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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301_lecture19_1031
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00:02 All right, good morning y'all. . I think that sounds, there
00:11 probably better. All right. Uh we have a lot of ground to
00:15 or it will feel like a lot ground. It actually isn't as much
00:17 it looks like. Uh what we're do is we're gonna jump to the
00:20 nervous system. We're going to start the cranial nerves. This is not
00:24 difficult, other than big long All right. It's cranial nerve number
00:27 through cranial nerve. Number 12, the names and know what they do
00:30 straightforward stuff. Uh We're not going sit there and show you the bottom
00:34 the brain and say name them. here I'm gonna give you a
00:36 They're really easy. They start with one, they go to number
00:40 Easy, easy. All right. then what we're gonna do is we're
00:42 , then after we do the peripheral system, we're gonna jump back into
00:45 central nervous system and we're gonna walk structures and we're gonna highlight some of
00:49 important parts of the diet cephalon. gonna uh look at the important parts
00:54 the cerebrum. We're gonna look at cerebellum and see what they do as
00:57 . And so that should cover everything terms of general anatomy of the nervous
01:01 . And then we have a test Thursday. Yay. Uh We will
01:05 three quarters of the way done with course and life will be good.
01:10 good. I'm sort of, Ok. So here's our starting
01:14 You can see here, the artist do a great job, but these
01:17 the cranial nerves and they're called the nerves because they are derived from the
01:23 and from the brain stem. All . That's the only reason why they're
01:27 that they deal with primarily structures of head and neck. So you can
01:31 about it like this from here that's cradle nerves from here down.
01:35 is spinal nerves. So that makes life pretty easy. All right
01:40 primarily what they're gonna be dealing with going to be the uh special
01:46 So we're talking about sight, taste, smell, equilibrium. All
01:52 . But they're also going to be the muscles of the face and muscles
01:57 the neck as well as the sense touch in the face and neck
02:02 All right, there is one exception this rule and it's the easy one
02:06 remember. It's also gonna be dealing autonomic structures, but specifically autonomic of
02:12 gut. So while you're primarily head neck, you have one nerve that's
02:16 be all your insides. All And we'll point it out and it's
02:20 , ok, that's an easy You just remember that one?
02:23 Um, so that's that last little right there. So let's just kind
02:28 walk through these bad boys on the . Here's the good news.
02:32 I will never give you just, is cranial nerve number one?
02:36 I don't play that game. that's silly. Well, what you'll
02:39 is it'll have like cranial nerve number and it'll have the name next to
02:44 . All right. So you're not to have to do the back and
02:46 remembering this. It's mostly I need remember what they do. Ok.
02:51 the, that's the good part. . So we're just going to walk
02:55 , we're going to start with number . We're going to work to number
02:57 . Number one. And number two the easiest. Number one is the
03:00 nerves plural. All right. I want to point this out because
03:04 will probably not remember this or no will ever show you this in clarity
03:08 most classes because they're like, here's cranial nerve number one. All
03:12 . So what you're looking at here is the olfactory tract at the end
03:15 the olfactory track is called the olfactory . If you go back and look
03:19 the, forget it kind of. , that's in, let's see.
03:28 . There we go. If you at this picture right here. This
03:31 what you're seeing and you see how named, named it and pointed.
03:34 there is a tract, there is bulb. And so most people,
03:37 they look at this picture, they , oh, well, the tract
03:40 the bulb is the olfactory nerve. is not the olfactory nerve. Notice
03:44 word is plural olfactory nerves. All . The olfactory nerves are like the
03:53 or the bristles on a toothbrush. ? And you can see them
03:57 they're all hanging down and they go into the olfactory epithelium. We'll spend
04:01 lot of time talking about that in four or at least a couple of
04:05 . All right. So the olfactory are those nerves that penetrate down to
04:09 olfactory epithelium and then go into the bulb and their processing is going to
04:14 place. So, the olfactory bulb part of the cns. The nerves
04:18 not. Ok. So that's like weirdest thing beyond that, we have
04:23 optic nerve. The optic nerve is rise to vision. I, I
04:27 probably say, what does the olfactory do? Sense of smell?
04:33 There you go. So vision is transmitted via the factor or
04:38 via the optic nerve. And so can see each eye has its own
04:42 nerve. And then what happens is uh uh divides or it comes together
04:47 divides again and we're not going to with all that right now. All
04:49 . That's the optic nerve. Everything is going to be pretty straightforward if
04:55 think about what the words mean, the exception of one, which I
04:58 don't know what it means and I've bothered looking it up and no one
05:01 reminds me after class to go look up. All right. So the
05:04 one, ocular nerve, oh, me, ocular motor nerve. All
05:08 . So the ocular motor nerve is eye mover. Ocular motor, eye
05:12 nerve. All right. And what does is it innervates the muscles on
05:16 outside of the eye, what we the extreme eye muscles. And so
05:19 the things that allow you eyes to all over the place. There's two
05:23 muscles that are not innervated by the motor nerve. One, it's innervated
05:27 the trochlear nerve. All right. this is a special one. So
05:31 trochlear nerve uh sits aside, this the one I don't know what it
05:34 , right? But what it's doing it uh it innervates what is called
05:38 superior oblique. And what the superior allows you to do is allows you
05:42 look down and lateral. All So it allows you to look over
05:46 and look over there. So when cheating on a test, that's what
05:48 moving. Yeah, I know. right. So trochlear is down,
05:54 can motors all the other eyes and there's another one. So now we're
05:57 to cranial nerve. Number five, going to skip over to cranial nerve
06:01 six and come back to five. talking about eyes. Cranial nerve.
06:04 six is the abducens nerve. It the other extrinsic eye muscle called the
06:10 rectus. What it does is it your eyes laterally. So when you
06:15 giving people sideway glances like that, way, that way that will
06:22 it's that way. Not both It's this one that um, that
06:26 be the abducent. Now, this where I get to tell you my
06:29 was born with an on abducent nerve one of her eyes. So it's
06:32 funny, you can say, look this way and both her eyes
06:35 and then say now look the other and this eye goes and then
06:39 So one goes like that. So , it's really weird, right?
06:43 it's like, so anyway, a backing up cranial nerve number five,
06:51 nerve number five is the trigeminal Anyone here born a Gemini.
06:56 What does Ge and I mean, , all right twins. That's what
07:00 means. OK. It's basically a of stars and they like,
07:03 look, they look the same. twins. All right. So if
07:06 a Gemini, technically you were, were born under the stars that are
07:10 twins. So what do you think tri Gemini is? It's a
07:16 OK. That's where the nerve comes , name comes from. But look
07:19 the nerve itself, it's this big honking nerve, right. You can
07:23 it right up there. A big structure. So it's a whole bunch
07:26 nerves. And what it does is branches into three major branches. That's
07:31 it got its name. Tremin, ? Three major branch nerve. What
07:36 the three major branches? Well, got uh muscles that go to or
07:41 muscles, sorry, we've got nerves are going all over the face.
07:44 basically the sensory nerves that are innervating face and then muscles for chewing.
07:51 right. So it allows you to . So that's where the trigeminal are
07:57 facial nerve. What do you think facial nerve does innervates the face?
08:03 you go. All right. So an easy one. So now we're
08:05 to cranial nerve number seven. Do see how fast these are? They're
08:08 as hard. All right. So we're doing here is facial nerve is
08:12 expression. So muscles of facial So when you frown, when you
08:17 that sort of stuff, all facial nerves, muscles, but it
08:23 some other things. All right, innervates the autonomic, all right.
08:27 autonomic remember are things that we can't consciously. So salivation in this particular
08:33 , right, as well as your ducts. All right. So they
08:37 the tears. So it keeps your moist and wet. Third thing that
08:41 does is that it innervates the taste or it receives uh the gustatory or
08:48 the gustatory nerves from the anterior two of the tongue. Now, I'm
08:52 gonna divide this up really quick. tongue is basically goes back and then
08:56 your throat halfway. All right. not just the thing right up here
08:59 the front. The thing you see here in the front, that's the
09:03 two thirds. So you can't see third of your tongue, it goes
09:07 like this. So that first two is, is innervated. Uh the
09:12 buds, there are innervated through the nerve. Ok. Big word.
09:19 scary word. It's a combination vestibular cochlear. So usually when you
09:25 o in the middle of a that's usually where we've jam tooth words
09:28 . Vestibular is from vestibular vestibular refers the ability to maintain balance and
09:35 what we refer to as proprioception. right. So the fact that you
09:39 around the world, you can see is upright, right? When you
09:43 all dizzy and stuff, that's when equilibrium is out of whack, it's
09:46 to stay upright. So that would what the vestibular portion of the vestibular
09:51 nerve is responsible for. It actually into two branches, the vestibular nerve
09:55 the cochlear nerve, we'll get to when we talk about the ear.
09:58 the so the vestibular portion is the or balance uh portion of the
10:05 So if that's half of it, do you think the cochlear half has
10:09 do with, you can cheat, up there hearing? Right? So
10:13 is taking all the information from the . So we have the equilibrium balance
10:18 and we have the hearing part that be vestibular cochlear nerve. Here we
10:29 cranial nerve, number nine, cranial , number Glossop pharyngeal again, here
10:34 have that o in the middle of word. So we've jammed two things
10:37 . So we have the glossa, is tongue. Ah All right.
10:46 comes from pharynx. That's the fancy for your throat. OK. So
10:52 the tongue and throat nerve. All . So with the regard to the
10:56 , we're primarily dealing with the taste on uh that are found on the
11:01 or really on the backside of the . Um Again, when we get
11:05 the time we'll talk about that in detail, but also plays a role
11:08 regulating uh or getting information from the bodies. Um When you get the
11:14 P two, you'll talk about the bodies when we talk about blood
11:17 So your carotid arteries, we talked that already, they go upwards,
11:22 ? They carry blood up to your to your head. There are pressure
11:26 , barrow receptors located in the And so that's what it's getting sensory
11:31 from to maintain or to um check pressure, the pharyngeal muscles, everyone
11:41 . Congratulations. You just sent a down through your glossopharyngeal nerve.
11:46 Salivary glands. Again, you don't have a couple of salivary glands.
11:50 have a, we have four pairs that are in our mouths. And
11:54 it's gonna be the ones that are little bit further back. All
11:59 Finally, the big boy, this the weird one. The vagus
12:04 what happens in Vegas stays, I know, just something, right?
12:08 the vagus nerve is what is responsible innervating all the uh the guts,
12:15 the viscera of the body. maintaining heart rate, right? Maintaining
12:21 rate. So if it, it into the lungs, right, the
12:25 of, of regulating or sending information the gut, receiving sensory input from
12:33 gut. If it has to do the viscera, it's the vega
12:37 All right. So we're talking about structures. So smoothing cardiac muscle.
12:42 you can see this is the but it's also sensory, taking information
12:47 trying to find out what's going what's going down your throat? What's
12:51 down through the larynx? Is there , is there pressure, that sort
12:54 stuff? All right. OK. are gonna have more trouble with this
13:00 , ladies less. So. All , when you go shopping for earrings
13:04 necklaces, what do we sh what we shopping for? Don't, please
13:08 say jewelry, we're shopping for right? So, easy way to
13:13 this. An accessory is something you around your neck. There you
13:18 All right. Makes you pretty. , guys, we have trouble with
13:23 . We don't do accessories, we get stuff. All right. So
13:28 nerve is going to be innervating the of the neck, uh the sternocleidomastoid
13:33 the trapezius muscle. If you're confused that, just raise your arms and
13:37 . I don't know what I'm talking . OK. That's what it
13:42 OK. Finally, cranial nerve number , hypoglossal. It says in the
13:49 exactly what it is. Glossa is hypo below. So it's below the
13:55 . So here, what we're doing we are innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic
14:00 muscles. All right. I want see how we work the intrinsic tongue
14:07 , right? So, there you . All right. That's how you
14:09 remember. It just lets me move tongue easy, peasy. All
14:13 So why point this out and why have a little bit of fun with
14:17 ? All right. First stop is you first see the cranial nerves and
14:20 see these big long names, they you out because big long names that
14:24 combo words that aren't part of your lexicon make it scary. All
14:30 But remember we're, we're simple I mean, you know,
14:34 I know it doesn't feel like it , but we are, we look
14:36 something where we name it based on we see. All right. And
14:39 all they've done here is they're ok, well, what does this
14:42 ? Oh, well, it innervates . Ok. So that's what we're
14:45 call it. All right. And we're keeping it simple so that you
14:50 remember the simple and not be afraid it and let all the people from
14:53 other schools be afraid of this All right. Oh, no.
14:57 nerves there with them. It's like less than the spinal nerves,
15:04 So, are we OK with the nerves? Yeah. You know.
15:08 right. Like I said, you keep it simple. You probably just
15:10 one question on them. It's just cranial nerve. Number one. What
15:14 it do? Cranial nerve? Number . What does it do that sort
15:17 thing? And again, it won't just cranial nerve. Number one,
15:20 nerve versus number seven, it will give you the name as well.
15:23 right. Well, I'll say here's , which nerve does that. So
15:31 jump on in back to the central system. And what we're gonna do
15:36 we're, we've already talked about in , the cerebrum. In brief.
15:40 talked about the cerebrum. We basically the lobes, we looked at the
15:44 stem. So what we're gonna do we're gonna hop our way through and
15:47 gonna go through the cerebellum. We're look at the diencephalon, then we're
15:51 go back to the cerebrum and we're start breaking it apart and looking in
15:56 of functionality, what does it So our starting point here is
16:00 Cerebellum is um about 10% of your brain mass. So, if you
16:05 of the central nervous system, about of it, it is the second
16:08 structure. The cerebrum is the biggest . It's the most obvious structure is
16:12 cerebrum. Um And the idea here that it's basically your, your body
16:19 we need something to uh to outsource to. And so the s uh
16:25 was kind of the place where they processing for how to do movement.
16:33 generally speaking, that's the easy way think about this. So it is
16:39 to the uh brain stem. So can see here, connect to the
16:42 stem. We have the superior cerebellar , the inferior cerebellar peduncles and then
16:47 the ponds, that's where you'd see middle cerebellar peduncles. And so I
16:52 of say that just because peduncle is fun word and I like to hear
16:56 say it out loud. All So in terms of functionality or
17:00 in terms of structure, what we've is you can see here that it's
17:03 coded to kind of make it easier kind of see the different parts,
17:07 ? Um And what we're gonna do um first off, if you look
17:11 , it might even be, you , it's not over there. Uh
17:14 you look carefully, you can see these light white, little strands in
17:18 and then, uh out of it's little bit grayer or darker and what
17:22 trying to show you here is the and the white matter of the cerebellum
17:25 the picture. So the gray matter , is very similar in terms of
17:31 as you'd see in the cerebrum. there's lots of folds, there's lots
17:34 gyri, but we don't call them instead what we call them are
17:39 Um Anywhere you're taking Latin, you . What, what does folia
17:44 Do you remember? No idea? . When you have a portfolio,
17:49 , what do you have in a ? I know I'm talking people who
17:53 been in the stems for the most their lives. But if you've ever
17:56 any art you have, it's your . Basically folia are pages, pages
18:04 called leaves. So a portfolio is portable leaf, lots of leaves,
18:12 , Foli, edge leaves. So call it leaves. So the gray
18:19 here are leaves. The white matter called the Arbor Vitae. What does
18:25 Vita mean? Do you think Tree Life? I don't know. It's
18:33 fancy words. All right, but how you can remember. The white
18:37 is tree, the gray matter are . All right. So that's how
18:41 kind of look at this structure. right. So that's what you're seeing
18:46 . That would be the Arbor there's the folio around the edges.
18:50 right. So they're breaking it down differently than other textbooks. That's
18:56 What I want you to see here so inside deep, uh they have
19:00 lobe, it's called the Floo nodular . What this does, it plays
19:03 role in controlling your balance and eye . All right. So, um
19:08 you've been spun around really, really , like, um you know,
19:13 go round. Have you ever done ? You get somebody off a merry
19:17 round and their eyes are kind of this weird thing, right? Trying
19:21 stabilize uh what the uh Floo nodular sorry? Yeah. Floo nodular lobe
19:28 is allows you to make balance and movement together. In other words,
19:34 it together. All right. So ability to move and keep your eyes
19:40 on the horizon are being done All right, we have the central
19:46 . So if you were to look it from the back, you can
19:49 we have this kind of node in middle, that's this region. So
19:53 plays a role in controlling posture, , fine motor control helps you produce
20:00 movements. Now, I'm gonna pause because I don't know if I'm,
20:04 I think I said this earlier, I'm gonna, I'm gonna clarify
20:09 The cerebellum doesn't actually talk to All right, it talks to the
20:17 and so it's receiving signals from the , which are basically saying,
20:22 this is my plan, is this workable to achieve the goal,
20:29 So, if I'm trying to walk whatever it is, my goal is
20:33 lift my foot up and put my down. Ce cerebellum, is this
20:36 achievable plan? And the cerebellum uses structures to make sure that the plan
20:45 , uh you know, possible. right. So that's what's really going
20:49 here. So it's playing the role controlling that it's not doing the
20:54 right. In other words, it's speaking back and forth to the
20:59 of movement to make sure that everything be uh go right. So then
21:03 go out outward to the lateral hemispheres this is where the cortex is actually
21:08 with that planning. So you can about it like this, the verus
21:13 the plan in place. It's like is what the plan should be.
21:17 you want to accomplish this, this how it's done. All right,
21:21 comes in from the Cerebrum says, is what I want to do and
21:24 the Sarah Bellum does, it says , let me process, make sure
21:27 can do that. It goes to verus information there like OK, this
21:31 how this is achievable. This is we are and then the lateral hemispheres
21:35 taking that information processing and saying, , based on where you are and
21:38 you're doing, this is how you accomplish that goal and they're in a
21:43 communication with every sort of movement that doing. So, the analogy I
21:49 to use and it's not a great because not everyone understands computers. So
21:53 apologize. But in your computer, have a central processing unit that does
21:59 the hard math. And then you a graphics card usually, or a
22:03 chip that does the graphics in the . What it's doing is it's taking
22:08 the harder processing of the graphics card the graphics and putting it someplace else
22:14 saying you figure that out and tell what to do. So the computer
22:17 , OK? Here you go. card doesn't says this is what needs
22:20 be done and it does it all . So that's why your video games
22:24 all nice instead of like when I up, when it was like eight
22:27 and everything was all chunky, you , and just terrible. I know
22:32 looking at me like what? back in the day. OK.
22:37 that's kind of what the cerebellum It's a structure where we've offloaded a
22:41 of computation so that your bo your can focus on the important things of
22:46 and dropping. So what did the do? Processes information to help the
22:57 in movement? All right. Time . Do not write this down because
23:02 like to tell you guys stuff because gonna go off and do big things
23:05 I'd like you to be ahead of else. Ok. About two years
23:09 . Maybe it's four years ago. , time passes quicker when you're
23:13 Ok. Um, I grew up Arkansas, uh, at Arkansas Children's
23:18 . I think, I can't remember . Um, they called themselves
23:22 um, the MRI club, I . So. Basically there are a
23:27 of scientists that have access to an at night. right? Because you
23:31 all the MRI S during the But at night it's like,
23:33 we got a free machine, let's with it and see what, what
23:36 can do with our brains and find what to do. And so they
23:39 on the cerebellum and asked questions about cerebellum and they found out that it
23:43 just play a role in movement. . It actually plays a significant role
23:49 planning things. So it's not just if I'm playing keyboards, how do
23:55 move my fingers? It's like, am I thinking about doing in order
23:58 do the things that I'm doing? right. So probably in about 10
24:02 , 20 years, your textbooks are be a little bit different. They're
24:06 talk about how the cerebellum is a uh processor of planning outside of just
24:15 . All right. Anyway, the , diencephalon has four structures in
24:23 The primary structure is going to be thalamus. All right. It's centrally
24:27 and from there all the other structures named relative to that. So we
24:32 the hypothalamus, which is below the , the subthalamus, which is below
24:37 thalamus and the epithalamus, which is to be above the thalamus. But
24:40 you look at it, it looks it's still below the South thalamus.
24:43 , whatever, all right, they're areas, they do different things,
24:46 walk through them in a very, general sense. You can think of
24:50 uh diencephalon as a structure through which is relayed. So almost all the
24:57 that's coming from the external um uh the periphery, from through the peripheral
25:02 system up into the central nervous system it's disseminated outward through the cerebrum into
25:08 other structures. It passes through the phalon. All right. So it's
25:12 processing center is the easy way to about this. Many of your visceral
25:18 are controlled through this. All And as we break it down,
25:22 see what I'm talking about here. right. So our first structure is
25:25 thalamus. It's a paired structure. basically highlighting here right above the brain
25:30 . Remember how I said it's like brain stem is like the ice cream
25:33 and, and then you have the and then you have the crem on
25:36 of it. So the diencephalon is very, very primitive structure. It's
25:40 it's sits right there in the And so the thalamus is this paired
25:45 that sits on either, either, side, see that little circle right
25:50 , that circle is where the thalamus paired and they're actually attached to each
25:55 . All right. So it crosses and what we're looking at here,
25:59 is our third ventricle that passes in it. Alright, now, the
26:05 of the, of the thalamus is this is the the primary uh relay
26:12 . So when I think of the , the first thing I would think
26:14 is like it's the post office, the information comes in that information goes
26:18 a specific location. That information is said, OK, Thalamus says um
26:23 needs to go here, there, and there and it sends it off
26:27 the different places where it needs to , it has a sense of awareness
26:31 it. Um Do you guys um you familiar with any sort of philosophy
26:37 did like have you heard of different ? Like maybe one or two?
26:41 not gonna name them all because I don't know them all. But
26:44 you ever heard this one? I therefore, I am. Who,
26:48 said that? See if anyone No K Yeah, it's Emmanuel Kant
26:53 . I remember. I'm not gonna you how I remember this stuff.
26:56 I'm old now and it doesn't Um Anyway, so I think therefore
27:01 am. And so the idea here this philosophical statement is, oh,
27:05 aware of myself. Therefore, I . All right. Now, we're
27:10 getting into the depth of what that . But if you, if you
27:12 to apply that to the body, would say my cerebrum, my frontal
27:18 is aware of my surroundings, my to think and stuff ex exists up
27:24 in the cerebrum. And so that , I think, therefore, I
27:27 really kind of refers to that the does not think right? But it
27:34 a, a sense of awareness, has a consciousness to it. It
27:38 the I am. OK. And what it does is it's aware of
27:43 , very rudimentary, very basic sensory like I am being touched would be
27:49 example. Whereas your cerebrum be I being touched by a fuzzy worm.
27:56 . Do you see the difference So there's, there's defining and understanding
28:00 the level of the cerebrum, the does not have that understanding. It's
28:04 simple, very basic. All Now, within the thalamus, we
28:09 a whole bunch of different nuclei. do we say about nuclei? They
28:13 gray matter responsible for processing information. right. So two of these are
28:17 important and I'm naming them now. right, they're called the geniculate
28:23 So there's you can see them listed . I've highlighted them. But the
28:26 really big ones are the medial and lateral geniculate nucleus. All right.
28:31 , from in my brain, these things are backwards. All right.
28:34 the medi medial geniculate nucleus is responsible um the sensory input coming from the
28:41 . I would think that they'd be the outside, right. But the
28:45 is for the ears. So when comes in, that information is sent
28:49 through the medial geniculate nucleus before it to the uh the uh temporal
28:58 all right. And then information from eyes come in and they go to
29:02 thalamus and they go to the lateral nuclei before they head on to the
29:07 lobe. And so there's preprocessing that's place before it's sent off to these
29:13 locations. We also have a ventral geniculate nucleus and this is basically the
29:18 sensory neurons, all right. So sensory input. And so here uh
29:23 kind of broken it down. You see it's like, all right,
29:25 uh things that are going to go the limbic system, go to the
29:28 lobe. And so the idea here this sensory input is gonna go to
29:33 that are responsible for exciting and uh uh inducing different emotions that I'm that
29:42 to experience, right? So uh me just give you an example.
29:46 say you smell baking brownies. What baking brownies make you feel? Did
29:52 make you feel happy? Hungry, ? OK. That's an emotion I
29:57 think happy, right? I fresh baked brownies, I mean,
30:01 walk into a house, you've had bad day and you smell fresh,
30:04 baked bounties. It's like joy has into the house, right? So
30:11 doesn't happen in the geniculate nucleus. gonna go to the Olympic system where
30:15 emotion is. But what we're doing we're sending that information to where emotions
30:20 created or formed. All right. that would be the, the thalamus
30:25 is a post office, sends Uh Next is the subthalamus subthalamus is
30:33 ascending decent uh descending tracks. There nuclei there. So they're kind of
30:38 this area just above the hypothalamus. There are parts of the red nuclei
30:43 mentioned that we have parts of the Niagra. This is the key thing
30:47 . All right, remember how I how I don't like the nervous system
30:51 everything doesn't go into one into its box. Like it's supposed to,
30:55 is one of those things that's going one of those boxes that irritate
30:58 All right, this plays a role processing motor function. All right.
31:04 is not our first. It's not to be our last that deals with
31:08 . All right. So information is in and being processed here so that
31:13 can be shared with another structure called basal nuclei which play a role.
31:17 that's one of the last things we'll about play a role in motor
31:21 epithalamus. All right. So epi be above. But in this
31:26 it's way over here in the So, I don't know where they
31:29 EP out of this, but why not? So, two structures
31:34 , it's the hy uh hain Hainer as well as the pineal gland.
31:40 here the habi nuclei are going to signals between the limbic system and the
31:46 . So we're dealing primarily with visceral emotional responses to odors. Have you
31:52 something so bad that it made you ? Ok. So there you
31:56 Haar nuclei, right? So a of nasty socks, you mean,
32:02 know? Right. That would be have a neon nucleus. All
32:07 And again, emotion, visceral All right, pineal gland, this
32:14 your internal clock. All right. what we're doing is timing. So
32:18 example, puberty, sleep, wake , biological clock, all of these
32:23 that you might associate with timing in body are being regulated through proteins that
32:29 being produced here. One of the that it's sent out is uh
32:34 So this is your sleep wake You're probably familiar with that. Many
32:38 you probably take melatonin to help to asleep. And what they're doing is
32:41 are basically adding to the molecule that circulates through and basically tells the brain
32:48 from sleeping or sleep from s uh to sleep. All right. So
32:54 a clock, hypothalamus is the major tissue. It is the what we
33:05 the master gland of the body. right. It is the subregion
33:14 So it's uh furthest away from the and extending from it is this little
33:19 extension. I think there's a better here. There's a little tiny extension
33:23 is called the infundibulum, which literally stock like like a mushroom stalk.
33:28 if you see underneath that is a called the pituitary gland looks like a
33:34 head. So there's the mushroom stalk wrong way. So that's what the
33:39 is. It is a area that connected to this other endocrine gland.
33:45 so there's different nuclei in here and job is to regulate all the visceral
33:51 of your body. All right. it produces hormones that regulate parts of
33:56 body in parts of your um uh behavior. It regulates uh your body's
34:03 response to sleep, your body's need hunger or for food, your body's
34:08 for water. It regulates all sorts stuff. So it, it,
34:11 , it takes a lot of input it sends a lot of output.
34:16 So two structures, if you were from the bottom right there, they're
34:21 to show you. So it kind looks like a pair of breasts.
34:24 you see that? I, I , because their name look, it's
34:28 bodies. That's where the name came . All right. So it looks
34:31 a pair of breasts if you were look at the brain upside down.
34:34 those would be the mammary bodies. , uh olfactory reflexes, again,
34:39 responses to odors. So you can here and then I mentioned already the
34:44 . So there that, that is connection to the pituitary gland, pituitary
34:48 . Just so that, you we're gonna deal with that in the
34:50 system when you get an A MP . Um, we're talking about the
34:55 that regulate the hormones. All So, regulates ovulation, regulates
35:02 regulates growth, regulates. Um, regulates smooth muscle contractions. This is
35:08 done through the pituitary gland, which all regulated through the hypothalamus. Do
35:14 memorize the jelly beans. Ok? these are just like different nuclei that
35:18 responsible for these types of different things . So, body temperature, emotional
35:25 , you see how again, we're different things are, are, are
35:30 multiple things. Um food, thirst, sleep wake. So it's
35:38 just one structure list. I'm just go quickly. What are the sleep
35:42 , epithalamus, hypothalamus? And we mentioned um earlier, the reticular activating
35:49 which is found in the brain So, there's a lot of structures
35:53 are involved. So, in a , hypothalamus, visceral regulation through endocrine
36:03 primarily, which brings us right back to the cerebrum. All right.
36:12 what we're gonna do now is we're take the cerebrum, we're gonna dissect
36:15 out and we're gonna look at structures the cerebrum itself. Any questions so
36:21 about the diencephalon, diencephalon kind of . I mean, in terms of
36:27 here's this, this is what it , but these are little pieces.
36:30 right, for those of you who trying to study and try to
36:33 well, how do I understand? for the transitions, right. We've
36:37 about cranial nerves, we've talked about , we've talked about the diencephalon which
36:42 different parts. Now we're doing the , which is gonna have different
36:48 All right, cerebrum. So this I think therefore, I am thoughts
36:53 of, of sensory input. So you woke up this morning, what
36:58 it feel like cold? And was dark? Yeah. So you are
37:04 of both the darkness and the right? So that's sensory perception.
37:09 right. Perception is your awareness of ? OK. Uh Memory, I
37:17 you to think back to sixth grade I want you to think of your
37:21 teacher. Can you picture them, or her? Yeah. OK.
37:27 memory. OK. That's all So all when we talk about intellectual
37:35 , you know, when we look , we say higher organisms, higher
37:39 have the cerebrum and have this ability think. And so what does that
37:43 ? Well, there's intelligence reasoning, ? Judgment, you know, is
37:48 a good decision or a bad You know, that sort of
37:52 Uh It also includes your voluntary motor , your ability to move your visual
37:57 , your auditory activities. This is a short list. All right.
38:02 cerebrum is, the structure of thought the easiest way to think about structure
38:09 processing. So we've looked at this , we've described it already. We
38:16 gray matter. We, when we at the re we have gray matter
38:19 the outside, then we have white and we have gray matter. And
38:21 we're gonna do is we're gonna start in to ask what are these things
38:25 ? So we have gray matter on outside. All right, that's going
38:30 be your cortex. You have gray on the inside, highlighted red
38:34 All right, they're just red because just trying to point it out within
38:39 cortex itself. What we have is have six layers of cells. That's
38:44 far as you need to know. not gonna ask you what the six
38:46 are, the six layers change depending where you're located. But there's always
38:51 layers. And then they discovered oh well, there's a some layers
38:55 sublayers and sub layers have subs sub and stuff like that. And so
39:00 really unimportant, just understand that it's conserved six layer thing. All
39:06 we have these two hemispheres. All . If you look at these two
39:10 , they are not exactly the they're not mere images of each
39:14 While information is shared on either information is passed back and forth between
39:19 by that corpus Callosum. Um You see it. Uh If I went
39:24 a couple of slides, I bet . Yeah. So this right
39:27 that's the corpus Callosum. Okay. can see here. These would represent
39:38 Callosum. So, what we generally is that the right side of the
39:47 is responsible for the left side of body mostly. And the left side
39:51 the brain is responsible for the right of the body, mostly. All
39:55 . That's not 100% true, but mostly true. The other thing we're
40:03 to do is we're going to point something and say this is what it
40:05 and understand that it is not the structure involved that there's a lot of
40:10 going on. We talked about local and then broader widespread networks. So
40:16 networks are referring to that area where is taking place. And the reason
40:21 identified these is because when you have who have had brain damage, you
40:25 notice a pathology that presents itself. so they go and look where did
40:29 damage occurred? Oh, occurred in area. And this is the pathology
40:33 see ergo, this must be the that is responsible for this. So
40:37 where most of this comes from. right. So when we talk about
40:40 speech area, there's damage that's occurred in that particular area. So
40:44 why the person has aphasia. So what we do is we break
40:51 the brain and say, hey, we have functional areas, we have
40:55 these functional areas are gonna be motor , they're gonna be sensory areas and
41:00 gonna be association areas. And these just little examples of some of
41:04 all right. So a motor area responsible for processing movement and creating movement
41:11 some sort. A sensor area is for processing sensory input and understanding what
41:17 sensory input is. And finally, association area is where we take this
41:23 and we integrate it. So for , integration would be oh I am
41:28 something that looks like a duck. hearing something that sounds like a
41:32 I'm smelling something that smells like a . Ergo, it must be a
41:38 . All right. That's what integration . It's taking all the information and
41:42 it together so that you can then what it is that you're tasting,
41:48 so on and so forth. here we have a map of the
41:54 . You can see we have our lobes, actually our five lobes because
41:57 actually separated it for us, And you can see that what we've
42:01 is we've labeled them. And what looking at in this particular picture is
42:04 looking at the motor areas and I you to just focus on the picture
42:07 a second. Look at the how many of those boxes are
42:12 One? All right. This is it's sometimes important to look at the
42:17 and not memorize the picture, but at it. All right. So
42:20 area is responsible for motor activities because is a slide on motor activities.
42:26 this is where we go back to Street type learning. One of these
42:29 is not like the others. And that's the one that has all the
42:32 in it. So the primary motor are located in the frontal lobe and
42:39 the big giant list right there showing that list. All right, the
42:43 motor cortex is where we have our control of movement that is going to
42:50 located here in the precentral gyrus. talk about this more in a
42:56 We have another area, we have area for those of you Spanish
43:01 How do you say mouth? Boca and Broca sound a lot
43:08 don't they? We just put our R in there. Boca and Broca
43:13 Boca's area. Broca's area is responsible the muscles that control speech. It
43:21 not responsible for understanding speech. It's for making speech, the idea of
43:27 moving your mouth and your tongue and lips. OK. That is the
43:32 of speech. All right. So Broca's area. Now, this is
43:37 only primarily on the left hemisphere in frontal lobe. Some of you will
43:46 it in your right hemisphere, but of us have it over here.
43:49 our left hemisphere. OK. You have it on both. All
43:54 So that's Broca's area and we have called the front eye field and it
43:58 right above Broca's area. So Broca's is right here. Then the uh
44:03 eye fields there, this controls your movement of your eyes. All
44:08 So again, what does this I can sit perfectly still and have
44:11 eyes look around the room. That be the frontal eye field. Me
44:15 those extrinsic eye muscles what to move those signals are sent via what
44:24 Ocular motor, ocular motor and then are two others. Dr Clear and
44:31 I have two cents. Thank The tr clear in the Thank you
44:36 . I'm glad you guys remember OK, good. So we see
44:39 three nerves that are responsible, but coming from the frontal eye field.
44:45 right, that's where the signal comes . Now, this right here,
44:49 we're looking at is what is called homunculus. All right. For those
44:56 you who watch Full Metal Alchemist, know there's a couple of you.
45:01 right, homunculus means a human like . All right. Does this look
45:09 a human kind of, I look at the map. Does that
45:12 of look like a human? Are the parts of a human there?
45:15 they in the right order? that's why it's like a human,
45:20 a human? All right. So map is again, it's showing you
45:24 order and the organization of the motor . And you can see that there
45:31 specific parts that are responsible for making muscles move in specific areas. All
45:38 , that's what this represents. It's we refer to being soma atypically
45:42 So our homunculus here is an organization is like the human but not perfectly
45:49 the human. But it demonstrates that of this brain soma atypically we go
45:57 body. So you can see what dealing here is primarily spinal nerves are
46:03 sent up here. That's some that coming down is gonna go via the
46:07 nerves and then we are over here now we're dealing with the face and
46:11 neck and stuff. So the information down for those areas would be going
46:15 the cranial nerves. All right, how they exit out of the central
46:19 system. But what we have here just a simple map. These structures
46:27 plasticity. And what that means is that while these are generic areas,
46:33 can see that they have different sizes stuff like that. That means let's
46:36 if I lost an arm, you , would I need my brain to
46:41 my arm how to move if I my arm? No. And so
46:46 you'd imagine is that those structures because lack of use, our body doesn't
46:51 energy, paining things just for the of maintaining, would shrink those down
46:55 those areas would become atrophied, whereas areas would compensate for the loss of
47:01 arm. And so you'd see other grow. So this this expansion,
47:06 know, this, this plasticity expansion loss is a function of our
47:10 The other thing I'd point out here again, these are not like this
47:14 like not a map that you'd like on your phone and you can get
47:17 down to like the, you the millimeter, right? These are
47:21 like maps from the 17th century where like that's kind of the coastline,
47:25 kind of over there and there's like in between, right? It's kind
47:29 a generic map, fuzzy map, ? But this fuzziness also demonstrates how
47:35 , how big or how much of gyrus is being used. So for
47:40 , look at how much is being for the face and the lips and
47:43 jaws and stuff like that. Why you think your brain uses so much
47:48 or so much space for your facial ? And so little say for your
47:57 . What do you think we do our faces? Yeah, expressions,
48:02 communicate most of our, most of language is is done through expression,
48:08 ? When you see someone smile, mean, there are commercials right
48:11 Have you seen the commercials? I guess they're just like everyone is
48:14 and sad. And so now you these like smile, just smile,
48:19 , right? And so, you , when you see someone smiling,
48:22 does that make you feel? Does make you angry or does it make
48:24 happy, happy? You know, are contagious. So are frowns,
48:29 ? And, but the idea is that we're social creatures, most
48:32 our communication is done through this, ? So if you see me come
48:38 here and I'm like, well, you know today is a bad day
48:42 don't mess with me, right? know, but if you see me
48:45 in, it's like, all it's gonna be a good day.
48:52 primary motor cortex you'll usually see abbreviated one. All right. When we
48:57 to the sensory areas, where do see the sensor areas missing from the
49:04 lobe? But what about all the lobes? They're all processors,
49:10 So what we can see here is our c reborn basically is divided into
49:13 of these different areas. We have motor areas and then the brain is
49:19 for sensory process processing everywhere else. right. And so what I've done
49:25 I've basically broken it down into some basic uh process and we've already talked
49:29 them. So this is all review . We have the primary somatosensory
49:34 That would be the parietal lobe, gonna be looking here, right?
49:38 would be the postcentral gyrus, that the primary area where the sense of
49:43 is processed. But the prial lobe is somatosensory, the sense of
49:48 understanding what it is that you're we have our occipital lobe back in
49:53 very, very back that would be primary visual cortex. All right,
49:59 processing. And I mentioned again and gonna be asked on the test is
50:03 visual processing is done pretty much It basically moves from there and just
50:07 of goes everywhere else. There are 20 different levels and there it's
50:11 very complex. We don't even know just V one primary visual cortex.
50:18 right. Uh we have the primary cortex, primary auditory cortex is gonna
50:22 located in the temporal lobe, all . Uh olfactory cortex is also temporal
50:29 . And then finally, the gustatory is over here in the insula.
50:34 olfactory smell gustatory taste. So we've done here is we've covered every s
50:41 major sense. The only one that not listing here is equilibrium, which
50:45 be the temporal lobe, it goes with the ear. All right.
50:51 I want to show you here this sensory cortex. This is S
50:54 this is the postcentral gyrus. we have our homunculus right. And
51:00 , you can see that different areas gonna have different uh uh distributions in
51:06 of how much the uh the brain using to receive information. Again,
51:11 want to point out the one that out look at the lips. Why
51:16 the lips be so important? What did you say? Speech?
51:25 is remembered. This is touch so not coming out, it's coming
51:30 So, why, what do we with our lips? You're kissing?
51:40 , that's why kissing feels good because lips are very sensitive. But what
51:44 , what is, what are our ? Why are they so important?
51:51 right. Let's think about this for moment. Ah. Hm.
52:08 No, I'll grab a lot of with my lips. It's, I
52:13 , it's a, it's a you know, there is no
52:15 well, I mean, there are answers but, I mean,
52:17 it's, it's part of this is wake us up. Right. But
52:20 did I just do I drink? . What did I just drink?
52:26 not water, it's not coffee, it is tea. And I know
52:32 could have been coffee. I would accepted coffee. Right. And what
52:35 we know about coffee and tea? , hot. All right. Your
52:44 are the doors to the inside of body. If you put something
52:49 oh, I don't know. you know that volcanic liquid in your
52:55 , right? I mean, they it to you at like 100 and
52:57 degrees, right? And you took sip of that Starbucks, your insides
53:03 you. So, wouldn't it be of important to know whether or not
53:06 fluid you're putting in your mouth is burn you. Yeah. All
53:10 Let's think about other stupid things we . Uh Anything anyone here ever eaten
53:14 Dorito the wrong way? Yeah. , you, you know what I'm
53:18 about? A Dorito, the wrong is when you're like, putting chips
53:21 your mouth so fast that it goes this way. You see, I've
53:25 the, I'm seeing the face I was like, yeah.
53:27 I've done that. No one wants admit. It's like y but
53:29 it's like the little points right at top of the mouth. But you
53:32 imagine anything I'm putting on my right? If the thing is poking
53:36 , if something is not right, first place I'm gonna feel that is
53:41 lips and in my mouth and that's it's pointing out. Its teeth,
53:45 and jaw, right? That's the place. And so the first thing
53:49 gonna do is it's there is I'm not gonna let it go beyond
53:52 mouth. What I'm gonna do is gonna, I'm gonna spit it
53:55 right? That's why the lips are important and why you have so many
54:00 receptors located there. All right. that's why I'm kissing. Feels good
54:06 the sensory receptor is there to protect . All right. Now, where
54:12 it located? Just remember this is be the postcentral gyrus of the parietal
54:17 . All right, again, exhibits . If I lose my, lose
54:23 arm. Do you think I need receive sensory input from a structure that
54:26 exist? No. So it shrinks . OK. Then we have the
54:33 areas. So notice the association areas , are localized to different areas.
54:38 right. So the one here that's listed as the insula, but I
54:41 there's probably one in the insula as . All right, this is just
54:44 , the image that I had. right. So we have the premotor
54:48 , premotor cortex is next to the motor cortex. Its job is to
54:54 play a role in uh creating also involved in planning movement. It's
55:02 , hey, uh you wanna OK. Well, there's this pattern
55:05 you create. So this is what want to do. So tell those
55:07 what to do it. But let's ahead and check, check with the
55:10 first, see if that's OK. then there's some other structures involved we'll
55:14 to in the next unit. All . So premotor cortex just think it
55:19 the motor cortex plan and execute. right, the motor cortex is doing
55:25 actual execution. It's the one that the motor neurons leaving SOMA of sensory
55:30 area. This is going to be in the parietal lobe. It basically
55:34 you understand the things that you're being by or touching. All right.
55:39 today is Halloween, you know, , when your kids go to Halloween
55:43 , they're probably really safe parties are who are less safe. Um,
55:47 , you know, reasons. but like, one of the things
55:50 we do is we, when we're little kids, you know, you
55:52 to a party and like that they turn off the lights in the room
55:55 the parent would come in dressed up a spooky witch, you know,
55:59 something like that and say here I a bowl full of brains, touch
56:04 brains and it's the dark and you your hands in this bowl and this
56:08 slimy, you're like brain, it's . And then the bowl would be
56:12 around and now I have a bowl eyeballs and you touch, the eyeballs
56:17 gross and round, right? What they? It was like cold spaghetti
56:22 it was like, uh like I have a hard time remembering what
56:28 grape is called, right? That's it is. Right. But the
56:31 is, is, you know, was the, the, you
56:34 telling us what it was, But it's like I'm touching something and
56:39 recognizing cold and it's smooth and stuff that. And so all that type
56:44 input is being processed for me to something. Right? Ever done those
56:50 the, I don't know, it's the, the, the mystery box
56:53 you're reaching, you're like trying this is the same sort of
56:56 You're just like, what am I ? Right. Or maybe you've reached
57:00 your bed and you're like, I'm trying to find the thing and
57:02 like something furry and moved. All . You know. Yeah. So
57:08 idea is I'm taking that input, understanding what it is based upon what
57:14 experiencing. That would be the sma sensory visual association areas. Man,
57:20 occipital lobe and like I said, you do vision, you just,
57:24 complex. But the idea is, whenever you look at something it's broken
57:28 into, into its constitutive parts and constitutive parts include but are not limited
57:33 movement, color, depth, um all these different things are broken down
57:40 sent to all these other areas and they're brought back together so that you
57:44 perceive what it is that you're looking . OK. So that's what this
57:48 . It's taking the different aspects of . We are not cameras, what
57:53 do is we are absorbing light energy we're perceiving what that light energy
57:58 And that's what this area is And the auditory Association's Temporal lobe basically
58:04 you to permit the recognition of sound on sound stimuli. So what you've
58:08 is you've heard things over your lifespan as you hear things you have a
58:13 memory and it's saying based on what hearing, this is what I am
58:17 to. OK. That's what the area is coming around the bend to
58:26 last little bit here. Uh We've about a little bit about how the
58:31 hemispheres are not exactly alike. Oh me back up because um I want
58:35 point out one thing this will be I'm just gonna use this slide as
58:38 example. See here it's saying we're area. All right, we neck's
58:44 is not an association area. It's processing area, but it doesn't fall
58:47 any of the other categories and it's on any of your slide. So
58:50 gonna have to write this down. right. It is the speech understanding
58:55 area of the brain, right? when I say the word tree,
59:00 you guys all picture what a tree ? OK. Yeah. All
59:04 And so the Wernecke area is what you to match speech to ideas or
59:13 . All right, it's the speech producer. So Broca's area allows me
59:19 make the speech where Nikki's area allows to create the speech. All
59:24 to make up the words. So could have someone who has a stroke
59:29 could completely understand the words that you're and then could produce words in their
59:33 , but they can't make sound. would be a damage in Broca's
59:37 OK. That would be the aphasic of damage. You could have someone
59:42 can have damage in Warne's area and can make speech like you could ask
59:46 , how is your day today, Smith? And they would look at
59:49 and say banana pineapple so they can words, but they don't have any
59:54 behind them. All right. And , that's what we're neck area is
59:59 for is matching the words with meaning understanding. Okay. So it's located
60:07 here at the boundary of the parietal the temporal lobe. OK.
60:13 and again, that's gonna be on left side. So Brocas and Wernecke
60:17 , are on, on, they're this. So Broca's up here,
60:20 nee is back there. All So with regard to the brain,
60:24 brain is has lateralization, meaning that is a dominance on one side or
60:29 other. So typically, what we is that you're dominant on the left
60:34 if you have Brocas and, and Nicke on the left side and
60:38 if, if we were to do poll in here, and I asked
60:40 many people are right handed, the of you would be right handed.
60:43 right. That doesn't mean that you're if you're left handed, it's
60:47 you know, it's a preference. something that happens right back in the
60:51 . It was actually, you left handedness is called being Siner
60:56 right? So anyway, but the here is that we're dominant left because
61:02 those two areas being on that And typically we're right-handed people. So
61:06 where it's that dominant left. All . So that's what that dominance refers
61:11 . You might have seen something like or been told, something like this
61:14 , oh, I'm good at Ergo, I'm left brained or right
61:18 and that's total garbage that, that nothing to do with this type of
61:23 . There are things you can see . If you look at the
61:26 there are things that are processed more on one side than on the
61:31 but they're not solely processed on that side. All right. So like
61:37 ability you can see here is primarily on the right side fire mix.
61:47 that doesn't mean it's only processed over . All right, speech, emotional
61:56 . So you'll notice if you kind break it down, it's like those
61:59 are in like on the uh the side of things versus those are on
62:04 , the science or stimmy side of . Notice they're not limited. It's
62:10 they bounce back and forth between the . So that's the other thing I'd
62:14 out here. All right. lateral lateralization typically correlates with handedness.
62:20 some really weird things like I'm not get into because I don't want to
62:24 you all. The last thing we're talk about. Well, second last
62:30 um is we're gonna talk about the nuclei, the basal ganglia. Um
62:35 that's the old name, basal These are the structures that are the
62:40 matter deep within the brain. All . So here they've color coded them
62:45 . This is an older textbook. it's this green thing and then these
62:49 blue things, this thing right that slightly blue thing, right
62:53 those are all parts of the basal and there are a couple of different
63:00 . Um Ultimately, what they play important role in is uh inhibiting antagonistic
63:07 . All right. Do you, you ever heard of Parkinson's disease?
63:11 that something you're familiar with? Parkinson's presents itself, it's, it's
63:17 of the basal nuclei. All So there's lesions within the basal nuclei
63:21 the way it presents is through what called these tremors. And so you'll
63:26 people that have Parkinson's will have this slight tremor, like so well,
63:31 slight, sometimes it's really exaggerated, ? And what happens is is that
63:36 sort of movement that you have? we talked about, there's this idea
63:40 this planning and execution. So you come up with this idea,
63:44 is the type of movement I want do and this is done in milliseconds
63:48 microseconds. This is very, very quick, it's being processed.
63:51 as you say, OK, this what, how I want to
63:53 You, send that information to the . It says this is what you
63:57 to do, send the information back the thalamus through the basal nuclei and
64:02 says in real time, as you moving, so as you're lifting your
64:07 or as you're reaching for something, is how you want to contract that
64:12 muscle. And so you begin but in the process of contraction,
64:16 may over or under contract. So I'm trying to reach for this,
64:20 may go, ok, I'm, know, ideally I should just go
64:23 to it. But what will happen maybe I over contract the muscles and
64:26 , I start sliding too far. so I need to make corrections.
64:30 so the cerebellum is like, no, your intent was this.
64:33 you need to do this. So need to correct. And so the
64:37 is basically as you're moving in, kind of correcting in real time,
64:40 because it's so fast, you never it. All right. So this
64:45 , this antagonistic movement movement, the is, oh I'm overshoot. So
64:50 need to fix. So there's the right there. Those two muscles competing
64:55 each other, the or the basal is responsible for making sure that that
65:03 gets turned off as you are correcting get turned off. What happens
65:10 is you start seeing an over All right. And so you can
65:15 in real time as I'm moving, am I doing is I'm doing this
65:21 ? If I can't stop, then start creating this. And that's where
65:26 tremor comes from. All right, idea is, is I can't correct
65:32 the correction. Yeah, like so couldn't hear that last part.
65:41 not necessarily. So, um that, so again, the basal
65:46 are doing it to a point where can't visually see. So right
65:50 for all of us, the bays nuclei are working in such a way
65:53 you can't see that antagonistic response when have the shakes, that may be
65:59 function of uh my muscle is All right, with regard to caffeine
66:04 you get the shakes, like, it's like four in the morning and
66:06 studying and you got the jitters, something else that's probably a physical tiredness
66:11 you're not really aware of. But you're just doing a shake,
66:16 but like, so my grandfather, , had Parkinson's, uh, he
66:21 tennis up until the day. He like 80 then he got the,
66:25 it presented itself and he just went , very quickly, which was
66:28 really wild. Right? I you see someone who can go out
66:30 and play, you know, I , and when I say he played
66:34 , it's not like, oh, mean, although he'd do that with
66:37 , I mean, but he was , um, you know,
66:40 played in, you know, senior all over the place and kicked ass
66:44 took names. But you didn't hear say that out loud. But
66:48 so, so with him, you'd you, you saw someone who was
66:52 mobile on the court and to the where when he had to walk,
66:57 would happen is that he would make and then when he had to
67:00 he would do this, right? he couldn't create the plan and execute
67:06 plan because Basil mclay would cause him fall down because he couldn't just stop
67:12 . Right. So anyway, a of different structures involved and this is
67:20 we're going to go through here. here's the big list. All
67:25 Now, don't be overwhelmed by All right, it's easy to look
67:29 this and go OK, first what we have is we have the
67:32 striatum. So the corpus striatum is this and this altogether. All
67:37 So it's collectively these other structures So what this plays an important role
67:43 is that planning that, that initiation action in conjunction with the cerebellum and
67:49 cerebrum, it's the one that sits the middle now, in the next
67:53 , one of the very last things gonna talk about is how do we
67:56 movement? How do we use all structures together? So we're not going
68:00 talk about the day today. We're laying the groundwork to say, do
68:03 understand the structures involved? And then talk about how it's done in a
68:08 , very basic way. So that's these three things are. All
68:12 So we have the cod eight So this is produce the pattern of
68:16 between the arms and the leg All right. I want you to
68:21 people today, go sit someplace and people walk. Heck, you could
68:25 , between classes and watch them. do they do? They walk like
68:28 , don't they? Their arms start a pattern. All right. I
68:34 , I can't think about what I'm otherwise I'll start looking weird with my
68:37 , will start doing this with my . But when you start walking,
68:41 arms do the opposite, don't It's a pattern that gets created and
68:47 being done there in the coate All right. So where's our coate
68:51 ? It is structured near the lateral next to the Lyor nucleus. These
68:57 these two structures collectively, it's the and the Globus palais, the putamen
69:04 movement at the subconscious level. So are things that you do when you're
69:07 thinking about it, it's not it's just the things that you
69:11 All right. And we have the palas. This is this other uh
69:15 other structure here, this larger So basically exi uh excites or inhibits
69:22 uh that the thalamus is uh sending to. So again, it's playing
69:27 important role of this antagonistic movement. idea here. All right.
69:33 we'll describe this in greater detail. you can just say it plays a
69:36 in movement. This structure here is better picture than this one. But
69:41 we have here is the Amygdaloid body the Amygdala. It might be the
69:45 word that you'll see. This is interesting structure in that. It plays
69:48 important role in expressing emotions. All , primarily plays a role in
69:55 Now, how many of you guys gone to the scream houses this
69:59 You guys, you, you're, are people who just love this
70:02 right? I mean, no, don't know. Ok. Yeah,
70:05 never understood it. You know, , I get a good enough thrill
70:08 driving on the highways here and it's because I'm the danger. All
70:17 I'm dead serious. Guys. Just away from me when I drive.
70:24 , II, I should put a thing. Does Dr Wayne stay
70:27 Yeah. All right. But the here is that, you know,
70:31 , the production of fears. So if you like scary movies, if
70:34 like going to the, the scare and stuff like that, what you're
70:38 is you're exciting, this particular part the brain, you make the look
70:41 then we have the closter. The is this little tiny band. All
70:46 . It's like, well, how you find that thing? Well,
70:47 basically a ribbon that wraps around your like, so OK, that's kind
70:52 how it looks. Um what it , it plays an important role in
70:57 visual in information again, at the level. So again, you can
71:01 , oh, where is vision It's processed in the occipital lobe.
71:05 there are other places that vision is process and this is one of
71:09 OK. So another structure. So have these, these structures. But
71:19 go back a little bit big What is the basal nuclei, basal
71:24 plays an important role in regulating antagonistic to prevent antagonistic movement. So it
71:29 a role in movement. All the limbic system is regions of the
71:35 kind of collectively uh ranged around the . All right. Now, if
71:40 look at this picture and you don't what you're looking at, I don't
71:42 you. It's, it's not an one. Everything that is orange and
71:46 , the yellow is something that's been away. So you're now looking at
71:49 uh gray matter and white matter. right. So the orange is showing
71:54 the gyrus and then we've cut it so that you can see on the
71:58 . So that's cerebrum and then all green here are representing tracks moving between
72:04 very unhelpful. And you see down here is the olfactory bulb. And
72:08 what is that? Well, that's matter. That's the Amygdala. All
72:11 . So that was part of that was part of the basal
72:15 but it's also part of the limbic . So we have Gyrus, we
72:20 other structures, we have things that surrounding the diencephalon that are working together
72:26 play an important role in generally processing All right. That's really what this
72:33 . All right. So motion memory forms, memory helps you to
72:39 . Memory helps you or establishes mood plays a role in reproduction. So
72:46 it ties or uh because it has the gyrus, basically, what we
72:50 is feelings and thought. All I'm gonna make some of you sad
72:55 make some of you happy. I know which, but I want you
72:57 think back to your first crush. you picture him or her? All
73:02 . That makes you sad or happy you think about that person emotion and
73:08 going hand in hand. That's So, I mean, we're,
73:11 doing deep dives. Ok. That's idea. To this day I can
73:16 the perfume of my first girlfriend, is no longer me. But if
73:19 smell it's like I, I recognize . Right. And it's like,
73:24 , some happy thoughts, some angry . Mhm. It's actually kind of
73:34 . All right. I, I I'm running out of time but I'm
73:36 gonna tell you this. Um, night was the state championships four
73:42 So that was going on. And my kids' high school is playing,
73:46 , was on set where watching it the band that performed before my kids
73:51 was the high school, my my high school girlfriend went to and
73:55 thought I was like, oh, out of Austin. Ok,
74:01 Anyway, uh, so these are the structures. So we have the
74:06 gyrus. So when you hear just think cerebrum uh these structures,
74:10 hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus, these part of this. So this is
74:16 with spatial memory, navigation, turning , thoughts into long term memory.
74:22 that's, that's its job. We've mentioned the Amygdala or the Amygdaloid body
74:27 an important role in emotion, particularly , um important and motivation. If
74:33 yell at you see this? I got you jumping. Do you
74:36 how I did that? All of sudden emotion you got like, so
74:39 what the Amygdala does. But you you were in no danger,
74:42 I'm not jumping at you. so much fun. All right.
74:49 , factory bowls, smell and Like I said, I've already given
74:52 an example of that. The Forni this is gonna connect things. So
74:56 is the Fornix right here where it on itself. And then finally,
75:00 are different nuclei within the dial that a role. We have a list
75:04 them. Um We've already kind of but what they're doing is they're taking
75:08 in these different areas and they're connecting to the limbic system last a little
75:15 . And then we're out of What is memory? This is probably
75:21 first lecture we should have given at beginning of the semester to help you
75:25 . All right, in essence, just a, it's the storage of
75:28 knowledge, right? You touch a stove, you've acquired knowledge. Are
75:34 ever going to touch a hot stove ? Are you going to touch a
75:36 stove? No, you're gonna kind like, right. So that's acquired
75:42 . You've learned something and really what done is we're taking information, we
75:46 that information into the hippocampus and that then is responsible for creating the synapses
75:54 other neurons. So the idea here whenever we have any sort of
75:59 it's that that firing of that that little tiny network of neurons.
76:04 so what the hippocampus does is it establishes and tells to create that pattern
76:09 . And that's how we store that . All right, that's how information
76:12 stored. So we have what is to as long term potentiation and long
76:17 depression potentiation is when we reinforce interactions cells, depression is when we uh
76:24 or prevent interaction between cells. So stop them. All right. And
76:29 this is in the long term to that those patterns are going to be
76:35 . So, in very very generic , these are the three basic types
76:39 memories there are we have sensory That's basically you understanding what's going on
76:44 you. All right. Oh Those are my environmental stimuli. That's
76:48 brief, short term memory. This the stuff that you are picking up
76:52 now and you can hold on to like 10 seconds. All right.
76:56 it's it's information like that. I I see that. So like
77:01 a couple of seconds ago, I you, you guys remember that?
77:04 , good. So that would be term memory. You will not remember
77:06 in six months that I scared All right. That would be long
77:10 memory. And so what we do we take short term memory which remember
77:13 formed in the hippocampus. And then it does is that is then converted
77:19 long term memory. This is what referred to as consolidation. How do
77:22 consolidate? Basically what we do is go through a process of rehearsal.
77:27 are certain things that we do not rehearsal from. So certain experiences that
77:31 like, you know, very In other words, they cause major
77:36 in our thinking or our understanding of world around us. Those get stored
77:39 right away as long term memory, ? So if you like again,
77:43 your hand on a stove, you need to do the the process of
77:47 . Let me, you keep rehearsing because that's unnecessary. All right.
77:52 this is going to be stored in cortex. You basically have a limitless
77:58 term memory. All you have to is keep practicing it and you can
78:01 on to it forever short term it's like 10 digits. I think
78:05 actually done the math words. But said how long can you hold?
78:09 know what is the the max It's very very small storage so it's
78:14 10 digits, its phone number, know. Anyway. All right guys
78:20 have a test on Thursday. Please not show up here. You'll be
78:23 sad if you do because I'm not be here if you have questions,
78:30 and see me. Mhm. Hey how you doing? I'm not
78:38 lie to
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