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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301 lecture10_0220
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00:02 Morning y'all. Oh Turn that Um You guys are doing good
00:09 Anyone stay up and watch the go to the game. No good
00:15 . We, we, we which is good. Um Today,
00:19 we're gonna do is we're gonna talk the bones. Um And usually when
00:24 look at the bones, everyone gets little bit overwhelmed because there's like 216
00:27 them and you have to know them that, that look. That's,
00:31 was the look right there that I looking for is just kind of this
00:34 , are you kidding me? 216 ? That's, it's true that there's
00:39 many, but the truth is, not as hard as it, it
00:43 all right. For example, you like your body is, is a
00:48 image. So you have duplicates of lot of bones. So you can
00:52 many of those bones out because they're and then things like the ribs and
00:55 vertebrae are repeated multiple times. So get deleted and then your fingers,
01:00 have the phalanges and there's 14 of . So, I mean, the
01:04 goes down very very quickly. And the key thing learning the bones themselves
01:10 to organize the bones and I'll be . You know, there are other
01:15 , not particularly on this campus, at other universities that put a huge
01:19 on bones. And the truth is likelihood that you'll ever use the
01:24 with any sort of frequency in a career is fairly low unless you're a
01:27 therapist. Um And even then, not as much. Um So the
01:33 here, I think the reason people such an emphasis on it is because
01:36 easy to look at, they're easy go into a laboratory and hold on
01:39 them and say here memorize something. right. And so I'm going to
01:43 you how to do this. And we're gonna do is we're gonna break
01:46 skeleton down into two parts. And is true across all organisms. We
01:50 what is called an axis and we what are called sees. We've already
01:54 about that in terms of organization. so your skeleton follows this particular
01:59 So we have what is called the skeleton. The axial skeleton is all
02:03 things that you need to stay right? So basically, it's your
02:08 skull and working down through the vertebrae then the ribs that are and the
02:14 cage that are responsible or are found the axial skeleton. And then anything
02:19 responsible for movement is going to be in the appendices. And so that
02:25 your shoulder girdles, as well as limbs, the bones of the limbs
02:29 your hips, which is your hip and the limbs uh uh projecting from
02:37 . And so what we're gonna do we're gonna walk through first the axis
02:40 then we'll walk through the appendices and we'll break this down in such a
02:44 that it makes it simple. Now , on an exam, there are
02:49 be things that you're gonna have to identify. All right, the difference
02:53 , is we're going to use the you see here to make your life
02:57 . All right, in the you're gonna have to pick up a
03:01 or a bone and you get to it and touch it and stuff like
03:04 . So we're gonna try to keep as simple as we can in the
03:08 . But if you're taking the lab we'll take the lab in the
03:11 you'll know that there's a little bit complexity to this. All right.
03:16 here's your skull. You can see got the fruit loop picture up
03:19 So every bone is colored a different . So you can identify it fairly
03:23 . This is the most complex structure the body or of the skeleton I
03:28 say. And there are 22 bones . All right. So of the
03:33 bones, eight of them make up cranium and the remainder of the other
03:37 make up your face. And these for the most part are irregular
03:42 With some exceptions of some flat bones are, oh, I have it
03:45 . Most of them are flat The face is mostly the, the
03:49 irregular bones, but the cranium itself mostly flat bones. And these particular
03:54 of bones are gonna be held together a special type of joint, which
03:57 not talking about joints yet. That's be the next lecture which is like
04:00 easiest lecture we have. It's, mean, it's you get to stand
04:05 front of a mirror, make faces yourself and wiggle. All right.
04:08 the idea here is that these joints immobile joints. They are interlocking joints
04:13 jigsaw puzzles and these specialized joints are sutures. And we're going to learn
04:17 sutures in the process. And these the only sutures, but these are
04:20 easy ones. So the bones of skull are held together by these interlocking
04:26 joints called sutures. All right. , the only exception to this rule
04:29 your mandible and that's the thing that's around on the bottom of my face
04:32 now, make allowing me to make noises, right. So your mandible
04:35 down here and that's the one that's connected by a suture. It has
04:40 own type of joint, which we'll to in the next lecture.
04:43 what we're gonna do is we're gonna first on the cranium. All
04:46 the cranium, we said has eight . We're gonna look at first the
04:50 bones and then we'll look at the bones. All right. And one
04:52 the ways you can do this you can sit there and look at
04:55 cart too and notice I have uh . Sure. No, it's on
05:00 other one, I guess. The . All right. So you,
05:03 might see it like this, you see it like this, you might
05:05 it like this. All right. again, they're all color coded.
05:10 colors stay the exact same no matter way you look at it. All
05:14 . So the cranium are the bones protect the brain. All right,
05:18 encases the brain. It forms the sites for the muscles of the head
05:23 that you can open your mouth and , you know, roll your eyes
05:27 me and make horrible faces at All right. So these attachments are
05:32 to be all over the places. a the ability to do this is
05:35 of an attachment of a muscle in back. All right. So the
05:39 bones are going to be the the occipital, the f point in
05:43 pheno. So let me show you this works. All right.
05:46 the good news for some of I'm gonna take my glasses off for
05:48 . Just this particular one since I'll pointing at my face and I'm likely
05:52 like, knock my glasses off because wiggly. All right. So,
05:56 easy thing to do is just point your bone. So when we're talking
05:59 the cranial vault, the bone in front is called the frontal bone.
06:04 you see how easy that is? right. The other bone of the
06:08 in the back is a single It's called the occipital bone. All
06:12 , the occipital bone is easy to because it has a big giant hole
06:16 the middle of it. That big hole is called the big hole or
06:20 frame. And magnus and I pointed out, this is the point where
06:24 spinal cord travels out of the cranium through the vertebral column. All
06:30 So there are two of the then the two hard, single ones
06:34 the ones that make up the floor the cranium. One looks like a
06:37 or a bat. And you can it up there in the picture.
06:40 kind of purplish, right. I'll at it. All right. That
06:44 the sphenoid. All right. And we have this little tiny projection of
06:50 other bone called the ethmoid. And makes up the single bones.
06:54 if you look at the ethmoid, actually extends down further from there.
06:57 in terms of the cranium, it there. So we go frontal
07:01 the big one on the floor is sphenoid, the small one in the
07:05 is the ethmoid bone. All And then we have the paired
07:09 And so here we can look at paired bones and say, OK,
07:12 I wear my hat, my hat up here. But there's two bones
07:16 . Those are the parietal bones. then I have two bones that sit
07:19 over on the side. OK? those two bones are called the temporal
07:24 . You can point to them That's my temple. You already know
07:27 name of that. That's where it from temple time. So frontal occipital
07:33 temporal sphenoid ethmoid, there's eight Yeah, it's actually further in.
07:42 have to take your finger, jam up your nose and then you could
07:45 it. It's, it's actually further . But yes, if you went
07:49 the nasal cavity, the, the bone would be there. All
07:54 And we're gonna see this. We're actually, we're going to open it
07:57 and we're gonna look at the facial and we're gonna look at the
08:00 we're gonna look at the other cavities we're gonna see what makes up these
08:04 . All right. So you can here, we have two parts,
08:09 have the vault, we have the . All right. So recognizing those
08:14 things and which bones make them kind of important. You can make
08:18 songs, you can go on the , you can find all sort of
08:21 sorts of, of mnemonics you can to, to learn these things.
08:25 the easy thing to do is sit somebody or look in the mirror and
08:28 . All right. And granted you point at the sphenoid and the
08:32 But if you know that picture, gonna be in fine, you'll,
08:36 be fine. All right. structurally, when you open up the
08:43 , what you would see is that have these indentations or depressions called
08:48 All right. And these bones are to help cradle and protect your
08:55 your brain and your cerebellum, which the little tiny brain that sits in
08:59 back. All right. So the system is covered and protected. And
09:03 we have names for these fossa. right. So we have the anterior
09:07 , we have the middle fossa and have the posterior fossa. You can
09:10 nomenclature wise, fairly basic. And you can see is that they play
09:15 role in covering or, or holding protecting and elevating the brain off the
09:22 . All right. So they support and support the shape of the
09:25 Now, the truth is is that brain forms as a function of the
09:31 of the bones themselves. So the of the brain matches the fossa because
09:36 fossa are there. First. It's of a chicken and egg thing.
09:39 right. But what we can do we can then look at this and
09:42 , all right. Well, what the anterior cranial fossa made up
09:45 Well, it's made up of the bone part, I mean, the
09:49 and part of the sphenoid. What the middle cranial fossa made up
09:53 Well, it's primarily temporal bone but parts of the uh sphenoid and some
09:59 of the parietal bone. Well, about the posterior? Well, it's
10:04 occipital but you might make some claims some parietal plays a role in that
10:08 well. But generally speaking, we parietal up here temporal over here.
10:12 it doesn't really come around even though color fruit loops kind of show that
10:16 does a little bit come down. 22 bones already off your list pretty
10:23 0.22 sorry eight. We haven't got the face yet. My, my
10:26 . All right. So recognize singles the paired and you're pretty good to
10:33 . Now, we said these bones connected to each other by a series
10:36 sutures. We're just looking at the of the cranial vault. We are
10:40 going to look at the sutures of face. Thank goodness because that just
10:43 busy. All right. But what have here, as you can see
10:46 is my frontal bone. There's my bone in between those two bones is
10:49 coronal suture. The coronal suture goes the way across the top. So
10:53 connects the front to the back. right. So you can just think
10:57 my crown. Remember we said a section cuts you from front to
11:02 That's what the suture does. It the front to the back between the
11:07 parietal bones. That's the sagittal So we said a sagittal uh cut
11:12 the body separates left from right. that's what we're doing here. The
11:16 suture is just between the left and parietal. Then we have one that
11:21 shaped like a lambda. So you that you guys all learned your
11:26 right? If you didn't learn your lambda is the upside down tri
11:31 I should say it's not a it's a V. All right.
11:34 that's what it looks like. So said, hey, it looks kind
11:36 like an a lambda. So it's lambdoid. And in this picture you
11:40 actually see and I'm just pointing them those little tiny green things. What
11:43 of bones are those? Starts with S sesamoid bones. Those are the
11:52 of the sesamoids. All right. they're all over the place. You'll
11:55 them everywhere. All right. So just want to kind of show
11:58 So we got a lambdoid suture and we have this suture that separates the
12:02 from the temporal. I should have the lambdoid separates the parietal from the
12:06 and then between the parietal and the bones there that suture is called the
12:10 suture. Now, I don't know you can remember that. One.
12:14 means scaly. Uh It's nomenclature in class I've ever taught. I've told
12:19 , I don't know where the name from. I, I do know
12:21 the name comes from and it actually to do with um, the origins
12:25 these bones and it's, there's a bone that begins and over time it's
12:31 , it becomes part of the temporal and yada yada yada. So you
12:34 even know that, but that's where name comes from. All right.
12:38 coronal is kind of simple. Sagittal kind of simple. Lambdoid is kind
12:42 simple. And then we got the one on the side. Squamous.
12:46 . So those are your four sutures you need to be able to
12:50 All right. And again, it be this picture that you'd be seeing
12:54 one of those three moving into the . Again, we're going to deal
12:58 single bones and paired bones. So there are 14 bones, two of
13:02 are single, that means there's 12 that are really six pairs. All
13:08 . So it actually kind of gets . The two single bones are going
13:12 be sitting in the middle. All . So we have one that's called
13:15 vomer, the vomer. In this picture is not really easy to
13:19 It's right there, that little bone goes down, you can see it
13:23 the side. And if we go try it again, if we go
13:28 , you can see it back All right, but it sits right
13:31 the middle. So it divides the nasal cavity from the right nasal
13:36 All right. The other single bone your mandible. Not technically speaking,
13:40 mandible was two bones, but it together. But it is a simple
13:45 to look at say, oh my mandible is one thing. So
13:48 are your two simple single bones. everything else in your face is gonna
13:54 a paired bone. And I think me see if yeah, I start
13:57 the nasal. So I'm gonna again off my glasses. You can point
14:00 them as you go if you want . Right up here. The inside
14:04 is your nasal bone. So we're here, we have that cartilage,
14:08 ? That cartilage is connected to two each on one side of your half
14:13 your face. That's nasal. All . Then inside that where I'm,
14:19 can't poke poke. But inside that , the next bone next to that
14:23 the lacrimal bone. All right. you can think about where do my
14:26 go? You know when they form tears are called the lacrimal secretions.
14:32 that's what that is. That's the bone down inside. So just looking
14:36 the picture up here, you can there's a nasal bone and then you
14:39 inside, there's the lacrimal, all . Now, all this stuff,
14:47 we point here, but basically, sits between the nasal bone and the
14:51 bones. And it's basically all this of your face, that's two bones
14:55 have been fused together. Those are maxilla. So they make up the
14:59 portion where your teeth are uh are socketed. So if the maxilla
15:04 the top part, the bottom part the mandible together, they're gonna make
15:08 the oral cavity. So, nasal maxilla over here. What do you
15:15 that? What do you call it cheek? All right. So you
15:19 feel the bumpy part of your That is your zygomatic bone. All
15:24 . It's the weird one because if look at it, it actually stands
15:28 and there's a hole that goes through . You can see it better
15:33 All right. So there's a hole there that continuous with the temporal
15:37 And you could actually put your finger and in there. All right,
15:41 can see there's the hole, the part right there. That's the Zygomatic
15:45 . All right. Palantine, I'm stick on this. All right.
15:48 your palate roof of your mouth? right. So the front part of
15:55 palate is the maxilla. But when go back further, not the soft
16:00 , but still the hard part that the pine bone again, two
16:04 And you can see the two All right, you can see the
16:07 down the center. So there's one , there's the other pine. So
16:12 sits between the maxilla and the So I go maxilla. So that's
16:17 and then a little further back. the palatine. All right.
16:21 you see why we're sticking to pictures this because some of these things you'd
16:25 to pull, hold a skull in hand and you'd have to wiggle it
16:28 and kind of move and manipulate. using the color pictures here, I
16:34 , make it easier for you to the relationships and are gonna be,
16:39 easier to test that way. I in my mind. All right.
16:43 Next on the list. Oh Is um the, the nasal concho?
16:49 right. This is not an easy to show in these pictures. So
16:53 me go back here inside the nasal . So you can see the nasal
16:58 , you can see the vomer in . You can see the maxilla out
17:01 . And if you stuck your fingers , please don't do this. If
17:05 stuck your finger inside your nose and pushed it in there and felt
17:08 you'd feel that there's these ridges. right, I'm not talking. This
17:12 not like, oh right here where pick my nose. This is like
17:16 like this deep. OK? And you went up and down, you'd
17:19 these large bumps and these are the nasal concha and the purpose of the
17:25 nasal conscious is. So when you in air, its shape causes the
17:30 to start rolling over cell. It's a turbinate. And so this allows
17:36 you to allow the air to start so that you can expose more air
17:41 your nasal epithelium or you have your of smell, it allows the air
17:46 get really close to the skin so it warms up before it goes down
17:50 your lungs. Have you ever noticed horrible it is to breathe cold
17:54 Right? So part of that is that air up and humidifying the
17:59 And that's what the inferior nasal cons do. This is the only picture
18:03 have that's any good and it's not good picture. All right. But
18:08 know where it is now it's on sides of your nasal cavity. All
18:13 . So what do all these bones the face do? Well?
18:16 they serve uh to form these cavities your special sense organs. Our whole
18:22 unit is going to be on the sense organs, you know what your
18:25 senses are, sight, smell, , right? And then the other
18:33 are gonna be aud audition, hearing equilibrium or balance. All right.
18:39 those bones, with the exception of last two things, hearing and balance
18:44 gonna be uh uh accomplished through the of these cavities by these bones.
18:51 thing I've mentioned the termination third, is where you get air into your
18:55 and food into your mouth, So, create an oral cavity,
18:59 a nasal cavity. Um place where can secure my teeth. That would
19:03 the maxilla and the mandibles as well anchoring all your facial muscles. All
19:10 . So this is just the same , just different angles. So if
19:13 need a different angle to be able see that's fine. I believe your
19:17 also has like the body viz stuff you can manipulate a skull, but
19:22 not always the easiest way to see . So, what I wanna do
19:27 I wanna just kind of take these and kind of just briefly describe them
19:31 you. All right. So, than just naming bones, we need
19:34 know what they're doing. So, first thing is we're gonna form the
19:38 uh cranial cavity we've already talked about . That's cranial vault and floor.
19:42 the part that surrounds the brain we've talked about. Would your bones make
19:45 up? So, there's the eight we have the orbital cavity. The
19:49 cavity is where you find your eye its blood vessels, plus its
19:53 plus the lacrimal glands. All Um Anything else? Oh, and
19:57 muscles as well? All right. there's actually a fat pad in there
20:00 well. So, again, not easy to see all the bo bones
20:05 , but we can definitely see the , we can uh you can't really
20:08 the sphenoid from this angle, but can imagine this purple thing right there
20:12 the back. That's sphenoid. All . So that's what you're seeing
20:16 And then the ethmoid bone is back there as well. You can't see
20:20 from this particular view. You'd have kind of, you know, turn
20:23 view a little bit to be able see the ethmoid. Um But then
20:26 also have the Zygomatic and you have maxilla and the lacrimal that make up
20:31 rest of that cavity. So if look at this structure, all those
20:36 are found there. Next, nasal , nasal cavity, this is where
20:44 gonna be smelling. This is where air is gonna pass through. It's
20:49 to be the first part of the tract. One of the unique things
20:52 mammals is that we separate our breathing where our eating is. And so
20:57 we have is we have this special formed just for this purpose. All
21:04 , now that septum is going to the vomer plus a portion of the
21:09 on the top. So when we down the middle, that vomer is
21:13 septum that separates the two halves, top is going to be ethmoid,
21:17 bottom is going to be vomer. then on the back, you'll have
21:20 steno, uh you'll have the palantine have up here, the maxilla and
21:27 inferior nasal concho, which you can't in this picture. But again,
21:30 you go inside the nasal cavity A nasal concho, oral cavity is
21:35 easiest. It's the mandible, the , I've left off the uh palatine
21:40 make up the cavity as well. right. What's your cavity for?
21:46 for the passage of food. For most part, you hear a struggle
21:52 sinus infections, sinus infections. What's sinus? We always talk about
21:58 My sinuses are clogged, blah, , blah. A sinus simply is
22:02 space inside the bone. It's open the exterior environment. And what,
22:07 when we say that it's not just bare bone, it's actually lined by
22:13 uh uh mucous membrane. So it's by an epithelium. But you can
22:17 here where those bones are and where sinuses are actually located inside those
22:23 All right. So there are four them wrapped around the nasal ranges.
22:28 we refer to these as the perinasal . All right. Their job is
22:34 fold. All right. It allows to move into these. And so
22:39 doing so, what we've done by out the bone and allowing air to
22:43 there, we've made the bone So our face isn't so heavy.
22:47 right. That's a good thing. second thing that it does is that
22:51 allows us to warm and humidify So air goes into those spaces,
22:55 vessels are near or close to the . And so when the air fills
22:59 up, that air is going to up before it starts moving through the
23:03 of our bodies. All right, thing that it does, it provides
23:10 to our voices. What is Do you notice how none of us
23:14 the same? All right. It's when those sound waves hit that they
23:19 vibration and they move uniquely in those . So my voice sounds differently than
23:25 voice, even though we may be the same notes or whatever, because
23:29 those unique vibrations through those sinuses. , the epithelium in there is
23:34 Uh it's a mucous membrane. So does produce mucus. And of
23:38 if you get an infection, if gonna produce more mucus that you get
23:41 stopped up and it gets horrible and get sinus headaches, it is
23:45 Ok. So that's what you can about is the reason for that is
23:49 little tiny opening filled with mucus. a lot of fun. So how
23:54 bones have we done? 22? right. And again, just kind
23:59 do the pointing, stand in front a mirror. You can even draw
24:03 the picture and I'm not saying be that this is cartoon level,
24:08 It's not particularly terrible. Now, down the first bone we're going to
24:16 that kind of sits on its own called the hyoid. All right,
24:20 hyoid sits in the throat in the and it's just kind of on its
24:26 . All right, it is attached some ligaments. But you can see
24:30 , there's a hyoid bone. All . It has two unique uh uh
24:36 . These are called the horns, a lesser horn and then there's the
24:39 horns and you can find it associated above the larynx associated with the
24:46 All right. So the idea here you have muscles attached to wherever you
24:51 a bone, muscles are gonna be and it allows for movement so that
24:55 can produce speech and we can swallow . So your ability to swallow is
25:01 function of this bone right here and pulling on it. Ok. So
25:08 of the throat bone, hyoid, bones. All right. Now,
25:15 a big giant list. What do have? We have 7,
25:18 that's 1929 23 bones. So instantly just add in another, we double
25:25 number that we have. So these the vertebrae and your vertebral column you
25:29 see here has five unique divisions. right. Each of these divisions are
25:34 by the number of, of vertebrae . Um Do not write this
25:39 I'm just gonna tell you this because , it's, it's a fact that
25:42 one ever puts down a book you see up here. Cervical seven,
25:47 of us. So there are 300 in this class rule, about 350
25:51 in this class. About 90 of have eight vertebrae in our cervical
25:59 But you won't see that in a textbooks. So some of us are
26:04 but the rest of us have the . I don't know why it just
26:09 . Ok. Now you can see we have the regions so we start
26:15 from the head down. First seven going to be cer cervical. The
26:22 12 are going to be thoracic. you go down to five lumbar.
26:27 that's lower back and then you move to the sacrum which is five fuse
26:32 . And then you have your little coccyx, which is four vertebrae.
26:36 you can see in terms of the , they have a unique shape to
26:40 . All right, we start off . If you think of your body
26:43 being forward, we're gonna start off , then the next group is
26:48 then concave, then convex and then again. Can I do that
26:54 Yeah. OK. Now, why do we care? Why?
27:00 ? Well, first off the purpose the vertebrae is to support the
27:05 All right, we are an upright . And so you can imagine all
27:09 way to your body is being pushed through that vertebrae. And by having
27:14 odd snakelike shape, right? This uh type vertebrae projects weight away from
27:23 column. All right. So if have a straight column, the weight
27:28 straight down. But if you are an angle, then the weight goes
27:32 that axis. So each one pushes weight away from the column. So
27:38 actually able to bear more weight than normally would be able to. So
27:45 they're doing that this morning. All . For the people who are just
27:51 , it's just an irritating air All right. Now, how do
27:55 remember which one has? Which All right. This is the hard
28:00 . Right. I mean, how I remember? Seven Cervical. How
28:02 I mean, have 12 thoracic blah, blah. All right.
28:05 want you to imagine for a moment humans, not students. All
28:09 because you're not real people yet. don't have real lives. You get
28:12 at weird hours, you go to at weird hours, you eat at
28:15 hours. You, you don't do things but normal humans get up at
28:19 certain time and the first thing to is they have breakfast in the
28:22 What time do they have breakfast? . Seven. There you go.
28:28 , seven. And when do normal have their lunch break? 12 and
28:33 when do normal people have dinner? and then when do they have seconds
28:38 five again? All right. And when do normal people have to get
28:42 in the middle of the night to to the bathroom at four in the
28:45 . So, yeah, I don't why it's always four, but
28:48 that's why I throw that out Ok. Now, you may have
28:50 normal life. You may not eat , blah, blah, blah.
28:53 this is how I remember it. 12 5. And then I eat
28:57 five and then you have to come with something for the four. All
29:01 . Maybe you have four desserts. don't know. Ok. So it's
29:05 way to remember. 7, 554. All right. Now,
29:11 way that you'll see these labeled and , you can see that they're labeled
29:15 with AC and then a number and just how vertebrae are normally named or
29:19 . So, if you're looking at vertebrae number four, it'd be T
29:22 . All right. And what we're do is we're gonna look at the
29:25 because each of these vertebrae, these regions have different types of shapes because
29:31 do some things that are slightly But even though they have different
29:36 they all have a couple of things common. So let's first deal with
29:39 in common. And then I'm just point you like, see how they're
29:42 and I'm not gonna make you memorize different shapes. Ok. So first
29:46 , all vertebrae have a body. right. So when you're looking at
29:50 structure, you have this big giant that sits down here at the
29:53 all the bodies are stacked on top each other. All right. And
29:57 can see right next to the right? You have this little tiny
30:03 , this hole, this foramen. right. And the fra men are
30:07 next to each other. So you bodies here and I'll do a body
30:10 this. And since I'm actually holding and then you have a hole that
30:13 next to it and through that that's where the vertebral column goes.
30:18 right, that's your spinal cord. vertebral column, spinal cord, when
30:25 look at the body, that's not cord, all right, the bone
30:30 the spinal cord. So that hole formed by two pairs of bones or
30:37 parts of a bone, it creates arch like structure. So on either
30:42 , those are called the pedicles and across the top to create the
30:46 across top, those are two So you have a body pedicles
30:54 And then at the point where the lamina go, you have a process
30:58 at the point where the pedicle meets lamina, you have a process.
31:01 you have two processes going out, have a process going up. So
31:06 , you have the arch pedicles lamina and then two process. On the
31:12 side, those processes have names. right, when you're pointing up and
31:18 away from the body. So this here, that's the spinous or uh
31:23 process either or. All right. , you can feel that if you
31:27 give somebody a back rub or you even feel it right here, that
31:30 bumpy part that is a spinal process spinous process and it goes all the
31:36 down. Every single one has one those. All right, the ones
31:40 go out to the side, there's of them, those are called the
31:44 process. So this transverse to transverse to the right. So there's
31:49 three easy processes. So a body have your uh arch. So the
31:55 , lamina spinous or spinal process, transverse processes that to the side.
32:00 then you have some really weird processes pictures don't do a really good job
32:07 this uh of demonstrating them. You a pair that point upward and a
32:11 that point downward and what these processes . So if you have your
32:16 here's your next body and your next and so on, you have two
32:19 point this way you have two that down there. These are called the
32:23 processes. Whenever you see the word , think uh a joint, all
32:28 , think there is some sort of touching bone here. And this is
32:33 allows these two bones to rock against other. So you can see
32:40 here's a pair of the articular processes there. And then if you went
32:45 the other side, there would be more. So here you can see
32:49 , there is uh two processes So I'm trying to go underneath,
32:54 a process there and then this bone there pointing downward, that's a process
32:58 down. So I have an inferior pointing down. I have a superior
33:03 pointing up. And those two processes two separate vertebrae are interacting with each
33:09 . That's the articulation. So we a pair of superior articular processes.
33:16 have a pair of inferior articular And when the two bones come
33:21 the superiors are interacting with the Does that make sense? There is
33:27 picture that will show this real All right, this is again one
33:32 those things where it's easier to see in the lab. Now questions about
33:43 before I move on because I know can be a little confusing. You
33:46 understand the pointing. Yes, right. So this is gonna be
33:51 gonna actually walk up because it's easier I point. All right. So
33:57 this one, those are the So we're looking down at the
34:02 All right, we're looking straight down this. So those two processes are
34:06 upward right here. So they're not of the body, they sit on
34:10 pedicles and they're pointing upward. If took that same bone and flipped it
34:16 , we'd see two processes very similar that. Those would be the inferior
34:22 process. So in this picture right , right? That thing that I'm
34:27 at that would be a superior This right, there would be the
34:35 articular process, all right. And is one on this side and then
34:40 gonna be one on the other So that's the idea. So this
34:45 here that spinous process this coming that would be the transverse process.
34:50 this particular case, we're looking at thoracic vertebrae because their transverse processes has
34:56 particular feature. We'll get to that just a moment. All right.
35:01 body pedicles, lamina spinous process, process, superior articular, inferior
35:08 See I did that kind of like cheerleader doing all sorts of hand stuff
35:16 between the vertebrae are these uh structures are made up of cartilage. All
35:22 . And these are called the intervertebral . It tells you where they
35:27 They're in between the vertebrae. All . When you've had heard someone has
35:31 slipped disk, this is what they're to is this structure right here.
35:35 is something that cushions pro uh provide between the vertebrae. All right.
35:41 has two parts to it. One I really like about your textbook.
35:46 textbook always shows this picture but they show this one. This right here
35:50 a broken one. This is a one. And you can see on
35:53 outside we have this collagen and fibro that wraps around a squishy gooey center
36:00 what it does is it serves as boundary or a barrier to hold the
36:04 center interiorly. And so when weight pressed down, that force goes to
36:11 inner portion and causes the outer portion slightly bulge. But because it is
36:18 , it doesn't bulge that much. outer portion is called the annulus
36:23 fiber fibrosis. So it's tough. then I said we have this gooey
36:28 here. That is the nucleus All right. So pressure goes
36:36 it's applied on that nucleus pulses. nucleus pulses wants to squirt outward.
36:42 the annuls fibrosis holds, it holds in place if you have a tear
36:47 the annual pulses, that's an example the tear. And so you can
36:51 here the nucleus, I said the pulses, the annual fibrosis. If
36:55 have a tear, then the nucleus pushes outward. And so people who
37:00 slipped discs or torn uh discs, will happen is the pressure will cause
37:05 bulge, the bulge will push out press on a nerve, for
37:09 And that will cause severe pain. that's what you're seeing here in that
37:12 picture what they're trying to demonstrate. right. So in intervertebral discs are
37:17 between the vertebrae, service support and to uh to uh disperse the forces
37:24 all that weight. Now, I'm you this picture not to memorize
37:34 All right. I'm showing you this what we're looking at here are different
37:41 of vertebrae. So for example, right here is a cervical vertebrae.
37:48 right. Now, all the things named are still there, right?
37:51 see the body. Do you see transverse process? Do you see the
37:55 process? Right. Do you see pedicles in the lamina? Yeah,
38:01 all there. But it's very different than the clean looking one we see
38:05 here. That's the model that we . That would be what is
38:07 Thoracic? Yeah. Thoracic. All . It's all there. But what
38:12 do is those shapes provide different sorts movements. So for example, look
38:17 what I can do with my I can tell you. No.
38:22 . And the reason is because the vertebrae have a different shape. I
38:28 do the same thing in the thoracic . I can do a little bit
38:31 a shimmy but I can't do a 180 degrees like I can up here
38:35 that's because the cervical vertebrae have a shape. Yes, ma'am.
38:44 I mean, we should, but elected a long time ago to say
38:48 not so important here. I'll just you, see one is called
38:51 Do you guys know who Atlas He was a Titan? And what
38:54 Atla Atlas do? Every, everyone that it's actually not true. He
38:59 up the heavens. Yeah. But , but it's, that's what
39:02 everyone says, I, when I looked it up. I was
39:04 yeah, he, he held up word. No, he holds up
39:06 heavens. So that's what Atlas does what does Atlas do on our neck
39:10 up our head? Right? and then underneath that is axis and
39:15 , what does axis do? It me to turn my head. All
39:19 . C one C two. There go. I'm not gonna ask you
39:21 it though. All right. But can see it, it provides us
39:25 thing. What are, what are of the other things that we can
39:28 ? I mean, I can bend way, right? But I have
39:31 degrees of freedom this way. And , it has to do with the
39:33 shapes. Yeah, it's, I, you're gonna always ask me
39:45 about pathology and I'm gonna just tell up front. I don't know the
39:49 . All right. But I believe not 100% certain, but I believe
39:52 scoliosis is the ossification um between the so that there's less movement. I'm
39:58 100% certain. OK. Ossification will , it becomes more bony. All
40:04 . But if I'm wrong, you come back and tell me you're
40:06 You don't know what the hell you're about pathology. Not my, not
40:10 thing. All right. Now, said that we don't need to know
40:15 special shapes. So, right? I gonna throw one of these up
40:18 ? And say, what is No. All right. One
40:22 All right. The one exception is thoracic vertebrae. And the reason I'm
40:26 out the thoracic vertebrae and saying you know this as an exception or knowing
40:30 shape is because of what it All right. So the thoracic region
40:37 where you're gonna see your ribs, ? That's what we call this.
40:40 the thoracic cage, the thoracic vertebrae have a special facet. A facet
40:49 where is, is, is a of articulation. All right. And
40:54 we call this facet is a costal . Costal is, is the adjective
41:01 u use for ribs. So these called the costal bones. All
41:05 So it tells you already what do thoracic vertebrae? Do they articulate with
41:10 ribs? And you can see it's the transverse process where you're gonna see
41:16 costal facet. All right. So the one unique thing that stands out
41:21 differently from all the others that I you should know because it deals with
41:25 bone that you're gonna have to deal . All right. So transverse process
41:32 a costal facet on the thoracic Now, when we go and look
41:36 the rib, you're gonna see it and that's gonna be like, oh
41:39 . Now I see what you're talking . The last two types of vertebrae
41:45 the sacrum and the coccyx. And just showing you because you can see
41:48 the sacrum used to be 12345 those fused together very early on in
41:54 . Um And so now it basically like one big giant bone. So
41:58 the sacral bones become the sacrum. You can see that there's these
42:03 Foramina is just plural for foramen. is where the blood vessels and the
42:07 pass through to work their ways down your legs. All right. And
42:11 finally, the coccyx, this is little tiny tail that we all
42:15 It's an awful, awful little tiny . It actually becomes a fuse right
42:20 the age of 25. It's still for most of our lives or the
42:24 part of our lives. And it's worst one to break in your
42:27 If anyone here ever bruised or broken coccyx, no, you, you
42:31 or bruised, it bruised, broke bruised, bruise. Yeah, it
42:37 that they can attest. It is suckiest of the suck. Right.
42:41 fall on that, you bruise it's hard to move. You can't
42:44 on it when you want, when want to sit, you have to
42:47 on your side or on your Not a lot of fun. And
42:50 you break it, it's even worse all your movement passes through ligaments of
42:56 lower lips, passes, you attached to that coccyx. So if
42:59 broken, it never has a real to set itself. It's just
43:03 So they basically say just lie down lot and take a lot of
43:07 All right, coccyx sucks when you on your butt. That's what you're
43:11 when it hurts. So bad. back up. So, we just
43:17 all the way down the vertebrae and we're coming back up, we're in
43:19 thoracic cage. Thoracic cage consists of ribs, plus your breastplate. All
43:24 , your breast bone. The first we look at is this breast
43:27 we call it the sternum. All , sternum has three parts and the
43:33 of the sternum is to protect the . Ok. Notice it right
43:38 Sits in the middle. All the three parts are like the three
43:42 of a tie. That's why I a little tie here to help you
43:45 it? All right, the head up here that would be called the
43:52 . It articulates with the clavicle. right. And so it's gonna be
43:58 which the appendices are going to attach , right? Underlying that we have
44:06 long part of the sternum, we that the body. And in some
44:11 , the older name for it is the Gladiolus. All right. If
44:14 don't know what the Gladiolus is, you think it's a flower, it's
44:17 , it is. But the Gladiolus actually named for a sword that was
44:22 by gladiators. Gladiolus. What does look like? Does it look like
44:28 sword kind a sort of, and at the bottom right here is a
44:34 , it's called the xiphoid process. it ossifies a little bit, a
44:37 bit later. It's in the process ossifying right now. And so it's
44:42 cartilage and then over time it slowly . And so that's a little pointy
44:46 the tie. That's the zip hoid . And this is where many of
44:50 abdominal muscles are attached. All Have you ever had the wind knocked
44:54 of you? Probably because someone you at the zip hoid process where you
44:58 your zip hoid process and that causes contraction. Yeah, slightly. What
45:09 the last part? It is? , so you, you got to
45:14 in terms of does it give free to this structure? So, in
45:19 , when you look at the the sternum actually projects outward and creates
45:24 space in the Thora thoracic cage, not upward, it's just out.
45:28 when you breathe in, what you're is you're pulling upward and it's,
45:32 while when you hear upward, the is look, I'm going like
45:36 It's actually like, so it's not moving all that far. Oh
45:44 well, if it's doing that you're gonna see attachment here right between
45:48 costal cartilage and the costal themselves. it's still protective and there is gonna
45:54 variation. You know, most of things we look at here is what
45:58 , what do you expect in a specimen. And again, that's even
46:02 misnomer because what is perfection? It's the most common. Right? That's
46:07 probably the better thing. And so plans experiment. Right? That's what
46:15 do. So, if it's tilted way or the other, that's just
46:18 . Right? So, all So we got the sternum and you
46:24 see here that there's gonna be attachments the sternum with the ribs and it's
46:29 be done through cartilage. The only that doesn't have cartilage attached to it
46:33 the zip process. So the as well as the um the uh
46:40 itself are gonna be where you're gonna costal cartilage. So that takes us
46:44 the costal bones. All right. , here's me connecting dots for
46:51 All right. How many thoracic vertebrae there? 12? So how many
46:57 are there? 12 pair? So it's 12. So I think
47:01 terms of 12 pair, right? for each side. So that's an
47:05 way to do that, right? you get kind of lost, it's
47:07 , oh yeah, my thoracic cage ribs. I know that there are
47:10 ribs. Therefore, I know that 12 thoracic vertebrae because each of the
47:15 vertebrae are associated with a rib, first seven ribs. So if you
47:21 at the top and count your way , the first seven ribs are called
47:23 true ribs. All right. And reason they're called true ribs is because
47:27 have costal cartilage, you have costal that directly attaches to the sternum.
47:35 right. So you can see there's , I'm gonna go all the way
47:37 to seven. You can see here , I go straight to right.
47:43 it goes straight on to the So those are the true ribs.
47:47 next five I are collectively referred to the false ribs. If they have
47:53 cartilage, that costal cartilage is connecting the costal cartilage of number seven.
47:59 here's number eight goes up, it's there. It doesn't connect directly connects
48:04 . Nine and 10, do the thing. The last 2, 11
48:08 12 are called the floating ribs. the reason they're floating ribs, they
48:14 have costal cartilage, they're literally just of hanging out there floating around.
48:19 when boxers break their ribs, these the ribs, they're usually breaking are
48:24 floating ribs. All right. So ribs, verse seven are true.
48:28 last five are false. The last false ones floaters. Ok.
48:35 structurally, yes, sir. that's the, so again, that
48:44 and the false has to do with it's connected to the sternum. So
48:47 true rib is connected directly to the via that costal cartilage. All
48:52 So if you're the sternum and I the rib, what connects us is
48:58 directly moving between us. If I'm false rib, I'm not going to
49:03 directly, I'm gonna connect via another cartilage. So again, see
49:08 right, you can look at number , number eight right here is number
49:12 , you can see where does that go? Does it go directly to
49:15 sternum? No, it connects to cartilage right there. Does that make
49:28 ? Mhm. That's exactly it. the reason again, there's a lot
49:35 reasons why we have this, you , if you look at other
49:38 they will just come straight around. reason we do this has to do
49:42 our upright position as well as So we need to have greater
49:47 Yes, ma'am. Mhm. You break anything, right. But the
49:56 and 12 is pretty easy because they're kind of dangling and, and
50:00 they're not dangling, right. I , they're, they're hard and they're
50:03 . But, you know, if press on the end they have greater
50:07 because nothing's holding on to them right . Not necessarily. It's just when
50:14 think about boxers, I mean, you've watched enough boxing movies or if
50:17 a fan of boxing or UCFUFC, me? Not UCF? That's a
50:22 . Um, UFC. What you'll is where do you punch, you're
50:26 to punch over here because that's an thing to cause damage and it basically
50:32 a person to kind of flinch and and that's the idea. Yeah.
50:37 another one, yeah. Do the ribs have costal cartilages? They do
50:45 . So that's their characteristic, that stands them apart. All
50:51 Now, in terms of structure, is our first bone. We're actually
50:54 to dive in and start looking a bit at structure and looking at some
50:57 the nomenclature. All right. So , we have 24 ribs. So
51:01 do we do? We look at rib and we say, all
51:03 in this particular picture, what I you to do is I want you
51:06 imagine here is our vertebrae. So vertebrae would be attached over here and
51:11 come around and this would be the , right? So the portion that's
51:16 is out here in the front, long portion is called a shaft.
51:21 right, the portion that's over attached the rib that is called the
51:26 So there's your head, you come and you go and that would be
51:29 shaft that's coming around like. all right now, I pointed out
51:34 costal facet. All right, the facet is an articulation between the transverse
51:40 of the vertebra and it is attaching the bone of the rib at a
51:46 place called the tubercle. All So remember we said these are words
51:50 you can see it's a projection. right. So from the tubercle to
51:56 head, that space is referred to the neck. So we have the
52:01 , the neck and then the tuber is the point of attachment or articulation
52:07 then we're gonna come around and where come around, that's called the arch
52:12 excuse me, I said, the is the angle. So this would
52:14 the angle coming around. And then what do you have is that is
52:18 shaft? And then at the end the shaft, you'd have costal
52:23 right? If you were a uh floating rib, would you have costal
52:27 there at the end of the No. All right. So rib
52:33 , neck, tubercle angle and then long portion is the shaft.
52:41 Think you can draw that one, draw j label it. OK.
52:49 we're moving away from the axis. there any questions about the axis?
52:53 it pretty straightforward? 22 bones of skull, whole bunch of bones?
52:59 do we say? It's 29 no, 2423 bones of the
53:03 We have the hyoid, we have ribs, we have the three bones
53:07 the sternum and you're basically halfway Not too bad, right?
53:14 moving to the appendices, we have that are found within the body structure
53:22 are considered part of the appendices. our first two are going to be
53:27 clavicle and the uh scapula. So clavicle is this bone here. All
53:37 , sits up here in the It articulates between the scapula. The
53:42 is found in the back. All , that's your shoulder blade and the
53:49 attaches to a portion that sits up it goes all the way over to
53:54 sternum. Specifically, it articulates with manubrium. And so you can
53:59 see here, this is the scapula would be in the muscles of your
54:04 , sitting on above the ribs and the ribs. And then you can
54:08 we have this, this projection It's, this projection is called the
54:12 chromium. And the clavicle goes across over and connects right here in the
54:19 . Ok. So as far as is concerned, you have two parts
54:25 it, you have the cart that to the sternum called the sternal
54:30 And the part that connects to the specifically at this projection called the
54:35 So we call that the acromial So sternal end, acromial end.
54:40 right. That's a clavicle. How clavicles do you have? Two?
54:44 for each side? All right. now we're in the pairing. So
54:48 pick your favorite side. If you're handed, pick your left, if
54:52 right, pick your right, if want to be contrarian, pick the
54:56 . And what we're gonna do is looking now at that bone in the
54:59 . This is the scapula and usually you see a picture like this,
55:03 panic, right? I panic because a lot of things labeled on this
55:08 . Do you think you need to all the things on here labeled
55:11 So this is the good part to circle, this circle, this
55:13 this circle this all right. So is your scapula from this angle right
55:19 . This is the part facing your . All right. So facing,
55:23 you're looking at me, it'd be towards you. This is looking at
55:29 from behind, all right, that's back there. So it points towards
55:35 back, all right. So the portion faces toward the body, the
55:39 that has the thing sticking up the is facing outward. All right.
55:45 located on the back, we have portion right here. This is called
55:50 spine. Whenever we have a that's a point where muscles are gonna
55:54 attached. All right. So we see here the spine and the reason
55:57 point out the spine is not just of the muscles, but because the
56:01 of the spine is that a chromia , what is the acromion associated with
56:06 clavicles, clavicle comes across next to sternum? All right. And why
56:13 the clavicle important? Why I'm backing a little? Why do you think
56:16 clavicle is important? It sits What does it do? It holds
56:21 arm outward. If you break the , the arm falls forward. All
56:28 . So it is what holds everything and back. The scapula is not
56:34 to any other bones other than than the scapula. It's, it's
56:38 inside muscle in the back. All . So we're gonna have muscle located
56:44 . We have muscle located there and gonna have muscle located there. Each
56:47 those inventions are called fossa. All , we have one above the
56:53 we have one below the spine. above is supra, below, is
57:02 . So we have supra, spinous infraspinous. Do you see how most
57:07 are just named for where they're And then over here, this is
57:14 the scapula. So it's called the fossa. All right. It's just
57:19 muscles attached over here on the This is what's gonna articulate with the
57:28 bone that's in your arm. We this the glenoid cavity. All
57:34 So working from my sternum, which part of the axis or appendix
57:41 I have the clavicle, clavicle goes the scapula, scapula articulates with the
57:49 bone, which is the bone. funny. But it's not. All
57:55 . You ever banged your humerus? it funny when your friend bangs their
58:00 ? Is it funny? Yes, is. See, you're laughing.
58:03 right. So that's our next All right. So again, the
58:08 things you should know in terms of are the ones that I name.
58:13 right. So you uh they're the you kind of circle and say maybe
58:15 should know that, know where it a little bit. All right,
58:19 reason I named it just wanted to out some unique little feature about
58:24 All right. So the humerus is next bone. It's your upper
58:29 So, you have two humerus I, I guess two humerus.
58:33 right. The top, right, uh top is referred to as the
58:39 . All right, the bottom has uh associated with it. What are
58:45 condyles. So, we'll get to in a moment. All right.
58:48 you can see here, I've got projections. One's big ones small.
58:52 one's called the greater, the other called the lesser tubercle. These are
58:56 attachments for bones or muscles of the cuff, working down. We have
59:03 line and you can see there's a bump that sits in the middle,
59:07 called the deltoid tuberosity. It's an for the deltoid and then working even
59:12 down. That's when we get down the um the condyles, one of
59:18 condyles is called the capitulum. The is the point of articulation with your
59:25 . And then we have the trachea the other condyle. That is what
59:30 with the ulna. Now, I remember which one's rich, which,
59:34 right, we'll see that on the . We have a something named the
59:39 notch. So that's how I remember like if I see trachea, that's
59:43 ulna. So the other one has be the radius and I'll try to
59:46 you how I remember uh the lower . All right. So head
59:53 tuberosity, we have the two one is capitulum, one is the
59:58 and then just above those, you your epicondyles should have undone my shirt
60:13 . All right, you can do yourself. You can feel out here
60:17 you feel that projection right there, if you feel that that is an
60:23 . OK. You can feel it there. OK? If you take
60:26 finger and roll it in there, ? Do you feel kind of
60:31 that, that tingle when you kind roll over that nerve? OK.
60:37 what we would call our funny bone when we hit that epicondyle, we
60:41 that nerve and that gives us that feeling. All right. Now,
60:46 move down to the forearm then. right. Now, the reason I
60:50 this is so you can actually see position of my arm. I should
60:52 worn a short sleeve shirt today, it felt a little chilly even though
60:56 gonna get warmer. All right. this bone is the humerus, the
61:02 on the outside is the radius. bone on the inside is the
61:09 How do I remember which ones? way back at the dawn of time
61:13 I took my geometry class, I about RADII. Did you learn about
61:17 ? Right. And you learned all little, you know what is a
61:20 ? It's from the center of a to the circumference to the edge of
61:24 circle, right? So I think the radius as being the part going
61:29 . That's how I remember it. you want to come up with another
61:32 to remember it, that's fine. right. So ona here, radius
61:37 . All right. Notice these are bones, they go straight down.
61:43 the ulna is medial, radial radius lateral. All right with the
61:51 The thing you need to identify or identify be familiar with is the trochlear
61:56 . Why do I make you look the trochlear notch? Well, this
61:59 an important um articulation point. All , it's what allows you to do
62:07 . Ok. So you can see kind of like a hinge. I
62:12 said a hinge joint, but I want to deal with the joints
62:15 . All right, gives you that like action because it's you have a
62:21 , right, the trachea and the notch. And so what you do
62:25 you rotate in that trochlear notch. other thing is you have the Alacron
62:31 he all right to this point. is your Alacron notice it's mislabeled up
62:41 . Actually, I think they say Laron process. All right. So
62:45 process is different than the Alacron So that's the Alacron, that's that
62:49 thing at the end of uh you kind of see it there. They're
62:56 it here. That's the pointy Some of you have more point
62:59 Alacron on. So just think the end of my elbow. That's the
63:04 and then the styloid process. All . So, remember which, which
63:10 my own, this one? if I go down here and feel
63:16 my wrist, that bony thing sticking , that's the styloid process. Do
63:21 have a styloid process on my Why? Yes. Yes, I
63:25 . All right. So it's just where you have those, those little
63:30 sticking out. So radius, the thing I want to point out is
63:33 process. All right. Moving into wrist, the wrist is where you're
63:41 find the carpal bones. All there are eight carpal bones per
63:47 Each of these bones are kind of bones, they are short bones,
63:51 closely associated with each other by So they're held close in opposition to
63:56 another. There are eight of You should know the names. I'm
64:01 gonna give you that picture and say them. All right. The reason
64:04 I forget which ones are which, right, but you should know which
64:08 is in which row. All So proximal means near the body,
64:14 means further away from the body. the proximal row is closer to
64:18 The distal row is further away. way we do this is we go
64:22 the lateral side and we work to medial side. The names of the
64:26 are the scaphoid lunate, the trium the pisiform. Then you go to
64:30 distal row and then you got the that are named close together, Trapezium
64:34 . Then you have the Capitate How do I know which ones?
64:37 , how do I remember these This is where the mnemonics come
64:41 All right. Now, I want say this class is a class that
64:46 try to keep things a little bit . All right, because me doing
64:51 jokes and stuff might be offensive to . I don't know. But the
64:55 to learn these things is to find dirtiest, most raunch mnemonic you can
65:00 find. All right, because you , potty humor makes us all
65:04 All right. It's an easy way remember stuff. And so if you
65:07 to go on the internet, you find all the dirtiest mnemonics. You
65:11 possibly discover. I took a dirty and I made it as clean as
65:14 possibly could. And I found a that went with it really, really
65:17 . And so this is an I want to point out the artist
65:20 . What this is what this artist is he gets contortionist and he basically
65:25 their bodies up in weird ways and takes pictures. The first one I
65:29 saw. Did you guys ever watch ? All right, like Tom and
65:32 , the real violent ones, So in the real violent cartoons,
65:36 remember when they, like the animals fight, they would draw a cloud
65:40 . And then you'd see like an come out and like a fist on
65:42 other. That was the first picture ever found of this guy. And
65:44 was like, this is awesome. then I saw this in the picture
65:47 so I concluded it all right. , he did that where it was
65:52 four people in a knot. It wild. So some lunatics tris positions
65:58 they can't handle. Scaphoid lunate triqui pisiform trape trape trapezium, trapezoid capitate
66:06 . Find your own. If this works for you, great. If
66:09 need another one, go find another . Just remember which one's in which
66:13 . That's all I'm asking is that wrists, where's your wrist? It's
66:21 , right? So notice on a , then you have those eight bones
66:27 then you get into your actual So this is your hand moving
66:32 When you get into the hand, have the palms of our hands versus
66:36 fingers of our hands. You all the palms of your hands,
66:39 Palms of your hands of this The thing is, is one of
66:42 things we don't realize. We we, we look at these and
66:46 oh look, look how long my are. My palms look like the
66:50 and then my palms are not the . The metacarpals are your palms.
66:54 are long bones, there's five of . And so they'll make just make
66:58 fingers look really, really long when take off the skin and the
67:01 All right. So the palms of hands are these five bones right
67:06 All right, the metacarpals, they laterally and you move immediately. So
67:11 , this is your position. So would be 12345 and they're just
67:19 All right. So 12345, those the metacarpals. And then for the
67:24 , you move out into the All right. Now, the
67:29 depending upon which finger you're looking at different numbers of bones. If I
67:35 at my finger here and I bend . How many joints do you
67:39 How many bends? Two? So there's two bins, that means there's
67:45 bones. If I take my thumb I bend it, how many bins
67:49 you see? One? All So that means there's two bones.
67:55 these four, right, you can have three bones. Each of those
68:02 are called a phalanx singular. So phalanx is a soldier. So these
68:07 your phalanges, are your soldiers, ? So each of these have
68:12 the one that's nearest to you is the proximal. The one in the
68:16 is called the middle and then the that's furthest away is distal. So
68:21 , when you get to your which is the fancy word for the
68:25 of or is the fancy word for thumb, you have a proximal and
68:28 have a distal, there is no or middle. Ok. So how
68:34 do I have? I've got three four, which is 12 plus
68:39 That's 14 phalanges. So far. good. Is that hard,
68:45 We just whipped through these things we just got to do our legs
68:49 the legs are not much different than upper body. All right, we
68:53 with a girdle. The bones of girdle of the hips are called the
68:59 coxa, os os bone, I'm not sure where that comes
69:05 All right. But they are your bones. All right. So early
69:08 life, uh The Os Coxa are pairs of three bones and those three
69:14 fuse together and form this structure. hip. All right. So the
69:19 bones are called the ilium. The is the easy one. If you
69:24 your hip, that bone right there the top, that's your iliac
69:28 That is your ilium. All you can see up there on
69:31 there's your ilium. The thing you're on is called your ischem. All
69:36 . So that's the bone that makes the back portion and the bone in
69:39 front that we all giggle about. your pubis. All right. So
69:43 have the pubis, the ischem in ilium. How do I remember which
69:47 which? Well, I know where of my pubis is. I know
69:49 is iliac crest and I sit on tushy. So my is, is
69:53 tushy. All right. Now, can see here, there's a couple
69:57 features here. All right. And can see that they color coded this
70:00 make this simple. What we're looking is we're looking at uh from the
70:05 uh view. So we've taken a section and we're looking from the medial
70:09 the lateral. So that's right there where they would be connected. If
70:13 go over to this picture, what looking at is that half from this
70:18 ? All right. So if I'm this direction, I'm looking at just
70:21 half. All right. And in picture, what I'm doing is I'm
70:25 from the outside over this direction. I'm looking out out here. So
70:30 picture is not that great to give a sense of what's going on.
70:35 first thing I want to point out this big giant hole, it's called
70:39 operator foramen. All right. So again, is the pathway through which
70:43 nerves and the blood vessels pass down the legs. All right. And
70:48 you can see it's made up of all three bones, right? But
70:53 really kind of seeing just the ischem the pubis and then between the two
70:58 bones, there's a fusion and that is held together by cartilage. And
71:04 is called the uh pubic synthesis. right, it's a special type of
71:09 . All right. This cartilage is to become loose and it pro provides
71:14 little bit of flexibility, but particularly women in pregnancy that, that synthesis
71:19 up so that it uh gives a bit of flexibility in the birth
71:24 Now, there's nothing for you to here, memorize here. Uh purposefully
71:29 dropping this thing. Um But what wanted to show you here is this
71:32 an example of one of the major uh differences in males and females in
71:38 in the bones. It's not the one, but this is like one
71:40 the major ones. You can literally a skeleton of a female, take
71:44 skeleton of a male. Identify it immediately just by virtue of the Osco
71:48 shape. All right. So this um one of the examples of sexual
71:53 , just the differences between men and . So women have a wider pelvic
71:58 and a broader pubic arch. And primarily there for the purposes of
72:05 So, Os Coxa three bones, ischium, uh uh pubis pub pubic
72:12 between the two pubs in the We have the operator foramen. Oh
72:17 left one thing off. I Uh The, the other one is
72:22 can see it over here. This similar to the glenoid cavity of the
72:26 . This is called the acetabulum. acetabulum is the point of contact between
72:31 femur and the hip. All So this is your hip socket.
72:37 acetabulum sits up high and then just it is where you'd see the operator
72:42 and this is from the backside. would be the front side. All
72:46 . And so going here, you see where that acetabulum would be.
72:50 would be where the acetabulum is. can see the operator foramen operator foramen
72:54 there. So when you get down the lower legs, we're dealing with
72:58 bones, the high bone is called femur. And then you move down
73:02 the lower limbs, you're gonna have tibia and the fibula. And I
73:06 them in that order because the order sense if you think of it as
73:11 All right. So that's the direction which I'm going is I'm going to
73:14 through the femur, then I'm going go through the tibia, then I'm
73:16 go through the fibula. We'll get the last two in just a
73:20 So at the femur, this is similar to the humerus. It's
73:23 that broad, thick bone of the limb. The thing is, is
73:27 this one's actually kind of cool. , it is uh unique in that
73:30 is roughly the quarter uh a quarter the size of an individual. So
73:35 you find a femur, what you do is you can measure the femur
73:38 you can actually estimate rather accurately the of the individual that you're looking
73:43 All right, a lot of bulky . Um You're probably most familiar with
73:48 gluteal muscles, but there's also your muscles as well. The, the
73:52 that are gonna be found along uh along the thigh as well.
73:56 right. So what we have is start with the head. We have
74:01 sites. These are called the So you have the greater tranter and
74:04 lesser tranter, these are gonna be the gluteal muscles as well. The
74:08 as well as some other muscles as , projecting downward. We have this
74:13 called the linear asper. The linear has associated with it a projection that
74:18 up where one of the gluteal muscles to, we call that the gluteal
74:23 . You're not going to have to because the picture is not up
74:25 But if you hear gluteal tuberosity, attaches to the gluteal tuberosity, a
74:30 muscle. All right. That's pretty . All right, long portion of
74:36 , is referred to as the shaft get down to the bottom. And
74:39 do you have is you have Again, these condyles are unique in
74:44 we have two condyles. Um um individual Condy condyles articulating with a single
74:52 . So the bone underneath is the . So typically when you have a
74:56 , it's supposed to be a single with another single bone and another
74:59 But our knees are kind of interesting that both condyles are doing.
75:03 So we have one on the one on the outside, the one
75:06 the inside would be called medial. one on the outside would be called
75:12 . All right. So we have dual condyle system in the knee just
75:17 those condyles. Those would be the . So the epicondyles you can see
75:23 is lateral, one is medial, found in the knee that there's a
75:28 sesamoid bone or a flat bone, one you want to categorize it as
75:32 call that the patella, that's your . OK. So we go from
75:41 osa down to the femur, from femur. The next bone is the
75:48 . All the weight of your body through the femurs and down through the
75:54 , the fibula sits on the All right. So it's not a
75:59 bearing bone like the tibia is. this is why I said, remember
76:04 you'll go Fibia or sorry, not , femur tibia fibula. All
76:09 It shows you the path uh through the, the weight is being
76:13 All right now, where is It is the medial one. Think
76:16 where your weight goes. All your weight goes down through the center
76:21 your body. So that's where you to put. It is on the
76:25 side. So the fibula sits Radius is lateral. Ulna is media
76:30 is medial fibula, lateral. I'm them out now because we'll get to
76:37 in just a moment just down at bottom end, we have the
76:41 So we have one that is medial gonna be associated with the tibia.
76:45 have one that's lateral that's gonna be with the fibula. Now, what
76:50 doing with these two bones is we're that weight and we're bearing it down
76:54 the feet down to the ankles. so the ankle, the first bone
76:59 the ankle is called the talus. right. So I'm just gonna
77:02 here's my talus. I have my coming down and it's gonna sit like
77:09 and so it's malleolus sits on the on the inside, on the medial
77:13 of the talus. So we got tibia coming down and there's that medial
77:18 on the other side, we have fibula and the fibula comes down and
77:21 projects beyond and creates the lateral So what we have now is we
77:29 two bones that sit on either side the talus like. So, so
77:34 does your ankle do? How does rotate? Can you rotate it in
77:39 ? No, that's a bad Which way does it move? It
77:43 , doesn't it? Right. And reason it rocks is because those malleoli
77:48 the bone in place and prevent it rocking too much laterally and immediately.
77:54 right. So that's the purpose of malleoli. One belongs to the
77:58 one belongs to the tibia. So goes down to our ankles where we
78:05 seven bones. How many do we in the wrist? Eight? All
78:10 . So we lost a bone. right. There was probably a fusion
78:14 . The first bone is the So we have our uh tibia and
78:20 fibula sitting on top of the The talus is your true ankle.
78:24 you think of the ankle, this the bone you're thinking about. So
78:27 talus sits on top of another that bone is called the Calcaneus calcaneus
78:32 your heel. So think of projecting and in front of that is another
78:38 that's called the navicular. So the way to remember is tell us
78:42 navicular and then you're gonna have a of fo four bones that sit in
78:46 front. All right, three of bones are very similar. They have
78:51 same name, they're called the cuneiform , right? With regard to the
78:55 , we have one on the that's medial, one that sits in
78:58 middle, that's the intermediate and the that's, that sits laterally, that
79:02 be the lateral one. Ok. you have lateral, intermediate,
79:07 if you're moving from the lateral to medial, and then finally, the
79:11 bone that you have is going to called the cuboid. It's cuboid in
79:18 . So talus to calcaneus to medial, intermediate cuneiform cuboid. There's
79:24 pneumonic. If you need one, a terrible mnemonic. I would never
79:29 this one but taus calcaneus, All right. The three cuneiform,
79:36 , intermediate lateral and then cuboid at end. And those are your
79:40 uh, tarsal bones, tarsals are ankles. Yeah, I really don't
79:49 time to do the last two. I? All right. We'll come
79:53 and do the foot. So, there questions so far? Is it
79:59 hard as you might think it would ? What do you think,
80:04 straightforward when we come back on we're going to be doing the
80:09 get ready to be limber because we're to do the knee bones connected to
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