| 00:04 | Yeah. Oh okay folks. Let's see. We've got so we're |
|
| 00:36 | per your request, we started starting uh three today so just I'm sure |
|
| 00:44 | is obvious to you if not know none of this today is on exam |
|
| 00:49 | tomorrow. Okay so um so we're starting on three which will take us |
|
| 00:57 | exam three which were not ready to about that yet. Have not haven't |
|
| 01:02 | exam to yet, so but still another more than three weeks away. |
|
| 01:08 | um let's see. There's no other other assignments due monday coming up. |
|
| 01:16 | no mastering, no by poured So um just the exam tomorrow or |
|
| 01:23 | whichever day you signed up for and let's see what else. Yeah, |
|
| 01:32 | today such just kind of set this . So as I said last |
|
| 01:39 | so starting really today to the end the semester, it's all kind of |
|
| 01:43 | toward uh disease is really the focus disease. And so 14 is kind |
|
| 01:50 | intro to that topic, looking at in different different aspects of infectious |
|
| 01:57 | Um And so we then kind of from there. I kind of I |
|
| 02:02 | go in order of 15, 17. I do 16 17 and |
|
| 02:09 | 15, 15 is the microbial pathogenesis bacteria and others that cause how that |
|
| 02:17 | these. So I set it up by looking at how your immune system |
|
| 02:21 | first and then we look at kind what they do to manipulate the immune |
|
| 02:27 | . So it makes more sense to it that way really? So so |
|
| 02:31 | the reason for kind of the not an exact number order of your |
|
| 02:35 | Um Then, so yeah, I in the last part of that unit |
|
| 02:43 | focus on focuses on specific diseases and and vaccines. And then we'll talk |
|
| 02:48 | vaccines a couple other things. But , so pretty much all kind of |
|
| 02:52 | toward the medical aspect of things. , so again in 14 we kind |
|
| 02:57 | break it down into parts as you here. So this is gonna be |
|
| 03:03 | . Uh you see here kind of learning objectives has a lot of define |
|
| 03:07 | , categorize that list. This There's gonna be a bunch of |
|
| 03:12 | So I guess you just put all terms here. Okay. I know |
|
| 03:16 | looks like a lot, but I it's just the nature of the beast |
|
| 03:19 | with with with talking about this So uh certainly things, you're gonna |
|
| 03:26 | the last time you see this in course of course, as you go |
|
| 03:29 | to nursing school. So um at will give you a bit of uh |
|
| 03:35 | into in depth in all all these obviously, I kind of mentioned, |
|
| 03:40 | , here is, you know how describe disease in this way, here |
|
| 03:44 | some terms blah blah blah, some it will go into more detail than |
|
| 03:47 | , but, you know, don't again the terms here just kind of |
|
| 03:53 | to help you out and and leave money with these things. Okay so |
|
| 03:59 | so we're gonna start with questions. if this is we're gonna see this |
|
| 04:03 | at the end again and we're gonna this question again at the end. |
|
| 04:06 | I guess kind of you're not sure okay but again the nature of this |
|
| 04:13 | particular chapter is a lot of terminology so than probably what we're used to |
|
| 04:18 | this is kind of meant to kind throw some of that in there at |
|
| 04:22 | and see if you can recognize any these. So so the terms here |
|
| 04:29 | disease, subclinical infection commence cell with term endemic is another term herd immunity |
|
| 04:38 | . Okay so those are basically the and seeing if we can find the |
|
| 04:45 | definitions or definition. Okay but again not I'm just gonna once you answer |
|
| 04:53 | gonna go and then because we're gonna the question again and hopefully the percentages |
|
| 04:58 | 100% correct this time. Maybe there be the second time around. Okay |
|
| 05:40 | Okay let's count down five B. . Okay here we go. Alright |
|
| 05:57 | what do we get genius consensus? let's mark that 1 63 G. |
|
| 06:06 | well we'll see if you're right um like it was pretty confident that's definitely |
|
| 06:13 | . So um okay so pathology so of um studying this up talking about |
|
| 06:21 | . So the study of disease and effects and things we call pathology. |
|
| 06:27 | of course in that under that let's say we have ideology pathogenesis and |
|
| 06:34 | changes. So for any disease, our context serious infectious disease, |
|
| 06:39 | We're not talking about all diseases because all diseases are caused by infectious |
|
| 06:44 | So we're talking about infectious agents. obviously it's gonna be some sort of |
|
| 06:48 | cause of a disease. What's the causing it? Viral bacterial, what |
|
| 06:53 | you? Um there'll be some kind disease process that occurs. Okay. |
|
| 06:58 | and certainly some side type of symptoms to the body. Of course. |
|
| 07:05 | of course these can be mild to . So a number of different |
|
| 07:11 | Okay. And so the couple of to mention your so infection versus |
|
| 07:18 | Okay, so infection is basically the of infectious agent. Okay. Then |
|
| 07:24 | becomes okay. Is the person actually a disease state? Right. Are |
|
| 07:29 | exhibiting some type of pathogenesis and body ? Okay. Of course. Um |
|
| 07:35 | you are infected, are you automatically you're gonna be have disease? Is |
|
| 07:43 | a given anybody? No, because have if you know anything from this |
|
| 07:51 | three years, we know the notorious notorious but asymptomatic carriers of covid and |
|
| 07:58 | other diseases. So just because you're , you may not know it, |
|
| 08:03 | know, typically don't you may never it because you might have just generated |
|
| 08:08 | disease altogether. Okay, so infection always equate to manifesting itself and you |
|
| 08:15 | sick, You know, I think all know that. And then violence |
|
| 08:18 | pathogenesis. So this this this is the focus on on the microbe. |
|
| 08:27 | , so and this relates of course some people will talk about a lot |
|
| 08:34 | this section, brilliance factors. so that's what relates to pathogenesis. |
|
| 08:43 | i. E. It's about how the infectious agent cause disease? |
|
| 08:48 | How does it how does it how it transmitted? How is it once |
|
| 08:51 | is in a host um what does do to overcome your host defenses and |
|
| 08:58 | disease? Does it produce toxins? it does it um uh doesn't otherwise |
|
| 09:04 | yourselves to get inside yourselves? There's even types that aren't viruses that |
|
| 09:09 | bacterial that can get inside yourselves, kind of how they hide out from |
|
| 09:13 | system. So whatever they can do they have a capsule? |
|
| 09:17 | so they're all different kinds of Can be various factors, but anyone |
|
| 09:21 | agent will have a collection of those that enables them to cause disease. |
|
| 09:27 | , So that's really what we pretty explore in that chapter 15, which |
|
| 09:31 | microbial pathogenesis. How do these things disease? So, um so you'll |
|
| 09:37 | business factors a lot really for the of the semester in that context. |
|
| 09:43 | , so um so I kind of expanding on this same framework here. |
|
| 09:51 | , so, as it goes through 14 Today and next week. So |
|
| 09:56 | look at pathology in terms of, communicable and noncommunicable disease. Right that's |
|
| 10:01 | type of thing the occurrence of This fits into the category of |
|
| 10:08 | Okay so looking at data relating to particular disease infectious disease. How many |
|
| 10:16 | are occurring at the moment? How is the disease? Okay. Um |
|
| 10:22 | then what's the frequency? Is there there is there an outbreak? |
|
| 10:26 | Is there a rapid rise in number cases? Is there's basically a low |
|
| 10:31 | of steady number of cases? So , I'll tell you something in terms |
|
| 10:34 | epidemiology. Okay and so that's why several infectious diseases by law have to |
|
| 10:46 | reported. Okay. Certainly things like S. T. D. |
|
| 10:50 | Uh influenza Covid there's a number of that you must be reported once identified |
|
| 10:57 | the physician. Okay and that's where data comes from. That's where that |
|
| 11:01 | from that. We collect on all of infectious diseases throughout the year. |
|
| 11:07 | . And get a feel for it's a disease that's not particularly relevant that |
|
| 11:12 | anymore. We don't see many It's something that all of a sudden |
|
| 11:15 | haven't seen anything in the data Now all of a sudden boom, |
|
| 11:18 | of cases. So we use that in different ways. Right? And |
|
| 11:22 | collected on a daily basis basically. um I mean as a nurse you |
|
| 11:28 | if you come across somebody with one these diseases you have, it has |
|
| 11:31 | be reported. Okay. And we'll a little bit more about that |
|
| 11:35 | next time about the types of diseases , signed the symptoms. Some bodily |
|
| 11:40 | , of course. Right, signs symptoms of fever. I got a |
|
| 11:44 | , my my my neck hurts or feel tired. Right. There's always |
|
| 11:50 | this group, there's things that are . You can measure a fever, |
|
| 11:56 | . Put an exact number on There's other things that more subjective. |
|
| 12:00 | . Like I feel malaise, you all heard that term malaise feel |
|
| 12:05 | Right? That's not really something you measure is more subjective type, but |
|
| 12:09 | both of those are typically associated with kind of bodily changes. Okay, |
|
| 12:16 | of disease extent. Uh, so relates to uh is it is a |
|
| 12:21 | , is it something that's ongoing for and months or is it something that |
|
| 12:26 | call acute last for maybe 10 14 and you're through with it? And |
|
| 12:30 | things in between as well. the extent of infection relates to. |
|
| 12:37 | it just localized in a certain part the body? Has it spread |
|
| 12:42 | Okay. Uh, certainly uh, you're your own immune system, |
|
| 12:48 | Which is basically referring to here. of course, go a long way |
|
| 12:52 | determining that. Right. You have healthy immune system. Can you just |
|
| 12:56 | the infection right there or are you compromised and not not your muse system |
|
| 13:03 | functioning as well. So that's certainly play a role. Um Maybe you |
|
| 13:08 | certain factors that you could be related gender. Ah Maybe what part of |
|
| 13:15 | world you're living in the geography? your occupation in some cases. So |
|
| 13:20 | of these things can factor into you in particular infection and so transmissibility of |
|
| 13:29 | . Okay, um what where might fit in in terms of these blocks |
|
| 13:37 | ? These colored blocks, where would put transmit transmissibility of disease? What's |
|
| 13:43 | best guess here? Yeah, It'd be it'd be in this |
|
| 13:48 | Right. So this really relates to transmission of disease. Absolutely. |
|
| 13:55 | so there are some diseases that can passed person to person. Okay, |
|
| 14:00 | rapidly and others that don't fit the at all. Okay, so we'll |
|
| 14:04 | about that uh in a little Okay, so we're talking about infectious |
|
| 14:11 | . This is something we emphasize more microbial pathogenesis, I. E. |
|
| 14:16 | it's worth kind of looking at the , how this happens. Right? |
|
| 14:20 | there's going to be uh whatever the is, there's some kind of a |
|
| 14:26 | source. So even if there's no , outbreak of curling or anything, |
|
| 14:31 | just have the interest of, I to know um where would I find |
|
| 14:36 | where do I find the meningitis the one that causes the number one |
|
| 14:42 | of meningitis in young adults and Where would I find it? |
|
| 14:48 | And so there's gonna be a source they naturally reside, even if there's |
|
| 14:51 | an outbreak going on, that's where that's where they live and that's what |
|
| 14:54 | call that reservoir. Okay. And so from that reservoir which can be |
|
| 15:00 | things, an animal can be other think I know what that is. |
|
| 15:08 | got battery backup, yep. So on a sec. Let me turn |
|
| 15:14 | one on briefly. Uh Okay so like I said, animals can be |
|
| 15:23 | reservoir um rabies, certainly various animals reservoirs. Um the many diseases are |
|
| 15:34 | are the reservoir. Other humans are ones that are the source. So |
|
| 15:37 | asymptomatic carriers are the ones that are source. So that's true for the |
|
| 15:43 | organism when meningitis outbreak occurs, which occurred in dorms and whatnot. Um |
|
| 15:50 | due to just another, an asymptomatic that's nearby. And so that's Uh |
|
| 15:57 | somewhere in order 40, of the just carries that meningitis organism in their |
|
| 16:03 | and show no signs or symptoms. so as mentioned. Yeah, so |
|
| 16:11 | number of those the reservoirs are humans it can be, it can be |
|
| 16:14 | can be a reservoir bodies of water what have you. It depends on |
|
| 16:18 | agent. So in terms of transmission course is how is it getting from |
|
| 16:23 | host? I'm sorry, from that to you. Okay. So that |
|
| 16:29 | be also a number of different It can be an insect that mosquito |
|
| 16:33 | something maybe takes it to you. can be a ingesting a contaminated water |
|
| 16:38 | . So a number of different Can you can get it get to |
|
| 16:43 | airborne right through food, what have ? Okay, so once in the |
|
| 16:49 | . So the transmission part um is to the rest of the process. |
|
| 16:54 | transmission part is probably the least Where it becomes an issue for the |
|
| 16:59 | is once it's in the host now got a whole bunch of barriers if |
|
| 17:05 | will, it's got to get around and over and what have you |
|
| 17:09 | your innate, your innate and adaptive system. It's got to get through |
|
| 17:13 | that. Right. So um so the hosts uh overcoming these barriers, |
|
| 17:21 | Multiplying, maybe causing damage. These are typically a part of the |
|
| 17:26 | . And again, you know, damage may be minimal or it could |
|
| 17:30 | severe. Right? Are you infected Ebola that could be severe damage? |
|
| 17:35 | are you infected with covid virus? going to be fairly minimal. |
|
| 17:39 | So it all depends. And of this all relates to the factors. |
|
| 17:45 | , and so the factors for part part of the infection sometimes for for |
|
| 17:51 | in establishing itself in the body than causing damage. Maybe toxins doing this |
|
| 17:58 | of the process and maybe a allows to attach. Right, that's another |
|
| 18:04 | an earlier part of the process. of the infection. So, you |
|
| 18:07 | , it kind of depends. And some pattern types will have a lot |
|
| 18:11 | in factors. Some very few. , but it does relate to the |
|
| 18:17 | , right? So the violence a organism is very there's lots of these |
|
| 18:23 | factors and it can be very Okay, So of course this all |
|
| 18:27 | to sum up all these effects will lead to some sort of pathology in |
|
| 18:32 | body disease state. And so we'll focus and we'll focus on this |
|
| 18:39 | chapter 15 but it's kinda gonna give brief kind of this is how this |
|
| 18:44 | starts and is initiated. Okay. so uh okay, so this is |
|
| 18:52 | we'll see this again because this is in the context of your innate immune |
|
| 18:56 | . So your microbiota is part of innate immune system, Like your skin |
|
| 19:03 | a physical barrier, your mucous membranes your body cavity, your throat, |
|
| 19:09 | your intestine and so forth. These all innate immune system defenses. Um |
|
| 19:15 | so to are the microbes uh your microbes that are occupying these areas? |
|
| 19:24 | . And so of course we call normal microbiota. Okay, and so |
|
| 19:29 | does this initially come from? Because where do you acquire this from? |
|
| 19:36 | back when longer for me than for ? But when would I have acquired |
|
| 19:40 | microbiome? That's part of it. really it would have been um during |
|
| 19:51 | . And so as you head into birth canal you will pick up a |
|
| 19:56 | portion of your microbiota during that Okay so hey thank your mother for |
|
| 20:01 | microbiota. Okay. Um but of it's probably likely changed over time as |
|
| 20:08 | gotten older. Um but the uh once you come out of the birth |
|
| 20:15 | now you're of course you're exposed to air and here come the microbes begin |
|
| 20:19 | eat and breathe. Right? So are gonna contribute to adding more microbes |
|
| 20:23 | your system. But they are you they've done studies with called uh you |
|
| 20:31 | to know this term. I'm just write it for your own do with |
|
| 20:35 | what you will what's called Noto biotic . That's an animal completely raised birth |
|
| 20:45 | death, completely devoid. Never had microbes on it. Basically think of |
|
| 20:50 | as a sterile animal that's not Sterile terms of there's no microbes on it |
|
| 20:55 | at all. That's how they grew and cultivated it and the animal frankly |
|
| 21:02 | very sickly compared to its counterparts that know we're grown quote normally right handed |
|
| 21:09 | and all this. So that in tells you microbiome must be doing something |
|
| 21:14 | of course we have 20 plus years seemingly information coming out every day on |
|
| 21:21 | benefits of your microbiome. Okay. of which tend to be more in |
|
| 21:27 | area of digestion because of the vast of bacteria in our gut. |
|
| 21:32 | Aiding us providing us different types of acids and vitamins and things and a |
|
| 21:39 | to consume different types of foods calories us where we otherwise wouldn't but of |
|
| 21:45 | affecting the immune system is also definitely a thing. And so um in |
|
| 21:52 | of their just their mere presence Um keeps other things out right? |
|
| 22:00 | your skin and your skin is occupied your own microbiome, well that space |
|
| 22:05 | can be occupied by a potential Right so just occupying space in your |
|
| 22:10 | and on your body. That's a help. Okay because your microbiome is |
|
| 22:16 | to you in a way. Okay so um certainly there's micro environments that |
|
| 22:23 | created throughout your body by by their . Okay um they'll have a certain |
|
| 22:31 | that have a certain part of the because they're adapted to it. So |
|
| 22:36 | tends to be kind of salty and acidic to a degree. And so |
|
| 22:42 | types like staph staphylococcus like that kind environment. So that's why they tend |
|
| 22:47 | be more present there. Um Other uh and happy to get that are |
|
| 22:52 | anaerobic and that's because that's their Okay so you know you have these |
|
| 22:57 | micro environments around your body that are by certain types. Okay now having |
|
| 23:04 | that they're everywhere in your body. mean they're not every every single space |
|
| 23:09 | ? They if there's something is wrong you're seeing microbes in your brain. |
|
| 23:15 | , They shouldn't be there. you shouldn't see them in your |
|
| 23:19 | right? Or your other vital But you know, aside from |
|
| 23:23 | they typically are in most other Um the uh and so of course |
|
| 23:30 | can vary because, you know, health varies throughout your life. Um |
|
| 23:36 | geography may change. So geography didn't the microbiome if you're living here or |
|
| 23:42 | living across the world somewhere else that influence your microbiome, your diet. |
|
| 23:48 | your diet changes over time. That influence the microbiome your age, |
|
| 23:53 | If you're older, maybe the system work as well, or those kind |
|
| 23:57 | changes. So, you know, have you'll have kind of a core |
|
| 24:02 | members of your microbiome that pretty much constant, but you will have types |
|
| 24:07 | may come and go, you here and there. Okay. But |
|
| 24:12 | , obviously they are an important Okay. Um and so we look |
|
| 24:17 | this obviously these microbes on your body in your body. Um so |
|
| 24:24 | like we humans are have been evolving six million years or so, we've |
|
| 24:31 | microbes the whole time. Right? they there there along with the ride |
|
| 24:36 | for the ride with us. so they've certainly have evolved with us |
|
| 24:39 | well. Okay. And obviously means a relationship between us and them. |
|
| 24:45 | . And for most of it it's uh what we call commence elastic. |
|
| 24:51 | these are we can explain relationships in context. So we typically used. |
|
| 24:56 | is this is from ecology really. this this concept but the plus minus |
|
| 25:02 | is kind of the is a good or no harm. No foul |
|
| 25:07 | Not beneficial or harmful. Zero. . And so commence commence, commence |
|
| 25:13 | and neutral state types are are what microbiome pretty much is one of those |
|
| 25:19 | types. And so they're benefiting of whether they're one or the other, |
|
| 25:25 | you whether you benefit or you just no effect. Okay so that's but |
|
| 25:30 | where they typically fit in. Now course pathogen pathogen can come in and |
|
| 25:35 | course that will be a negative to , a positive for it. Um |
|
| 25:41 | true parasite would be something probably like viral infection. Um You can have |
|
| 25:47 | saw previously different types of worms. protozoa can have these relationships with you |
|
| 25:53 | well. So obviously they're benefiting while harming you. Okay so um the |
|
| 26:02 | of course if you're on antibiotics that upset your microbiome and that can lead |
|
| 26:08 | some cases to certain diseases developing, wouldn't otherwise happen. So um it's |
|
| 26:14 | good to I sustained my microbiome with lots of uh bloody yogurt and stuff |
|
| 26:22 | that but others eat probiotics you So I think that if you do |
|
| 26:29 | probiotics, my suggestion is get the with the most number of bacteria in |
|
| 26:34 | . Okay because a lot of them along the way as you ingested |
|
| 26:38 | So um the exhibit a profound benefit you think? Okay. Yeah I |
|
| 26:50 | other than do yogurt and things like but my wife does she says thumbs |
|
| 26:55 | anybody else thumbs up. No You find it helps uh Already. |
|
| 27:10 | I mean it would have to be a bacillus. That would be that |
|
| 27:13 | . I don't uh from the The ones I I don't I never |
|
| 27:19 | I could be wrong I don't ever a bacillus that's part of the |
|
| 27:23 | It's typically something like with a little and lack of lack of bacillus but |
|
| 27:29 | not in those performing so yeah it's but I'm not sure if bacillus is |
|
| 27:34 | that's considered a one of those types are good, they're okay, they're |
|
| 27:39 | but I mean um I wouldn't take one that's full of anthrax spores that |
|
| 27:46 | that one. But uh but uh not sure. I know there's a |
|
| 27:51 | core set that fit that group and are our intestinal ones that are there |
|
| 27:55 | they grow, grow and then produce pills with. But so opportunistic pathogens |
|
| 28:03 | I think we talked about those before those arise from members of your microbiome |
|
| 28:11 | ? So um typically your microbes don't any harm unless they're allowed to kind |
|
| 28:20 | leave the area they live in so speak. So if you have like |
|
| 28:24 | puncture wound where they can gain entry your body that that might cause |
|
| 28:29 | then they didn't they turn into an pathogen. Um So yeah, typically |
|
| 28:34 | something is not right, they may certain types may then begin to cause |
|
| 28:40 | . Uh but if if you're everything is imbalanced then normally don't see |
|
| 28:45 | things. Okay. Um Now of asymptomatic carriers, right? We talked |
|
| 28:52 | those before, so you you you're the a pattern for example, but |
|
| 28:58 | not you're not harmed by it. have um I'm not sure what all |
|
| 29:03 | into that. I mean we're all right genetically as our immune system. |
|
| 29:09 | there must be a balance of factors kind of just they don't they don't |
|
| 29:13 | us any issues. So um the okay, Coates, pasha before |
|
| 29:21 | go on any other questions or Okay, so we mentioned this in |
|
| 29:26 | one, but we didn't spend a of time on it because I knew |
|
| 29:28 | gonna we're gonna delve into this in 14. So, so recall this |
|
| 29:35 | his method for linking a infectious agent a disease, right? The chain |
|
| 29:43 | infection he called it. Um And it's a step by step process um |
|
| 29:51 | do that to identify a potential infectious . And it has some kind of |
|
| 29:57 | um He calls them postulates basic tenets of the process okay. Uh that |
|
| 30:04 | follow. But of course we know there are some exceptions to this |
|
| 30:09 | But anyway, the the core core is still used. It is the |
|
| 30:16 | used by CDC. Okay, so for disease control and but we know |
|
| 30:23 | there are there can be adjustments to because we have of course 100 plus |
|
| 30:30 | of knowledge now that we've gained since time. But again the basic framework |
|
| 30:36 | used but we can adjust as So the basic framework is number |
|
| 30:42 | that the microbe infectious agent is only in diseased animals. Okay. And |
|
| 30:49 | able to isolate. So that's the part of this is to be able |
|
| 30:52 | isolate it and to actually do it , which is even better. The |
|
| 30:56 | times you can reproduce stuff in the more confidence you have that you're |
|
| 31:02 | . Okay. And so so the isolation from samples of the animal, |
|
| 31:09 | it be blood or some sort of fluid, what have you. And |
|
| 31:14 | able to isolate and identify the determine its morphology, gram stain of |
|
| 31:21 | etcetera. Okay. And then you're to take that pure culture of course |
|
| 31:26 | where the pure culture when he was this, where the pure culture techniques |
|
| 31:31 | into play and aseptic technique and all . So uh injecting a healthy |
|
| 31:36 | So the healthy animal according to According to the prophets only disease animals |
|
| 31:43 | the pathogen, healthy animals. Do . Okay, so take a healthy |
|
| 31:47 | , inject it with pure culture pathogen the animals should produce the same disease |
|
| 31:54 | . Right? Um and then a time be able to recover that very |
|
| 32:03 | infectious agents. So of course he's to be identical. Right? And |
|
| 32:09 | obviously gives you confidence that yeah, is this is the right thing |
|
| 32:13 | Okay. And so um so I you're gonna get I think it's gonna |
|
| 32:19 | a slam dunk. So those that's basic framework, right? But I |
|
| 32:24 | said there may be some changes that occurred since this time. Okay, |
|
| 32:28 | look at this list. Let me that and see there's something that um |
|
| 32:34 | here. Okay. Oops. All , counting down from six. It |
|
| 33:58 | come. Yeah. If I think said about three times before this |
|
| 34:04 | Alright, so so certainly a is . Okay, um that's your asymptomatic |
|
| 34:13 | are what make that false statement. So um novel pathogen types are |
|
| 34:19 | that is correct, simplest organism still be cultured in the lab, among |
|
| 34:26 | . Um The sea are those uh disease, right. We talked about |
|
| 34:33 | and persistent, which is basically chronic . Um certainly um HIV is one |
|
| 34:41 | those that can linger in the body don't know any effects for several months |
|
| 34:44 | years. Multiple patterns can cause the disease. That's true too. |
|
| 34:49 | so let's kind of just go through of these exceptions. May be exceptions |
|
| 34:55 | not the right word I'd say, amendments to the pasta if you |
|
| 35:00 | Okay, so as I mentioned, aware of carriers. Okay, so |
|
| 35:06 | individuals can carry the pathogen and show disease. Um so that's counter to |
|
| 35:12 | first postulate uh culture ability, the . So the fact that be able |
|
| 35:18 | culture that we can't do that for . Okay. Especially coach didn't have |
|
| 35:23 | deal with viruses. That's a whole level of culturing because it involves having |
|
| 35:27 | culture uh animal cells for the virus grow in. So he would not |
|
| 35:34 | been aware of that certainly. Uh you know, bacteria types are still |
|
| 35:38 | able to be grown in the uh legionella trepany, that's the simplest |
|
| 35:44 | . The so he also had the did that Each infectious disease was caused |
|
| 35:53 | only one type, one agent. . And he thought that only one |
|
| 35:59 | type because only one type of disease not multiple. Okay, so kind |
|
| 36:03 | a one for one in these And so that of course isn't |
|
| 36:07 | So pneumonia is a perfect example of having a collection of symptoms. |
|
| 36:16 | that can be caused by multiple infectious , Not just symptoms, but |
|
| 36:22 | So, pneumonia can be caused by oh my gosh, several microbes from |
|
| 36:29 | bacterial viral um, fungal and I there's an instance of a couple of |
|
| 36:36 | all types can cause pneumonia. So , pneumonia is kind of a more |
|
| 36:42 | a collection of symptoms that produced this illness but has a number of different |
|
| 36:49 | that can cause it. Okay, these meningitis can be caused by really |
|
| 36:55 | environment INGE itis there's four or five types that can cause meningitis. |
|
| 37:01 | you know, it's it doesn't always that. It's a one for one |
|
| 37:05 | . And so streptococcus by a chinese a good one in terms of uh |
|
| 37:12 | microbe that can cause multiple diseases. so strep throat. And actually for |
|
| 37:16 | a number of these strep throat can the initial infection that in the same |
|
| 37:23 | with strep throat, it can lead sometimes scarlet fever or to uh what's |
|
| 37:29 | flesh eating disease, which is kind a catch all for a number of |
|
| 37:34 | infections, severe skin infections, that to really peeling of skin layers. |
|
| 37:39 | it can be, it can penetrate layers of skin um when it gets |
|
| 37:44 | to near the bone, that's when gets, that's when that's what they |
|
| 37:48 | refer to the flesh eating disease. but there can be more superficial and |
|
| 37:52 | more a little bit underneath that, it's not uncommon for those skin infections |
|
| 37:59 | have been preceded by strep throat. , anyway, the point is that |
|
| 38:04 | thing can cause multiple diseases uh we viral agents. Right, so uh |
|
| 38:11 | would he would have been scratching his to cope with if he was dealing |
|
| 38:14 | a viral disease. A didn't know viruses in his time and be if |
|
| 38:19 | had they would have to come up a way to culture it. So |
|
| 38:24 | , of course nowadays it's it's not issue for us. We know all |
|
| 38:27 | viruses and how to culture them and forth. Uh model animal models. |
|
| 38:33 | all of these are typically studied in of disease processes and what's the pathogenesis |
|
| 38:40 | animals, typically mice or rats. there are some infectious diseases that there |
|
| 38:46 | no suitable animal model for and that be posed, posed some problems. |
|
| 38:52 | , so, but nevertheless it doesn't there are these adjustments if you will |
|
| 38:57 | coach pops it doesn't mean we throw he did out. Obviously not. |
|
| 39:01 | still forms the framework for establishing disease agent, but we know we know |
|
| 39:10 | what we have now. We we fall into a hole where we don't |
|
| 39:14 | what's going on. We have we have a pretty good idea because we |
|
| 39:18 | of these all these different variations. , so so we can be aware |
|
| 39:22 | that as well as as you proceed with these kind of studies. |
|
| 39:27 | Um, so classifying infectious diseases. we know that um I mentioned earlier |
|
| 39:38 | any kind of disease state will create sort of will manifest itself in you |
|
| 39:46 | certain symptoms. Right? A headache, sore neck, a what |
|
| 39:52 | you, watery eyes, whatever. . And so subjective, subjective versus |
|
| 39:58 | objective measurable fever is measurable for Um you can see a rash |
|
| 40:05 | you can see swelling, you can a small area is red to be |
|
| 40:10 | to the touch. So these are things, right? But there are |
|
| 40:13 | types that aren't um now a syndrome a disease a syndrome. And I'm |
|
| 40:20 | say that they're these generally are not to infectious diseases. The term |
|
| 40:31 | These are typically non infectious diseases. it's like you see the down |
|
| 40:36 | Okay and so any kind of a is a collection of science and |
|
| 40:42 | No one individual may necessarily have all them. But they're typically are a |
|
| 40:49 | set of of parameters that identifies it a disease but can have variation. |
|
| 40:57 | in terms of the other types of futures associated with that disease. Okay |
|
| 41:02 | example we pretty much know if someone Down syndrome, we can tell that |
|
| 41:07 | a form of autism. So there's what syndromes are okay but you don't |
|
| 41:15 | don't really see that associated with an disease. But you're certainly gonna hear |
|
| 41:18 | term syndrome. Okay um so so communicable and non communicable diseases. |
|
| 41:27 | uh so transportation of via personal person airborne means or direct contact, sexual |
|
| 41:38 | . Right? So certainly all your . T. D. S. |
|
| 41:40 | airborne transmitted respiratory illnesses are typically communicable . E. Covid pneumonia um mumps |
|
| 41:50 | measles for sure so these are ones can um you can um you can |
|
| 42:01 | on trying to say here compared to contrast to noncommunicable that's what I'm trying |
|
| 42:08 | say. So noncommunicable diseases like tetanus a typical example. Okay so you |
|
| 42:15 | acquire tetanus right? You always hear on a rusty nail guy. Get |
|
| 42:19 | tetanus shot. Right? So presumably tetanus organisms in soil um and now |
|
| 42:28 | contaminated with soil particles puncture wound occurs into you causes tetanus but you're not |
|
| 42:35 | to pass it on to somebody Right? Unless the weird coincidence occurs |
|
| 42:40 | somebody goes into your puncture wound and some of that material and puts it |
|
| 42:46 | their own under their own skin or totally implausible. Okay so tetanus is |
|
| 42:52 | going to be a personal person Okay But certainly these other ones |
|
| 42:57 | And so the ease of spread. right in terms of something being very |
|
| 43:02 | . Okay uh like um plague common . The airborne it's very common for |
|
| 43:11 | that are very contagious to be airborne because it travels very quickly through the |
|
| 43:15 | . Okay um Ebola is not one actually that contagious on this level because |
|
| 43:22 | actually have to touch the bodily fluids someone or in contact with the bedding |
|
| 43:27 | such an infected individual um not as as easily spread or something like through |
|
| 43:33 | air? Okay so that that can of indicate contagiousness if you will. |
|
| 43:40 | um okay, any questions? So , epidemiological data. Okay, so |
|
| 43:52 | is an example and this is just show you what what you can do |
|
| 43:57 | this data. Okay. And so is a incidence of kryptos or radio |
|
| 44:06 | . Okay. And that is a type and it is often required to |
|
| 44:15 | water sources. Um and so in particular uh state it measured at 7.5 |
|
| 44:24 | per 100,000. That's typically how to it is per 100,000 individuals. |
|
| 44:30 | And so late December and you see increase, you've seen 65 cases in |
|
| 44:35 | county of 430,000. Okay, So calculating the the incidents, okay, |
|
| 44:45 | cases that have popped up. so we have 65 in the county |
|
| 44:51 | 430,000. So there's the math times because you report these, this is |
|
| 44:56 | a standard report per 100,000. To kind of normalize when you're comparing |
|
| 45:01 | the country or counties or whatever. and so that comes out to be |
|
| 45:07 | cases per 100,000. Okay, particularly the rate you had before with |
|
| 45:15 | 400,000. So when you compare it to that it's double right? It's |
|
| 45:22 | . And so the other thing to is that not all cases are reported |
|
| 45:29 | kind of number you see coming from authority figure is going to be underestimated |
|
| 45:36 | because not everybody that is affected goes doctor and then gets reported. |
|
| 45:42 | Um people may not know even what have or say well I don't have |
|
| 45:47 | insurance. Okay. So for that a reported value will typically underestimate. |
|
| 45:56 | you can always be sure there's probably than that. And this here says |
|
| 46:00 | only one in 10 are reported, then that's basically 10 times more than |
|
| 46:03 | actually out there. Okay. So so that's, you know, that's |
|
| 46:08 | to be aware of. Right? any kind of numbers coming out, |
|
| 46:11 | probably the low end, not not reality. So, but having this |
|
| 46:17 | the a to have to report infectious diseases. There are lists that |
|
| 46:24 | have to report by law and that you to get this data. |
|
| 46:28 | And then you can track and see going on at any given time. |
|
| 46:35 | . And so this allows you to it says form the basis for disease |
|
| 46:40 | and prevention. Right. So is are these cases that are happening? |
|
| 46:45 | there a certain demographic that is happening ? Is it happening in a certain |
|
| 46:51 | area? Is it in the urban or is it in rural areas? |
|
| 46:55 | it um is it connected to a this was first studied, you know |
|
| 47:00 | the 1850s and in England there was outbreaks of cholera and they did this |
|
| 47:07 | of basic epidemiological studies and found it related to most cases came out of |
|
| 47:13 | area of London where it was a water pump or contaminated water pump. |
|
| 47:18 | was and people that's how you get back then you through the local. |
|
| 47:23 | pump, pump your buckets full of and take it home with you. |
|
| 47:26 | that one apparently was contaminated and that's of the cases of color in in |
|
| 47:30 | around the vicinity of that water So they would have known that if |
|
| 47:33 | hadn't collected this kind of data. , so very important. Okay, |
|
| 47:39 | and getting all these all these different in, they can tell you well |
|
| 47:44 | if we do this is these, we have X, Y and |
|
| 47:48 | You're more predisposed to getting this particular or what have you. So this |
|
| 47:52 | the kind of information you can And so uh there is actually a |
|
| 47:58 | of uh at the medical center, is a school of Public Health, |
|
| 48:04 | ? That's where you can study this and get a degree in it if |
|
| 48:08 | so desire. Okay, um so of disease. Okay, so here |
|
| 48:18 | actually using that epidemiological data. And so um so the terms incidence |
|
| 48:26 | prevalence. Okay, so prevalence is really a measure of how long |
|
| 48:30 | been lingering around. Right? So a it's a it represents basically cases |
|
| 48:37 | have carried over old cases and those are new. Right, so the |
|
| 48:42 | though are within the given time. , how many new cases are |
|
| 48:47 | Okay, so for example, you see here and uh uh oops |
|
| 48:58 | Here we go. So in All right, so the prevalence of |
|
| 49:04 | way over here. Okay, so of more recent data, so to |
|
| 49:09 | . So in prevalence at that point at 1.1 million. So 1.1 million |
|
| 49:13 | cases in the US at that point 2014. Okay. So the incidents |
|
| 49:20 | that particular period of time in 2014 37,000. Okay. And so um |
|
| 49:29 | know, is that high or low you have to compare to data before |
|
| 49:33 | data. So here is like H I. V. Aids cases. |
|
| 49:37 | in the 12 years here, right to the epidemic that occurred here in |
|
| 49:42 | states nine from 91 to 78 or rather um you know, relatively low |
|
| 49:49 | then begins to creep up. And so here in three years. |
|
| 49:55 | . You have you already equaled the of cases 250,000? It took you |
|
| 50:00 | years to get right. So certainly indicates, wow, there's there's there's |
|
| 50:05 | huge burst of of cases high incidence and um of course I put into |
|
| 50:14 | , Right. Because you can categorize on what is the numbers, are |
|
| 50:18 | rapidly occurring in a short time period is it kind of steady at a |
|
| 50:24 | rate throughout. Right. So these kind of tell you or is it |
|
| 50:28 | popped up once and then goes away occasionally pops up here and there. |
|
| 50:32 | these all kind of tell you the of these. This is where your |
|
| 50:37 | epidemic, endemic. Sporadic. That's where these terms come in. |
|
| 50:44 | So, um, again, you combine this data with demographic data, |
|
| 50:50 | data, etcetera to kind of get picture of what's going on. |
|
| 50:55 | And so here is kind of a here of data is a percent position |
|
| 51:02 | for flu like symptoms in a particular month period. And you see him |
|
| 51:08 | up as we get into the winter , fall to winter increasing. And |
|
| 51:14 | the red line represents kind of the steady rate that there is. This |
|
| 51:19 | be what's called the endemic value So, you know, quote, |
|
| 51:24 | cold is endemic here in the United . There's always cases of it year |
|
| 51:29 | , right? But not at high . Okay. Whereas we have a |
|
| 51:34 | sudden burst. Right? Then we reach, you know, epidemic levels |
|
| 51:39 | as that. Okay, that's kind how do you fit in here? |
|
| 51:43 | . And so, uh, sporadic one of those that occurs very |
|
| 51:50 | So you may have a few cases month and see nothing for three or |
|
| 51:53 | months or maybe the next year? , that's what sporadic would be |
|
| 51:59 | I think we all know what epidemic and, but pandemic is for |
|
| 52:03 | Right. We don't we don't know . We know that. Right? |
|
| 52:06 | epidemic epidemic of course is developing a of cases occurring in a relatively short |
|
| 52:11 | of time. Okay. And then . Right. So disease is always |
|
| 52:16 | here. Common cold is always present other parts of the world, cholera |
|
| 52:22 | always present as endemic. Okay. a, you know, pretty much |
|
| 52:27 | number of cases. Not necessarily doesn't to be high, but a steady |
|
| 52:34 | of cases all the time of a disease. Okay. Um, |
|
| 52:41 | um, oh, severity. so this is where we get into |
|
| 52:46 | of length of time, if you here in terms of disease. So |
|
| 52:50 | versus chronic, uh, probably most infectious diseases. You typically overcome those |
|
| 52:58 | days, two weeks once you acquire agent, chronic disease. So, |
|
| 53:03 | is certainly an example of that um treatment takes several weeks or months, |
|
| 53:12 | , disease manifests itself in your That's hard to get rid of. |
|
| 53:17 | and you always have like lingering symptoms are prolonged for quite some time. |
|
| 53:24 | it's sub acute, uh that's that's strange one. There's not, there's |
|
| 53:29 | few examples of that, to be . Um I think your book mentions |
|
| 53:33 | type of a infectious agent that causes heart disease, uh, that and |
|
| 53:40 | , it's all temporal time. So between acute and chronic and that's |
|
| 53:45 | be something that may be last on order of a few months, Not |
|
| 53:49 | than a year maybe. Okay. going beyond that. Then you get |
|
| 53:53 | the chronic more long term acute is short. So it's kind of a |
|
| 53:58 | thing uh late and of course talk that in the context of viruses. |
|
| 54:03 | . So latent um they you see symptoms and these are common for viruses |
|
| 54:10 | integrate into the host chromosome uh which do shingles is one that kind of |
|
| 54:17 | integrate but hides in your nerve cells then appears um years later. So |
|
| 54:23 | are latent diseases. Um Okay, let's look at this question here. |
|
| 54:31 | look this one up today. So was curious this will take us in |
|
| 54:34 | next topic which is herd immunity. . So what is the percent of |
|
| 54:43 | in the US fully fully vaccinated? . Against covid. Okay. There |
|
| 54:54 | questions. Okay. All right, again, fully vaccinated, So vaccinated |
|
| 55:21 | boosted of course you got your I can google it. Everybody's doing |
|
| 55:43 | now. Okay. Three counting app 32 one. Oh, interesting. |
|
| 55:56 | . Between that was oops. So wait let me see that |
|
| 56:04 | Be with the consensus. Okay, not Right, okay. It's e |
|
| 56:16 | . Um I uh he said oh . Um um Yeah 68%, |
|
| 56:32 | Okay. Um in texas Is it than 60 or more than 60 |
|
| 56:40 | It's actually 61 texas us. Okay but it's been uh so we're not |
|
| 56:51 | her community by at all we're not immunity. So um The I think |
|
| 56:59 | highest levels were like 85%. When was 85-1 was 78. Low end |
|
| 57:06 | think was even on a low end was maybe 51% I think I think |
|
| 57:11 | was Louisiana. But yes so vaccination course relates to uh herd immunity. |
|
| 57:22 | and herd immunity relates to those infectious that can be passed that are communicable |
|
| 57:28 | from person to person. This is your herd immunity can factor in and |
|
| 57:33 | . Okay so um the uh the can see that with this um little |
|
| 57:46 | here. Uh so the key So blue is healthy? Non vaccinated |
|
| 57:56 | . Okay uh and you know any , you're gonna have unvaccinated people um |
|
| 58:04 | a variety of reasons. The both and irrational. Uh you know whether |
|
| 58:10 | cultural differences, religious differences or have health care, right? There's always |
|
| 58:16 | be unvaccinated people. So so in example there in the blue ones, |
|
| 58:20 | ? The and they're healthy, So the red are unvaccinated um sick |
|
| 58:28 | people. Okay And yellows are the vaccinated people. Okay so if you |
|
| 58:35 | uh you know lower number of the is vaccinated then you have a scenario |
|
| 58:41 | this, right? So the red there is is transmitting infectious agent you |
|
| 58:49 | very few unvaccinated people. So just them. So these here, here |
|
| 58:57 | here. Right are vaccinated. So don't so the vaccinated people act act |
|
| 59:03 | sinks. Think of it. Act sinks to absorb infectious agent. Take |
|
| 59:08 | of it. Right. Well you have enough sinks. You don't have |
|
| 59:12 | protection between this person and the unvaccinated to absorb the agent And help out |
|
| 59:19 | unvaccinated people. Okay. Because then happens is this easily spreads throughout the |
|
| 59:25 | . So you see all the people red are now sick as well. |
|
| 59:29 | . So you want to get to threshold. That's something like this. |
|
| 59:33 | threshold is 75 typically are higher. so now you have a bunch of |
|
| 59:40 | people surrounding this acting like a buffer the sick person and these unvaccinated healthy |
|
| 59:48 | . Okay, so um as a they have less likelihood of getting |
|
| 59:53 | Right? So you help them in way, but it only helps if |
|
| 59:57 | get to a certain threshold. Okay so you don't need to know our |
|
| 60:02 | value. But I figured I just it in just two, let you |
|
| 60:07 | at that. It's it's how you of think of it as a measure |
|
| 60:11 | of reproduction of the infectious agent. it represents is um if one is |
|
| 60:19 | about a measure of contagiousness to a . Okay, so uh it represents |
|
| 60:25 | number of people who can contract the from one that's sick. So for |
|
| 60:31 | and this is kind of this, need to update that. I think |
|
| 60:34 | actually lower than that. But for let's say six. Rounding up to |
|
| 60:39 | a personal Covid, it can infect other people. Okay. And so |
|
| 60:44 | you look at the scope of this other diseases, so measles is on |
|
| 60:49 | upper end, right? Pertussis, whooping cough. Okay, so they're |
|
| 60:55 | RL value is 10 to 17, , 12 to 18. That means |
|
| 60:59 | an individual can infect those many other . Okay. Which told you which |
|
| 61:06 | most contagious measles or mumps measles of . Okay. It's more contagious uh |
|
| 61:15 | of infecting many more people per each person. Okay. And so of |
|
| 61:20 | as a result, okay, being contagious means the threshold value to reach |
|
| 61:25 | immunity also goes up. Okay, with covid is actually somewhere around down |
|
| 61:31 | , low end, You know, minimum threshold, we're not there. |
|
| 61:37 | like at 68%. Okay, um here in Texas. So anyway, |
|
| 61:45 | how you read that. Right? um so as we look at classes |
|
| 61:51 | infection. So again, I know getting inundated with more terms here. |
|
| 61:57 | but this refers to uh this is a single individual that's infected. |
|
| 62:04 | what can be the nature of the . Okay, well local infection. |
|
| 62:09 | of a oh I don't know, splinter or something that's infected finger gets |
|
| 62:15 | . And the infection basically stays right . Their body has ways of kind |
|
| 62:19 | containing it that we'll talk about But that's a local infection. But |
|
| 62:23 | local infection can spread to a uh spread so systematic infection to the |
|
| 62:31 | Very not uncommon for um any kind dental procedure where you got the wisdom |
|
| 62:37 | pulled, things like that root That's opportunity for bacteria in your mouth |
|
| 62:43 | potentially gain entrance into the rest of body. And so that can become |
|
| 62:47 | systemic infection. Sepsis is really an condition due to spread of toxin |
|
| 62:56 | or bacteria in the blood. Okay the the endo toxin effect. Okay |
|
| 63:03 | the gram negative talk about that way , that can be a type of |
|
| 63:07 | . Um septicemia is of course that well the focal infection uh that's more |
|
| 63:15 | of the example of of the uh infected and it goes to another part |
|
| 63:23 | the body systemic is more widespread. so focal kind of goes from one |
|
| 63:30 | to another specific area, systemic is potentially the entire body okay circulated through |
|
| 63:38 | through blood but it can be through lymphatic fluid. We'll talk about what |
|
| 63:41 | is later. Um And so uh of post resistance. Right so primary |
|
| 63:50 | . Okay um and secondary infection. not uncommon say for something like uh |
|
| 63:57 | get the flu can I Which is primary infection. And then as a |
|
| 64:03 | of the flu, your body is is is not 100% yet. The |
|
| 64:11 | system has fought out the flu virus now it's kind of depressed a little |
|
| 64:16 | and and then that can set the for a second of infection which can |
|
| 64:21 | times be the more serious one. for example, not uncommon for flu |
|
| 64:28 | be followed by pneumonia. Okay. so pneumonia being a secondary infection. |
|
| 64:34 | , But only occurring really because the primary infection kind of wore you down |
|
| 64:41 | bit that you weren't able to effectively off the secondary infection. Okay. |
|
| 64:47 | and of course then your your what you call carriers? Right. Asymptomatic |
|
| 64:53 | are what fit in that last Subclinical or in apparent that's your you're |
|
| 65:01 | carriers are in that group. No no signs or symptoms of disease |
|
| 65:06 | the passenger but no signs or Okay. Um Alright so predisposing factors |
|
| 65:15 | development of disease. Okay. Um I mentioned earlier things like gender, |
|
| 65:24 | age occupation, even uh many other can determine your susceptibility to disease. |
|
| 65:33 | ? Um Females are more predisposed to tract infections. Males more predisposed to |
|
| 65:42 | respiratory type conditions of different types. The uh climate and weather. You |
|
| 65:50 | to have more respiratory illnesses occurring in months. People tend to huddle together |
|
| 65:55 | often uh spread those diseases. Um . So age and particularly to depressed |
|
| 66:05 | systems typically and that can make you susceptible. Um your chemotherapy obviously you're |
|
| 66:12 | chemotherapy that's certainly affecting your immune your ability to fight off disease |
|
| 66:20 | Um If one is a taxidermist, , stuffed animals, right, well |
|
| 66:25 | you're handling animal hides, animal animal , uh those can have particular types |
|
| 66:30 | bacteria that cause infectious disease and they more predisposed to those types. Um |
|
| 66:38 | in any case uh a disease will a particular pattern. So keep that |
|
| 66:46 | in mind. So we have uh Uh five stages. Right? So |
|
| 66:52 | acquire the infectious agent, there will a period of time where you don't |
|
| 66:58 | anything. You don't feel any Nothing. Okay. Of course that's |
|
| 67:02 | the agent is. Um it's at point, you know, maybe you're |
|
| 67:07 | some conquers it and it's gone and further happens. But if not then |
|
| 67:12 | kind of a period where it may multiplying. Um And then enough enough |
|
| 67:19 | agents are present now that you begin see feel symptoms. Okay, so |
|
| 67:25 | pro drama period is kind of the symptoms. So maybe tired feeling a |
|
| 67:34 | not necessarily a fever yet, but may feel kind of may. |
|
| 67:39 | that kind of classifies programmable. But of course the worst effects of disease |
|
| 67:45 | of course during the period of Okay, so whether it's fever, |
|
| 67:52 | have you? Okay. And then then of course you hopefully your immune |
|
| 67:59 | overcomes the illness and you're a period decline. Okay, so the numbers |
|
| 68:07 | infectious agents are dropping and your immune is taking over and your body is |
|
| 68:14 | . Okay. And so the period convalescence is really just that repairing itself |
|
| 68:22 | getting back to normal, so to . Okay? So you know the |
|
| 68:27 | each of these stages right? Can in terms of length, of course |
|
| 68:32 | severity depending on the disease. So the question asked during which period |
|
| 68:40 | would a person spread the disease? . A. B. C. |
|
| 68:46 | . E. F. F. all the above which periods could the |
|
| 68:55 | spreading diseases? Someone else is just of these periods or no? |
|
| 69:03 | I gotta turn this thing on. , counting down from six. |
|
| 69:58 | Oops. So what happened here? , and see the results we |
|
| 70:04 | There we go. Okay. Is correct. So you can you |
|
| 70:12 | you can uh if you're around the you can it's likelihood greater in |
|
| 70:20 | Or D. But certainly that person uh is continue infectious agent. So |
|
| 70:27 | possible to still catch it whether it's . B. C. D. |
|
| 70:30 | E. Okay, so but again likelihood it's more so C. |
|
| 70:37 | D. But it is possible. , so let's Revisit This 1, |
|
| 70:46 | last time. Okay. And I'm go ahead and put the clock on |
|
| 70:57 | . Oops. Yeah. Mhm. , counting down from five two. |
|
| 71:44 | right, 210. It is Okay. So it's when are the |
|
| 71:57 | that are correct C and D, . Yeah. See C and |
|
| 72:08 | Okay folks, that's it. So two next |
|
