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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_lecture26_1130
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00:00 All right, you guys ready to some fun last day of class.
00:06 we'll get to combine the two last together and figure out what we're trying
00:09 do in all of this mess. . No. Or you just wanna
00:15 home. Yeah, a little bit both. OK. All right.
00:25 as you know, or if you've paying attention, what we've been talking
00:28 for the last two lectures is we've talking about the two different reproductive
00:32 the male reproductive system, female reproductive , we said with the male reproductive
00:36 makes sperm deliver sperm. We named the, all the materials, all
00:39 structures that are involved there. Then went to the female reproductive system and
00:44 , hey, what is that We have this massive list of things
00:47 starting off with receiving sperm, making ovum, bringing the two gametes
00:53 having those gametes fused together, implant uh that zygote into the uterus allow
00:59 uh the zygote to grow, become blastocyst and ultimately a fetus and then
01:03 give birth to that thing and then can suckle it uh as it goes
01:07 the first couple of years of its so bit more complicated. And then
01:11 in the process, there's some other that we haven't really covered yet,
01:15 and capacitation. We didn't go through steps of fertilization. And that's really
01:19 today is all about. But in for that to happen, first
01:22 you actually have to get the two together. And, and what we're
01:25 at here is a slide that is truncated version of a much more broader
01:30 longer discussion here. And so when , when we start this discussion,
01:36 saying, hey, look, um and females need to come together and
01:40 a sexual response cycle that governs how are being intimate with one another through
01:48 process of population. Now, first , uh one of the neat things
01:52 that we are a sexually dimorphic species in the sense that we have different
01:58 between the two sexes. But we a lot of similarities because we start
02:03 as uh as not unisex, but structures that are derived from more primitive
02:10 . And as such, that means like to conserve things. And so
02:14 first thing we conserve are the stages sexual response. And so the four
02:18 are simply put excitement, plateau orgasm . All right. So both men
02:23 women go through all four stages or of going through all four stages.
02:28 a better way to say that. right. And so what we say
02:31 that these aren't like, like guiding like flags or, or mile markers
02:37 something like that. They're just points like, hey, we're gonna move
02:41 AAA period of excitement. And then we get more and more excited,
02:45 gonna get into a plateau phase. once plateau is reached, then
02:48 we're really getting close to orgasm, we can reach orgasm. Then after
02:52 , we go through a period of . All right. And then if
02:55 in that excitation stage, but then is exciting me gets removed, then
03:01 never gonna get to plateau or maybe get up to plateau and I'll fall
03:04 down. All right. So you go up and down through the
03:08 It's not just like once I reach , I'm not like there's no
03:11 It's not, I just keep going , you kind of move back and
03:14 through the different stages. All But all four stages are there.
03:20 And what happens in them? We're gonna go through because it's actually kind
03:23 interesting uh to walk through them But what's what I do find
03:27 And I do want to point out that one thing exists only in males
03:31 doesn't exist in females, which is a refractory period. All right.
03:35 what a refractory period is we learned with an, a potential. It's
03:38 a period of time when something cannot . And So in males, what
03:43 is is after orgasm, you the resolution falls into this refractory period
03:48 no amount of erotic stimulation will allow the male to go back through these
03:55 stages. They basically have to go a rest period. All right.
03:59 this rest period um can extend uh in, in older males, it
04:04 longer in young males. It's actually short. But there's a reason for
04:08 . And primarily the reason is, because the amount of sperms humans produce
04:12 actually not that much relative to other . And I told you, how
04:16 do we do males produce in a ejaculate? Roughly. Do you remember
04:20 number? It's between 205 100 million ? All right. And so what
04:26 have probably in storage is probably double . And so the idea is that
04:31 don't want to run through all the gametes that we have. And so
04:36 idea is, is like, um we're gonna make you wait and
04:41 that you don't waste sperm. And the se the second thing is what
04:44 is that if you, if males go through a second round of sexual
04:50 . In other words, what will is that they actually start producing or
04:53 less and less sperm per, per . And what's even worse is that
04:59 less pleasure in the act. So more sex that a male has contiguous
05:06 the less fun it actually is in . That isn't true. All
05:12 women do not have a refractory Women can literally go from plateau to
05:16 to plateau to orgasm, plateau to . There's a potential for that.
05:21 what stops them from keep going forward that they're not guys. They,
05:24 mean, they just basically say, , I'm done and so they'll go
05:27 resolution and be happy to move right? The other thing that's interesting
05:32 women is that there is no decrease pleasure. Actually, it starts amplifying
05:38 getting to the point where it's like is too much. Um At least
05:42 how it's reported in the literature. let you guys deal with your own
05:47 . But the goal here again, purpose of this class is not to
05:51 about sex, right? Our, goal is to talk about what
05:57 right? So really the whole point all of this from the perspective of
06:01 is to get that male and female together. And so orgasm is that
06:07 where semen is going to be ejaculated the semen. You have the
06:11 the sperm are placed into the vagina the vagina. It moves onward,
06:15 starts moving from vagina to uterus, to the uterine tube. And what
06:19 going to try to do is we're to try to bring that sperm and
06:22 ovum together. And so this is we're going to talk about is
06:26 So, fertilization has a bunch of steps for it to happen. And
06:32 we're doing here is we're ultimately going be bringing that genetic material from the
06:37 and the dad together. And so I said, the way I like
06:40 think about my genetic code, the that's inside me that makes me is
06:44 belongs to my mom and my The genetic material that I pass on
06:48 my sperm belongs to me because of recombination and all the other events that
06:52 place. Now, is that a way to think about it? It's
06:55 to you. It's, it's not a scientific way to think about
06:58 but it's an easy way for me remember that I'm a combination of two
07:03 organisms and what I'm passing on is component of that com combination,
07:10 And so my wife is contributing her genetics and I'm contributing my genetics and
07:15 Children are a mix of both of genomes, a unique combination. Right
07:23 . The other thing that we're doing is we're restoring the diploid number of
07:26 . So that's that whole meiosis Um This is where the, the
07:30 sex is actually determined. So ladies, you're only contributing an
07:34 So they get an X that comes your mom or an X that comes
07:38 your dad. All right. But male component is going to be the
07:43 or the Y. And so if an X and you have a female
07:46 if you have a Y, then you have an X and A Y
07:48 . So that's the male. Last that you're doing is you're initiating the
07:54 program. And so one of the I like to point out here
07:57 is like, where does life If you ask any scientist who studied
08:01 studied reproduction or uh development, they'll you, it, it begins right
08:06 because once you get those two genomes , they are now a diploid cell
08:11 capable of mitosis and capable of So that's when life begins. All
08:17 . Now, what are all the that involve? Well, it's,
08:21 a little bit complicated. We're just kind of sprint through them all.
08:24 this is why, you know, think I've told you guys had a
08:27 cool class. If you ever not have an opportunity to take it as
08:30 development class. And the reason it's cool is because you spend like the
08:36 couple of weeks specifically talking about what every day during the first couple of
08:40 of, of uh development. And after the like halfway through the
08:45 that's when you start dealing with larger . Like what happens during this week
08:50 when you do this, you actually looking at life in a very different
08:53 . You're like, wow, look all the horrible things that could go
08:57 in each day. And the fact I even exist is an absolute amazing
09:04 . So, the reason that you're is because all the things went
09:09 That's kind of cool in my All right. So, what do
09:12 have to deal with? Well, first thing you're gonna have to do
09:14 you're gonna have to activate the sperm this is the process of capacitation.
09:17 get to that. Then once you the ovum, presuming you do find
09:21 ovum. If you're a sperm, you're going to have to penetrate through
09:24 bunch of protective barriers that surround the . And then that sperm and that
09:30 actually have to be able to recognize other, failure to recognize each other
09:34 interact would result in nothing. It basically two cells bumping into each
09:38 So you need to have that If they're able to recognize each
09:43 there's uh plasma membranes will fuse that cause a series of events that basically
09:47 all the other sperm coming in from in called polyspermy. And then what
09:51 gonna do is we're gonna initiate meiosis . So remember even at this
09:55 we still haven't finished meiosis in the , right? So we have to
09:59 meiosis two in the o site so it can then get rid of that
10:02 DNA. So that it's now truly haploid cell, you know, or
10:06 a haploid cell with the normal complement DNA. And then once that
10:10 that's when you can bring the two nuclei, pro nuclei means not a
10:15 nucleus, the two pro nuclei together they'll fuse and that's going to begin
10:19 mitotic program. And what's really, interesting is if you go and look
10:23 this and this is just an aside those two pro nuclei fuse almost
10:29 the maternal DNA gets or maternal M gets broken down. And what happens
10:34 the, the genes start getting turned and the fetal or the embryonic uh
10:41 gets activated. And so you start an uptick within just a couple of
10:45 of the this nuclei, which is of the claims why I say life
10:49 beginning here because you're literally just saying , let's get rid of all the
10:52 that mom has and now let's start our own stuff, which is kind
10:56 cool. So this is kind of uh a pattern of showing you what's
11:02 on during capacitation because sometimes you'll see definition of capacitation beginning in the
11:08 And really what we're trying to refer here is just what's going on inside
11:14 female reproductive tract. All right. what capacitation is, is the conditioning
11:20 the sperm in preparation for fertilization? right. So what this means is
11:26 a maturation process that's actually taking place after the sperm is made. All
11:31 . So the sperm have to be about like in the epididymis, are
11:36 markers put on their surface so that can recognize the ovum. Right?
11:40 you remember us that? Right. some consider that part of capacitation.
11:45 another part, another aspect of it the changes that have to occur in
11:50 sperm, so that it can actually with the egg and that actually occurs
11:55 the female reproductive tract. And the that actually make that happen are materials
12:00 are found in the semen, as as secretions that are found in the
12:05 reproductive tract. In other words, that the uterine wall and the uh
12:11 tube are producing to serve as signalers say, ok, get yourself
12:18 There's an ovum here, let's let's go get it. And that's
12:22 all these little tiny things are trying show you is like, oh,
12:24 what we're doing is we're changing the of the molecules on the surface.
12:29 right. So stuff comes from from the semen, things in the
12:33 glands and what the things in the gland are really kind of doing is
12:36 , hey, when you arrive in female reproductive tract, I don't want
12:39 to be able to swim. I you to hang out and just sit
12:41 for a little while. All And so what we're doing is we're
12:46 the motility of the sperm. So does move a little bit, but
12:50 basically saying, don't do anything. then I, and I want to
12:55 this in a way that I want to understand. It might come out
12:58 is that it's not a pa reproduction not a passive process on the female's
13:04 , right? It's not just simply receiving sperm and you know, seed
13:08 being planted and I finding an egg not what's going on here. The
13:12 reproductive track is actively seeking to become . All right. Now, I
13:19 you to understand. Have you, you ever asked that question?
13:23 how can someone just go and just in such a way where they go
13:27 and get pregnant? I mean, I was in high school we had
13:30 getting pregnant all the time. How this possible? I mean, don't
13:33 know better? Yeah, they But sometimes your brain gets turned off
13:38 your body is telling you to do . Have you noticed that? Like
13:42 you're eating food? Like, I'm just gonna have a couple of
13:45 . Have you ever done that with Dorito? Just, just a few
13:49 and the next thing you know, eaten through a whole bag and you're
13:51 ordering some more from, you Uber eats because it just wasn't
13:57 That's what's kind of going on. like, oh, I'll just kiss
14:00 boy as an example. Oh, just make out a little bit.
14:03 thing, you know, it's gone than you expected, but you don't
14:07 care because, you know, maybe time it's ok. Your body is
14:13 that. It's a active event. the materials being secreted by the female
14:18 track are sitting there going ok. . I know that you are supposed
14:22 be sitting here doing nothing. But want you to start coming at the
14:26 in waves. And so of those million sperm, you'll start seeing them
14:31 in pools somewhere. I'm just making numbers like say 30 or 40,000 at
14:35 time. And what they'll do is start working their way up through the
14:40 beyond, into the uterine tube and on and so forth. And then
14:44 the process, those same chemicals that waking them up, reorganize the surface
14:50 the cell so that it can So that's what capacitation is. It's
14:56 the cells and getting them ready for . Now, this is from an
15:03 textbook again, I don't know how the numbers are. Um But it's
15:07 , it's a nice visual to All right. So here we have
15:11 deposition, around 200,000 sperm being deposited the vagina that sperm has to traverse
15:17 the cervical canal up along the walls the uterus and then go to the
15:22 tube to, to ultimately to the where uh fertilization normally takes place.
15:27 right. Now of the sperm of 200 million sperm, most of it
15:33 going to be lost. So some it is going to be leaked,
15:35 out. Uh The acidic environment is kill off a portion of them.
15:40 of them, the sperm cells themselves not any good, they don't know
15:43 to swim. So they're just basically there. Some of them are going
15:47 wrong direction because they don't have an signal, directing them where to
15:51 they just swim forward. So some even just swim in circles,
15:56 But the idea is is that a portion is gonna work their way up
16:00 the uterus and ultimately into the uterine . Now, here's again demonstrating the
16:07 of passivity. In other words, active the female reproductive system is first
16:12 , there are gonna be contractions of myometrium. All right. So these
16:16 reverse contractions, basically saying creating waves pull sperm upward and inward towards the
16:24 tubes. All right, you will muscles within the oviduct or within the
16:32 tube or fallopian tube, whichever word want to go with that are gonna
16:35 the same thing. All right, see dilation of that of those uh
16:40 as well to allow freer movement, will ultimately be chemotaxis. So once
16:46 get into the uterine tube, if in the right tube, there will
16:49 a chemical signal that will drive the towards the ovum. So again,
16:54 is just an example of saying, , the o them is saying,
16:58 , boys, this is where I'm , come get me and they're sending
17:01 this positive signal. Now forever in day, we had no idea what
17:05 signal was. All right. And was like three or four years
17:10 It might have been a little bit now. It might have been six
17:12 ago. We finally figured out what is and this shouldn't be in the
17:15 bit shocking. It is progesterone. there are progesterone receptors on the surface
17:21 the sperm when progesterone hits that that uh sperm gets hyper activated.
17:28 when we say hyper activated, it swimming in such a way that it
17:32 like a laser beam towards that So you can imagine think about lazy
17:37 . It'd be kind of like, just gonna kind of swim like this
17:39 of like a shark does in the , just kind of sits there and
17:43 of goes back and forth just trying find a signal. And then once
17:47 shark smells the blood, what does do? It starts narrowing in on
17:51 that signal is and that's what sperm . And they actually start swinging their
17:56 in such a way that it's and then they just start moving faster
18:01 faster and faster. So they're ultimately to get to the ampulla. And
18:05 is like a little uh indicator How long it takes? So,
18:10 30 to 60 minutes you'll have what is that 1, 1/1000 of
18:16 sperm finding their way to the Not too bad. Would you say
18:23 are pretty good swimmers? 30 minutes get 8 to 10 inches for a
18:29 that you need a microscope to look about that long. Not too
18:37 That's pretty darn quick if you think it. So when it gets
18:42 what does it find something that looks this? Now, this is both
18:48 good picture and a terrible picture. a terrible picture because you can't really
18:52 anything here, but it demonstrates what want to try to show here.
18:56 in here, you can see the , right? You see a little
18:58 things that look like tadpoles swimming Oh Look looks like there's one with
19:01 tails there. Amazing might be too top of each other, but it's
19:06 two tailed. All right. And you're seeing here, this is the
19:10 and the ovum is surrounded by this uh structure that's called the zona
19:16 It's actually made up of a bunch different uh glycoproteins and they're arranged in
19:19 specific or arrangement that this sperm can . And then outside the zona pellucida
19:26 a bunch of those cumulus cells which granulosa cells that hitched along for the
19:31 . So when that ovum ovulated it went with those uh cells with
19:36 . So if you go back and at that tertiary follicle, you'll see
19:41 oocytes surrounding it and what you can't in the picture, which is why
19:45 think it's not a good picture is holding everything together are another type of
19:51 or several different glycoproteins that kind of as kind of a a sticky
19:55 And you can see here these are big cells, here are granulosa cells
20:00 are leaving this corona radiata and corona means radiating crown, right? So
20:06 can imagine it's like, oh, the crown around the ovum. And
20:09 they're doing is they're slowly floating away they're kind of being held in place
20:14 everywhere around here are those glycoproteins. the thing is just slowly dissolving and
20:21 out and we'll do so for about hours. And then once all of
20:25 things have broken away, then uh is about 24 hours. Uh then
20:29 uh ovum will basically die. So have like 24 hours for a sperm
20:34 be able to find this bad Ok. I did say bad
20:39 All right. So what is the to do? Well, the function
20:46 is the sperm has to work its through these glycoproteins and in between these
20:52 and through all the glycoproteins finally through dense cells to get to the zona
20:57 . And the thing that's telling it do that is the progesterone. So
21:00 like working really, really hard to there and when it finds the Zon
21:04 , it will interact with the zona with its acrosome. All right.
21:09 this is kind of what that is cartoon form. So step one,
21:14 come across this structure. It's what call the cumulus oo site structure
21:20 right? So I'm gonna work my first through the corona radiata. And
21:27 this is where that hyper activation becomes . I'm wiggling my way through fighting
21:30 way through all these proteins and in the cells. And then I'm gonna
21:35 up to the Zona pellucida, which kind of like a hard shell made
21:38 of all these proteins. And there's on the surface of that sperm that
21:45 that zona pellucida proteins. There's actually couple of them, you can see
21:49 labeled up. There is EP not important. And what do you
21:52 ZP stands for zona pellucida protein That's, it's really boring,
21:59 Um There's a two, there's a , there's a four and there's A's
22:01 B's in there. But what happens is that, that acrosome recognizes Zona
22:06 proteins and it's specific to the right? So you can't get a
22:13 sperm to recognize human ZP proteins, can't get a horse sperm to recognize
22:18 or whatever they are very species even though they're very similar to one
22:23 . All right. So, this one of the things that forces speciation
22:27 the presence of these proteins here. so that acrosome comes along and recognizes
22:32 and it causes the acrosome to burst . And what did we have inside
22:35 acrosome? Do you remember bunch of to break down the zone of
22:42 And so what's gonna happen here is that hyperactive movement is, is serving
22:47 of like a drill to push that through and those enzymes are breaking down
22:51 proteins. And so what you're seeing is you're seeing our uh sperm head
22:57 its way through driving into that And what's gonna happen is you'll see
23:03 , notice how we have this little here. All right, that space
23:09 where that sperm is trying to All right. So the ovum doesn't
23:13 up against the zon of pusa like , the ovum sits next to the
23:19 pellucida. There's a space in So what you're trying to do is
23:21 trying to get that sperm into that and it's going to try to fuse
23:26 that ovum. All right. And what's gonna happen. Now, the
23:30 thing is like, you think it's , oh in, in the picture
23:33 shows like, oh look, it's head that does the, the
23:36 it's not the head, it's actually mid piece that does. So that's
23:41 you have to kind of get in . And so it lies flat.
23:44 then when it does that, then see what's going on here is that
23:48 molecules that made up the head, plasma membrane that made up the head
23:53 breaks down and it severs from the piece and from the tail and then
23:58 pro nucleus is now received by the . So that's what the fusion
24:05 And then at the same time, it does is like running in a
24:09 when you cross the finish line, do you do? You break the
24:12 ? Right? And so the first that does that, that breaks the
24:17 is going to cause a chemical reaction takes place at the plasma membrane.
24:22 gonna do two things. All And so that's what this next slide
24:27 . Sorry, block to polys All right. So the first step
24:33 to cause what is called the cortical . All right. Well, it
24:38 is encompassed by the cortical reaction. this does is it causes this massive
24:43 of calcium. This is basically the . And so if you actually go
24:46 watch it, you can see like waves of calcium increasing over time as
24:52 comes flooding into the cell. So a depolarization, right? And what
24:57 gonna do is it's gonna cause the to remove the receptors that the sperm
25:02 recognize. All right. So what that doing? If I remove the
25:07 ? Can any other sperm interact with cell. What do you think?
25:12 . OK. The second thing that does is it causes the zona pellucida
25:18 molecules to rearrange themselves. So remember said they have a specific arrangement.
25:22 let's say they're arranged like this. is what the actors can recognize what
25:26 do is they rearrange themselves like And now the zona pellucida cannot be
25:32 with, with the acrosome. So basically stopping it, stopping fertilization by
25:39 sperm at two different levels. You're saying we don't want you to penetrate
25:44 hard shell. And if you happen get in here, roughly around the
25:48 time, we're basically not making any available to you to actually buy
25:54 Why, why do we care about ? Well, when you're an organism
26:00 a human, how many chromosomes do want of each type two? And
26:07 two sperms showed up with one of , how many would you have?
26:14 ? That's one, too many. right. This, this idea of
26:19 extra chromosomes is detrimental to the And it will be the first thing
26:25 causes this new organism to fail. if two happen to get in at
26:29 same time, the whole program stops we dissolve everything. All right.
26:36 this is the mechanism to prevent that happening. All right. So if
26:40 have one, that's a half a ahead of the other one, tough
26:46 , half a second is just all need to be able to pull in
26:49 receptors. It's really kind of All right. So this is a
26:55 of the calcium, the recognition proteins mentioned zapala is restructured and it's,
27:02 trying to show you the vesicles that that up in that picture.
27:09 right now, we have something kind interesting going on. All right,
27:14 activated our sperm. Sperm found the to the ovum. Swam through,
27:19 , yeah, swam through, make I'm not saying swam. That's swam
27:23 the corona radiata found the Zon aelita reaction is what it's called, broke
27:29 the uh Zonula got into the Patell space, merged plasma membrane caused the
27:36 reaction, blocked a polyspermy and we him a pronucleus. But we have
27:41 problem. What is our problem? wrong with our site? Has too
27:48 DNA. Remember it went through meiosis . So it is haploid, but
27:53 has double the DNA. It needs remove that excess DNA. So the
27:58 thing that this initiates is the removal that DNA. This is that second
28:04 division. And what you're going to is you're basically going to create a
28:07 body. So every time that an site divides, it's basically taking that
28:12 DNA and shoving it off into AAA . I'm just going to put it
28:17 quotation cell. That's the polar It's not a real cell. It
28:21 divide, it can't do anything. just basically is a place to send
28:25 DNA so that I can go die horrible little death. All right,
28:31 , I'm gonna show you something We're gonna go back a couple of
28:37 more than a couple. All What we're looking at in this picture
28:40 is actually mouse. All right. this is true for a human as
28:43 . And I want to show something . That's kind of cool. All
28:49 , this is a scanning electron All right, you can see
28:54 this is our O site and you see, I hear all the little
28:58 , the little hairy things, those things are the proteins that are on
29:01 surface of the o site. So what is the sperm interacting with
29:09 little hairy things so far? Are with me? So where do you
29:13 the sperm in the picture where the things are? Do you see a
29:17 spot over here that bald spots tell that the offspring is gonna be
29:25 No, that bald spot exists for reason. What do you think is
29:29 the other side of that bald Huh. I couldn't hear you.
29:38 . Think. What's that? this, this, we're showing the
29:43 interacting up here. So it's something belongs to the O site. What
29:48 you think is on the other side that bald spot? Because this is
29:51 outside of the cell. It's the of the ache. So, what
30:00 done is we're saying this is where pro nucleus of the ovum is located
30:05 the o site. And we want sperm to deliver their pronucleus some distance
30:12 . Why? Well, I got to do over here. I still
30:15 meiosis to do so I want to it far away so I can finish
30:19 program. And so if you look o sites under the, you
30:23 under the electron micrograph or electron this is what you'll see and it
30:28 you exactly where that nucleus is So the sperm is interacting at a
30:35 away. So that when the nucleus in from the sperm, it still
30:40 to be moved to that other pronucleus gives this pronucleus time to go through
30:46 second myotic division. Yeah, if was like right here, apparently that's
30:54 you know, if you have the of those proteins, it's apparently far
30:57 away that it's not interfering with the , right? Because if it didn't
31:02 interfere, then you wouldn't have structure that. Eventually you'd see these things
31:08 further and further away in your, whatever the next subsequent organisms. So
31:12 , think in terms of evolutionary right, those things which allow for
31:18 to take place would be preserved. so here we see it being
31:23 Yeah. And that kind of cool it's like it's already designed in such
31:28 way or you know, made in a way so that we can actually
31:33 , go through the different steps. if we go back over here,
31:40 right, we're going to shed that chrome's DNA as that pronucleus. And
31:47 that's when the two pro nuclei come . And then now you're back in
31:53 , one where you learn about mitosis two sets of chromosomes get together,
31:58 divide them up or you duplicate the and then you split and now you're
32:03 through the mitotic stages of the right? Of the zygote is what
32:10 would call it. All right. this, when fertilization occurs is when
32:17 have the new organism. So when those stages occur, once that,
32:21 you end up getting rid of that DNA, now you have something that
32:26 in theory viable, right? And that's the new organism. So now
32:32 in developmental biology. Now we're at beginning of life instead of the making
32:36 the life or talking about the different , parts. OK. So far
32:41 guys with me. So this is you know, is, is,
32:45 pretty complex. But if you just of line it up and say,
32:50 , what are the steps? I gotta break through this, break
32:51 this break through this, do do this, do this? It's
32:54 straightforward. So I think there's like steps or seven steps, whatever that
32:58 at the beginning said you guys ready go to a little bit of developmental
33:05 . What do you think? All , next slide, I don't know
33:10 I point that way. It's literally there. So, OK, so
33:15 we have a zygote. Zygote is complete organism really capable of mitotic
33:20 Within 24 hours that DNA is gonna together, it's gonna go through,
33:24 beginning the process of mitosis. And you're gonna see one cell turn into
33:29 , turn into 44, turn into . And then at eight, that's
33:34 we start seeing the weird stuff starting happen because you'd think, oh,
33:37 , it's gonna go to 16. , that's when we start seeing
33:40 So you can see uh a uh that can have somewhere between 12 and
33:45 cells. So we're now actually differentiating into what kind of roles they're gonna
33:51 playing, which is really kind of if you think about it,
33:55 you mean it's this early on? . So if you took one of
34:00 and teased those two cells apart, would have clones. If you took
34:04 and tease those cells apart, you'd four clones. And if you tease
34:08 you'd probably have eight clones. Although now there's probably some distinction that's taking
34:13 to allow them to be kind of . But if you want to know
34:16 identical twins come from, yeah, in there because what you've done is
34:24 taken two things that are identical, the same genome. Haven't gone through
34:28 sort of differentiation and you've split them so that they can develop, starting
34:32 the one cell, one cell If you teased one cell from there
34:36 left the other three behind, you have identical twins. All right.
34:41 the idea. Fraternal twins. Totally . That's where you're gonna have two
34:45 eggs and two different sperm. Fine. That has to more do
34:54 what the female body can handle with to um how mu how much uh
35:01 know, fetus and, and placenta and also the extra embryonic tissues that
35:09 can handle together. But generally like I say, the, the
35:12 number is 10 to twe you really, it's 10 to £15.
35:15 know that's really, really generous because , please, please, you don't
35:18 £15 babies. But, you but that's kind of like it's in
35:23 range. And so why would idents very similar? Well, they're probably
35:27 at the same rate. Whereas what uh your fraternals? Like my daughter
35:32 almost a full ounce smaller than my , but she also had other complications
35:38 one less uh uh uh umbilical vascular vein or artery. I can't remember
35:45 . So there's some developmental differences there well. So my, my younger
35:52 twins are fraternal and they were within couple of ounces of each other.
36:03 . Where? Yeah, So at point, what you're starting to do
36:08 you're starting to see the formation of extra embryonic tissue versus the embryonic tissue
36:15 also orientation. So it's not orientation is not the same that you'd see
36:20 in frogs where you have a vegetable and an animal pole. But
36:25 is still an up and a down those things are starting to, to
36:30 present themselves at this point. And , because we're now molecular scientists,
36:36 opposed to macro scientists or micro they can go in and they can
36:40 tease out which genes are being turned at which point. And so some
36:44 these are getting very early on homeobox that other ones are not getting.
36:49 so the definition of what's what what is becoming more and more specific
36:57 vague, how's that? I it's specific in terms of what you're
37:00 here, but it's not like, , this means this is gonna
37:04 right? Um So what you're going end up with is around day
37:09 all this is taking place inside the tube. And what's interesting here is
37:17 muscles that surround the uterine tube near it enters into the body of the
37:23 is actually constricted. All right. so what we're saying here is that
37:27 if that uh that blastocyst were to right up there and ready to go
37:31 the uterus, the uterine tube is I'm not letting you forward and it
37:36 to do that because the uterus is ready for implantation. All right.
37:41 , if you think of the uterine , remember, we said it's 28
37:45 . Day 14 is ovulation. You 24 hours from ovulation to fertilize because
37:51 the oocyte dies. So you are inside the uterine tube in, during
37:57 progestational phase for roughly six days for days. All right, because we
38:05 haven't prepared the uterus quite the, , the way that we should
38:09 it's not ready yet. All you know, like we still have
38:12 put up the bassinets and we still to do, you know, pick
38:15 versus pink, that sort of Right. Wallpaper. Yeah.
38:20 yeah, that's what the uterus is . Ok? No, actually the
38:25 is doing a whole bunch of different . We'll get to that in a
38:27 . All right. But what's, gonna happen is that? So you
38:30 see here. So here's the morula the morula is going through a
38:34 what's called compaction. So it is contained by the Zona Pellucida. And
38:41 cells are dividing and they're getting smaller smaller and smaller. But they're
38:45 they, the, the structure can't any bigger because you're constrained. And
38:49 will have to happen is you will to hatch. You will, I
38:54 , so we, we do hatch right, very early on. So
38:57 the Zon Appaloosa is gonna be ripped destroyed and then that little morula pops
39:02 and now you have the morula that's and it will ultimately differentiate into a
39:07 which we'll see in the next All right. Now here, who
39:10 speaks Spanish Spanish speakers? No one here speaks Spanish. I always have
39:16 least one. Thank you. What's in Spanish? That blueberry? No
39:26 knows. Well, it's derived from same Latin term morula and moral
39:36 Morel. All right, let's take look at that moula. Does it
39:41 like a blackberry to you? Yes, it does. OK.
39:49 why. So that's where the name from. It's based on what it
39:52 like. All right, so what's happen here is that muscle begins to
39:59 around day five. And now that moves its way into the uterus and
40:06 the same time, it undergoes a transformation here. That differentiation that we
40:12 seeing around that uh 8 to 16 8 to 12 slash 16 stage is
40:19 outer tissue becomes unique of that ball the tissue on the inside starts uh
40:27 in such a way that it creates bubble, the space. And so
40:32 cells that were making up the inside pushed to one side and that's what
40:36 end up calling a blastocyst. And that picture. So the inner cell
40:41 , which is what that is referred the IC M that is the
40:46 the stuff on the outside. That the structure that's gonna form the extra
40:52 tissue. What you're more familiar with of the Coron and the placenta.
40:57 right, the Amnon as well is other because placenta is formed from the
41:03 . All right. Again, we're gonna go into all those little tiny
41:06 here, but you have a fluid when you get pregnant. What's one
41:14 they do is they break and what they break through the, the the
41:20 and you get water, right? fluid. That's it right there.
41:26 starting to begin there. Ok. , these two populations of cells,
41:32 ones that make out the outer these are called the trophoblast cells.
41:37 right, they're the ones that are be the extra embryonic tissue, the
41:41 cell mass in the middle that is the embryo blast. Whenever you see
41:46 in a word in biology, it beginning or immature, right? So
41:52 the early stages. So like a is not immature fibro site,
41:58 So this is the same sort of you're saying these are the things that
42:00 are gonna uh give rise to and you're gonna do is this structure which
42:06 now two unique or distinct populations of is now inside the uterus and it
42:12 to find its way to into or that, that um tissue that makes
42:18 the the uh the walls of the , the endometrium, put your hands
42:24 this. All right. Good, . All right. You're now looking
42:30 how a uterus normally looks like it's of a hollow structure right now.
42:36 I'm trying to implant, it's really to do. So, because there's
42:40 one side in which I can If I'm an embryo in humans,
42:45 on the side where you see the blast. So you can see in
42:48 little picture there, you can see embryo blast where the cells are.
42:52 can see how it's implanting on that . In mice, it's the opposite
42:55 . I do not know why. right, but it is, but
42:58 where the proper, proper markers are to be. So to find and
43:03 a bouncing ball to land properly on surface, it's going to take a
43:07 of effort. So one of the that has to happen apart from making
43:12 the right markers on the walls of endometrium is I want to make it
43:17 easy as possible for implantation to And so one of the signals in
43:21 of growing the endometrium is to bring walls in close apposition to one
43:30 So if I'm a bouncing embryo, hard is it now to get the
43:33 side against the wall of the endometrium to this? Right, one
43:40 Good luck. 25% chance here, now have a like a 50%
43:47 And so that's one of the first that you have to go through is
43:51 process of apposition as a result of endometrium changing its shape. You all
43:59 of an IUD. Yes, inter device. It's a form of birth
44:04 . You go see a doctor. insert this really weird looking spring thing
44:08 the uterus and it prevents pregnancy. did they discover it? Arabs who
44:14 uh trading across the desert? Figured if they put pebbles inside the uteruses
44:18 their camels didn't get pregnant on the routes. So you mean if I
44:24 how the uterus creates opposition, I pregnancy? Yes, that's what they're
44:30 is basically holding the walls away from other. So it's really hard for
44:35 to occur. Did anyone know the of Iu Ds? It's like
44:41 It's 7080 somewhere around there, not effective because you still have a
44:47 but a greater chance. And then you did not have one. All
44:53 . So that's what it apposition So notice here we have, I
44:58 there was three es but I or three A's but I guess
45:01 I think more of my other So then the second step, now
45:04 is the adhesive phase. The adhesion is all right. As I was
45:08 my blast assist, I was putting right markers on the trop blast cells
45:13 the embryo blast and then the, uh endometrium was putting all the right
45:20 up so that I could recognize that that's coming in. So now we
45:25 a way to recognize each other. so when that side of that tr
45:28 of that blastocyst lays down uh onto surface, those markers are gonna catch
45:36 other and that's where you're gonna get adhesion. Now, that's not enough
45:44 the purpose of the endometrium is to an environment that is going to cover
45:48 protect. And so now the truffle which have been rec who now recognized
45:52 the process of of adhesion um where need to be, they start releasing
45:58 that start destroying and breaking down the wall in a process that's called
46:04 And so you can see it up day seven. So notice day seven
46:08 is day seven after ovulation. So when is the perfect time to
46:14 a pregnancy test right after, right you missed your period? No,
46:20 best time to do it is a bit after the ovulation when you expect
46:26 to be getting pregnant. All And what happens is is that you
46:30 breaking down th that, that um and those trophoblast cells begin to mutate
46:37 change and they start for forming this cell, which is called a ssio
46:43 blast cell. You can think of as a blob lack of a better
46:47 , basically multiple nuclei, one cell and that's what you're seeing here is
46:51 is the formation of the troop of sio trop blast. Now, the
46:55 cells are referred to as cytotrophoblast. they are cells not a sensum.
47:02 what's gonna happen is you start penetrating and you start busting through blood
47:08 And so what you create is a contact with the blood so that you
47:11 pull nutrients from the capillaries, you're bust through uterine glands. And so
47:15 are you gonna be picking up is that glycogen. So this blob is
47:20 like the blob from the, from movie where it's like kind of going
47:23 and just taking things in. And it's giving nutrients and materials to that
47:28 so that it can survive, which again, demonstrating that you have a
47:33 limited amount of time. There's a small window for all of these things
47:36 all these things to work. It's you have five days. So you
47:41 one day to get yourself pregnant and you have like five days for
47:46 If you fail that, then this will die and then you restart the
47:52 program all over again. All So to be clear, we have
47:59 initio trophoblast or right there making the side atrophy blasts out here. You
48:06 see the embryo is this right That's what this is trying to show
48:11 and eventually it will work its way until it is finally embedded its way
48:16 the uh endometrium. And then the grows over and protects that developing
48:25 So why do humans and a couple other organisms have a menses? Because
48:30 this thing fails, we wanna completely out the uterus so that we can
48:36 a fresh environment so that this if it's slightly dead or failed or
48:41 , isn't releasing chemicals to prevent a from occurring. All right, that's
48:48 it's our reproductive strategy. So here's AAA clear picture. So day
48:55 post ovulation, that's when you would embedded. And here, this is
49:01 we care about this initio trophoblast. not just penetrating its way through what
49:06 doing is it's, it's, it's just establishing an environment that's picking up
49:11 from the capillaries. It's not just up the glycogen from the uterine
49:15 What it starts doing is it starts a chemical message. HCG, human
49:22 gonadotropin and that HCG is a signal to the corpus luteum says we have
49:32 embryo, it is implanted, keep progesterone and that's how you maintain the
49:41 . HCG. OK. I'm gonna this word again real quick because we're
49:45 talk about these in just a What is I just told you?
49:48 , human Chon. So it's coming what's gonna form the Coron and it's
49:54 gonadotropin. So, what's it related FSH and LH and it's actually the
50:03 same molecule as FSH. It's just in the Coron. So FSH is
50:09 signal back to say, hey, done it now. We could spend
50:14 lot of time talking about all these things when things happen. I wanted
50:17 mention up the placenta here. All . So what is the placenta?
50:21 is simply a brand new organ. , ladies, you created a uh
50:25 corpus luteum. You do that every days when you get pregnant. Corpus
50:30 is going to be stain. But it'll be uh not replaced but uh
50:34 and over and eventually overcome by this new organ that you get to
50:40 So you get to produce two new . Guys don't get to produce
50:43 We don't, we, we're pretty . We just are we make sperm
50:47 sperm. All right. But here's place, it's a uh a dual
50:52 . It's made from structures that come the fetus and it's made from structures
50:56 come from the mom. So there's and fetal. So if you look
51:00 this picture right here, see this boundary of cells, da da,
51:03 , da, da, da, , da, da, da,
51:04 da. That is the maternal So everything you see on this side
51:08 from the fetus, everything you see that side is the mom. And
51:12 trying to show here is the So this would be what we call
51:16 sid endometrium All right, but you see what we have is we have
51:21 structures that are very, very close each other in close apposition to one
51:25 . And the boundary is from maternal . But what happens is that blood
51:30 that were broken into, from that are creating pools of mixed blood next
51:37 the fetal tissue. And so nutrients this material are gonna cross over and
51:43 is the fetal tissue right here. yellow line, right? And what
51:48 doing is you're moving materials into the and out of the veins to mix
51:53 the blood. Um that's in that . So that's the whole purpose of
51:57 placenta is to allow for the exchange materials between the mother and the and
52:01 fetus. All right. And so can imagine it's not well oxygenated,
52:06 it is oxygenated, right? It's mixed blood, it's not perfect.
52:11 arterial blood would be with no waste it. It has a mixture of
52:15 . But because you're again dealing with , you expect things to move down
52:19 gradients. So oxygen and glucose and things go into the fetus and carbon
52:25 and waste materials come out the other and then blood leaving goes back through
52:29 veins, materials being delivered, come the spiral arteries and that's where the
52:35 take place through that, through that . Now, I was fortunate when
52:39 was a grad student, I worked some placental stuff, mostly in
52:42 But every now and then we wanted get a human uh placenta. So
52:46 call up the hospital and say, , can we come up and get
52:47 uh a placenta tissue or placenta And they would say sure, come
52:52 up, we just had one, know, we, we have a
52:54 giving birth today, just come up this time. We'll have it for
52:57 . So I'm going up there on couple occasions. Think I'm gonna get
53:00 little tiny sample in the, in , in the uh EPF tube,
53:04 know, like maybe a couple of , a couple of grams. Now
53:07 just come out with a big old . There you go, £9 placenta
53:12 at it. They are the weirdest things you'll ever see smooth on one
53:15 and bumpy and flowery on the other . So kind of cool. All
53:22 . So it plays this role of exchange. Um but it's also an
53:32 organ. All right. And so I want to do for the last
53:35 bit here is I want to look some of these hormones because you
53:40 this stuff makes me excited. I how excited you get. So um
53:46 off, I just kind of want show you here. So uh this
53:49 uh showing you the effects of the hormones. So here you can see
53:54 is early development. So this would the small placenta that hasn't really formed
54:00 yet. But over here we have corpus luteum, right? And so
54:03 showing you HCG is having a massive . But what we're doing is we're
54:08 back to cause the production of progesterone estrogen, right? So we're preventing
54:14 and LH from being made from the gland. But what we are doing
54:19 we are, we've induced HCG to made. And now the HCG is
54:25 as that um mechanism to uh a to promote estrogen and progesterone production from
54:32 corpus luteum. All right. By time you move to the second
54:37 second trimester, excuse me, the has gotten a little bit bigger,
54:43 . So it's gonna have a larger . It doesn't mean that the corpus
54:48 isn't still producing its progesterone and But it's, it's relatively speaking,
54:53 less than what the placenta is capable producing. And eventually by the third
54:59 , placenta is basically taken over. right. And again, I'm just
55:05 to give you a sense from my example here, £9 placenta, corpus
55:13 . That's about four centimeters. All . So, relative size, relative
55:20 . So what do all these HCG prevents corpus luteum from gen
55:26 So I can make my progesterone and . What does progesterone do? It
55:31 progestational hormone, it promotes pregnancy. you can see how we're moving from
55:37 corpus luteum ultimately to the placenta it telling the anterior pituitary don't produce your
55:43 . We're gonna rely on the Now. All right, the other
55:46 that it does is it makes the and the memory glands get bigger.
55:52 right. And again, this is promote pregnancy. And why are we
55:55 memory bigger? Because in nine the role of the female body is
56:02 nourish lactate. All right, with to estrogen, it's gonna relax those
56:09 on top of suppressing the gonadotropin. we have not talked about the anatomy
56:15 we briefly mentioned the broad ligament, was the big old dress. Remember
56:19 said you could do this. That's one of about five major ligaments that
56:22 found in the abdominal cavities surrounding the . All right. And so what
56:26 doing is you're going to grow the . Everyone make fist shake it at
56:31 . Cursed man. Right. There go. Thank you. Everyone needs
56:39 play my game. All right. is the size of your uterus.
56:44 right. Think of a baby brand new newborn. All right.
56:50 of a £9 placenta and then all amniotic fluid that goes with it.
56:56 think how big your uterus has to basketball plus a volleyball. OK.
57:04 . I mean, we, we about, I look so big.
57:07 feel so big. Yeah, you big. All right, you are
57:10 carrying a basketball in the volleyball plus . All right. That's OK,
57:14 afterwards it'll shrink back down to the of a fist, a bigger
57:18 but a fist. All right. those ligaments need to relax to allow
57:25 to happen. So that's part of role of estrogen. We have another
57:30 which you would think does the role relaxing the ligaments because it's called
57:35 But it doesn't relaxant's job is to angiogenesis. What is angiogenesis when you
57:43 the word angio, what do you of vessels? So, angiogenesis,
57:51 vessels, it is promoting the production blood vessels in the placenta in the
57:57 of the uterine wall. All Now, this is produced both by
58:02 corpus luteum and the placenta. We crh, I'm really sad that I
58:07 have a slide talking about the whole that governs uh uh uh part
58:14 I used to do it. But I, so I used to sign
58:17 in this class, right? And I think this was the first semester
58:20 didn't do that because thank Chat GP OK. So yeah, I don't
58:25 to do papers because chat GP But that means you guys are gonna
58:29 one step behind all the smart people learn how to write. All
58:33 That's OK. It could be replaced robots. Anyway, I'm cheesy.
58:38 be replaced by robots, you'll work them. Um Anyway, so the
58:45 I don't have the full thing here because I one of the paper assignments
58:50 what is the role of crh in tuition? And so I wanted people
58:53 go and look up the whole But crh is the signal corticotropic releasing
58:59 . Have we seen this hormone someplace ? She thinks so. And we
59:05 , do you remember where hypothalamus, releasing hormone acts on the anterior pituitary
59:15 the release of ac th which acts the adrenal cortex which causes the release
59:19 all sorts of fun things. All here, what Crh is doing,
59:23 being made by the placenta. So is a placenta specific crh and it
59:29 a major role in the induction of tuition. In other words, it's
59:35 one that serves as a signal says time to give birth. So it's
59:38 placenta doing the work. So you get to decide when you're giving
59:42 I mean, you can, I , you can go set a date
59:44 the doctor will induce you. But you're doing natural, it's actually the
59:49 is basically saying, OK, we're . Let's, let's go ahead
59:52 and start going through the steps that going to describe here in a little
59:56 . The last one I want to out here is HPL, which is
59:59 placental lactogen. Remember we said it a relative of growth hormone. It's
60:02 member of the growth hormone fact, family. And here I'm pointing it
60:06 because it plays a major role in . All right. And what does
60:12 do? Well, what we're doing we're going to favor fat metabolism for
60:17 mom and glucose. What we're gonna is we're gonna go ahead and release
60:21 and send that to the fetus and the fetus to nourish off of
60:26 All right. So, we have a mechanism where we're promoting a um
60:35 of the fetus over survival of not of the mother. We're providing it
60:38 , the best energy, the quickest , right? Whereas fat would take
60:44 . So this is one of the that we're doing is we're changing how
60:47 works in the female body. One the things that it does is it
60:52 uh uh in uh insulin by inhibiting actions. All right, or the
60:58 of insulin. So that's what it . All right. Moving on
61:07 38 weeks is what is considered Um First pregnancies usually go 41
61:14 So, double bonus, uh latter will go about 38 maybe 37.
61:20 there's kind of a, a shifty in there. Um There are a
61:24 of physical changes that are gonna be place. Uh Here again, there's
61:28 uh uterus size of a fist. , you can see there's the uterus
61:32 fairly large, basketball, volleyball size ba basketball, plus volleyball. All
61:38 . So what's going on? We're to get uterine enlargement, breast enlargement
61:42 the ability to actually produce milk. won't do it during pregnancy, but
61:45 breasts are enlarging in preparation for All right, we're going to see
61:51 requirements increase. All right, you're for two now. And if you're
61:55 for two, you're going to gain as a function of both that fetus
61:59 , plus the nourishment and the nutrients you're putting in your own body.
62:03 second thing that's going to happen as result of that is that you're going
62:06 be producing more blood vessels because of weight gain. And so that means
62:11 blood volume increases as well. So going to see an increase in blood
62:16 as a function of all that. also gonna be peeing for two.
62:19 gonna be pooping for two, you're be doing everything for two about
62:24 This started happening. I was All right, you're gonna breathe for
62:29 . And so that's what all these are. So, everything that you're
62:32 now is for two. So you just imagine everything is going up.
62:36 right. And then part tuition comes , this is labor and delivery and
62:40 birth. So a couple of things gonna have to happen again. You
62:43 make your fist at me and I you to look down your hand.
62:47 right. That is a cervical That little tiny hole. Can a
62:51 head get through that? No, got to change that. And so
62:56 going to have to go through two and remember we saw that muscle,
62:59 muscle had length to, it, it? So, what we're gonna
63:02 is we're gonna do two things. gonna do. Dilation, which is
63:04 make that uh os larger. And we're gonna do is EFA which is
63:08 make that muscle thinner. All So what you're doing is you're flattening
63:12 like soap and you're putting a big hole in the middle. So I'm
63:16 going to jump ahead one slide just give you. This is one of
63:19 favorite pictures to show you guys. not actually dilation, but if you've
63:24 watched this, it's like, all . So this is the normal cervical
63:29 , right? So it's like a . There is a little tiny hole
63:31 the middle of the Cheerio and you see what you're trying to get to
63:34 you're trying to get to 10 Have you, have you heard
63:36 You know, it's like, she's at 10 centimeters, she's
63:39 Well, a bagel is roughly 10 . All right. So you kind
63:44 get the sense here of size that trying to get to. Now,
63:49 have great pictures of me holding my , you know, and their heads
63:52 the size of oranges, maybe small , you know, that's normal.
63:57 not trying to scare you all. just, that's how, how they
64:02 . All right. And it's gonna something like this if you want to
64:05 a picture. So basically, it through and they go sideways and they
64:09 shoulders through and then out it comes right. But here's the effacement you
64:14 see here, see how it's nice thick and out here there would be
64:19 dilation and there's the effacement how it's out. All right. So as
64:27 come through this, what is actually . So I'm back to slides
64:31 All right. So there's oxytocin. right. Oxytocin produced by the posterior
64:37 or it's produced by the hypothalamic but from the posterior pituitary. All
64:40 what that's gonna do is it's gonna to receptors that's gonna cause a release
64:44 um of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins coming from uterine tissue as well as from the
64:52 . And then those prostaglandins are binding their receptors and it's gonna cause contractions
64:56 the myometrium. All right. if I have a cervix, that's
65:01 this and I have a head that's this and it comes up against
65:06 Is that fetus gonna go anywhere? goodness. Right. So, what's
65:12 to happen is that you're going to the pressure on that cervix and the
65:16 receptors are going to recognize that and going to send a signal right back
65:18 to the posterior pituitary and they're going say, hey, we need you
65:23 release more of these chemicals. the other thing that the chemicals are
65:28 to be doing is they're gonna cause of that cervix and they're gonna cause
65:32 muscle to flatten out. And so you're doing is you're getting pressure that
65:37 causing a positive feedback loop to cause some more Oxytocin and prostaglandins, which
65:42 gonna keep pushing that fetus up against uh hard structure, that cervix.
65:48 it's just gonna cause that this pattern keep going and going and going until
65:52 finally get expulsion. So the goal is to get the dilation, get
65:58 effacement and then you can pass on . So those stages are defined
66:03 Cervical dilation. The first stages, is the longest stage. It can
66:07 just a couple of hours, it last up to 24 hours. One
66:10 my close friends, she wanted to a natural childbirth at home. She
66:14 over 24 hours close to about 30 and they f the DUA finally said
66:18 gotta go to the hospital because it gonna happen here. She wasn't dilating
66:23 . So they took her to the in the middle of labor when we
66:26 about labor and how hard labor This is what we're talking about is
66:29 stage right here. All right. the effacement and the um dilation
66:35 All right, you will see the of the amniotic sac. So that's
66:38 water. But you know, that's water sack bursting. If you've heard
66:42 phrase before then the next stage is rather short, the expulsion stage.
66:48 could be 30 to 90 minutes. this is the one that everyone's,
66:51 know, fearful of. But this the one that everyone complains about because
66:55 the one that hurts. But this because by then your body's produced so
66:58 endorphins, you could care less. it's just like, let's just get
67:01 over with. And it actually is quick. My wife, I brag
67:05 her every time I teach this first two twins, she gave birth
67:09 him within 20 minutes of each And it was like when she went
67:13 , it was like boom bump, know, it's incredibly fast so it
67:18 go by fairly quickly. All Now this is going to help because
67:23 you're doing is you're getting the uterine that are pushing the baby forward just
67:26 you see in these pictures over But also that's when they're telling you
67:29 do the push, push and then husband's sitting there going right over and
67:35 again. Right. We, we a really good job that that's
67:38 our responsibility, right? And then the baby is born and everyone's all
67:43 and they go and do the Apgar and then they, they take the
67:47 and wash off all the blood and can hand it to you and you're
67:49 , oh, and they put it your skin and that's a bonding or
67:53 time. And there's all sorts of stuff going on and no one ever
67:56 that poor little nurse sitting behind the uh the curtain with the uh sitting
68:01 at, at the vagina, sitting going like this waiting for stage
68:06 which is the placental stage because remember have to give birth to that
68:12 And what's interesting is the uterus which going through all those fibrillations through the
68:16 and stuff after the birth of the start just kind of vibrating like so
68:21 it causes the, the placenta to of shake off the wall and then
68:25 it comes, huh? Now it comes. Yeah. And also you
68:32 to remember the birth canal has actually distended a little bit and you've got
68:35 to pull on. You do have umbilical cord, right? But it's
68:38 straightforward at that point. So, , so that's referred to the
68:44 It takes 15 to 30 minutes. one ever thinks about this stuff.
68:47 all get done at the expulsion stage you know, that's why we're
68:51 No one's gonna go, oh look placenta. Except for me when I
68:54 up there and say if I have placenta plan, they're like here you
68:56 £9 you know. So, all . Last two slides deal with the
69:02 glands and I told you these two , uh the uh part tuition and
69:09 were like minor or really the minor . So here when we come to
69:12 mammary glands, these are present, the males and females. I told
69:15 already that they're a modified sweat Um We're gonna look at first the
69:21 pregnant female. So there is a structure. It's large there underneath
69:26 So it's basically fatty tissue that sits top of muscular tissue and inside that
69:30 tissue is where the glandular tissue It's there. Both males have it
69:34 females have it. The difference being , can you shut up back
69:37 We're still in the middle of Thank you. She, you my
69:44 voice, right. So, um we have here is uh we do
69:50 glandular tissue there. It's, it's we would call mature glandular tissue,
69:55 it's not capable of producing milk It has to go through a
70:00 So what I say here, rudimentary undeveloped, what it means is that
70:03 hasn't gone to the point where it actually produce milk. Ok. But
70:09 primarily fat plus as glandular tissue When pregnancy comes along, we're going
70:14 have some hormones that are going to a role in converting them into this
70:19 form. All right. So this is just like salary glands,
70:22 going to have alveoli. So you kind of see here structure, there's
70:26 work there is the alveoli, the , where is the, where is
70:29 milk produced, there's muscular musculature around ducts. And so what we're gonna
70:33 is we're going to squeeze on the and squeeze on the alveoli and that's
70:37 to press and push the milk All right. So, how do
70:41 get this? Oh, yeah. the breasts are actually held placed by
70:43 ligaments. So young perky breasts, they begin sagging because ligaments stretch over
70:51 . Sorry, it's true for all us. You guys. All
70:55 So how does lactation occur? what is going on? Well,
70:59 gestation, placental estrogen progesterones are gonna that development. We described. All
71:04 . So it's that uh it's not in the sense of like I don't
71:08 breast, it's in the sense of I can make milk. All
71:11 But we're also producing uh prolactin. at this point, what we're doing
71:16 we're making all the enzymes that allow milk production. But the estrogen and
71:21 are going to prevent the production of . So this is why pregnant ladies
71:28 produce milk is because the estrogen and progesterone that they're producing, suppress the
71:34 cycle even though the hormone that you to make milk is there. All
71:40 , then birth takes place, uh estrogen and progesterone disappear. And
71:47 what you have is you have a . And so it takes a stimulation
71:51 so the stimulation is gonna be And so now what that cycle does
71:56 sends a signal up here to the gland and causes the release of the
72:01 and the prolactin from the anterior and posterior pituitary. All right. So
72:07 is the one that causes just like uh labor and partition. It causes
72:13 contractions. So it's the squeezer that ejection. So, oxygen Oxytocin ejects
72:20 , prolactin makes milk. All So you can produce milk and not
72:27 it right. Then, in that's what you do between suckling is
72:32 , make more and more and more more milk. And then you take
72:35 baby, put it on your it suckles, ejects the milk.
72:38 happens is is that baby as long it feeds you, you're going to
72:42 milk. So how do you stop milk? How I mean, how
72:46 you stop ejecting milk? What does baby do feeds until it falls
72:53 Baby stops suckling. No positive feedback , stop ejecting milk. Put the
72:58 to sleep, you go back to what you're gonna do, which is
73:02 being exhausted all day long and then wakes up, put it to the
73:08 feed, the baby begin suckling. some other things that are also uh
73:14 . If you've known moms, babies can trigger lactation. That's just
73:21 a maternal signal. I had a who was again, you,
73:25 you, you probably heard these types stories. They were like in the
73:27 of the grocery store and I heard baby crying too rose over and began
73:32 . You know, it's like, me, that sort of thing.
73:37 , the other thing here and this the last thing is gonna do is
73:40 while you are in the midst of , the production of these hormones are
73:45 to inhibit the production of FSH and . And as long as you predict
73:50 of LH and FSH and LH are , then you're not gonna get
73:55 you're not gonna get a normal menstrual , right. In other words,
74:00 gonna prevent the process of ovulation. , as a natural birth control,
74:06 , let's see if this makes Why, why the body would choose
74:09 do this, you've just given Do you want to be pregnant
74:11 Right away? All right. Imagine one year old baby and giving,
74:16 ready to give birth again, I mean, the one year old
74:20 already trouble enough. So what you will see is that it'll, you
74:25 , the wing cycle for an um human offspring is around the year and
74:29 half mark. B. It's basically year and a year and a
74:33 modern day, it's a lot but just generally speaking, and if
74:36 go back and look at historical records birth cycles and in fact, uh
74:42 people who don't use normal birth you're seeing them give birth throughout every
74:47 to 2 years. So, basically using a natural, uh, hormones
74:53 prevent pregnancy and then when that dies , once they stop, once they
74:59 , that means they're now ready to pregnant again so they can get pregnant
75:01 have another child and I just repeat cycle. It's kind of cool.
75:08 that's it. That's everything you need know about the human body, except
75:11 the immune system, which we never . When you go to medical
75:16 you'll get to learn that all over . Maybe a little bit more
75:20 Any questions? None. All Last little announcement before the next group
75:26 in here. Uh, extra credit open up the night before the
75:30 What day is our exam? Do guys know? December 12th?
75:33 I thought it was December 14th. got an email today saying on December
75:36 when our exam I was like, the 12th. I had to go
75:38 it up. Yeah, December So December 11th, your extra credit
75:41 up. It is the only extra . There is no post exam.
75:45 will count double. All right. I'm not gonna send out a
75:49 So just make sure you start and , oh yeah, I need to
75:52 this the night before the exam to my regular extra credit and you'll get
75:56 five points instead of 2.5 points. yay. All right. I probably
76:02 have office hours, but if you me, I will be on campus
76:06 and you can just say, can I come and talk to you
76:08 I will find a way to get here. All right, if I
76:15 . So I'm teaching you. Thank so much. You don't have to
76:17 . Thank you. Thank you so . Y yeah, good luck on
76:22 your finals go kick butt. Lots . All right. Yeah, I
76:29 a quick answer. Uh huh. . So if you're, or you're
76:38 about like the, when the fetus plugged or has embedded itself into the
76:42 , right? So it's not gonna be the big old bump that sits
76:45 , but that's gonna be short lived that embryo begins growing very, very
76:50 . And what's gonna happen is so can imagine here's your uterus and
76:53 you're, you're implanted as an embryo that one side, then what's gonna
76:57 is it's gonna start growing outward and going to push this endometrial wall
77:01 Like so, and it's going to and so what ends up happening is
77:04 start filling up the space of the ? All right. So if you
77:09 imagine being a whole of space, actually filling it all up, but
77:12 never really actually bulging out. It pushes everything on the other side of
77:18 out with it. OK? You're . I signed up for the
77:29 I'll email them. Can you email So I will remember. So just
77:33 me and say, hey, Costa full, I will, I can
77:36 check and see myself if there's It may be that they didn't give
77:40 enough openings during our normal time. I can say, hey, we
77:44 have enough openings for our time. , so that doesn't make sense.
77:49 I'll have to email them and ask but email me because if I
77:52 could you email me as well? I was like, just go find
77:54 spot. But if all the slots missing, that's not possible because they
77:59 have given us at least 100 and have less than 100 not canvas
78:06 I never checked. So just personal . See Wayne at U ED.
78:10 you want to email me again to , hey, you know.
78:16 And so that's just, it's supposed take place, you know, they
78:20 have enough slots for us so that can pick any time during the
78:24 but it shouldn't interfere with your So that's the idea is that you
78:27 have time. So I'll double check ask them what's going on. Maybe
78:32 they haven't opened up, sign She, is that right?
78:36 they should be open now. Ok. So I'll, I'll go
78:41 ask them to find out what's going because like I said, there should
78:44 more than enough for it. They give us more than enough seats so
78:48 we could have almost 20 slots per slot. So I got to find
78:53 what's going on, but email me I, I will literally walk out
78:56 here and I will totally forget. , what's the total, the total
79:04 credit to all your final grade would four points to your final grade.
79:09 if you've been doing all of your credits, you're basically bumping yourself with
79:13 full letter grade or a full plus . I promise. I don't know
79:26 it is right now. Yeah, got to remember. Read the
79:32 what it says. This is an of, of whatever. Yeah,
79:39 I show you last time. it depends also. But see if
79:43 have a bunch of people who are really, really poor in the class
79:45 drop it buoys at it back but then everyone doesn't do well and
79:48 comes back down. So that's why say don't take any of these numbers
79:52 religiously because I don't know what is to be out to the 1000th death
79:57 and, and I know that you calculated it out to that level.
80:03 panic. Not
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