggestion is kind of |
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| 77:19 | this over. Okay. Look, to the recorded lectures all right over |
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| 77:23 | weekend, if you have nothing better do, okay? And uh, |
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| 77:28 | come back monday, alright? Or ? Sorry, Tuesday. Thanks, |
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