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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301_lecture15_1017
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00:03 So I think we have still too . Uh We have some material here
00:09 uh will at first appear a little when we're talking about smooth muscle.
00:14 how we're gonna put things up. gonna look at smooth muscle compared to
00:17 muscle. Don't be afraid because it's look different. It's very similar just
00:23 it looks different, doesn't mean that is different. All right. And
00:26 what we're gonna do is we're gonna back into the skeletal muscle and we're
00:28 kind of wrap up skeletal muscle, of look at some of the
00:32 some of the characteristics um uh in of like nomenclature and other stuff.
00:38 we're kind of easing our way out the muscle system. And the good
00:41 is that this stuff is actually pretty . So, um so we're gonna
00:45 here and we're looking at smooth Uh If you look at this
00:49 the smooth muscle looks really weird. is a single smooth muscle cell.
00:54 You can see it has this weird kind of diamond shaped spindle shape.
00:58 has a single nucleus, unlike skeletal , it is not formed by a
01:03 of cells coming together very early on creating a mishmash. It's individual
01:08 Each smooth muscle cell is uh fairly . Um It has no SAR
01:14 So when you look at it under microscope and we'll see a picture here
01:17 just a moment. Um it really take on the appear the appearance that
01:20 kind of seeing here. Uh very . Uh There are uh structures
01:26 So these little tiny dots that you're at here in a little cartoon,
01:31 are proteins that are the same types proteins that you found in the Z
01:36 . And so this is what acting are attached to it, then filaments
01:41 attached to. So remember with the disc, we had acting filaments moving
01:45 from the Z discs. Uh same that's going on here. So even
01:49 it looks different, it's the same there are gonna be thick filaments.
01:55 we're gonna see Mycin as well. what's anchoring everything in a place now
01:59 intermediate filaments which is not being shown and we're not gonna care about
02:02 So, structurally, we still have the same things there that we found
02:07 the skeletal muscle. All right. , what we're gonna do is we're
02:12 to create this weird diamond shape because the presence or the, the positioning
02:16 these dense bodies should double check to sure I'm actually recording here. Um
02:21 so when the muscle contracts, what doing is you're pulling not towards Z
02:25 discs. What you're doing is you're towards, uh, dense bodies.
02:28 so you can see when it it creates this really funky looking
02:32 It's like, um, and you've never done this, but if
02:36 if you've ever seen like a ham been wrapped. No, it's like
02:40 tie it off. Yeah, that's of what this looks like. It
02:43 like someone's tied off the, the or the smooth muscle and it kind
02:46 squishes downward in all the different And so that's in essence how this
02:52 is going to contract. And if have thousands and thousands of these cells
02:56 they're each contracting in the same well, that's gonna bring the structure
03:00 much closer together. And then when relaxes, it allows the structure to
03:06 , of course, press the All right. Now, the individual
03:13 are going to be connected to each by mechanical junctions. And sometimes we'll
03:18 that they're actually connected via gap And so what that means is is
03:22 when one cell is contracting, then signal that causes that one to contract
03:27 be sent to the other cells next it. So all the cells in
03:31 group are gonna kind of contract together they're connected in this way. The
03:36 thing that we have here and this be surprising if that there is a
03:41 defined or easily to identify sarcoplasmic And we said sarcoplasmic curiculum is just
03:47 modified smooth endoplasmic curriculum. Its job to take calcium and sequester it away
03:52 that we have calcium readily available to contraction of the muscle cell. So
03:56 is what's going on here. The is is that there are no ot
04:00 . And so the way that you the opening of the channels to allow
04:03 calcium to release is that you have very, very small indentations, what
04:08 call imaginations and the artist is trying show them there. And so the
04:13 comes close to the surface. And when you stimulate the cell near those
04:19 , that's where the receptors are located allow the calcium to be released into
04:23 cell. So it's very similar but exactly the same. Now, what
04:28 looking at in this picture is a through smooth muscle. And you can
04:32 there are two different uh groups of muscle here, one's going this way
04:38 one's coming out of the screen and into the screen, you guys kind
04:41 see that. So it looks long then it looks really short and
04:45 And that's because you're doing a cross through this. So the way that
04:49 muscle is arranged is what is called . All right, SIA is just
04:54 fancy word for sheets. And so you'll have is you have all these
04:59 muscles that are all arranged in the direction, creating the sheet and they
05:03 kind of work together. In most , we're going to see that there's
05:07 two different groups. All right. speaking, when you look in organ
05:12 , what you will see is that muscles typically is found in two
05:16 So you'll see the uh uh uh that's moving in this direction and sheep
05:21 moving out and you can kind of of it like this. Typically smooth
05:24 is found associated with hollow organs. we're talking about blood vessels. We're
05:28 about the digestive system, respiratory anything where you have some structure that's
05:33 of round and hollow and empty. so what you'll have is you'll have
05:37 group of cells as one sheet that around the circumference. Ok. So
05:44 can imagine here, I've got one so when that contracts, what's it
05:46 do to their circumference, what do think it's gonna squeeze it?
05:51 All right. So it's called right? So we're gonna constrict and
05:55 when it relaxes it goes the other , then the other type, as
05:59 said is we're going back and So we're going longitudinal along the length
06:03 the tube. And so when this contracts, what do you think is
06:07 happen to the tube? Let me move the tube this way. What's
06:09 happen to the tube? It's gonna like this. It's gonna squeeze you
06:14 when you were in biology. Way in high school. Did you guys
06:16 dissect worms? No. Oh, . It's so sad how much you
06:23 have been deprived in your education. bring out these massive 14, 18
06:28 long worms, you cut them And one of the things you look
06:31 is their musculature and that's in what they are is they are big
06:36 tubes. They have all sorts of things in them. But one of
06:40 things that they are characteristic of a is they are controlled or regulated through
06:45 types of muscles. Muscles that go way, muscles that go that
06:49 If you ever dug up a worm the yard, have you ever seen
06:51 it does when it moves, it of stretches itself forward and then it
06:56 the ba back end out and when moves through dirt that expands and
07:01 expands and contracts. And that's what in your digestive system to move materials
07:06 your digestive system because muscle is involved movement. What we're gonna do is
07:11 gonna squeeze and we're going to uh and lengthen the digestive system. So
07:18 how we propel things through it the I describe it in a MP
07:22 your cement mixer and your conveyor right? Because you're squeezing and causing
07:27 to mix and your conveyor belt because push things forward right now. What
07:34 do I have up here? Um we got this Cerent, we have
07:39 one that's uh running in the uh . Um Yeah. Uh There's also
07:47 branches and that's just because of the . Remember. So you can actually
07:51 they're kind of going in all sorts interesting directions. They're not all
07:55 Um So in terms of where we're find these uh smooth muscle, you
08:00 control. All right, you have ability to cause your smooth muscle to
08:06 or to relax all involuntary is what refer to it as. And so
08:11 gonna see these in the hollow organs that happens. So we talk about
08:14 flow, we're gonna see smooth muscle the blood vessels, um in the
08:20 tract, urinary tract, respiratory Anyone here stuff, you don't have
08:24 raise your hand, but you wanna , suffer from asthma or uh you
08:28 where it's really hard to breathe, a result of v or of constriction
08:33 the air passages and muscles that are a smooth muscle, uh contraction and
08:40 of the uterus during pregnancy. These all smooth muscle. Um So what
08:46 wanna do is, so that's kind the general overview of smooth muscle going
08:51 and explaining how it all works is little bit more complex than we need
08:56 go. All right. So we're keep it simple here and I'm gonna
09:00 out the really simple part, the stuff you already know. So when
09:03 have a smooth muscle contraction, what contraction in skeletal muscle? What,
09:08 , what on calcium? Right? , calcium is gonna be involved.
09:14 right. And when we get the , what is actually physically causing the
09:19 zus to come together, we had for those filaments. Do you remember
09:22 they were acting in myosin? So thick and the thin filaments? All
09:26 . So those are involved as So, you know that calcium is
09:30 and you know that interaction between the and the thin filament is gonna be
09:34 in the smooth muscle contraction as And this is gonna be true in
09:38 cardiac muscle. All right, cardiac is very similar skeletal muscle, except
09:43 some very small cases when you do MP two, that's when they just
09:47 say, oh yeah, you remember muscle, here's the differences. All
09:50 . So smooth muscle, same calcium, thin filament, thick
09:55 we're gonna get the uh thick filament that, that um hinge and basically
10:00 mycin interacts with the Acton and you the Acton along. And what we
10:05 to do is we need to have TP available so that we can break
10:08 bonds. So all that stuff is the same, the difference is is
10:13 the mechanism. So when we talked uh thin filaments, we said that
10:17 had an acting filament, we had and we had troponin and then calcium
10:22 along bound up to the troponin, the tropy all the way. And
10:25 allowed the mycin, the Acton to that doesn't happen in, in,
10:29 uh smooth muscle. Instead, what have is we have a signaling
10:33 And that's what this is trying to . You. See, there's a
10:37 that calcium likes to bind in all of different types of cells.
10:40 it's in all you, the more you spend in biology, the more
10:44 you see this stuff, it's called . And the name means calcium modulated
10:49 . That's, that's really all it . It's, and you'll start learning
10:53 you stick around biology long, ma of the name, they kind of
10:56 scary and stuff. It's like, , they're really just abbreviations of like
11:00 or three words put together. So calcium comes into the cell, what
11:05 does is it binds to calmodulin and activates the molecule. And now what
11:09 have is we have the signaling cascade is turning on BB is gonna turn
11:12 CC is gonna turn on D and , yada, yada, the thing
11:17 of calmodulin is a molecule called myo chain kinase. All right.
11:24 I'm going to step aside for a and go deep biology and then we're
11:27 to come back. Kinas are molecules phosphorylation, other molecules. And when
11:33 phosphor a molecule, what you're doing you're either turning it on or you're
11:37 it off, you're making a, energy change to the molecule.
11:42 So Kinas do that. And then the opposite side of a kinase is
11:46 phosphorylase. So if I'm removing a from a molecule, I'm going to
11:51 it, I'm going to do the of what a kinase does. So
11:54 Kinas and phosphor las are opposite of other. It's like a gas and
11:58 break. All right. The rule thumb is though Kinas is typically turn
12:02 on phosphorus is typically turn things But even though that's kind of a
12:07 , there's lots and lots of exceptions the rules. All right. All
12:11 , with that in mind. Now come back. We have this molecule
12:13 myo and light chain kinase. All . And so see a kinase,
12:18 usually named for what it does. what is it phosphor based on the
12:25 Myerson light chain? OK. So telling you what it's acting on.
12:30 right. And so where was the Light Chain? If you think
12:34 I know Thursday was last week, had a really fun football game that
12:38 of you guys didn't go to. know, and some of you guys
12:41 and then were like so depressed that left before the very end of the
12:45 , which was the biggest highlight of week in football. Did you guys
12:50 what happened. All right. So now heard at this point the
12:54 you're sitting with me, I don't if there was a football game.
12:58 . Just gonna let you know the football game in U of H history
13:01 a very long time is happening this . We're gonna get our butts handed
13:05 us. Probably. But pa hey, you never know you,
13:09 is why we play the game. right. You never know it's
13:14 But, but right, I anyway, sorry, I'm going,
13:23 going. All right. So we learned about the thick filament and
13:27 talked about Mycin having a light chain a heavy chain. Well, the
13:32 chain is the reason uh is the where that A TP ASE works
13:39 where A TP binds. And so the Mycin light chain kinase does is
13:44 puts the phosphate there so that the can t twitch. All right.
13:50 , again, there's a lot of in that, that you do not
13:55 to know. The idea here that want you to walk away with is
13:59 calcium isn't binding something on the thin . Instead, it's acting through a
14:08 of molecules that act on the thick stain. Things are still happening,
14:15 it's a signaling cascade through calmodulin and LCK. And this is what we
14:22 to as the alphabet soup of biology we get too lazy to say mice
14:26 light chain kinase. Yes, I would know these steps.
14:31 This, this is again, the and the end are easy because you've
14:36 learned them. Right? Generally then the thick filaments interact. How
14:40 we get them to interact? Ok. So how do we get
14:44 calcium to act on the thick In this case, we're gonna act
14:49 calmodulin which activates a Kase, which the thick filament. That's the key
14:56 . All right. So I know cartoons don't do you much good.
15:00 is, this is a biologist who gave this to the artist,
15:03 artist drew it just the way that told it. And you guys are
15:07 , I'm not used to seeing things this. And so this is basically
15:11 this activates this. Now this is . So it activates the inactivated
15:16 So now it's activated. And what I do is I activate the next
15:19 in the, in the chain. all that's said. Now, we're
15:25 see if you guys learn something about . If I turn something on,
15:29 must I do next, turn it off. All right. So if
15:34 want to create a contraction, this how I create the contraction. If
15:38 want the muscle to relax, I to do all the opposite steps.
15:43 really the opposite step is take away calcium. If I take away the
15:48 , that means this will no longer active. If this is no longer
15:53 , it can no longer activate And this thing was phosphorated.
15:57 if I phosphorated it, what must do? Remove the phosphate? And
16:04 done through a phosphorylase? All So, or I said a phosphorous
16:11 . All right. So, mycin , it's just the opposite steps of
16:15 same thing we just did. All . So, calcium activates calmodulin,
16:21 . Calcium complex activates mycin light chain , which activates the thick filament,
16:27 basically is through phosphorylation where I do takes off the phosphate, turns everything
16:36 . Was that much different? that was my, my hopes.
16:41 don't let things that look different, you. OK. Now, a
16:48 of things about smooth muscle, one the things about smooth muscle is that
16:54 has what is called a stress relaxation . Now, you already know this
16:59 a couple of weeks, you're gonna home and you're gonna go to,
17:01 gonna put on your stretchy pants, ? And then you're gonna glob on
17:06 until you can't see. All glob. You never use that word
17:12 . It's, it's a really good word. It's a great automania,
17:15 it? What is, what is sound like? Oh, wow.
17:21 Globe. I'm do hope to keep it in my body. I
17:23 All right. So I don't know I picked that word up. All
17:31 . What I'm describing here is normally you put food in your belly.
17:36 is just an example of this. you put food in your belly,
17:39 muscle or the muscle surrounding the stomach go oh there's resist. I wanna
17:44 resistance and fight it. What does do? Uh It relaxes and
17:49 OK, there's some room now and at Thanksgiving, we're just like,
17:53 look, I still have room and when you add the second plate and
17:56 the third plate and then the third a half plate. And uh I
18:00 I'll just go back one more time my one special thing. So th
18:04 and three quarters plate and then it's for pie. Mm Pie. All
18:12 . Now, this is very typical smooth muscle. Second thing that smooth
18:17 has, all right, we talked there being an ideal uh um uh
18:23 positioning of the, of the skeletal that there's a, there's an ideal
18:29 . If you go too far, it can't create the tension it
18:32 it takes too long or if if you constrict it, then it
18:36 go any further. Well, smooth actually has a uh an ability to
18:41 really, really efficient even when you it. All right. So
18:46 it doesn't suffer the same sort of that skeletal muscle has. The last
18:51 that it has, it's unique um that uh smooth muscle in some cases
18:58 be hyperplastic. Now, the example use here is gonna be the
19:03 All right. So ladies, you probably know those guys probably care
19:07 Um Your uterus is about the size your fist, ok? It's not
19:11 big. Now, I want you picture a full term baby plus a
19:18 , plus the Coron uh that surrounds . So basically all the water and
19:22 fluid in the sac and how big uterus has to be to accommodate
19:28 we're just gonna be knife, we're call an £8 baby instead of a
19:31 a 15 pounder, which would yeah, that thing is just like
19:35 coming out, right? So a is roughly close to the same
19:41 you know, 5 to £8 and fluids. So we're looking at how
19:46 do you think your uterus needs to like a basketball plus a volleyball relative
19:52 a fist? All right. Now not just stretching a uterus. The
19:56 is actually multiplying the number of cells it grows during pregnancy. Just that's
20:02 be what we refer to as being and then you give birth and then
20:08 uterus doesn't just like deflate like a . It actually gets rid of the
20:15 and it shrinks down to roughly the size, bigger but roughly the same
20:22 . No other muscle does. This smooth muscle can do this. It
20:27 this hyper plasticity. All right. weird things about smooth muscle. What
20:41 looking at here is we're looking at sium. All right. And when
20:46 talked about skeletal muscles, we talked the motor inlay, right? We
20:50 a single motor neuron, it comes and it has a single cell.
20:54 so there's an interaction between that single neuron and that single cell that would
20:57 the neuromuscular junction. Now, neuromuscular exist in smooth muscle, but they're
21:03 , see smooth muscles because they're are regulated through what we call the
21:08 nervous system. And we're gonna talk the A NS the very last two
21:14 of this course. So it's like long way away. All right.
21:21 auto autonomic nervous system is what allows to do things in an involuntary
21:26 In other words, you don't have thought about uh activating or inactivating
21:31 It just does that. So just about it like when you start
21:35 do you have to think hard? need to pump harder? No,
21:38 just does it right? Because it responding to the activities of the
21:42 So that's what A NS is. basically responding to what you're trying to
21:47 . As opposed to what you're you can't make it do stuff.
21:51 , these fibers instead of having a junction, as we're familiar with
21:56 these fibers, when they get down the terminal ends, they don't have
22:01 a terminal button at the end. what you end up with are these
22:05 bulbs, they're what we refer to vassy. So think of it like
22:09 string and you're just having beads associated the string, they're not really jammed
22:14 next to each other. They're just of placed at random intervals. And
22:18 it's these, where you're going to releasing neurotransmitter at these varicosities. And
22:24 instead of interacting with an individual what you do is you release the
22:28 out over the surface of the And so each of the individual cells
22:34 receptors to respond to that neurotransmitter. it's kind of like a sprinkler system
22:40 an easy way to think about You're releasing neurotransmitter, you're just hoping
22:44 gets to the place where it needs go. It just happens to be
22:47 the sprinkler system is sitting over a of cells that all have the
22:52 And so they'll receive different quantities of . And so they will act in
22:59 together because they all have the receptors that neurotransmitter. All right. The
23:08 thing I'd like to point out here that even though your smooth muscle is
23:14 , it's not always going to initiate contraction. What it does is it
23:19 that cell closer to threshold. And what we're doing is we're modifying our
23:25 of rest. And so what we're is we're trying to get closer to
23:29 . Now, sometimes it will, will cause a contraction, but other
23:33 it won't. And so there are that are regulating the contraction. So
23:38 example, some of these cells in sensum may be what we refer to
23:43 a pacemaker cell. They're the ones initiate the contraction. And by having
23:49 by providing neuro arrangement or what you're is you're bringing that cell close to
23:54 threshold to cause all the cells associated it to then come to threshold.
24:00 that kind of make sense? In words, you have the potential for
24:05 , but you're not, you're not to actually do it until someone tells
24:09 to do it. And that's what pacemaker is. It's the one that's
24:12 the sales when to do it. this is, I think even I
24:18 a little confused with this sometimes just trying to explain it. So I'm
24:21 try to go slowly here. So way that SIA are are, are
24:26 is in one or two ways what call the multi unit and what we
24:30 the single unit. So in the unit, you can see we have
24:37 cells, they're not connected to each at the terminal end of the neuron
24:44 innervating, you will have a So here is more like the skeletal
24:50 in that you are stimulating a specific to respond. And so within the
24:56 , each individual cell is responding independently all the other cells. Ok.
25:04 it's more like skeletal muscle in that . Now, where we see this
25:10 is going to be in some places might make sense to you. Um
25:14 like in the eye, your smooth that make up the iris or the
25:19 , this is smooth muscle, the individual cells contract independently of each
25:24 . And so there's lots and lots innovation there. If that's not something
25:28 you can visualize, I want you think about the hairs on your
25:32 Have you ever gotten goose bumps on one side of your body but not
25:35 the other. And you're like, going on over here? Why,
25:38 are you scared? But you're No, no. OK. Your
25:45 cells, your individual hair cells are , you know, the pilly rector
25:50 are independently um innervated. So that's they're able to do that. So
25:57 would be multi unit. So you multiple units after each individual cell is
26:03 a unit, hence multiple units. So these, what we'd say is
26:08 a neuromuscular junction. When I was this, I'm really was describing single
26:15 here. You can see we have varicosities. The varicosities are associated with
26:20 the cells. All the cells are to each other via gap junctions or
26:25 junctions. And when you stimulate one , you stimulate all cells, all
26:32 . The way you can visualize this imagine you and your friends all hooking
26:37 other up like wrapping each other in tape So you're now all holding hands
26:41 wherever one person goes, everyone And so now all the cells are
26:48 as a single unit. All they may not do it all
26:54 But what they're doing is when you one cell, eventually, all the
26:58 in that sium will be stimulated and will all contract. And when they
27:04 the stimulation, all will relax in multi unit. Individual cells are being
27:10 and relaxing independently of each other. , uh where do we see these
27:17 basically everywhere else. So, blood , digestive system, um um urinary
27:28 common type. When we think about muscle, this is typically what we
27:32 about. So I think that's all have about smooth muscle. So I'm
27:36 pause here and I'm gonna let you ask me the thousands of questions you
27:40 cause you have thousands of questions all time, right? We gonna talk
27:45 football. All right. We got question. You get the gold star
27:50 . OK. Uh Are the single the majority? Yeah, I,
27:56 would say when this is the most type now, in terms of actual
28:03 , I don't know. Probably. . Um But when you start getting
28:07 eye and you start thinking about individual , you know, who knows anyone
28:16 ? Yeah. Well, so they're in the sense. So you can
28:25 about it like this. Remember? I don't know if we talked about
28:29 in this class yet. Uh we did, we talked about the
28:32 effect of A and motor units. right. So when we talk about
28:36 muscles and you, you know, this additive effect, multi unit behaves
28:41 to that, right? The idea I'm gonna regulate individual cells so I
28:46 to fine tune the contraction I'm trying create. Now again, you're not
28:52 this in a voluntary way. This all involuntary. So, for
28:57 uh anyone here walked from the west to the east campus this morning,
29:01 into this, into the light, ? You couldn't see a thing.
29:04 do you think your eyes were Were they like, I'm just gonna
29:07 open wide and let all the light the back of my eyes or did
29:10 like constrict that pupil as small as would possibly get? It was?
29:15 . So the degree to which we're to contract or relax, um,
29:20 pupil, right? The, the iris of your eye is dependent upon
29:26 much light is going in. You control that, right? But what
29:31 doing is you're fine tuning the degree contraction through the multi unit,
29:36 So if it was a single you'd get two sizes all the way
29:43 or all the way relaxed. Does kind of make sense? That make
29:48 sense that way? Yeah. Yeah, this about that. Mhm
29:56 that mean like it it, it on its. So the question
30:01 does the autonomic nervous system kind of on its own? Uh like,
30:05 you talking in terms of how it a signal or how this muscle
30:10 All right. So the autonomic nervous and do not write any of this
30:14 down right now is just a, a mechanism of control through the nervous
30:20 . In other words, it's, responding to activity or, or your
30:25 . And so I'm just gonna use sunlight because um, you know,
30:28 like if you look out there, eyes are going to do that.
30:31 you don't regulate how much light is come into your eyes. Your eyes
30:36 to the light, regulate how right? And you can sit there
30:40 anyone stop to look at the eclipse that also. Thursday. I can't
30:44 . What was that Friday? Saturday. That's right. I couldn't
30:47 . I just remember my son man. It feels weird outside.
30:49 like, yeah, that's, that's , man. You know, wait
30:53 you get the full one really freaky . But anyway, so, you
30:58 , there's this, you know, was a conscious uh uh recognition that
31:03 was less light for some reason. , that's why he came in and
31:07 , I don't know what's going on . It just feels weird out
31:10 All right. But he became perceptive of that. Guess what his
31:15 did long before that his eyes I was like, oh, there's
31:18 light. So I'm gonna dilate to more light in. So notice the
31:24 here with the autonomic is just it's responsive to whatever the stimuli
31:29 All right. Again, when when you walk upstairs, your heart
31:34 faster, why are you consciously No, I need to pump
31:38 I need to get more oxygen to cells and I need to get the
31:40 moving through. No, it just . And there's many other things that
31:44 occurring simultaneously. Your blood vessels are and constricting in different areas. Your
31:49 system is changing. So all of things are occurring in response to the
31:55 , right? When you move, when you wave at somebody, did
32:00 think about waving before you waved? , cause it's skeletal muscle,
32:05 In order to make skeletal muscle do , you have to put conscious effort
32:10 it. There's some exceptions to the . There's things that are not
32:15 they're automatic. All right. So want you to think about some automatic
32:21 muscle work. Give me an example one. You've been doing it this
32:27 time while we've been in class. ? Blinking is one and breathing
32:32 you know, holding yourself upright right , in an upright position as best
32:38 could. I mean, I I , you know, it's early in
32:41 morning and this might be the best of upright that you can manage.
32:46 ? But these are things that you're . Maybe not at a conscious
32:51 but you're requiring consciousness to make it . So, that's kind of a
32:56 . All right. So blinking. you guys stop blinking? What do
33:00 think? Yeah. Have you ever a staring contest? I mean,
33:04 may not have been good at but have you had one?
33:08 Can't make me blink. Right. love my kids. They would do
33:13 . I'm gonna have a steering contest you and I'm gonna win. Like
33:17 blinking. No, I'm not. , you are. Ok. Did
33:21 answer the question? Sort of? . So you ready to go on
33:30 skeletal muscle and get through all this so you can go home?
33:33 I know it's here. It's, , uh, if there's, if
33:36 promise of promises of going home and , usually people are like,
33:40 keep going. All right. like I said, so that was
33:45 of the first half and then everything now is just kind of,
33:48 let's go back to skeletal muscle and kind of move away from the physiology
33:52 let's start dealing with some broader some anatomical features or characteristics that we
33:59 do here in the classroom. See truth is, is that when you
34:02 with the muscle system, uh each that is a named muscle is its
34:08 organ. All right. And part the reason that we don't go and
34:12 every one of them here or I mean, there's like 506 100
34:16 them. We don't do it is they all do the same thing.
34:19 just how they're positioned and me pointing pictures up here is not gonna do
34:22 any good in learning them. What's best way to learn a muscle is
34:25 go and manipulate it or be in lab and look at it play with
34:29 models that sort of thing. And I wanted to just give you enough
34:34 so that when you go and do , you can learn your things.
34:38 right, the very specifics. All . So first off origin insertion,
34:42 is just the muscle attachment to the . And remember you're not really attaching
34:46 the bone directly by the muscle, going to have a tendon where the
34:50 takes place. Just remember how we connective tissue, right tendon and three
34:55 layers of connective tissue. All Now, the origin is what we
35:00 to the proximal. So there's your , that's the proximal attachment. The
35:06 is the distal attachment. Typically the is the more stationary attachment. So
35:12 you're doing is you are moving the towards the origin. That's the easy
35:18 to remember that. All right, this is the fleshy attachment, whereas
35:25 insertion is typically the fibrous attachment. so what you're really doing is you're
35:30 I'm pulling and so I need to more fibers where I'm doing the what
35:34 actually pulling on. All right. basically, the muscle is pulling on
35:39 tendon, the tendon is pulling on bone. All right. Um Another
35:45 about an origin is it's the thing distributes the force, the insertion is
35:51 you're focusing the force. All So you can think about it like
35:57 . I have a single point of , but I broaden and stretch out
36:02 I may have more um attachments or broader attachment for the origin. So
36:09 insertion is like the single point. what I'm doing is I'm using a
36:12 of force to pull, but I'm that force in a single point.
36:17 would be the easy way to think the insertion. So origin near
36:22 far I'm pulling towards the origin pretty . Now, muscles in general movement
36:30 general is not dependent upon a single , but it is usually dependent on
36:34 group of muscles. The group is down as such. We have what
36:40 called the agonist. The agonist is the muscle or group of muscles that
36:46 involved in creating the movement. if I'm creating flexion, all
36:51 So let me get my flex because morning and I like to show
36:56 right. That's my flex, So those would be agonists, all
37:01 , the muscles that oppose the movement would be the antagonists. All
37:09 So agonists opposite is antagonists. When agonist contracts, the antagonist relaxes.
37:17 right. When I move the opposite , extension, my agonist now becomes
37:26 antagonist, the thing that's causing the of the muscle now, which was
37:31 the antagonist is now the agonist. to stabilize my arm. And in
37:37 movement or stabilizing the movement is what refer to as a synergist. All
37:43 . So lifting up that thing is because it doesn't weigh anything but the
37:48 weighs something, doesn't it? All . So in order for me to
37:54 this, w this weight is gonna my body towards the chair,
38:00 So to stabilize myself, I'm gonna to recruit muscles in, to stabilize
38:06 body so I can create that right? So even me just coming
38:10 here, I've, I've flexed other , right? But now I've got
38:14 here and what am I gonna do flex? I mean, it's still
38:18 agonist, my antagonist, but my are all out over here to allow
38:23 to create that, that um So I'm not just toppling myself
38:29 So, synergist are important, they allowed or help allow the movement,
38:34 they're not directly involved in the Now, the last thing I'd point
38:38 here um we have the agonist and antagonist. They are uh what we
38:44 to as reciprocal inhibition, reciprocally in . And what that means is if
38:49 stimulating one group of cells, I'm send signals to prevent the other group
38:53 cells from being stimulated. All Now, this is further upstream in
38:57 nervous system. When we talk about in the nervous system, we're gonna
39:01 the, the uh the neurons that involved in this process. So this
39:06 a little bit further upstream because remember I contract skeletal muscle, contraction of
39:11 muscle is always excitatory. So what doing is I'm preventing excitation of those
39:16 . So, but this is reciprocal if the agonists are being stimulated,
39:20 means the antagonists are being inhibited and vice versa. When I'm going through
39:26 , I'm um I'm exciting these but I'm inhibiting these cells. All
39:34 . Now, there are two different two primary types of contraction. We
39:41 what is called the isotonic contraction and isometric contraction, isotonic contraction. You
39:46 about it like this, I'm producing amount of tension that that's needed to
39:52 an object. All right. So I get to that point of tension
39:56 move the object, then what's gonna is the muscle is gonna change shape
40:02 the simple exa I'm gonna use something little bit bigger than that because it
40:04 weigh all that much. Someone left really, really nice bottle here.
40:10 , you know, but you can this probably weighs more than the thing
40:13 I was doing. All right. 111 guest to wait on this
40:18 What do you think? Five, like that. £5. See
40:22 that sounds good. Right. So have a muscle that can lift about
40:29 . All right, I'm just, probably my max there. All
40:33 So what I'm gonna do is I'm grip this bad boy some way.
40:36 right, we'll just do the Right. So I'm gonna create
40:39 So I'm creating enough tension in the to overcome an ounce and two ounces
40:43 three ounces and five ounces and 10 a pound, £2.03 pounds, £4.05
40:49 . And all of a sudden, created enough tension to overcome. So
40:53 load, the thing that I'm that's called the load is now
40:58 And so what is happening to the is it's contracting, right? Do
41:02 see that? Right? It's So the muscle is changing shape and
41:07 moving the load. But once I that threshold of £5 right? Once
41:13 created enough tension to overcome the then the muscle changes shape. All
41:19 . So that would be an isotonic . I create tension, tension overcomes
41:24 load. The muscle changes shape right . That's easy when you think about
41:32 . All right. Well, I flexion and so here I am,
41:36 got my contraction, but when I down the bottle is my muscle changing
41:44 . Yeah. Has the bottle changed at all now. So it doesn't
41:50 if I'm picking up, it doesn't if I'm putting down the muscle is
41:53 shape. And so I have two types of isotonic contractions here. I
41:58 a concentric. All right, I'm the, the prefix concentric contraction.
42:06 why I'm doing this flexion here. then when I'm putting the weight
42:10 when the muscle is stretching back it has a certain degree of contraction
42:16 taking place. This is what is to as an eccentric contraction. So
42:21 , just looking at this muscle and eccentric muscle stretching back out. I
42:30 they come back and find that that's nice bottle. All right. The
42:35 contraction. On the other hand is I produce tension and the tension changes
42:41 keeps changing, it's greater and greater greater, but it never gets to
42:44 point where it can overcome the So even though the tension is rising
42:48 the muscle, the muscle can't change . All right. So notice the
42:54 here is I created tension that overcomes load. So the tension stays constant
43:00 then the muscle changes shape. But the isometric, the muscle doesn't change
43:05 but the tension does. Now, not easy to demonstrate this. So
43:09 just gonna use the wall as an . Do you think I can create
43:12 force to move this wall? No ? That's a, that's a good
43:16 . All right. So what I do is I can press on it
43:19 this. There's not a lot of in my muscle. Would you
43:22 Yeah. But I can start pressing it and pressing and pressing and pressing
43:26 I can put as much tension as possibly can muster out of these muscles
43:31 I'm just not gonna move that So, what I'm doing is I'm
43:34 massive tension. I'm starting off but I'm getting bigger and bigger and
43:38 and I'm gonna get to the point I reach maximum tension, but my
43:41 doesn't change shape even though the tension . Now, that's what this picture
43:47 trying to show you. Here is the, this is showing you the
43:49 versus concentric. They're showing you the . If you hold them, you
43:53 your muscle and you're not, you're the tension. You can just imagine
43:57 weight getting heavier. It's not. you can imagine or, hey,
44:01 an easy one. You go and a barbell with like £500 on
44:05 There's some pro probably somebody here who lift it. But for the rest
44:07 us, humans, you know, go with that and we be able
44:11 lift it. So we more and tension, but we would never lift
44:16 the weight. This next picture just you this, this is, this
44:20 be the experiment, right? So you've got is you got a muscle
44:24 a weight on it, this muscle overcome the load. So what happens
44:27 you stimulate the muscle, it lifts weight. So you reach the tension
44:31 once you reach that tension, then can change the length here, that
44:36 cannot overcome the load. There's your of 8 kg. So you can
44:39 producing tension until you reach max. you never change the length of the
44:44 . You can't move the load. that would be isometric, isometric contractions
44:54 a hot thing when I was a little boy. All right.
44:58 you know, so back in the before cable was actually in everybody's house
45:01 before streaming and stuff like that, way that um we all the shows
45:07 used to watch would be like on . So that was like Sesame Street
45:11 all these other horrible things. And after all the fun stuff for the
45:14 , that's when all the things came the stay at home moms back then
45:18 weren't called stay at home moms. were just called moms because that's what
45:22 did, right? And so Jack , have you ever heard that
45:26 Jack Lalaine? He was like one the most fit people ever. He
45:29 lived into his nineties as one of most fit people ever. And he
45:32 his own show. And so all women who stayed at home, this
45:36 how they would exercise. This is jazzercise and aerobics. And yoga pants
45:41 all the other things that we kind think of. It was like women
45:44 sit down in a chair and they watch Jack LaLanne and they would do
45:49 contraction. They would do like laundry . Yeah. Sounds sexist. But
46:05 how it worked. Way, way then. All right. Anyway,
46:10 , I have here four plus one of muscles. Y four plus one
46:14 your book has five. And my used to say four. So,
46:17 right, what do muscles all First? They have the ability to
46:21 . So this is contractivity. That when you stimulate them, they will
46:24 shorten. All right, we've talked how that works. All right.
46:28 they're also excitable. That means they receive and respond to a stimulus.
46:34 Long, long time ago when I in high school, I worked in
46:38 hospital. I was in anesthesia which was awesome because when you work
46:42 high school or when you're in high , you don't get that kind of
46:45 . I just happen to be fortunate to have done that. And one
46:48 the things they do test to see or not you're actually under is they
46:52 a muscle stimulator. It's just basically prongs has electricity. They put it
46:57 here on your head and then they it on and it sends electricity to
47:01 two points. And if your eyes , not your eyes but your
47:05 eye eyelids twitch, you're not completely yet. And so they just
47:09 ok, it's not time to start the person open, let them go
47:12 even deeper. I know it sounds . But that's, which would you
47:16 be awake or? Yeah, that's just it. Right? All
47:20 . So what it is basically saying , look, look, um,
47:23 muscles respond to electrical and chemical Uh The other example I would
47:29 um this is much more interesting uh I was in college, you
47:33 so I lived in El Paso, think I've told you that,
47:36 I grew up in El Paso. so we used to go across the
47:40 to dance and other things. And one of the bars we used
47:47 go to, they would have a that would walk around with um you
47:51 , two electrodes um and you paid a dollar and usually you'd see people
47:55 are in the military would do try to show a strong there.
47:57 what you do is you hold the electrodes and he sits there and he
48:00 jacks up the voltage. And basically it does is it causes your muscles
48:05 do what contract. And so what wanna do is you're like, I'm
48:08 enough fight this, but you can't with the stimulation. And so you
48:12 these really, really strong guys sitting in, in severe pain as they're
48:16 desperately to fight the muscle if you do this cause I see that
48:20 you're, you're like, I can't to do this. I'm gonna look
48:22 a guy with electric. What you is you just relax and what do
48:25 think is gonna happen? Just contracts you just don't fight it, just
48:29 it happen and you can make bets people and watch them pay your money
48:34 buy your drinks. You're like what tell my juniors and seniors, they
48:41 to get out more. So maybe should start telling you guys you need
48:43 get out more. All right, , you can stretch your muscle beyond
48:47 resting length. Do you guys who , who are in ath uh
48:51 Do you guys remember? What do do before you start doing your
48:55 What do you do? You Right. Actually, there's evidence that
48:58 doesn't help just, um, but do that right? And so when
49:02 say stretch, what we're doing is literally stretching the muscle beyond its resting
49:07 . All right. Does it feel good to stretch? Oh,
49:11 So, yeah. All right. other thing, it is elastic,
49:15 muscle or elastic that begins once I stretch them or contract them, then
49:19 they will do is they will return to the original length. We talked
49:22 the molecule that was responsible for doing . That was tit. All
49:26 And the last thing is they are . All right. And again,
49:31 word means that they change and to to their usage. All right.
49:39 so we can just put this in simple terms. If you exercise,
49:43 happens to your muscles, they get . And when you don't exercise and
49:48 on the sofa all the time, happens to your muscles? They get
49:51 ? Ok. Good. So you this concept, right? So when
49:55 work out my muscles, they are to change shape, they are
50:00 That's what we're talking about here. right. Now, a couple of
50:05 of muscles is that they don't just in that simple, that tension length
50:11 . And it's like, ok, there are ways to actually improve the
50:16 of a muscle and this is an of one of them, what is
50:18 the stretch. So shortening cycle. , I was tempted to bring somebody
50:22 here to, to demonstrate this, I figure I'll do this because it's
50:25 more fun when I make a fool of myself in the front instead of
50:28 someone else. But watch what happens I jump flatfooted, right? What
50:34 do I am? Am am I jump high if I'm starting flatfooted?
50:38 ? What look, look, I , I, I don't get
50:41 You can see it's just, it go very far, does it?
50:45 when I wanna jump high and I'm at some of the guys here when
50:49 , when you tried out for one of the first things they do
50:52 they test to see how high you'll . Right. Did you guys do
50:55 in high school where they had like, the ladder to see how
50:58 you could slap? No? my goodness. Um, I'm watching
51:07 , I have 22 boys, seventh . They're both playing football and I
51:11 all the people playing football and they arm tackle. They don't know.
51:14 like, do, do they even you guys how to hit one
51:18 We don't do hitting drills. You're tackle football. How do you
51:23 How do you, all right. , one of the things you do
51:28 basketball, they have a wall if guys remember this in the gym and
51:32 has all these little tiny flags on . Does this sound familiar now?
51:36 what do you do? You jump and you whack it? So that's
51:39 , it's a jumping drill to see or not you're strengthening your legs to
51:43 how high you can jump. what do you do when you are
51:46 that? Right? You've, you yourself up and then you bring down
51:53 then lift yourself up again and, in, in that lift up,
51:57 jumping and what you're doing is you're compression and a, and actually the
52:03 , that's what this is trying to . So, what we're doing is
52:05 going through three phases using those terms , eccentric and concentric. Right?
52:10 we're stretching the muscle and then we're the muscle very, very quickly.
52:16 what this does, it's a preparatory movement that actually resorts to increasing the
52:21 of force produced, which is why do it and you don't have to
52:24 about it. You just do Like, remember what I said,
52:27 I do this, I don't jump high. But if I, I
52:34 higher now, I'm not gonna pretend I jump high because I'm, I'm
52:38 now. All right. And I never a good jumper in the first
52:41 . All right. But that's what doing. You're going through these three
52:45 . And so the first phase is . I'm stretching the agonist. All
52:50 . And then what I do is compress it down and I'm using that
52:54 of driving it down deep to stretch out again. So I create that
52:58 force. So that's where I get shortening boom up. I go.
53:02 right. So we use this process , jumping, changing velocity. All
53:11 . In other words, it produces type of force that's needed to produce
53:16 and agility. There's a relationship between amount of force and the velocity and
53:24 depends on what type of contraction you're . All right. So concentric,
53:28 type is a concentric contraction, muscle and muscle shortening, shortening.
53:36 Just concentric muscle shortening. All This is where I'm gonna use the
53:41 different things. All right. So , force is gonna be inversely related
53:45 velocity. That's the idea here. , the more force I have the
53:51 the muscle contraction. All right, less force I have the faster the
53:57 contraction. All right. So, constriction. All right. So I
54:02 have a lot of force do, ? To move this, do I
54:04 to produce a lot of tension? lot of force? So could I
54:08 this quickly? What do you Right. So you see, not
54:15 lot of force very, very Think I can curl this quickly.
54:24 can do it quick but not All right. Again, what do
54:29 think this ways that about £10? ? I have to produce more
54:35 So I'm slower now. All So the greater the force I have
54:41 produce the slower the contraction eccentric is opposite. All right, force directly
54:50 to velocity. All right. So more force I have the faster the
54:54 contraction. All right. Now, gonna have to think about this for
54:58 second. All right. So pretend more than £10. All right.
55:03 I wanna relax this muscle. I to create a lot of force to
55:07 this from falling and hitting the right? So I want my muscles
55:11 stay in a sustained way. So they're gonna do is they're gonna contract
55:15 and I'm slowly releasing them. So I'm producing lots of force.
55:21 I'm basically resisting the pull of gravity this centric contraction. All right.
55:27 the contractions are fast to sustain and release as I'm putting the chair
55:34 All right here. Less force. . So, am I gonna wanna
55:42 a fast let go? No, I, if I um if I
55:48 less force, I'm not gonna try , to, to resist the movement
55:53 this thing coming down. I'm just let it go. I don't want
55:56 create a series of contractions so that fumble and fall or let this thing
56:02 or something like that. The idea , is the force that I'm producing
56:06 produced or is resulting in how how many contractions I'm actually producing.
56:13 remember in this case, when I'm up here, I'm not producing a
56:17 of contractions so I can be very . But when I'm putting it
56:21 I'm not, I'm not racing or where I always stumble with this.
56:28 I'm pulling it up, I, there's not a lot of force I
56:31 to produce. But if I if I was fast, the same
56:35 , what would happen is I would probably injure myself as I'm coming back
56:39 the same way, I'm trying to that from happening. So that's why
56:42 don't need to produce a lot of or a lot of speed. It's
56:47 just let it go. It's allow gravity to do its work
56:51 I'm opposing the gravity, right. I let gravity do its work,
56:55 am I gonna do? I'm gonna this and probably hurt myself.
56:58 what I'm doing is I'm creating a of contraction to allow this to have
57:03 control. That would be an easier . Probably way to say that
57:06 I don't need greater control. I need to get this thing back
57:10 All right. But if you understand relationship, that's the key thing.
57:15 right. Concentric, more force, , less force, faster,
57:20 more force, faster, less slower. Just the relationship between force
57:24 velocity. Next, characteristic, the fiber itself. All right. When
57:32 look at a muscle, you'll see it's basically has two different shapes.
57:35 shaped like a fan or it's not like a fan. All right.
57:39 this is what is pinnate versus non here in a pinnate muscle, the
57:47 itself is gonna be attached obliquely to tendon. All right. So here
57:52 can see the tendon, here's the . You can see the tendon moving
57:55 there, there's a tendon in so on and so forth and look
57:58 the fibers relative to those tendons. kind of look like feathers right.
58:04 we are, there's a tendon, are we doing? We're at an
58:07 to the tendon. And so what here is when you are at an
58:12 , when I pull on the So here's my tendon. If I'm
58:16 an angle, when the muscle which way does it pull, does
58:20 pull this way? Which way does pull that way? Right. And
58:26 what you're doing is you're not creating force uh in the same direction as
58:31 tendon. Instead, you're going off an angle. So you can add
58:35 a lot more fibers along the length that tendon. So you can create
58:40 forces. So you can imagine muscles I want to create lots of force
58:46 gonna be pin muscles. All Yeah, when I have a non
58:54 muscle like this. So um ignore one. What am I doing?
59:00 the fibers are parallel? So it's me pulling on a rope. I
59:04 make that thing move very, very , but I can't produce a lot
59:07 force because there's only so many fibers can attach that tendon in the same
59:12 . All right. So non pennate , higher velocities because I'm moving along
59:19 same line is the easy part right . I mentioned lots and lots of
59:28 . You'll see the names. They'll very scary because they're all weird Latin
59:31 names. But I want to point anyone here take like flatten anyone,
59:39 person. All right, you got gold star. All right. So
59:42 got two gold stars. Anyone No, no other Latin people.
59:45 right. Another. So, my, my mom was a Latin
59:49 in college. I'm like, She said, yeah, Latin.
59:53 right. Ask her if she knows Latin today. No. No.
59:57 . All right. I'm just going show you the names are just,
60:02 I said, when you're dealing with , we name things for what they
60:05 like for what they do so, often that's gonna be true in
60:10 Looking at the body, what is muscle? All right. So look
60:13 , look at the names here. just giving you some examples,
60:16 So if it's structure size shape, it's the origin of insertion. So
60:20 are the two points that you're working ? Let's, so we have muscles
60:23 are called rectus muscles. There's several rectus muscles. What does a rectus
60:27 ? Even if you don't know what do you think rectus erect?
60:31 like erect. So, yeah. it's almost like you, you make
60:34 words, you know, you ever that? Like this must be
60:37 So I'm like, oh OK. kind of what this is. Rectus
60:40 like erect. Ok. So it's muscle that basically goes up and
60:45 What do you think? Brevis means ? It's like brief. Th this
60:50 like the meta port Longus long. . OK. Uh Major,
60:57 minor, small, vastus wide. it's like, again, it sounds
61:02 , it, it to me it like uh I should look at the
61:05 . Are those actually Latin words or they made up words? What do
61:07 think? They, they, you know, I'm not asking you
61:11 know all your Latin but it's like me it seems like it's fake like
61:14 said. Mm. It's big. What's a vast? OK.
61:19 That sounds right. OK. Shapes the muscles, deltoids. What do
61:23 think? What do you think the is shaped like D di it's like
61:27 triangle, it's a deltoid. Um see if you guys remember what a
61:31 looks like. You guys remember a ? Yeah, it's basically two parallel
61:37 . Yeah. OK. And then quadratus like a square. So
61:45 So nomenclature follows some various basic rules then in terms of naming for their
61:52 or their actions, an abductor, do you think an abductor does?
61:57 lifts up? What do you think abductor does? Puts down?
62:01 depressor, put down, extensor extends , flexes elevator, it elevates.
62:14 and then finally the opponents opposes. right. So all of a sudden
62:21 the nomenclature for muscle becomes pretty basic simple. And so when it comes
62:26 and usually what you do when you these things is you do it
62:29 by sections of the body and what do is you'll go through and it's
62:32 , oh OK. Now, I why in this particular way. All
62:38 . Um, the biceps is called biceps because a portion of the muscle
62:45 , right. What do you think tricep does splits into three? You're
62:50 ? Oh, ok. Well, not hard. Right. So
62:54 I'm just trying to encourage, you be afraid of the nomenclature.
62:57 when you do it, the good , we don't have to do it
62:59 . I just, I'm throwing this . It's like, ok, if
63:02 are named how, what they look , what I'm more interested in your
63:07 is this? All right, we're down towards the end here. Is
63:11 your muscles and your really, your system is a lever system. All
63:17 . So what is a lever? lever? You can say, lever
63:21 . My son makes fun of One of my sons, I should
63:24 uh a, a lever is a stiff object that moves along a fixed
63:29 . The fixed point being a full . So when you think of the
63:34 skeletal system, what is the Was the fulcrum? It's a
63:43 All right. And then when you're with a lever or a lever,
63:46 have what are called the arms. so there's two different arms, moment
63:50 , the moment arm where it has applied force, it right. So
63:55 applied force would be like the thing I'm trying to lift the load.
63:59 right, that's gonna be one side then you're gonna have a resistive force
64:02 is trying to move the load. right. So that's uh the,
64:08 , those are the two parts. the muscles are gonna be the things
64:11 are applying the forces against the All right. So if you think
64:17 this whole system as all three of parts, it becomes really, really
64:22 liver fulcrum and then force for the . Now how we arrange this depends
64:29 the type of, of lever that using. And they uh you
64:33 in physics, we describe three basic , all right, we have a
64:36 class, second class and third class they're not really apparent all the
64:41 But I do want to just kind go through the most common type
64:44 We're gonna that when you think of muscle is really the third class,
64:48 I'm just gonna kind of walk through because we do have these other
64:50 So the first class, what we is you can see there's our,
64:55 , our lever, right? And over on this side, we have
65:00 applied force, this is our resistive . And so the fulcrum sits between
65:04 applied and the resistance resistant force. the example of this would be your
65:11 , right, sitting on the uh . And so what you have is
65:17 can imagine the muscle, the bones your face are gonna drive your head
65:21 , right. So that would be applied force. And so you're gonna
65:25 a muscle in your neck that lifts head upward. All right. So
65:30 your resistive force. And so this what allows you to do this,
65:35 . That would be a first class , second class levers is more like
65:39 wheelbarrow. All right. If you're familiar with the wheelbarrow, what you
65:43 is you have a very long lever the far end. That would be
65:48 the wheel is. That's the All right, the weight you put
65:51 the barrel of the wheelbarrow. So would be the applied force. And
65:56 resistive force is the handles. That's you're lifting up on, that allows
65:59 to move the um the materials. the example that you're seeing in the
66:05 up here is the uh your feet your legs. So you can see
66:10 , where is the full crump? would be the balls of your
66:14 right? What is the uh The weight is your body? All
66:18 . So that's your applied force and your calf muscles, you know,
66:22 what lifts you up. That would the resistive force. OK? That's
66:27 example of a s uh a second lever, third class. This would
66:31 an example of the biceps. Um , uh your fulcrum sits at the
66:37 end. So again, this would a shovel or a broom. So
66:40 thing you're holding steady is the top , the weight is gonna be at
66:44 far end and the apply or the force is gonna be in the
66:49 All right. And that's what this trying to show you. So there's
66:51 applied force, there's the resistant there's your full chrome. So here
66:55 can see, I have a That's my applied force. Here's my
67:00 and the bicep inserts here. So am I doing? My insertion sits
67:06 the applied force and the full All right. That's the most common
67:12 of lover or lever. All So be aware of the three types
67:19 those three examples. You should be the last little bit, we have
67:25 10 minutes and I think we'll be to cover all this stuff is more
67:29 let's let's kind of look at muscle and how they use energy. All
67:36 . So there are uh different types muscle fibers. We have three basic
67:41 in the body. We have the one, the type two A and
67:44 type two B. And what we is we look at them, we
67:47 . All right. So why do have these different types? Well,
67:49 have different abilities or different twitch Some are fast, some are
67:54 they have ability to produce different amounts , of, of power. So
67:58 are very quick in terms of their , they produce a lot of
68:03 some are slow. So they produce little force. And finally, they
68:07 terms of, uh, fatigue, quickly do they tire out? How
68:11 do they burn through their energy? so we have, uh, type
68:15 are gonna be ones that are fatigue . Type two are, are less
68:21 they fatigue rather rapidly. And so you look at them, what,
68:26 do we break them down? type one are slow, they don't
68:30 a lot of, uh, force they basically are resistant to fatigue.
68:35 the type twos are fast, they lots of force and they fatigue very
68:40 because they don't use oxidation to produce TP. They use glycolysis. And
68:46 that's kind of how we break these . Sometimes. See type one are
68:49 to as the oxidative types. Type are referred to as the glycolytic
68:54 And so what that means is, again, we didn't go through the
68:57 process. That's, we reserve that biology. 12. So you can
69:01 we go through glycolysis that produces a bit of a TP. Then we
69:05 through pyro oxidation creb cycle or citric cycle, whichever name you learn.
69:10 then ultimately through the electron transport And in the end of all those
69:14 , which have many, many you'll end up with lots of A
69:18 . And so those are the ones are oxidative. They fatigue very slowly
69:23 they produce a lot of A Now, I like this chart because
69:28 basically shows you, how we can of think about these things. So
69:32 you're a person who plays a, , or who sprints a lot,
69:36 know, well, you have the two type cells, you produce lots
69:41 force very, very quickly. That you to produce burst speed and run
69:46 , very quickly. Whereas someone who's of a marathoner as an example,
69:50 be more type one, they can't burst speed, but they have an
69:55 amount of endurance. They don't fatigue they can go very, very long
70:00 . So, and this kind of you just a gen, it's kind
70:04 like the relationship. Most of us kind of a mix of, of
70:08 . Some are blessed a little bit , a little bit less of one
70:11 or the other. And so the you can break, break this
70:14 So if you look at a we are not like chickens,
70:18 Chickens have light meat and dark Anyone like white meat over dark
70:24 Yeah, he likes dark meat. right. I like to start the
70:28 . Usually if I have more time could get the fight going.
70:31 Light meat's better. Dark meat. right. So when we look at
70:34 chicken, we can go OK, want breast versus thigh, right?
70:39 that's light meat versus dark meat. right. If you were to cannibalize
70:43 human, please do not do this you cut them up you can't say
70:47 want light meat, meat versus dark because our muscle is mixed like.
70:54 . All right. And you can of see here, we can see
70:56 type ones, those are the really , the type twos, that's the
71:01 A's, they're less dark. And finally, the white muscle, which
71:06 the type two Bs. All And these colors that you're looking at
71:11 are representative of the amount of myoglobin inside the cell. And myoglobin is
71:18 for doing what do you guys remember oxygen? All right. And so
71:22 can imagine if I have lots of , I am able to hold lots
71:26 oxygen. So that means I'm able do lots of oxidated phosphorylation. And
71:30 I'm a darker cell, right? an endurance cell. Whereas if I'm
71:37 white muscle, I'm, I don't any myoglobin, I'm not able to
71:40 oxy ahoy, I burst and I through my energy quickly and then I
71:45 and then I'm done. All They don't have a lot of
71:49 Now, the difference is also these very small cells versus the white,
71:54 is very large and the one that in the middle is in the
71:57 All right, we're not even gonna over this because we've seen this
72:01 I want to put this in a of reference that you can understand this
72:07 versus that guy. What type of is he marathon runner. What type
72:11 runner is he sprinter? All Have you ever noticed you'd say,
72:15 a second man, sprinters, they like bodybuilders. Why do they look
72:19 bodybuilders? Because they have lots and of the type to muscle. And
72:24 when they sprint and exercise and, , and train for that burst muscle
72:29 be burst, it's not just the , it's their whole body and they
72:33 up carrying a lot more weight, they can do it very, very
72:37 . I would say more weight in sense of, of bigger muscle.
72:41 right. So when we work out gonna happen is it doesn't matter if
72:46 a sprinter which has more type one , or sorry sprinter to have more
72:50 two or a marathon runner which has type one. What you're looking at
72:55 are people who have an incredible amount money or money. Yeah, I'm
73:01 little jealous there. That might have a Freudian sleep, you know,
73:04 , an incredible amount of muscle. right, both of these people,
73:09 though you look at this guy and was like, all right, this
73:11 looks like he's starving to death and running to a sandwich. Um,
73:16 know it's terrible but it's waking me . All right. So I had
73:23 , I had a, I had , a friend who was,
73:25 a swimmer. He swam for Uh, he was the Olympic caliber
73:30 when he, when he, when graduated and stopped swimming, he
73:33 oh, I'm gonna just be a and he could run and he
73:37 or no, he could bike like wouldn't believe. And swimming was
73:40 But he ran like, I don't , it was just, but
73:47 that's what he looked like. I , he just had incredible endurance.
73:50 right. When you, uh, you are a type two you're gonna
73:56 able to see that hypertrophy, it up because those muscles are bigger and
74:01 ultimately what happens. Now, what doing here is power and force.
74:07 twos produce the power and force. they get bigger. And that's why
74:11 see that in these. Now, you get bigger at this basically is
74:17 to aerobic performance. All right, , don't put your pictures on the
74:21 , I'll find them and put them the screen here. And I'd like
74:24 show this because what this does is demonstrates to you what happens when you
74:30 a type one body or a type body? All right. So we
74:34 dad bod going on over here, ? This is a skinny dad
74:38 This is that Dad bod but they through a regimen to body build.
74:43 what happens? This is the type body. So you see good
74:48 You see it growing and he gets and thick and hulks out,
74:52 This guy probably £90 he goes through same process. Does he hulk
74:58 No. What this is telling you that you are born with the type
75:03 muscles that you are that you type ones can't change into type
75:07 type twos, can't change the type . If you're a sprinter, you're
75:10 sprint. If you are an end runner, you're an endurance runner.
75:15 right. Now, you can train adapt those particular muscles to become better
75:20 that particular thing. But you're not take someone who is a long distance
75:25 is a sprinter and turn them into long distance runner. They will never
75:28 the best because they have the muscles are built for becoming bigger and
75:36 All right. And the same thing true down here. All right.
75:39 you can't change your muscle type. only thing you can do is improve
75:43 fitness of the muscle itself. what does that mean with regard to
75:49 ? All right. So, if do resistance and sprint training, what
75:52 gonna do is you're gonna be exercising the type that. All right,
75:57 you're doing is you're going to get density in the cell. All
76:02 So the cells, what you're, I'm trying to get at here is
76:04 not multiplying the number of cells you the number of muscles you have is
76:08 number of muscles you have the So when you exercise what you're doing
76:13 you're making the muscle bigger. That's hypertrophy, right? And why is
76:19 hypertrophy or getting hypertrophic? Because what doing is you're increasing cytoplasmic density,
76:26 the amount of sarcoplasmic partic you have increasing the number of T tubules so
76:31 the muscles respond quicker. All they're getting bigger and responding better,
76:37 greater calcium release. And basically the that you get less fatigue over those
76:41 distances is you're adjusting your body. when you do aerobic activity, you're
76:48 burning mu fuel the same way. , what you're doing is you're changing
76:53 aerobic capacity. So what does that ? You're increasing performance at the same
76:58 with less effort? All right, those of you who like to
77:02 you know, it becomes easier and to run the same distance. That's
77:05 idea here. All right, increases power so you can do same
77:10 faster, same effort. But you increase the size of the type
77:17 It's just type ones are not gonna as big the idea. All
77:25 why do you get greater endurance? , you're increasing the size and number
77:27 capillaries. So the capillaries are penetrating to bring in more oxygen and you're
77:32 more, uh A TP, more TP equals more activity last little
77:37 What happens if you sit around on butt doing nothing all the time?
77:41 , I think the best example of is looking at someone who wore a
77:46 . All right. What happens is you don't use a muscle, you
77:50 the muscle body's not gonna waste energy something it doesn't need. So you
77:54 see here this would be a leg wasn't in a cast. This was
77:57 leg that was in the cast. what you're seeing there is atrophy.
78:01 right, the muscle is not being . So it shrinks down in
78:06 There will become a point if you so, uh atrophy that the muscle
78:11 breaks itself down. All right. this would be when the muscle dies
78:16 . And again, that's very That's at the very, very extreme
78:20 . But once you lose a it's not going to be replaced.
78:24 these muscle cells just like neurons. you're born with them, you don't
78:30 new ones. All right. When come back, it's all nervous
78:34 Now, from here on out,
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