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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture06_0909
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00:01 Hello? Yeah. All right, morning thursday. It's almost the weekend
00:08 some of you. If this is only class on thursday and you have
00:11 on friday, it's the weekend in hour and a half. We have
00:16 test. When next thursday do you here to take the test?
00:22 Where do you go casa? If you've never taken a test at
00:28 ever, ever in your life, you need to do is you need
00:30 go over the cost of which The Garrison Jim is the only
00:33 So Garrison gym, which is right the street over here and you need
00:36 do your biometric. What's a biometric take your thumb? I think this
00:41 how they do it. They put on a thing and it's not your
00:44 thumbprint. It's just some sort of algorithm that just says this is me
00:50 then once you do that for the of your life here at the
00:52 you never have to do that All right. You're now registered.
00:55 right. But if you don't do , you have to do it at
00:58 day of the exam. And if don't get in your exam in the
01:01 10 minutes of the time that you've allotted, then they don't let you
01:04 . And it's really, really sad frustrating okay secondly, I look at
01:09 signing up for the exams, it like everyone is signing up for this
01:13 of time, which is fine. great. You get your exam
01:16 you've got the rest of the you can go to happy Hour whatever
01:19 is that you want to do. right. But just know that there
01:22 lots and lots of slots available outside this uh class time. All
01:27 So you can sign up for any those times. So if you're one
01:30 those people that want to wait till last minute because you want to stretch
01:33 out all day long, that's perfectly if you have if you have that
01:38 or that freedom to do so. once the seats are taken up in
01:42 specific slot, pacific I said pacific slot they're not available. So you
01:49 to make sure you can get what want. The second thing I want
01:53 announce is on September 21. That's Tuesday. After the exam we will
01:59 have class. Okay I've got to to a meeting um that's out of
02:03 state. So basically I'm flying out post a video lecture of some sort
02:08 you guys that you can go But you do not have to come
02:11 . You don't have to wake up on Tuesday. There's a yeah I'm
02:16 waiting for that. I have to up early because I have to fly
02:20 But but we'll be I'll be back Thursday. So the September 21.
02:25 post that on blackboard. You'll get email about it that says we're not
02:29 class on the 21st. All Instead we will have a video for
02:33 guys to watch which is basically me to another class. All right.
02:39 it's like attending but it's not sort I guess. I don't know.
02:44 understand why it sucks to be There you go. Um Let's see
02:48 there's anything else. Um Oh well . Um What we're gonna do?
02:53 Echoey try moving down a little bit today. What we're going to talk
03:00 is a little bit better. Is still echoing? Yeah it is what
03:04 is. Good enough. Good enough government work. I'll do that.
03:09 right today. What we're going to about is we're going to talk about
03:11 cells talk to each other. All now remember cells exist in groups that
03:17 called tissues is the word I'm looking . All right remember because we're kind
03:23 working our way up. We started molecules. Remember how boring that was
03:26 and we work to the cell and the cells were gonna work to
03:30 So really the next talk on Tuesday week is on tissues and then we
03:35 to the example and then we'll basically all the background information. We need
03:39 know in order to actually get into real anatomy. Yeah. Yeah.
03:43 think it's fun. It can be of boring. Whatever. All
03:49 But anyway so cells have to talk each other and so what we want
03:52 do today is we want to look how do cells talk to each
03:55 How do they communicate with each other that they can do that communal work
04:00 . All right. And it's not that. But how do they talk
04:03 other tissues in other words? How cells talk long distances to other cells
04:08 the body? Now, before we that, we had to slides left
04:12 from thursday, Tuesday, whatever the class was. All right. And
04:16 real simple. Remember what we're talking . We're talking about making proteins.
04:21 right. And when we make we can take those proteins and we
04:24 secrete them or we can put them the plasma membrane or we can sequester
04:28 way and use them inside the Like we're doing license times. And
04:32 in order to do that, that we're putting things inside these bubbles of
04:37 that we called vesicles. If we to bring something into the cell that's
04:41 big to pass through a channel. needs to come in through a
04:46 And so what we have is we this mechanism called vesicular transport and it's
04:50 I'm keeping it real simple for you . You either going in or you're
04:53 out with the vehicle if you're going , we refer to that as exocet
04:58 if you're coming into the cell using vehicle. It's called induced psychosis.
05:03 so this is what this little slide showing you. It's like look,
05:06 that bicycle with a whole bunch of that we're going to be secretive.
05:09 , you got to look for Right. And so that was made
05:12 the Golgi, Right? We got little vesicles, there's that plasma
05:17 And then what happens is is it's to be transported to a specific
05:22 Remember we have those snares that were to say this is where you go
05:25 this is where you doc. And what happens is when it opens up
05:30 those materials that we're holding our released of the cell. Alright. And
05:34 out of the extra cellular fluid. we said already that this requires energy
05:39 because to move those things and hold in place and cause and open up
05:43 going to be cost energy to do , of course. Now the button
05:47 work because they're all right. So psychosis is bringing things in and when
05:56 bring things in and there's different ways we can do this. All
05:59 And so when I was in your like years ago, right, we
06:06 one name we call the psychosis. as we've looked at these mechanisms,
06:11 learned that there are different types of and techniques that the cell uses in
06:16 to bring things in. All right again, this is going to require
06:21 input. What you're gonna do is gonna bend said look, look how
06:24 the pictures. Do you see what did there? They just switched the
06:30 the arrows around. Right. And really what we're doing is we're
06:33 look, I want to bring something out in that environment. So there
06:37 different ways that I can do Now. The first type of Figo
06:40 . Figo means to eat. So owes, you know, to go
06:44 cell mitosis. Just the process. right. So, it's led Now
06:48 makes this unique as a process is can imagine that a little bacterium and
06:54 you're doing is you're going to reach and with the cytoplasm and the plasma
07:00 is going to reach out and surround organism. So, this is what
07:04 macrophages and neutrophils do. So when get back to you in your body
07:08 they're like uh that's not supposed to there. I need to kill and
07:11 it. I'm gonna go out, gonna surround it, create a vessel
07:14 it. And that's basically be bringing the cell. Then I take that
07:18 to a list zone, chop up inside it's destroyed. It's gone.
07:23 right. But the key thing here this reaching out pork portion.
07:27 So they create these arms which are pseudo pods fake arms. And that's
07:34 you do it. So this is we bring in large particles like bacterium
07:40 destroyed cells or something. Clean up macrophages and neutrophils for the most part
07:46 , another type is pinot psychosis, refers to drinking. So they're very
07:51 , right? They said okay, we got to sell eating thing.
07:53 well here's another mechanism. It looks the cell is not taking big
07:56 it's getting small things and so we're to call it drinking, you
08:00 it's like, okay, whatever. really what this is is that the
08:05 doesn't reach out the membrane, I've to do it this way in
08:09 It's OK, so what that means that it it comes down like this
08:13 whatever happens to be in that it's very indiscriminate, doesn't matter what's
08:19 , it's just like I'm just gonna in whatever is here. And so
08:21 get this imagination the formation of the and it pinches off and whatever happens
08:26 be in that vehicle when the cell going to use or destroy or
08:31 Okay, so that would be sell the piano psychosis. Again, it's
08:36 require a little bit of energy because manipulating the membrane, the third type
08:42 is when we envision into psychosis, is what we typically think of and
08:47 , it's going to be this imagination like peanuts. I tested not reaching
08:51 the membrane comes down the difference is we have receptors. Now this picture
08:57 show this but you can imagine there scepters all inside this area. And
09:02 when those receptors get bound up by specific chemical, the thing that binds
09:06 the receptor they migrate together. And happens is is they uh if you
09:11 enough of them that causes the membrane some special mechanism that we're not gonna
09:16 into to imagine eight. And now brought a very specific material into the
09:22 through this physical. All right. say you want a specific protein.
09:26 you do is you put out that receptor you bind the receptor with that
09:31 and then all the receptors that get up group together. You get this
09:36 and now you've captured the protein that want. And then there are mechanisms
09:41 separate out that protein from the You recycled receptors. Send them back
09:46 to the surface through exocet. Oh sorry I want to just do
09:52 Right. And then now you have thing that you are wanted to
09:56 So this is a specific process. right. Now, the name of
10:01 vessel when it comes down is just in in the zone. All
10:04 I'm just gonna just challenge you If you create a vehicle that's going
10:07 go to the surface, that's going go through the process of excess
10:10 What do you think the name of vest clothes X zone C. It's
10:15 easy when you're biologists just easy So does this process of these two
10:20 kind of makes sense. All So, it's just you're going to
10:24 these things kind of pop up over over again. So, once you
10:27 the process, it's like, oh , I see what's going on
10:29 This is a generalized process of different can use to move materials back and
10:35 across the membrane that are too big pastor a channel or a carrier.
10:42 , cell signaling is simply that communication cells. All right. Um,
10:49 how they talk to each other and are different ways that we do
10:52 And really, which type of mechanism going to be spent upon? Certain
10:56 like well, how close to the , how fast you need the signal
10:59 be. Um what is the target you're intending to stimulate or talk
11:04 So, which ones you're going to ? It looks like ran out of
11:09 . Give me a sec. The part here is being prepared. The
11:19 and tons of batteries. Yeah. know, you're gonna hear all that
11:40 this on the thing because it's the system is fine. All right.
11:47 . There we go. Remember you in the front row. Which one
11:53 you watching? Orange? Something? goes, No one hears anything.
11:59 right. Now with regard to how body works. There are two ways
12:03 cells talk to each other there through communication or chemical communication 99% of the
12:09 and most of stuff where we're going talk about his chemical communication. All
12:14 . But there is electrical as All right. So, when you're
12:18 about electrical, what you're dealing with membrane potentials, which we haven't really
12:22 about. All right. That's going be like in the next unit or
12:25 two units away. When we really talking about that. And really what
12:30 is is when two cells are attached each other through a gap junction allows
12:35 electrical potential changes in other words, to flow from cell to cell to
12:39 . All right. Oftentimes what you'll in a class like this is when
12:44 say, well, neuron jews electrical . Very few of those neurons actually
12:49 electrical communication. They really use chemical and talk to each other. They
12:55 electrical signals to talk across long distances themselves. So, um and just
13:01 be clear here, you have a side of the neuron. You have
13:04 sending side of the neuron that electrical going from the receiving side to the
13:08 side. And so, neurons can very, very long. This will
13:11 more sense when we talk about Okay, so 99% of the
13:17 That's a made up number. It be 95. It could be 93
13:19 knows? It's just most of the use chemical communication. All right.
13:25 is where your psa creating a chemical of the cell Probably through process of
13:31 Asus just as an aside maybe right exercise doses. And what happens is
13:37 community to a cell that's either next or some distance away. So,
13:42 going to clarify what that actually What does it mean to be next
13:45 our or further away? All so, first type of signaling is
13:51 auto crime. Auto means self. you ever written yourself a note to
13:56 yourself of something? Okay, have you ever talked to yourself?
14:01 , when you're studying, do you to yourself? Yes, of
14:04 You repeat yourself. You know, saying things. So, cells talk
14:07 themselves and they do it for the reasons you do. It's to remind
14:12 about things or to change your behavior . Right? When you go to
14:16 grocery store, the action that you're . When you look at that
14:19 when you're talking to yourself, is change your action from forgetting to
14:25 Okay, so cells are kind of that as well. Now they're not
14:29 there. I got to remember what they're doing is they probably have
14:32 process that's going on and they're using self talk as a regulatory mechanism to
14:38 on or turn off a process. right, So, it's a self
14:43 mechanism, you secrete The Ligon Ligon the is the agent the binding agent
14:50 will then bind on the receptors on and you get some sort of different
14:55 or change in the response in the . All right. Peric rain is
15:01 of a broader term that refers to from a cell to its nearby
15:08 All right. Now, I'm going use the term here nearby because next
15:11 becomes important in just a second. right. So, once again,
15:15 have secretion of some sort of The chemical diffuses away from the cell
15:21 it will attach to cells that we to as the target cell that have
15:27 proper receptor. What this top pictures to indicate to you here is here's
15:32 group of cells with the receptors that that Liggan. Here's a group of
15:36 that have receptors but they don't bind leg in. So, the perricone
15:40 is to just the cells with the receptors. All right. So,
15:46 message goes out, but only the that have the right receptors to receive
15:50 message are going to respond to that . All right. So, we're
15:54 specific cells to get them to do . Now, here is an example
16:01 a group of cells that are being or really this cell is being innovated
16:04 that neuron. All right. you can see here at the synapse
16:09 this neuron is talking to that It's releasing a chemical and right.
16:13 that neuron those are where the receptors located. So, this is a
16:17 of perricone signaling. Synaptic signaling is form of perricone signaling. All
16:23 And talk about neurons. This is we're gonna be talking about the whole
16:27 is how neurons tell things to do . Now. There's a type of
16:34 that's Pere Crane. So, this a subclass of peregrine that's called Juckes
16:39 . All right. Just a Just a means next to So here
16:45 we're doing is there are two cells are touching each other. They're next
16:49 each other and they're talking to each by direct contact. All right.
16:56 it's not just nearby. It's not oh well I am near here.
17:01 so I'm communicating. So this is a Quran. We have to actually
17:05 in contact. The two cells need be in contact. Now, what
17:09 can do with this is we can two different types of direct signalling.
17:13 right. The bottom. I guess did it the right way.
17:16 so up here we have cell number , cell number two, Cell number
17:19 has a protein sticking out of its . That's acting as a ligand.
17:25 . No two has a protein sitting its surface. That's acting as a
17:29 when the leg in and the receptor into contact with each other. Those
17:34 cells are talking to each other. cell is telling that cell what to
17:40 . All right now, these types molecules that you typically find in these
17:44 are referred to as cell adhesion Their cams, you'll see them all
17:49 the place once you once you've seen just like, oh, that's the
17:52 time I ever seen a smart And then you turn around and they're
17:54 cars everywhere. It's like they just once you learn something, right?
18:00 so that's what these do. The to cell recognition process allows one cell
18:06 directly contact and communicate with the cell next to it. Now, as
18:11 example of electrical signalling, we can gap junctions. So these are basically
18:17 would be a cytoplasmic bridge. So cytoplasm inside this cell is in contact
18:23 the sight of plasma and that sell these gap junctions. And so what
18:27 means is very small molecules can move those two points, which means that
18:33 you have ions flowing when ion you're creating current. And so what
18:38 can have, if you change the concentrations, you can increase or decrease
18:43 rate of flow, which means you're current, which means you're changing electrical
18:49 . All right, So there's this flow and that's what the gap junctions
18:54 allowed to do now. Where do see this in the body? Cardiac
18:58 for example, they're all connected to other one by one. So what
19:02 doing is you're sitting an electrical signal cell to cell to cell to cell
19:05 cell directly, right? Some smooth works this way where you stimulate one
19:11 and then that cells stimulates the next . You know just down down the
19:16 . So this is an example. are some neurons that do this as
19:19 but they're few and far between and probably only located in the deep
19:24 All right. So this is just cream. The last type we just
19:30 of call it. We can call endocrine signaling or long distance signaling long
19:35 and easier term to use at the level. All right. And here
19:39 it is is you have a cell is responsible for producing a chemical message
19:45 message gets secreted through the process of . Oh, sis it flows out
19:49 the interstitial fluid and then gets out the plasma. It once it's in
19:53 plaza and the blood it's transport reported the body and it diffuses into different
20:00 of the body and where it comes contact to other cells that have the
20:04 receptors. Then that cell is going respond. Right? So it's a
20:09 like the perricone. The differences is distance and how it gets to where
20:12 needs to go has to travel through bloodstream. Now examples of this might
20:19 basically every hormone in your body. fact this is what the endocrine system
20:25 to communicate. So if you want think about like this. Um let's
20:31 one. That's easy. All So stress is managed through cortisol.
20:37 you don't need to know this Cortisol is produced in the adrenal
20:41 Can you see why cortisol named Because it comes from the cortex of
20:46 adrenal gland. Alright so again you're like oh so this is why.
20:51 right. So to regulate cortisol, produce a hormone in my pituitary gland
20:57 is up at the bottom of my and to regulate my pituitary gland.
21:01 is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus is a structure in my brain as
21:05 . So I got the hypothalamus communicating the pituitary gland. So it's releasing
21:10 out into the bloodstream. They go the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland produces
21:14 hormone that then travels down to the and says, hey um we need
21:18 make cortisol and so your body begins out cortisol. All right. That's
21:23 form of longest signaling. Okay, signals. Now these hormones they're going
21:30 be different types and sizes and structures we'll primarily deal with that aim
21:36 Two. I don't think we really about any of here. But when
21:39 hear the word hormone think in terms oh that's that form of communication.
21:44 can be in the forms of peptides can be in the form in the
21:48 of steroids which is a type of but we're not going to go into
21:52 ones? Which yes sir, Clarify the nervous just give me mm.
22:01 I didn't say that. That's a point. And then I'll answer your
22:03 as well. All right. there are neurons. Right?
22:08 the example I use the hypothalamus in hypothalamus. The cell that's producing that
22:13 hormone is a neuron. And so are no Euro indie Quran cells that
22:19 in this way and they don't behave the neurons that we're going to learn
22:22 a little bit later, which is a cell talking directly to another cell
22:27 this peregrine signalling. All right. that's how the when I say the
22:32 system what it's doing there are cells the nervous system that regulates other cells
22:38 this fashion. Yes, sir. hormones exclusive to a different signaling or
22:45 it be part of characters? All . So, the question is,
22:49 our hormones exclusive to the endocrine system really endocrine signaling. All right.
22:54 the answer is yes, sort All right. All right. So
22:59 is how it works. All You can put your pens and I'm
23:01 gonna test on this. All A long time ago they started discovering
23:06 hormones actually the way they discovered it really kind of cool. But we're
23:09 going to go into that. But they tested to see how this
23:12 Is I'm gonna tell you this They took a Beatle cut off its
23:15 took another beetle cut off its head then glued the two beetles together?
23:18 they recognize that the one beetle over was producing materials that made the other
23:23 body do certain things. It was there must be something in the blood
23:29 it worked. So that's how they it out. And then someone then
23:32 all the pituitary glands of about a pigs. And they were able to
23:37 the very first hormone, I so pigs are being slaughtered for food
23:42 it's like, well, what are gonna do with the brains? What
23:43 not gonna make cheese out of I guess we could they do,
23:48 . But what they did is they in the pituitary lines about this big
23:51 you can have to collect a lot them. And this is like back
23:54 the early 1900s were trying to isolate you need lots of. So,
24:01 , so, so there was a definition of hormone is something that drives
24:05 is derived in the blood are found the blood. All right. As
24:09 learn more and more and more about signaling, We started realizing some of
24:14 things we're calling hormones are not necessarily . And so the line between what
24:19 hormone is and what other signaling molecules our. That's kind of blurred.
24:24 right. So, generally speaking, this is why I say yes,
24:27 of generally speaking, what we say a hormone. That is something that
24:32 to signal in a long distance through bloodstream. So, it's an endocrine
24:37 . Yes. But are their hormones can signal in a peregrine fashion,
24:44 . But we're not gonna worry about . All right. That's that's that's
24:48 I told you put down your All right. Don't be like my
24:52 . My son came home yesterday hey, how? It's cool.
24:55 ok because 14 And that's what 14 old. Okay. What do you
25:00 do you do today, spanish and and biology, neurobiology? What'd you
25:05 today? Difference between pro carry you out? Well, what's the
25:09 Pro character? Single cell you carry or multicellular No, they're not.
25:17 . Did you listen? Right. did the teacher teach you wrong?
25:20 he just tried to argue with I'm like, come on.
25:23 I mean? So, I made watch the amoeba sisters. You can't
25:28 the amoeba sisters, But you don't to believe your dad. All
25:31 fine. So, again, blurred . All right. So, we
25:39 this horrible horrible word right up Meta tropic metal tropic. Alright.
25:46 first half comes from metabolism. Second comes from tropic. What does tropic
25:52 ? I don't know tropic means something regulates something else. All right.
25:57 doesn't mean something with an umbrella in that you get at a resort in
26:00 tropics. All right. So meta is a process a metabolic process that
26:07 something downstream. All right. And the one type of signaling.
26:13 when you receive a message, one the ways that that cell response is
26:17 this meta tropic pathway. And so is what I'm trying to show.
26:21 says. Look here, I'm going first receive the signal. That means
26:26 have to have a receptor and I to have signaling molecule that binds to
26:29 receptor. That receptor when it gets , changes its shape. Because remember
26:34 molecules change their shape, they change activity and that change in shape results
26:39 the activation of another molecule which activates molecule so on and so on and
26:43 on. All right. It's kind like a domino effect. All
26:46 Now, what we're doing through this effect is called the process of transaction
26:52 simply means changing from one form to next. And what is the thing
26:56 we're changing? We're changing an outside into an inside message. So that's
27:01 trans duck shin refers to. And , this cascade of events is basically
27:07 turn on some sort of response. , why do I need all these
27:11 proteins? Why do I have to domino effect? Why do I have
27:14 have all these steps? Well, answer is is that that one signal
27:17 not create one response. It's actually proteins that then activate other proteins.
27:24 so it kind of turns into this cascade kind of like if you do
27:29 just do one domino after the It's taking one domino that knocks it
27:32 to which knocks over four, which over eight and so on and so
27:35 and so on. So you're activating pathways that creates a much broader response
27:40 the cell that you're looking at. , It's not a 1-1, it's
27:45 one to like many. Well, just gonna say many. All right
27:50 down here, you can see I this in or in act or activate
27:54 that. Alright, often when we signal transaction we talk about turning things
28:00 . But remember sometimes there are things are already on that need to be
28:04 off. Right? So when you're a cell, when you're signaling that
28:09 you may be turning something on, you may also be turning something
28:14 And so it's easy to always thinking on terms but just remember that the
28:18 can be true as well. so meta tropic. There is a
28:23 of trans deduction where you're taking an message turning it into an inside message
28:27 creates some sort of response downstream. right. I should point out This
28:35 right here. 2nd message. So right here, when you hear the
28:39 second message, this refers to a message. So the second message or
28:44 second messenger is within somewhere within that cascade. All right. That's the
28:51 message why it's called the second This is an example of this where
28:57 dealing with phosphor relation. Now, correlation is simply taking a phosphate group
29:02 is like on a T. And stuff. And there's energy in
29:06 bond that is about that where it's . And so when phosphate is added
29:11 something or taken away, what you're is your adding or subtracting energy.
29:15 so what this system is basically saying look here, I've got my leg
29:18 here. I've got my receptor when activate this is take this molecule and
29:24 energy to it. What it's doing allowing energy to activate this system or
29:30 . In this case it's activated. going from an inactive to an active
29:33 . And so each step along this is your activating these proteins by phosphors
29:39 them. This is just an example then not this molecule right here doesn't
29:44 turn this on but it might turn else on. And this one right
29:48 is not just turning this on but might be turning something else on.
29:51 might be turning something on to turn off upstream of it. We're not
29:56 with the specifics. It's just this showing you how this cascade looks how
30:01 is trans direction. So, what have with this picture is a way
30:09 show how we change this sort of . All right. So this is
30:13 way This is a mechanism. So we have here is we have a
30:17 protein. All right. So the protein is the green thing. All
30:23 . So G proteins are typically associated receptors Those types of receptors are called
30:30 protein coupled receptors. Do you see chairman? You have to keep it
30:36 . Right. So G PCR is really associate with the G protein Now
30:40 protein has with it G. T activity. Remember when he heard of
30:45 word ace at the end of the ? What does that mean? It's
30:48 enzyme. And so it's a T Ph which means it takes GTP
30:53 is a nucleotide with a bunch of , three of them specifically which are
30:58 unstable. And what we're gonna do we're going to just bend it a
31:02 bit so that that bond breaks and the energy. And that means that
31:06 G protein uses the energy to activate else. Okay, so that's
31:13 kind of what we're looking at here in order to get this G protein
31:18 those two states, the active in inactive form. There are other proteins
31:23 interact with it in a non covalin to change the state. And so
31:30 what these two things are referring To go on an exchange factor in
31:34 gap. So what's it doing? taking the the energy molecule which is
31:40 interacting with that G protein and it's , hey um you need to move
31:47 need to replace you with the other . And that's what this thing is
31:51 . Its allowing for you to change these two states. So, when
31:56 look at these processes over here, right. This is a specific example
32:02 it's basically saying ignore what it What it's saying is that you're not
32:07 in this process. The other regulatory that allow them to move from state
32:14 state to state. All right. these cascades. These transaction pathways are
32:21 complex. There's molecules upon molecules upon that are affecting the activity of
32:29 And to give you an idea is cascade like this from binding to response
32:35 ridiculously fast. So, all the mechanisms even though they're they're they ensure
32:42 the pathways are active and working and do very very quickly now. How
32:46 are they? All right. Back the day when I was young so
32:52 ago um back when I was young I was working in the lab.
32:57 . I worked on signal transaction cascades at a hormone in what is the
33:03 . All right. So we had in a dish that we collected and
33:07 we did ask the question. My time point because I asked what is
33:11 over time. My first time point five seconds. All right. So
33:15 means I added in the hormone and immediately stopped the reaction because that's how
33:20 five seconds is. Right. And next one was 30 seconds. That
33:23 a little bit easier than a minute five minutes. Then 10 minutes than
33:28 minutes than an hour. Two four hours eight hours, 16 hours
33:33 hours to days, four days. you can see it gets kind of
33:37 at a certain point. So where I see my first response? Five
33:43 . Right. And you'd see it darker, darker, you know,
33:46 terms of the activity T5 seconds, seconds. And then when you hit
33:51 point somewhere around an hour or two and then it would kind of slowly
33:55 back down. Alright, So incredibly . Alright, molecules. And these
34:02 you get very very quick responses. you're regulating and you're making sure your
34:09 can go forward because you have molecules allow that to happen. So meta
34:17 pathways have metabolic steps that have regulatory . That's what metabolism is. And
34:24 you to turn inside signal. an outside signal into an inside signal
34:29 trans induction to get a cellular The other form of communication is what
34:36 referred to as I on a Alright, so again, tropic means
34:41 regulate something else. And now we these different words instead of metal
34:45 which refers to metabolism, we have a which refers to ions. All
34:51 . And what we're having here is basically saying we have a channel that
34:56 it opens it allows the inflow or outflow of ions. And when we
35:02 an in floor outflow of ions, have a change in current.
35:08 When ions move you have current. so what we're doing is we're creating
35:13 current to change the activity of the . All right. Now, this
35:18 a very short lived signal. It's very rapid signal. All right.
35:22 so what you're doing is if you up a channel islands flowing and close
35:25 channel, you basically created a very current that the cell can take advantage
35:33 . That's how neurons are going to communicating primarily. All right. They're
35:38 to open up channels in the cells they're talking to and the channels when
35:44 open cause electrical changes in the cells they're stimulating. All right. The
35:52 type which kind of doesn't fall into category is what we refer to as
35:57 receptor signaling. This is how your work. All right. So,
36:03 you think steroids, think estrogen think cortisol. All right. These
36:08 all different types of steroids. a steroid, it begins life as
36:16 starts off as cholesterol and it's just modified cholesterol molecule. And when we
36:21 at steroids you're gonna go, they're very similar. They don't look
36:24 lot different from each other. But they start off as a cholesterol,
36:28 means they are a lipid and lip hate water and water hates lipids
36:36 It's a mutually hating relationship. And when you have a hormone like a
36:42 outside the cell where it's mostly water says I don't want to be
36:47 And so it goes rushing in and associated with that plasma membrane. Now
36:53 adding a little extra steps here. it makes a little bit more sense
36:56 if you look at this guy wait second there's water out here. There's
36:58 in there as well. All So what happens is is once it
37:01 in that plasma membrane another molecule comes and says hey how you doing?
37:06 then it kind of hooks up with and carries it around. All
37:10 And so basically what you're gonna do you're going to move it to another
37:16 called nuclear receptor. Now, if look at that picture, you're probably
37:21 there going wait a second. That's in the nucleus. Why are you
37:24 it nuclear? Well this receptor when activated goes to the nucleus, hence
37:32 term nuclear receptor. Alright, so un activated. It's basically can be
37:38 either place, it just kind of out wherever it is. But when
37:42 hormone comes along and binds to the receptor, what it does is it
37:47 locates to the nucleus and what it do once it trans locates to the
37:53 it partners up with another nuclear receptor always work in pairs. All
37:58 And what it does that binds to D. N. A. Alright
38:03 to the promoter region of a And its job is to regulate the
38:09 of the production of the gene. that means turning the gene on or
38:13 it means turning the gene off activation and activation. We're not going
38:17 go into what it is. All . So in essence when you're using
38:22 like a steroid and a nuclear receptor mechanism, you're activating the production of
38:29 specific mrna. Which will produce a neu protein or turn off a
38:34 Now to put this in perspective so you can understand this a little bit
38:39 . We have lights in this Everyone agree. Lights how do I
38:43 off or turn on the lights there's switch. So meta tropic is like
38:47 lights in this room. I want turn on the lights and room.
38:50 go over that panel right there. the button that says on the lights
38:54 on everything to make the lights turn are already in the walls and already
38:58 the ceiling to make that happen. ? So I made a meta tropic
39:04 . I add the leg into the that's like pushing the button and then
39:08 the things in the pathway to get lights turned on the signal. The
39:11 is already there. I on a . We want to turn on the
39:17 in the room. But first we to actually make the lights.
39:21 So we're gonna make the lights, gonna put them in then we gotta
39:23 the wiring and so I've got to the wiring and I've got to do
39:26 that. That's what I on a is doing. Sorry, nuclear receptor
39:31 is doing. All it's doing is saying I want to create this
39:35 But in order for me to create response, I have to create all
39:38 things that are part of the response . Do you think that's fast or
39:43 ? Slow? Just like turning on lights in that fashion where I'd actually
39:47 to install the lights and make the and do all that stuff. It's
39:50 than just pressing the button. But types of responses are very long lived
39:58 you're actually making this stuff over So if you add in the hormone
40:04 , using the same experiment that I describing at five seconds, I'm not
40:08 to see a response at 10 I'm not going to see a response
40:12 an hour is probably when I start a response. But what will happen
40:17 is my response will last for days . So this form of signaling is
40:24 to be a long lived signal. gonna take a while to get
40:29 But it's long lived. Yes, . Yes. So so the response
40:39 . So like right, if you an inflammation let's say you have a
40:42 . Doctor gives you cortisol really give cortisone which is a form of
40:46 You rub it in. Does it away? Right away? No.
40:49 takes a little while for it to . Right. Cortisone shots, same
40:53 of thing. It goes in The inflammation takes a little bit of
40:56 for it to happen. All right they're not giving you a medicine to
41:01 with a meta tropic pathway. Usually you're doing something like that it's actually
41:07 cascade. It's basically a process of getting it from the body to where
41:11 needed to go. But once it there, once it gets there it's
41:15 really quick. Right. Yes Former Will activate all three.
41:23 they're very specific. So this is we talk about why we separate them
41:27 . All right. So there are hormones that only work on those cell
41:33 receptor in the meta tropic pathways. . Which types of hormones will do
41:38 ones that are water soluble. They penetrate or pass through the plasma
41:42 What about I wanna tropic Well I a tropic it's just a different form
41:47 signaling but you're signaling through that receptor the surface. Right? If I
41:52 back and show you where is this boy? Right. We're on the
41:56 here is the binding site. So have to be water soluble you're not
42:01 be lipid soluble lipid soluble to just of work right through the fossil lipid
42:06 layer. So a steroid which is lipid won't act out here. Can
42:13 put a time out for a Can I confuse you all? Can
42:17 confuse that question? All right. , I'm talking in absolutes, aren't
42:24 ? Right. I said absolutely water this steroid Absolutely. Through this mechanism
42:31 10 years ago, yeah, someone an estrogen receptor which would normally be
42:38 nuclear receptor actually associate the plasma So, there are mechanisms or some
42:44 do act through cell surface receptors and the whole thing up and make life
42:48 , really difficult for all of us had these nice simple patterns to do
42:53 . Now, having said that, do we need to know this
42:59 Okay, so don't let the exceptions you up. I'm not asking about
43:05 actually. I'm asking about how the works that answer your question. All
43:09 , Okay, Yes, ma'am. . So, the question is what
43:14 the promoter region? So, when were talking um uh on Tuesday about
43:21 proteins, remember we said we bind DNA from DNA. You get that
43:25 in a message and from the RNA , you get the protein.
43:28 And we said here is a gene that gene had introns and exons.
43:32 there is that picture which had the pointing like this in the big stop
43:36 the promoter region is the area where going to start transcribing the RNA.
43:42 right. And I'm not going to you that question on the test.
43:45 just used the word that confused. . So that's what it is.
43:50 the starter region. So it's basically here, what am I doing?
43:54 going to that promoter region where I'm to start transcribing that gene. And
43:59 all the machinery that's responsible for starting process are going to be kind of
44:03 in that area. Yeah. Okay. So are we are we
44:11 with signaling here? Yes, You will be going on on the
44:18 . Okay. So the question is in depth. Right. And this
44:25 ask this after class a couple So you don't stick around and
44:28 It's like the test will cover what talk about in class. All
44:34 Right. You'll be fine. Don't out. Well, I mean,
44:38 can stress how you want to, I ain't gonna help you. All
44:41 . No, don't don't don't stress . Right. What I'm trying to
44:45 is I'm trying to lay some groundwork that we can understand stuff later.
44:49 , freshman level class. I'm not to ask you to please describe all
44:52 parts of a gene. Hey, haven't talked about that. I'm not
44:57 to sit there and go here's a . Here's a pathway name all those
45:02 in the transaction cascade. You'd be , but it's the triangle and the
45:09 . There's a hexagon in there. think it's a hex of God,
45:11 not certain. Right? It's no, that's just what is
45:15 It's basically a series of molecules that for an outside signal. Turn into
45:19 inside signal. Okay, keep it freshman level class. All right.
45:26 going to move on. We're back the cell the last little bit of
45:29 self. Oh yeah. And then get to tissues on Tuesday. What's
45:39 ? Yeah. Well, I mean just it's like building blocks on top
45:43 blocks because tissues. So the question tissues harder themselves. Now, they're
45:49 they're really not. This is how get tissues. Right cells have to
45:55 . We said tissue is basically a of cells of the same kind group
45:59 . So how do we get them group together? How do we keep
46:01 from floating apart from each other. so these are the junctions between the
46:06 cells. How they hold themselves All right. So there's lots of
46:10 types Type junction junctions. Desmond zones hearings, which didn't exist when I
46:15 in college, but now they I know they probably were there.
46:19 just didn't teach us, right? the way the hemi Desmond zone,
46:22 is the thing you find in an that makes the car sound really?
46:25 , that's a hit me something another don't know. All right. This
46:31 actually a lot easier. The names let the names frighten you.
46:35 first is the Dez Mazzone's All What a Desmond zoom is is like
46:43 velcro Alright, In essence, what have here is you have this plaque
46:49 proteins. So, that's what the thing is. You have proteins that
46:54 out from the sell these are adhesion and then you have intermediate filaments that
47:01 attached to that plaque that then go throughout the inside of the cell.
47:05 what the yellow stuff of is. , you get to Desmond Zone or
47:09 get one hemi Desmond's um and another Desmond's um you jam them together.
47:13 green molecules, those adhesion molecules they to each other. And so now
47:19 two cells are attached and holding on each other. So, that means
47:22 I pull on one cell, I'm on all the cells that that cell
47:27 attached to. All right. what it does, it helps to
47:32 these tensions. And these forces. already talked about a couple days ago
47:37 torturing our younger siblings. Right? that? We talked about the indian
47:42 and why the skin doesn't come flailing your body when you get an indian
47:47 when you twist that skin. And reason is because one cell is attached
47:51 another cell which is attached to another , but not at a single point
47:55 thousands of points. And so the that you're creating on that one cell
48:00 then distributed to the other cells through intermediate filaments. All right.
48:05 this half right. Here, that be a hemi. That would be
48:08 hemi together. It's one full Desmond . So, you already understand what
48:13 hammy desmond's um is then, That's the next slide. I think
48:17 the next slide. Now, this just trying to show you the picture
48:20 what this would look like. they they've exaggerated this to to show
48:26 cause cells do not create that much in between them. All right.
48:29 , you can imagine you can see this is that Desmond Zone Desmond's um
48:33 Zone. Those little tiny filaments represent intermediate filaments. And you can see
48:38 these cells are being stretched and pulled all the other cells. Alright,
48:42 forces are being distributed along the And those filaments which are not being
48:47 are basically all going to the central aren't drawn on these things. But
48:52 forces being distributed everywhere to all those points. So, the hemi Desmond
49:00 And again, it's really easy to at this. Go I've got to
49:02 this and this and this. don't do that. All right.
49:06 biochemistry. You get to do that biochemistry. And even then they probably
49:11 you do that. That's probably more biology. But here it is.
49:14 , you can see what do we ? We have a plaque,
49:17 That's what they're trying to show you have a whole bunch of intermediate filaments
49:21 then we have a whole bunch of , you cell adhesion molecules that are
49:25 out. And what we're doing is of binding to another cell on the
49:30 side in a hemi Desmond zone. we're looking at when it's truly a
49:34 Desmond, when we called him Desmond , what we're doing is we're binding
49:38 molecules in the extra cellular matrix. what E C. M stands
49:43 Extra cellular matrix. So, there's bunch of proteins in there. And
49:47 , basically those proteins serve as anchors which the cell adhesion molecules up here
49:54 to And so now you can imagine can have a tissue that's attached to
50:00 different tissue. It's not settled to it sell to a tissue. Like
50:05 would be a connective tissue. All . And again, if I pull
50:10 that cell, it's anchored to So, it's not gonna move
50:16 That's the purpose of the hemi Desmond to anchoring it to an extra cellular
50:22 . Now, we're going to learn basement membranes in the next lecture.
50:25 , that's where that term is going come from. The adherence junction is
50:30 a Desmond zone says the name. are we doing? And when we
50:34 at adherence, we're adhering That's that's you're starting to get it right.
50:40 like this is not hard nomenclature. ? So, basically it's just a
50:47 type of Desmond uses a different type molecule. All right. And what
50:52 does is it attach is not to filaments. It uses micro filaments,
50:58 those acting filaments. All right. it doesn't have the same,
51:04 it's just tougher or more rigid type attachment. Now, we're going to
51:10 these a little bit later in. types of epithelium tight junctions are called
51:21 junctions. Why? Because they're All right. You guys in ziploc
51:28 ? All right. You buy good bags. You can put spaghetti
51:31 This is what the commercials telling At least you can put the spaghetti
51:34 in the bag, seal the turn it upside down and shake it
51:37 it will not allow the spaghetti sauce come out. If you go by
51:41 the bags, I no one knows all he is. Okay,
51:45 You know, now that it's oh yeah, okay, lesser
51:48 definitely gonna fall apart. Probably doesn't seal. Turn that back upside
51:52 sped Getty's coming out right? Or spaghetti sauce. So, a tight
51:59 is like that. Seal on a bag. One cell has proteins.
52:03 cell has proteins. They come They attach. And what they do
52:07 they create a barrier in between the . All right. So, what
52:13 now have done is not just linked cells together. But what you've done
52:18 you've created a unique environment up here an environment that's separated from an environment
52:22 here. Okay. Which means now you have is you define different sides
52:30 the cell. So, I have picture of this. Yes, I
52:35 . All right. Think Yeah. slide different picture. So, what
52:42 looking at here, this is a of epithelium. And what we're doing
52:47 is we can see here the tight , Right. And so you can
52:51 I'm preventing things from going in between cells. And so, what I've
52:55 is I've created a unique environment down in a unique environment up there.
53:00 created polarity with regard to these So now, what I have is
53:07 side that faces outward. That would called the a pickle side will come
53:13 and do this again. When we about epithelium and a pickle side where
53:17 gonna be secreted materials and bringing materials the cell absorbing materials. And then
53:23 created a side that's usually attached to basement membrane where secretion is not
53:29 All right. We may have stuff sent out, but it's not actual
53:34 . So, we refer to this the basil side. And since the
53:38 sides are very similar, we just to the whole regions below the area
53:44 the tight junction as the basil lateral . All right. Now, what's
53:50 is that these tight junctions are not merely at the at the outside.
53:56 . They do create that barry but also proteins that associate with them on
54:00 inside. So on the inside of cell that tight junction serves as a
54:06 for that basil. Sorry, a and that basil lateral side. So
54:11 creates this polarity so that we always the cell always knows this is the
54:15 I secrete to. This is the I absorbed to. This is the
54:18 that I don't do those things. things are directed towards the ethical side
54:24 secretion and brought in from during All right. So that's what this
54:30 statement refers to. It ensures directional of materials through the cell. All
54:39 . So while it does create this , it also does things inside the
54:43 as well. Let me back up I want to this thing restrict the
54:51 membrane proteins. So, this side different from that side because the membrane
54:55 are there and they can't wander They're just stuck on one side or
54:59 other. That's what that refers Here's the gap junction. Gap junctions
55:04 for two cells that are next to other to communicate. Have direct
55:08 So you can see here these little right here are called connection molecules.
55:13 form what is called a connection C N vs O N. And then
55:20 on on one side and connects on other side come together and that creates
55:24 actual gap junction. All right. they basically allow for the flow of
55:31 small molecules and ions to pass through in between. So it allows for
55:36 cell to cell communication. Finally the cellular matrix. Okay here you can
55:49 the plasma membrane, this is the of the cell. You can see
55:54 have some protein sticking through. We some sugar sticking out as well.
55:59 that's your Glick. Okay Alex remember said there would be like okay Alex
56:03 down here. This would be side skeleton. And what we're doing with
56:06 next cellular matrix are all the proteins fibers and other materials that are not
56:12 of the cell but are out there that environment next to or near the
56:16 . Hence it's a matrix because it's bunch of different things. You can
56:20 to it and hold it near to to the um near to the
56:26 Did anyone watch the video, the life video a couple of you.
56:31 I think there's a scene in that you can kind of see the extra
56:34 matrix where it shows these receptors poking through it. I don't know if
56:40 mean you probably have to go back see if that's actually true because there's
56:43 of these videos and one of them one doesn't and I can't remember which
56:46 I gave you all but you can of see oh yeah, there's stuff
56:50 here. It's just not It's not naked plain of lipids with a couple
56:55 sugars and a couple of proteins sticking . There's this this vast network of
57:01 that sit outside. All right. you connect to them and hold it
57:05 place. And so it's kind of way to ensure that your cells are
57:13 . And it's also way to allow signaling to occur. So this is
57:17 of your environment that's allowing you to with it. That's when integrate is
57:22 a form of cell adhesion molecule. is just trying to show you,
57:26 , there's integrates. Cat hearings is one. So and so forth.
57:30 right. So, the proteins and found near but are not part of
57:37 plasma membrane. All right. But not part of horrible, horrible
57:46 . All right. So, you a life off as a single
57:52 are you single cell now? So, that means those cells must
57:56 done something. They had to reproduce over and over again. They also
58:00 along the process. And many of cells are constantly replacing themselves. Your
58:05 for example, your cells are very actually all yourselves are very much
58:10 But they're constantly replacing themselves. You're the dust in your house is basically
58:15 skin cells falling off your body and the people you live with you.
58:22 . And you're breathing them in and sticking in your lungs. You oh
58:29 gets worse. They're a little tiny living all over your you guys know
58:33 brown peanuts. Right? What's the of the guy that has dirt cloud
58:38 them? Pigpen, Pigpen, you're Pigpen. You have a cloud of
58:46 that surrounds your body. Yeah. know this is part of your
58:51 We always talk about the microbiome being bacteria in your guts. Yeah that's
58:57 . But you also have this cloud nebula. So it's a nebula.
59:01 , it's just nebulous cloud of bacteria surround you every time you get close
59:05 somebody, everyone kind of exchanges some . It's like hey how you
59:11 You know some bacteria stick around some you know? It's Yeah. The
59:18 is a dirty, dirty place. we actually have more bacteria in our
59:24 by number than actual cells in our . Yeah. And you can't wash
59:31 off. All right. So why I bring this up? All
59:36 So your cells go through this process division. So there's a cell
59:41 All right. Now this is not where I'm gonna brutally beat you up
59:44 cells. You may see one question the desk. All right. So
59:48 cell cycle has two different phases to . There's a phase of existing and
59:54 and doing stuff like that and then a phase of division. All
59:59 So the growing phase is the interphase . It's basically where you where you
60:05 stuff And so that's the G The S and the G two.
60:08 is G one stand for growth phase or gap phase one? I prefer
60:15 S face. I'm going to synthesize so that I can divide. All
60:21 . So, I'm looking at my and I'm like, okay, time
60:24 replicate that. That's what the That's what the S. Phase is
60:28 the G. Two phase is the phase to go into the division
60:34 All right. That's what G. . That's the gap faith.
60:37 it's a check some basically what it is checks to make sure everything is
60:41 , everything is ready to go so you can go and do division because
60:44 you're not ready to go, you're to screw things up. Your cells
60:47 going to be on. Not ready divide, bad things will happen.
60:51 have to destroy the cell. that's why you need the G
60:54 All right, So, interphase is one S and G two now over
60:59 on the side. You see this pit stop, Good stuff. Some
61:05 know cars. Alright, pit All right. So, I don't
61:09 why they put pit stop over but jeez here, that's the G
61:12 phase. It's basically the Oh, not going through the cell cycle right
61:16 . I really need to focus on face. Uh huh. Mhm.
61:23 is. It's just sitting over I'm just going to do my
61:26 All right. And then when it's I can re enter in and then
61:30 through G. One S. Two. All right. So it's
61:33 of a set aside. I'm not of the division part yet. I
61:37 to do other stuff for right All right. The might attack phase
61:41 in phase that's the actual cell All right. And I'm just double
61:46 I guess I do talk about look actually defined all this stuff.
61:52 So there it is. That's that's I just told you all about.
61:55 ? Built in stop signals. Make everything's okay. So when we deal
62:00 mitosis this is basically the division There's actually two parts to mitosis,
62:06 ? We tend to think of the . N. A. Dividing
62:08 But there's two things we have to the D. N. A equally
62:12 two daughter cells. But we have do the same thing with the
62:15 Alright, so with regard to division the nucleus and nuclear material, the
62:22 therefore basic phases profane met face to to face these United Great, am
62:28 going to ask you what each of things do, nope. Don't
62:31 All right. Just know because the is is if you go and take
62:35 cell and freeze it and say all , what does that sell in?
62:40 nine times out of 10. You're well it's kinda looks like profile could
62:43 in a face. All right now are world experts who do this
62:47 Right? So part of my getting degrees I had to learn form
62:53 the different phases of pro phase and are different phases of pro phase.
62:58 know it's like Prilep Putin leaped Augustine. If you've ever heard of
63:02 terms, it's a pack of the one. I kind of think there
63:06 a second you don't use it, lose it. All right. So
63:10 like oh well you can kind of stuff. But for you guys we're
63:14 looking in a microscope. We don't whether the D. N.
63:17 Is convincing at this point or whether lining up at the you know the
63:21 topic plate, all that stuff. understand there are four stages that allow
63:26 the D. N. A. line so that it can be divided
63:29 the two daughter cells and then in latter phases of mitosis this is what
63:34 going to also divide up the That process is called psychokinesis.
63:40 psychokinesis. All right. Side. sell kinesis movement. And so this
63:45 how you take a cell and clone . All right. That's what the
63:50 daughters are. They're basically clones of parents. All right. And this
63:54 how 99.9% of your cells behave? don't think I talked about. Still
64:02 here's psychokinesis and its definition basically. see psychokinesis there. I'm splitting the
64:08 is all in half. This is last slide. We are done.
64:16 my goodness. Don't let me see I can keep you here longer.
64:20 me answer questions. And you guys out of here. Yeah. All
64:25 , hold on cloud guys. so when would cells die?
64:31 So the question is, when is cell gonna die? Well, when
64:34 tell it to, I mean, all honesty, that's that's part of
64:38 signaling. So, for example, right. How many of you guys
64:41 webbed fingers or toes, anybody? . Right now, during development you
64:49 . You had webbed fingers and There were extra cells your body didn't
64:53 . So, what does your body ? It goes and tells it go
64:57 diet. So, what happens is cells in between die off. All
65:03 . So, cells don't naturally die the sense like they have a
65:07 Their signal to behave in a fashion they're actually killing themselves off or if
65:12 get damaged, then they are either themselves to die or something else will
65:18 them the signal to die kind Cool. Huh? Anybody else going
65:24 ? What do we have a test we have a test? Do you
65:28 to be here? Good. What on the 21st? No class?
65:34 going to be on video. All . You guys have a great
65:37 enjoy you have on
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