| 00:01 | Okay. Yeah. Um All Yeah. Oh. Mhm. |
|
| 01:15 | Yeah. Yes. All right. . Right, mm hmm. |
|
| 01:33 | Time. Mhm. You want to and what is it? Okay. |
|
| 01:43 | . Mhm mm hmm. Much. a question. Oh, the |
|
| 01:57 | Yeah, construction true. Mm It's an invitation a minute. Uh |
|
| 02:16 | . No major increases in sedimentation rate significant reduction injuries and Mcgrady's. So |
|
| 02:26 | is a typical, what I call with reflectors profile. You can see |
|
| 02:36 | or 30 data points down the well there all fit into a very nice |
|
| 02:42 | line which you can project down to depth to kind of estimate what the |
|
| 02:50 | level would be at any depth. right. So, these the profiles |
|
| 03:01 | the left are ideal trends. Very , continuously increasing trends with barry 1st |
|
| 03:11 | is from the paleozoic from Belgium um maturity increase with depth. The georges |
|
| 03:24 | shows another profile. It's not a because it's a different region. It's |
|
| 03:33 | different geothermal history, completely different segmentation and so on and so forth. |
|
| 03:39 | , so those are two good. call them successful thermal maturity profiles. |
|
| 03:48 | to pick up the pace fiber single many things. Uh but these are |
|
| 03:56 | simple subsiding basins. Mhm. With sedimentation and thermal history. No major |
|
| 04:07 | sedimentation rate. Most significant reduction in ingredient. Just a very simple video |
|
| 04:18 | curve. The real historical attitude maturation curves In contrast. You have uh |
|
| 04:35 | , the goals in the inverse Does that make sense? How can |
|
| 04:41 | security decrease with depth? So that's a realistic profile. The gulf of |
|
| 04:50 | , the data set from the gun train is the opposite of what you |
|
| 04:56 | . Something is wrong there either expect or something judy atomically not quite |
|
| 05:07 | Mm. The bottom curve multiple You see the general trend continues to |
|
| 05:19 | with depth. Yeah, From 4000 all the way to about 16,000 |
|
| 05:29 | But you see an anomaly in the pull back. Why was that pulled |
|
| 05:36 | ? It doesn't make sense that something to do with changes in interest and |
|
| 05:43 | gradient can't. So it must be in something else. Most likely the |
|
| 05:50 | of the sediments changed. In other , the mythology changed at these big |
|
| 05:59 | . This will give rise to anomalies that type. Um in the gulf |
|
| 06:07 | you see kind of a very gentle her and then all of a sudden |
|
| 06:14 | double leg implying there is an un right there at the dog. Um |
|
| 06:25 | next profile on the extreme right. you see a straight line down, |
|
| 06:32 | doesn't make sense. Either bad data reworked material or whatever. Then something |
|
| 06:43 | an un conformity then different girl. all of a sudden we see pull |
|
| 06:50 | very serious anomalous pull out. Sure can. What do you think the |
|
| 06:57 | is related to? Why would you an anomalous increase in thermal maturity in |
|
| 07:08 | fashion. As you see there there's , it wouldn't be uh like |
|
| 07:20 | And then out and then back turned there must be cells or intrusions or |
|
| 07:31 | giving rise to these anomalous lee, maturity levels down the section and then |
|
| 07:38 | go back to normal. So so must have invaded the sediments that caused |
|
| 07:46 | serious anomalies increase in thermal stress on organic method of the service That was |
|
| 07:54 | localized to this one simple layer. . Okay. Not only non linear |
|
| 08:05 | reflectors preference. Anomalous profiles related to . Either normal faults or reverse folks |
|
| 08:19 | . I already mentioned that in the example, increasing sedimentation rate of decreasing |
|
| 08:25 | gradient and unconfirmed matches. Well, see a phenomenon like that. You |
|
| 08:31 | , there is a geologic phenomenon that reflects uh fortunately or some change in |
|
| 08:41 | of the sediments or in the ceremony . At that point here is a |
|
| 08:49 | where you have very nice written reflectors . Then pull back. That doesn't |
|
| 08:59 | any sense either. So, there a phenomenon there is that That's |
|
| 09:05 | And how much fiction has been And the question. Okay, determined |
|
| 09:16 | section. Mhm. Thank you. . Uh in this case here you |
|
| 09:30 | very nice increasing maturity profile with literally . In terms of data all of |
|
| 09:38 | sudden we have these pullouts, string pullouts, their depth implying implying it |
|
| 09:49 | cells the ba hydrothermal feelings some sermon . And that depth in that |
|
| 10:00 | Yeah, this happens to me your cell divisions which because he's metamorphic ISMs |
|
| 10:13 | you will, that caused these anomalies the world. Okay. Here's another |
|
| 10:22 | leg. Um of your Angola. of a nice simple trend. And |
|
| 10:33 | dogleg another linear trend. And that implying some geological phenomenon exists here. |
|
| 10:49 | we use this data not necessarily from low carbon generation potential perspective, but |
|
| 10:58 | to interpret sure phenomena. It's stunning it's okay. Here is another example |
|
| 11:12 | the eastern Canada basin. Uh you profile going linear leader and then it |
|
| 11:21 | and nonconformity pulls out and then straight or whatever the shape of the lion |
|
| 11:29 | that on conformity. But there is big big big gun conformity right there |
|
| 11:34 | the cretaceous. Okay. It's another from the northern uh northern uh base |
|
| 11:50 | Alaska. Yeah, very nice bitten provide dog leg in another dog |
|
| 12:00 | And so, so so each of breaks implies in geologic and then so |
|
| 12:13 | can use the sermon maturity data to structurally constructions. It brings three. |
|
| 12:33 | I think I covered something like this . Uh huh. By speaking, |
|
| 12:45 | sedimentary section and divided it into zones the zones of hydrocarbon generation expulsion and |
|
| 12:57 | wrong. One zone where nothing but missing generation occurs. We should not |
|
| 13:08 | except for I guess this migrated hydrocarbons mother jones. All right. If |
|
| 13:18 | see hydrocarbons in this zone. You , they're out of place. The |
|
| 13:24 | is marked by um Certain reflected values some notes. Is the reflectors. |
|
| 13:34 | ? Fitness. Noi ti I did cover through Tricia index. It's the |
|
| 13:41 | of the carriage. The biologists need the team X. Position of the |
|
| 13:50 | pics of the S to peak on perilous is curved. Right? |
|
| 13:56 | Ah john john john want to zone is marked by a 20.55 diplomatic |
|
| 14:04 | A 2.5 D. I. Value 4 37 degrees C. T. |
|
| 14:10 | value. Don't expect you to memorize numbers. Just know that there are |
|
| 14:20 | . Okay. Um So that would entering to go on to Entering to |
|
| 14:26 | three which is the zone of peak generation and expansion Is marked by a |
|
| 14:34 | logical activity value of about .7 Uh ci value of 2.66. The |
|
| 14:45 | of the carriage changes to a crisp and then a. T. Max |
|
| 14:51 | about 450 degrees C. And so . John four is marked by a |
|
| 14:58 | reflectivity of 1.3. Now if you you are reading a report and the |
|
| 15:06 | says uh reflections in at the step about 1.3. You know you are |
|
| 15:15 | Sure. Do you have just entered Zone four. Right? These are |
|
| 15:24 | pete. Yeah, If you get right reflectivity value of two. You're |
|
| 15:30 | trouble. You're already into zone five . There will be nothing there except |
|
| 15:42 | . Yes. K zone five intense metamorphoses um misinformation by degradation of all |
|
| 15:52 | , all hydrocarbons into nothing but mithi . Doing fine. So these are |
|
| 16:01 | markers and I want to relate to those boundaries feeling the particle. |
|
| 16:09 | What these boundaries look like? Is clear? You know what these boundaries |
|
| 16:16 | based on the dramatic activity? General index, which is the color range |
|
| 16:23 | the team X on the paralysis Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Well |
|
| 16:40 | take a look at the paralysis Yeah. Okay. Um remember |
|
| 16:51 | S. One is not S. ? S. Right, okay. |
|
| 16:56 | we plot the S one Over this plus is two million the hydrocarbon |
|
| 17:08 | Mm What I call the transformation which is is one of the S |
|
| 17:13 | plus S. Two. I see profile that looks like this top |
|
| 17:20 | Yeah, increases in this case it some curvature. Doesn't matter. It |
|
| 17:26 | on the geology. So ones or or three and on four. And |
|
| 17:31 | entry points was on one long, were demanded by the numbers that I |
|
| 17:36 | you earlier. Um when you look the paralysis curve, you see Very |
|
| 17:46 | , they're going to have a very one and the largest in other |
|
| 17:55 | not much free hydro garments. The in is the greeting in the instrument |
|
| 18:04 | that different. So that would be TMX uh the transformation ratio Is the |
|
| 18:16 | of the s. one s. s. two. He's also shown |
|
| 18:21 | this curry provide getting into his own . Getting into zone four with the |
|
| 18:30 | X. You can see die The ratio of the S. One |
|
| 18:34 | the S. Two. Very small . Very large as two meaning not |
|
| 18:39 | generation is happening. There increasing S decreasing as increasing in in uh S |
|
| 18:48 | increasing meaning S. Two has generating some S. One. |
|
| 19:02 | Yeah. Okay. The carriage in . His Children great. You meant |
|
| 19:16 | carbon hydrogen election software make up for charity is changed with thermal maturity because |
|
| 19:25 | Canadian degrading generating products. So let's a look at what happens to the |
|
| 19:33 | composition of the correction with very it a uh the representation of the atomic |
|
| 19:42 | carbon ratio to the atomic oxygen carbon . Uh mhm. And then for |
|
| 19:51 | three types of carrying type one, two, type three carriage. You |
|
| 19:56 | those boundaries that are marked as .5 and two. That's the reflections of |
|
| 20:03 | light tonight. If there is one in these examples. Sure. The |
|
| 20:13 | you if you go 2.5 in very was to one Cheaper and can go |
|
| 20:27 | high as two or higher. Very depth cinema theologically can call that first |
|
| 20:43 | is Jonah die genesis. The zone you're at you dramatically huge of roughly |
|
| 20:52 | we call it a pathogenesis thermal maturation meta genesis means very high thermal alteration |
|
| 21:04 | the point that they are getting into dwarfism. Okay so uh the energy |
|
| 21:14 | tests, I'm different from the different of courage and they show these characteristic |
|
| 21:27 | as you go different. Do I to discuss why the atomic ratio of |
|
| 21:38 | hydrogen carbon ratio is changing this way why the oxygen carbon rich is changing |
|
| 21:49 | you are you generating hydrocarbons. They're the hydrogen carbon ratio of the energy |
|
| 21:57 | some of the carbon in some of hydrogen have gone into new products. |
|
| 22:04 | these are the atomic hydrogen carbon ratio because some of the carbon some of |
|
| 22:10 | hydrogen is coming off at a much rate than the carbon. So so |
|
| 22:18 | the hydrogen carbon ratio. You change actors. All right so I can |
|
| 22:26 | the elemental proposition to tell me something the maturity level and perhaps in the |
|
| 22:34 | D. C. I. The is covered index You don't see that |
|
| 22:42 | in the literature because it turned out be invented here, transmission color. |
|
| 22:47 | is yeah, color of transmitted bite as a whale. Okay. Yeah |
|
| 23:04 | is a profile showing the veteran reflectivity the extreme left Going from point to |
|
| 23:16 | In 2.7, 1.3 two and so . Okay so loan one is marked |
|
| 23:30 | A change in the veterinary activity from than .5 to about .5. So |
|
| 23:40 | the destructive activity Reaching about .7.68 We we are getting in through three now |
|
| 23:50 | rich region region any hydro province originate there is guest but the existence of |
|
| 24:03 | relate with that maturity is a marker his own thermal maturation. Sure points |
|
| 24:14 | or .7 is a critical boundary. I talk about The activity for about |
|
| 24:24 | , you're into room three. All right. All right. You |
|
| 24:32 | from That 1.3. You're getting into con Vincent. So in other |
|
| 24:45 | any hydrocarbons that exists below this I'm gonna be conferences pete. When |
|
| 25:03 | get to a maturity level of See I have entered into a fight |
|
| 25:15 | nothing but nothing can exist. Can . Any hydrocarbons other than missing have |
|
| 25:26 | to a single target. All Is then. Okay. Right, |
|
| 25:37 | remember to respond 0.7. Mhm True. Yeah. Okay. Um |
|
| 25:55 | is a photo of our vigilance reflections . It's ice. Universal microscope with |
|
| 26:07 | device here to measure the collectors of matter, a scene through this |
|
| 26:20 | So we luxury we take simple the input to the spine, create a |
|
| 26:28 | mount. Put it under the objective we best like through it. And |
|
| 26:39 | uh spectrum is recorded with that spectrometer top. Can yeah. See them |
|
| 26:57 | values. Uh Yeah. Okay. it's one thing to measure the reflectivity |
|
| 27:15 | the organic matter. It's another to the come on in a quantitative fashion |
|
| 27:28 | a lot of that color. To you what the maturation level. It's |
|
| 27:38 | here I'm showing the which might reflectors versus the this optical Uh huh The |
|
| 27:49 | of the transmitted light. So I make these measurements and create a profile |
|
| 27:56 | this. It's a very ideal profile everything is increasing very systematically normally as |
|
| 28:03 | would expect from a burial system. Okay. I don't know. Are |
|
| 28:28 | are we gonna send somebody is charged the class? Did we agree |
|
| 28:39 | Sorry matters? Okay, excellent. chart is a critical chart. It's |
|
| 28:47 | correlation chart of all the maturation parameters uh huh. The what I call |
|
| 28:56 | toxic organic maturity skin skill a trade many, many years ago. Hood's |
|
| 29:02 | of organic manhood is shell shells level organic maturity scale called rank. All |
|
| 29:11 | . Uh Going from lignite to some school to high voltage between school to |
|
| 29:18 | involved in between school that that all way down to exercise. Uh The |
|
| 29:24 | you content to the core which you is a measured quantity on court. |
|
| 29:33 | basically mhm reflect the maturation level of transformation level of the court. Veteran |
|
| 29:45 | of course is the key parameter key And thermal alteration index. It's the |
|
| 29:53 | . The level of cooperation. And have put the not only the K |
|
| 29:58 | , but the key I together with sport colors describing them as a yellowish |
|
| 30:05 | you know orange red, orange like brown, dark brown black describing the |
|
| 30:16 | of alteration of the courage in through seen through the microscope. Uh had |
|
| 30:27 | carbon generation zones are related to these this phenomena and I've plotted the |
|
| 30:40 | Mhm. Yield S. One or . One plus is two and the |
|
| 30:44 | max Korea. So this is a chart which you already have and you |
|
| 30:51 | use it when you're reading an If you see a number that you |
|
| 30:56 | know and he uses any of those you can be translated into a |
|
| 31:02 | Yeah. Okay repeat the key boundaries is this one here .68.7 This boundary |
|
| 31:31 | . The dramatic activity and It is regenerative activity of two implies says you |
|
| 31:42 | . To the point that you will into the one fight which doesn't allow |
|
| 31:47 | to survive except methane. So we german maturity levels. Let's talk about |
|
| 31:59 | . Tiny when get it the rocks you're enough to allow for expansion. |
|
| 32:10 | that's to me that's the that's what trying to do. They're trying to |
|
| 32:15 | geologically construction through the hydrocarbon generation So and then we want to know |
|
| 32:30 | big is my generative basis. Yeah. The Lord it was |
|
| 33:33 | Yeah sure. Yes. Yes. . Yeah. Yeah. Mhm. |
|
| 34:28 | . Okay. Point not like the to another my child. That is |
|
| 35:21 | adult levels of maturity. So um maturity levels can be assist geo chemically |
|
| 35:34 | we can mark you can model. do you mean by what systematic |
|
| 35:42 | considerable temperature. Mm Yeah. It's not see you. Mhm. |
|
| 36:08 | . Yeah I can do that by the maturity levels by means that uh |
|
| 36:20 | tradition index situated activity that we'll discuss in a minute. Or I can |
|
| 36:26 | model. Okay I can factually the time temperature calculate where I am in |
|
| 36:40 | of the saturation level down section numerical is simply referred to in the literature |
|
| 36:53 | basic model. And it's all dependent the physical chemical notion that chemical |
|
| 37:11 | Uh huh. Very temperature says chemical well occur over time in response to |
|
| 37:26 | temperature and the physical chemical equations or chemistry uses kinetic modeling creates reactions. |
|
| 37:40 | have studied and determine the rates reactions different kinds of carriages during your lunch |
|
| 37:52 | . Yeah. Started co sense. here's the situation is described by the |
|
| 37:59 | of reaction that he is factor energy and so on. Yes, |
|
| 38:07 | complicated. I don't expect you to any of that. Yeah. White |
|
| 38:17 | and modeling Any reasons No one. can provide information regarding timing of |
|
| 38:26 | expansion and charge. Charge means when the hydrocarbons get into the entrapment site |
|
| 38:35 | instance in the gulf of Mexico regional indicates hydrocarbon expulsion from the Smithsonian main |
|
| 38:41 | what's occurred about Less than 15 million before present. And it's continuing on |
|
| 38:48 | now, depends on specific cereal There are simple models and very complex |
|
| 38:57 | . Complex models can provide insulation to directions, mechanisms, lateral versus |
|
| 39:05 | Uh huh. And so on. it is good and valuable to be |
|
| 39:14 | to do basin modeling. We're not to do basic modeling this semester, |
|
| 39:20 | it in the next semester or class based on basic modeling. Um Of |
|
| 39:37 | I can just simply say that garbage this garbage out the extent of analogy |
|
| 39:46 | europe. Final basic model depends on quality of your data. The more |
|
| 39:57 | you have, the better your model going to be in, the better |
|
| 40:03 | predictions are going to be. So a very primitive level. You expect |
|
| 40:11 | very or probability when you know more . We have more data, charter |
|
| 40:22 | and sharper in terms of the type expansion and migration. We can do |
|
| 40:34 | in one D. Mode. Two . Model. Three D. |
|
| 40:37 | very complex stuff. Uh Not gonna into that here. Uh huh. |
|
| 40:59 | the basic model can be built to the point when when section or region |
|
| 41:09 | you can do the modeling very three . Yeah. Um This is just |
|
| 41:23 | example of um immature Ishan. Mhm down that was section the bars horizontal |
|
| 41:39 | to fly these and measurements with this so with the mean values represented. |
|
| 41:52 | the measurements have a very proved here But I was able to kind of |
|
| 42:08 | the means down the well created this , yep profile with Betty. Obviously |
|
| 42:30 | shape of the curve and the depth where these could depend very much on |
|
| 42:40 | location and the properties of the rocks that location. The heat flow at |
|
| 42:47 | location and so on and so So this particular model assumes uh heat |
|
| 43:00 | value of 36,000,000 1 per square meter year. All right, thermal conductivity |
|
| 43:11 | a section consisting of sandstone, sandstone. So we're still here. |
|
| 43:18 | you some ingredients. It was assumed be about 1.35. He's very hyper |
|
| 43:25 | ft 4 700 m and so To create this modeled maturity down the |
|
| 43:39 | . Then I show they measured security the form of these bars. This |
|
| 43:50 | I have a very broad yeah. of measurements. These are much narrower |
|
| 43:59 | showing the in values and the range values. Yeah. Okay. Where |
|
| 44:14 | I get my subsurface temperature data in to build models. I can make |
|
| 44:28 | on the equilibrium temperatures using the same in any region. Uh can take |
|
| 44:37 | during battle ball pressure surveys. I take measurements during system testing. |
|
| 44:45 | Oh, I can take measures by corrections to temperature recorded the total |
|
| 44:52 | So you know everywhere everywhere along that see they have the bottom hole temperature |
|
| 44:59 | point. You have to realize that have to apply a correction to some |
|
| 45:05 | these. Think of chinese on the . So um temperature of adding corrections |
|
| 45:13 | temperature recorded a total death. Oh , wherever you can get any temperature |
|
| 45:23 | . Okay. He starts with what have unit. As you learn the |
|
| 45:31 | data will change your parameters in you which you can use hit flu |
|
| 45:50 | You do hit flu survey specific survey you measure the gradient of the temperature |
|
| 45:58 | a given depth temperature is another That would give you the gradient from |
|
| 46:03 | gradient. You can major influence calculate he throws given by GSM ingredient. |
|
| 46:13 | by the central conductivity of the The thermal conductivity of the section depends |
|
| 46:18 | much on the mythology of the rocks the section this is published map the |
|
| 46:30 | flow around the world. Global heat distribution. That's all you have. |
|
| 46:37 | what you have. You get your , your numbers from the location and |
|
| 46:46 | go from there. So there are published heat flow data and that you |
|
| 46:54 | mm hmm moreover, big austere. is another surface heat flow map based |
|
| 47:06 | measurements around the globe. Then of you can use this equation. The |
|
| 47:19 | interest given by the heat flow or a conductivity. Okay, um this |
|
| 47:34 | a a report which is published uh flew leader around the different tectonic |
|
| 47:44 | So then exposed shields. You can The value of .9 uh heat flow |
|
| 47:52 | as your heat flow in that And so so it's just a cheat |
|
| 48:00 | you can utilize to 15. It values in order to do calculations. |
|
| 48:27 | So these are uh typical thermal conductivity , shields for lime stones and so |
|
| 48:34 | . Again, city cheese that you keep in your back pocket. Uh |
|
| 48:39 | you're doing any study or when you're a discussion with your boss or whatever |
|
| 48:45 | can borrow some of those numbers, of course is very, yeah, |
|
| 48:56 | critical in determining the thermal conductivity of sediment. Higher velocity is higher water |
|
| 49:06 | means the conductivity will change. So is a relationship of changing veracity and |
|
| 49:15 | conductivity changes commensurate with the ferocity Keep um these are some settlement maturity |
|
| 49:37 | that are created for different regions in particular case here, from the Baltimore |
|
| 49:44 | uh show a thermal maturity profile calculated the model thermal maturity based on the |
|
| 49:54 | . So this would be the burial showing the maturation history of all these |
|
| 50:07 | from the fish is a Jurassic. top, the top of the middle |
|
| 50:13 | , the top of the Triassic uh lower Jurassic and so on. |
|
| 50:21 | he When they entered into zone to Zone 3 to Zone four enter zone |
|
| 50:30 | . So the base of the lower into zone two At this time 140 |
|
| 50:37 | years ago. Thanks Following zone 420 years ago. Is in the base |
|
| 50:48 | the lower Jurassic is in zone for . Any hydrocarbons that are gonna be |
|
| 50:55 | were gonna be condensates. He Uh . So you you realize how to |
|
| 51:10 | that profile, how to read that . Yeah, for the timing in |
|
| 51:24 | to do your job properly, you to calibrate calibrate, calibrate calibrate. |
|
| 51:32 | you can agreed by taking uh really information and you calculate the thermal maturity |
|
| 51:46 | related to the observations and you change calculated maturation profile until you match the |
|
| 51:58 | data once you mention the measure, you see this is my maturation |
|
| 52:12 | So again um the historical piece and maturity model. The the model in |
|
| 52:20 | pink line, the observations in the ashes. Okay, the model was |
|
| 52:32 | on energy. It took a great of fun. It's defined and the |
|
| 52:36 | conductivity of the disk by the sand stones, shields systems. And |
|
| 52:48 | uh you can calculate the the maturation . All these plots are meaningless now |
|
| 53:01 | you're not doing the modeling yourself. in essence you're showing these yeah situation |
|
| 53:10 | this time And where you enter into three Zone 2 and Zone three. |
|
| 53:17 | If this is the presumed source, can say that the presumed source has |
|
| 53:22 | into zone three at these different. . Okay. Mr I don't think |
|
| 53:45 | should |
|
