| 00:02 | All right now, it looks like can go ahead and start. So |
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| 00:07 | knows this, right? You guys what this comes from. Anyone know |
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| 00:13 | ? This comes from Hitchhiker's Guide to Galaxy. If you haven't read |
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| 00:20 | If you haven't read all five of books, that's your homework for |
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| 00:25 | It's it's actually some of the best . It's actually very funny science writing |
|
| 00:30 | well. And even the movie itself actually pretty good. But uh this |
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| 00:35 | actually one of the best piece of to go through life is don't |
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| 00:38 | right? Because uh you know, the grand scheme of things. Everything |
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| 00:42 | bitsy teeny type. But anyway, what I wanna do is I want |
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| 00:45 | show you the distribution for the What are we gonna do? Don't |
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| 00:51 | . All right. Then we'll look uh the overall scores for the |
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| 00:56 | And then what are we gonna Don't panic. All right. |
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| 01:01 | we're gonna start here. This is distribution for the exams. Alright. |
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| 01:05 | grade was the 94 lo was a . Were still missing four tests. |
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| 01:10 | once I get all four of those done Will open up the exam. |
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| 01:14 | guys can look at it, And then be able to have that |
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| 01:17 | credit which opens up next week. I'll remind you, you have lots |
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| 01:20 | time. That one, you don't not like one night you have like |
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| 01:23 | week, but the average of the was about a 63. That's about |
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| 01:27 | little bit lower than I wanted to . I wanted to be around 65 |
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| 01:30 | I mean, that's a that's one . It's no big deal. Um |
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| 01:34 | year it was 61. I've seen go down lower in COVID so that |
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| 01:39 | actually moving back up again is is , you know, nice to |
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| 01:44 | I like that. Yeah, not , no, no extra credit on |
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| 01:49 | . All right, So this is yeah, we don't I don't do |
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| 01:52 | credit till the end of the semester you want to count your extra credit |
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| 01:54 | we're going along, that's up to . That's just more numbers I have |
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| 01:57 | plug with and you should see my , there's way too many numbers. |
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| 02:01 | anyway, so the standard deviation is moving back where I kind of want |
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| 02:05 | . I mean, these two grades it down, but you can see |
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| 02:08 | the curve is actually kind of smooshed and and so that's that's an indication |
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| 02:13 | how that how that distribution looks. the wider the distribution, the bigger |
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| 02:17 | standard deviation. So it's actually moving , it was around 12. I'd |
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| 02:22 | really excited, but you know, the math nerd in me. |
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| 02:26 | um but who cares about the Right? I mean the test is |
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| 02:29 | one grade out of many. This really kind of what you guys are |
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| 02:32 | interested in notice. Again, there's extra credit in this, this includes |
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| 02:37 | who haven't taken the exam yet. it's not entirely accurate by a couple |
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| 02:41 | decimal points. But it kind of you a sense Where we are all |
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| 02:45 | . And so right now there's only couple of grades above 90 and and |
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| 02:49 | what these lines represent about where the ranges. Now this is all going |
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| 02:52 | change. This is just one right? One test. It's one |
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| 02:57 | grade, right? You remember what paper grade was? Find your |
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| 03:03 | So that's that's kind of counted in . And it's the uh pre uh |
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| 03:09 | assessments, those those reading assignment quizzes you're you're doing and really what it |
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| 03:15 | you here, look, and this gonna be true all the time. |
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| 03:17 | don't know why this is true. it's something away, human students |
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| 03:22 | Is that usually when you're dealing with styles, the upper decile is usually |
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| 03:27 | . I don't know why. But is. But you can imagine if |
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| 03:31 | throwing the extra credit, you're gonna a whole bunch of people over the |
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| 03:33 | range because you know, people like perform at an 89 instead of a |
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| 03:37 | level. I don't know why. anyway, so they kind of give |
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| 03:39 | a sense it's like, oh if if I'm sitting with a nine year |
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| 03:42 | right now, I have an If I'm sitting with a 77 or |
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| 03:44 | , I'm sitting with a B. I'm sitting with the 60 to our |
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| 03:47 | , sitting with to see if I'm a 50. That's A. |
|
| 03:50 | I know you're sitting there going dr . I don't know I'm thinking law |
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| 03:56 | don't It's it's that's not time for yet. Alright. We haven't gotten |
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| 04:01 | desperate. Alright. If you're not with your grade right? Unless you |
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| 04:06 | 100 you shouldn't be satisfied. We need to ask the question. |
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| 04:11 | why is my grade where it All right now obviously you can't look |
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| 04:15 | your exam right now when you open the exam, look at your |
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| 04:18 | ask the question. What did I ? Right. Did I answer questions |
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| 04:23 | I know wrong? I mean in words did I answer these questions wrong |
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| 04:27 | I knew the actual answer to I talked myself out of right |
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| 04:29 | Did I not know something? Did rushed through the exam? Did I |
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| 04:32 | read the questions carefully? You know it is. Find out why you |
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| 04:36 | do well together. Did I not ? That's always a really kind of |
|
| 04:39 | good question. Did I did I study? I felt like I studied |
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| 04:43 | if you stared at the ceiling counting or dots that doesn't count study |
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| 04:48 | So ask those questions and then make to help you do better. Like |
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| 04:54 | said don't panic. The data panic when nothing else can be done. |
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| 05:01 | is the day where you're starting to oh I have to kind of work |
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| 05:05 | the stuff that I want. Again the end of the semester, this |
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| 05:10 | look kind of similar but we'll have 1012% of the class up here. |
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| 05:16 | have more of the class over more of this will be filled with |
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| 05:19 | and there'll be very few people over and actually this will probably shrink down |
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| 05:22 | direction a little bit at least. my experience. I think for those |
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| 05:28 | are panicking because I know you're I can feel it up here. |
|
| 05:35 | Typically we may have two fails in class. Most people when they get |
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| 05:39 | that point, they've already withdrawn. know, we do pretty good in |
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| 05:43 | class. Very very few uh S. Most people are B's and |
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| 05:47 | and a couple of CS. So just a matter of working for |
|
| 05:50 | right? You're looking at me like don't believe you. I see. |
|
| 05:56 | . Alright if you're concerned, guess you can do, come talk to |
|
| 06:04 | . When can you come talk to ? Office hours? Door's always |
|
| 06:08 | I'm sitting there bored. I'm watching . Okay. I'm not really doing |
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| 06:13 | but I'm waiting for you to come . If you have questions come talk |
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| 06:17 | me. I'm happy if you sit I don't understand doctor if this is |
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| 06:21 | if this is your mindset doctor would always been an A student. I'm |
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| 06:25 | to some of your honor students out . I've always been an A |
|
| 06:27 | but I don't understand why I got grade in your class. Alright. |
|
| 06:32 | talk to me. I'll tell you why. All right. It has |
|
| 06:35 | do with how you study almost all time. It has. It has |
|
| 06:38 | do with how you study, not much you studied. It's how you |
|
| 06:41 | . And that's what we're gonna get . We're going to start learning to |
|
| 06:45 | . All right. And then we're stop caring about grades. You know |
|
| 06:49 | I know that's how I know Do you want to know? I'll |
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| 06:54 | tell you. So, today, minutes ago, I got an email |
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| 06:58 | one of your former classmates in pharmacy , dr Wayne. I've been using |
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| 07:03 | test method. You've been teaching right? So, I almost forgot |
|
| 07:06 | about it. I'm taking my uh a physics test today, but I |
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| 07:12 | to do it. I'm confident gonna in and do it. Here's my |
|
| 07:15 | . Sent me a copy of their so that I could see what they're |
|
| 07:19 | . All right. We'll see. not the first time. It's not |
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| 07:23 | be the last time. I expect emails from Youtube. Alright, questions |
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| 07:27 | this stuff yet. Okay. just just panic. Don't panic. |
|
| 07:39 | your towel. Go out there to world if you don't know what that |
|
| 07:44 | . Go read the stupid book. right things that you should be aware |
|
| 07:50 | . Tomorrow we have something to Only one of you has pulled out |
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| 07:54 | . Two of you. Alright. using it. I'm telling you if |
|
| 07:59 | you think looking up information is a in the butt and it takes too |
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| 08:03 | time use it. It will save time and effort. Not in the |
|
| 08:07 | up stuff but in the recording the stuff literally you press a button and |
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| 08:11 | pulls it into a library and that's I mean and then you use it |
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| 08:15 | you go along and right. It's makes your life so much easier |
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| 08:19 | But anyway, so remember tomorrow you your references there. Do what will |
|
| 08:24 | is on Tuesday everyone you're you're grading other. Alright. And here when |
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| 08:30 | say grading each other really, you're a series of questions about these reviews |
|
| 08:34 | so you'll get three persons, they're gonna be anonymous. And it's like |
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| 08:39 | like do they have 10 sources? . It looks like they made an |
|
| 08:44 | effort in gathering the sources. That sort of stuff and you're basically |
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| 08:47 | through and this is kind of I it or I didn't do it type |
|
| 08:50 | grade. Yeah. I think you you're allowed to resubmit as many times |
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| 08:59 | needed before the due date. I that's true. It should be true |
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| 09:03 | every one of those. All So you will have a review after |
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| 09:08 | one of these assignments. They always to a Tuesday at midnight that's usually |
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| 09:11 | to help me remind you that oh forgot to do it because remember if |
|
| 09:16 | don't do your reviews you don't get grade for the for the assignment |
|
| 09:19 | Alright. Um So that's this week friday. It's just your discussion |
|
| 09:25 | So in theory you should have read of these papers that you've picked out |
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| 09:29 | you kind of kind of figured out to organize yourself. Then you want |
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| 09:33 | kind of create an introduction and then what you're gonna wanna do is you're |
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| 09:37 | want to turn in your paper and we have almost about a month till |
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| 09:41 | do. But it's basically these things gonna get out of the way so |
|
| 09:44 | you can then focus in because you're make changes you as you're writing you're |
|
| 09:48 | this is total garbage. Let me up. Hopefully you'll look at some |
|
| 09:53 | your stuff and go oh this paragraph wrote is total garbage and I throw |
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| 09:56 | away as opposed to oh I wrote and I love this even though it's |
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| 10:00 | garbage, it's like my child. so I want to take it with |
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| 10:03 | and coddle it. That's part of is learning how to slash things out |
|
| 10:09 | . So there'll be adjustments to the that you've turned in. But ultimately |
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| 10:13 | we're doing is we're preparing you to that thing right there. So you |
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| 10:16 | need to put your names on anything the system knows who you are. |
|
| 10:28 | , well, so everything, so will, there will be reviews or |
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| 10:33 | saying, how do I find those sources? Right, Alright, So |
|
| 10:37 | mentioned this um the other day, there's a cheater way to do this |
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| 10:41 | don't, it's not a cheater but it is a cheater way. |
|
| 10:45 | , so let's say you're finding a bunch of secondary articles. Secondary sources |
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| 10:49 | and read through the introductions and and those things, they're going to point |
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| 10:54 | to those articles that you're looking for primary sources. Now, the reason |
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| 10:59 | important to do that rather than just , okay, I take your word |
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| 11:02 | it is because remember there's an author that other side of that paper whose |
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| 11:07 | that review, and if they've interpreted that that primary source, then everything |
|
| 11:15 | written about is basically a lie. part of our job as scientists, |
|
| 11:20 | yes, that's what you're getting a as you're all becoming not all of |
|
| 11:23 | , some of your psych majors, for those of you who are biology |
|
| 11:27 | , you're becoming a scientist, And so you need to think in |
|
| 11:32 | terms doesn't mean a psychologist is not scientist, it's just not a natural |
|
| 11:37 | and I'm not gonna go there. . But anyway, so that's the |
|
| 11:41 | , Alright, is I'm I'm using as a springboard into the, into |
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| 11:47 | primary literature. So if you're having , secondary sources are a good place |
|
| 11:52 | start. And then once you start into the primary literature, you'll start |
|
| 11:55 | keywords that help point you to more stuff that will help clarify maybe what |
|
| 12:01 | actually reading, right? Because I imagine do you think that there's a |
|
| 12:05 | of papers on viruses and immunology right ? Yeah, probably about three billion |
|
| 12:12 | them all focused in specifically on, don't know, this little virus that |
|
| 12:17 | bug bugging us a couple of years and still seems to be a |
|
| 12:22 | All right. So ultimately when you're a paper and you're grading a |
|
| 12:26 | when if you I mean, you've these rubrics, right? They when |
|
| 12:30 | first started teaching, no one ever rubrics except over in the College of |
|
| 12:33 | . Now, it's just, you , this is just good practices. |
|
| 12:36 | , remember when you're scoring stuff and you're writing this is what you're trying |
|
| 12:40 | do. Am I writing to the I'm supposed to be writing, am |
|
| 12:43 | writing above that level or am I below that level? So this class |
|
| 12:47 | a junior level class. So the you write like juniors in college, |
|
| 12:54 | that shocking to you, or it is shocking, or No, |
|
| 12:57 | not shocking. It is shocking. . Yeah. So, so there's |
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| 13:00 | expectation about what you should be writing . So, the idea here is |
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| 13:04 | as you are writing, remember who writing to, who are you writing |
|
| 13:09 | ? Who's your audience, your all of y'all, and your writing |
|
| 13:16 | that junior to that peers. You're writing to me, you're not gonna |
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| 13:19 | me. Okay. That's not the here. You're trying to communicate clearly |
|
| 13:24 | your audience appears. Alright. So kind of what you're doing. And |
|
| 13:27 | where your measuring stick is. All ? And we're gonna see we're gonna |
|
| 13:30 | examples a little bit later about good and bad writing. Right. And |
|
| 13:35 | part of this is to help improve communication skills and your writing skills, |
|
| 13:40 | future is full of writing whether you it or not, if you're planning |
|
| 13:44 | a career in the health professions, will be writing more than you possibly |
|
| 13:48 | believe. All right, my I told you is a physical |
|
| 13:51 | she's not a physician and she spends her time, if not more writing |
|
| 13:56 | on her patients primarily to satisfy Medicare Medicaid. But that's part of the |
|
| 14:02 | is you have to write everything down that the nurses know. So the |
|
| 14:06 | notes so that the occupational therapist So the pharmacist knows and everybody knows |
|
| 14:11 | going on. So you have to a clear communicator. Alright. And |
|
| 14:15 | your physician, same thing, you , your handwriting is a little |
|
| 14:18 | But now they type everything in, ? But it's the same sort of |
|
| 14:22 | . So you're writing to a specific , That's what we want to |
|
| 14:26 | All right? So when you're writing paper, we've outlined what your what |
|
| 14:30 | goals are in terms of how you're and what you're writing. Alright. |
|
| 14:35 | you now know who you're writing So your job one should be what |
|
| 14:38 | my goals? And so this kind list is really what those seven pages |
|
| 14:43 | instructions are all about. It's like you meeting these particular tasks? |
|
| 14:48 | I'm just gonna point here at right? You demonstrate the appropriate language |
|
| 14:52 | be a scientific writer? All I'm gonna I'm sorry. I'm I'm |
|
| 14:58 | my finger at the honor students right , because you're writing has been trained |
|
| 15:02 | be a liberal arts writer. You write flower lei a flowery language |
|
| 15:09 | impress all those people who are in liberal arts over there and who are |
|
| 15:13 | your work that doesn't fly in You know, you have to be |
|
| 15:19 | oriented. You're you're basically using language the sciences to allow the data to |
|
| 15:26 | what it actually means. Alright, , so you're moving away from the |
|
| 15:31 | language that you see over the liberal and again, I'm saying this, |
|
| 15:35 | on the honors kids because we see same sort of writing in your personal |
|
| 15:39 | when you apply to those professional schools we're like get rid of this |
|
| 15:43 | It's it's not helpful. Alright. we want to know about grammar |
|
| 15:49 | you know is your writing clear chopping I know there are people here who |
|
| 15:54 | uncomfortable about writing. All right. it's it's you're kind of putting your |
|
| 15:59 | out there and you're you're kind of like I'm being judged, that's |
|
| 16:04 | Because what we're gonna do is we're sharpen your writing so that you become |
|
| 16:07 | when you read other people's writing and judge other people's writing, you become |
|
| 16:11 | better writer yourself, right? So your grammar is bad you know you |
|
| 16:17 | go to the writing center and get help. If your vocabulary is |
|
| 16:20 | have your friends help you say look , I just wrote this, will |
|
| 16:23 | take a look at this and kind read through this and help me clean |
|
| 16:27 | up a little bit because you're gonna measured on that and seeing whether or |
|
| 16:31 | you communicate clearly um evidence, evidence reasoning. Um basically just says are |
|
| 16:37 | using sources? Are you sourcing what should be sourcing, right? Are |
|
| 16:42 | citing the right stuff? You know the liberal arts? We quote everything |
|
| 16:50 | ? Here's a piece of stuff. take it out out of out of |
|
| 16:53 | quotes around it, I reference it doesn't fly in the sciences. |
|
| 16:57 | it basically goes off to the development it's like that's not what we |
|
| 17:02 | we look at it. We say is what the data is telling |
|
| 17:05 | And you you don't quote you reference source so that then we can go |
|
| 17:09 | look up. So like I when you're looking at those secondary sources |
|
| 17:13 | it says, oh, I don't , immuno sites, um, you |
|
| 17:17 | , travel through your body at X of MPH. I don't know why |
|
| 17:21 | want to care about that. You to go and look that up and |
|
| 17:23 | , is this true? You're not to quote it directly from the people |
|
| 17:27 | wrote that down because that's just not way we do things in the |
|
| 17:30 | Um, organization, telling a story really what you're also doing here. |
|
| 17:41 | have a beginning. They have a and they have an ending. Now |
|
| 17:46 | are some poetic license that you can sometimes. And you know, like |
|
| 17:52 | you have a really good story and want to give the ending off first |
|
| 17:54 | then try to tell you how to to the ending. That's kind of |
|
| 17:57 | sometimes. But generally speaking, that's what we're trying to do in science |
|
| 18:01 | we just want to kind of here is the story. If you |
|
| 18:04 | look at it. If you go at a paper, you can look |
|
| 18:08 | figure number one, go to figure two. Figure number three, Figure |
|
| 18:11 | four, et cetera. And it tell you a direct story about how |
|
| 18:14 | went from A to B. And guarantee you nine times out of |
|
| 18:17 | that's not the order in which they the actual experiments. All right. |
|
| 18:21 | the idea is you're telling a story be able to be organized is their |
|
| 18:25 | . That's logical. Don't be the that starts talking, then goes off |
|
| 18:28 | a tangent, then jumps back. that's that. Anyway, that's kind |
|
| 18:34 | what we're judging and there is an in which you write things. I |
|
| 18:40 | technically speaking this should be the first that you write is the discussion all |
|
| 18:45 | . But I want to go through in the order in which you're gonna |
|
| 18:47 | them. Yeah. So so typically newer is better but so so you |
|
| 19:01 | think five years is great. 10 is okay. 20 years now we're |
|
| 19:06 | kind of fuzzy. 30 years. like okay, that better. Just |
|
| 19:09 | in the introduction. Alright. But you picked the topic that doesn't have |
|
| 19:12 | lot of research that's been going You didn't pick the virus thing. |
|
| 19:16 | know, you pick something else where like the last thing they wrote about |
|
| 19:19 | was like six years ago. Well there's some leeway in there, |
|
| 19:24 | ? But the goal is is to to stay as recent as as possible |
|
| 19:29 | that you have a greater or better of what's new in the field because |
|
| 19:34 | truth is you can go and I'm telling you to do this because if |
|
| 19:37 | do you're not gonna be writing? you go to an immunology textbook and |
|
| 19:41 | the answers to all the questions that been put forward, right? But |
|
| 19:45 | a textbook is usually about 20 years of date. So while I'll give |
|
| 19:50 | a nice baseline it won't tell you you need to know. And so |
|
| 19:54 | idea here is I'm trying to get up here on the front end so |
|
| 19:58 | you can walk around smarter than the bear. I don't know what's going |
|
| 20:04 | in immunology. I got training in immunology department. Alright, so discussions |
|
| 20:10 | you're gonna start this is the meat your paper. This is where you're |
|
| 20:12 | give evidence. It should have a flow. All right. When you |
|
| 20:17 | this is a question I get all time. How long should my paper |
|
| 20:20 | and I always go back to the monty python skit. You know, |
|
| 20:23 | paper should be as long as it know, as many words that you |
|
| 20:27 | in order to tell you say what want to say? Which is not |
|
| 20:30 | helpful thing when you're trying to write paper, right? But it's |
|
| 20:35 | How many guys think I talk too ? You can put your hands |
|
| 20:37 | It's okay. Anyone. Alright. person great. You get to start |
|
| 20:42 | the day. See she's smart. she answered the question. Right? |
|
| 20:46 | do you think I could say the thing with less words? Yeah. |
|
| 20:51 | another star. That's true also in . But imagine if I cut down |
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| 20:58 | words down to 10% of what I say, would you understand what I'm |
|
| 21:02 | about? It depends on the All right. At the end of |
|
| 21:08 | , we'll see. Okay. Alright. So there is a right |
|
| 21:12 | of words. What is the right of words? The right number of |
|
| 21:15 | in order to explain what it I'm trying to explain. Right? |
|
| 21:20 | that's what she should be doing. right. Not too many to bore |
|
| 21:22 | reader just enough to explain. And , I am proposed. And I |
|
| 21:28 | this. That's why you got the star for being brave. Alright. |
|
| 21:34 | might actually even be examining controversial You know, you may want to |
|
| 21:38 | on one side. But if you a whole bunch of stuff over |
|
| 21:41 | when you're dealing with some sort of , it's okay to explain both of |
|
| 21:44 | and then explain why you think this is a better one over that |
|
| 21:48 | There's nothing wrong with that. Um may be using figures. You don't |
|
| 21:53 | to but if you think that a might help you, you can create |
|
| 21:55 | or I even having the instructions. can borrow a figure from a from |
|
| 22:00 | journal article, but you have to it in a way that you want |
|
| 22:04 | label and explain what it is, why you're using it in the |
|
| 22:08 | right? And then use your appropriate . Alright, so logical flow, |
|
| 22:12 | is basically what you're gonna write And then once you do that, |
|
| 22:15 | when you're gonna go and do the because now that you know what you've |
|
| 22:18 | about, you know how to introduce . Okay. And so basically defines |
|
| 22:23 | the question is you're trying to answer you're like, well is there a |
|
| 22:27 | kind of, it's like you might asking how does the immune system deal |
|
| 22:30 | viruses or how does the immune system with parasites? Like worms or whatever |
|
| 22:35 | is? That's kind of a generic . And so that's kind of what |
|
| 22:38 | trying to approach here. So you're kind of preparing the reader for its |
|
| 22:42 | . You know, I mean you that you know what you what you're |
|
| 22:45 | now right? Long time ago in galaxy far, far away. Can |
|
| 22:48 | picture what that looks like now? if you've never seen Star Wars, |
|
| 22:52 | does it tell us time when? long time ago. When was |
|
| 23:00 | A long time ago? Where far in a different galaxy? So it's |
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| 23:06 | made up Once upon a time. that when some time ago where I |
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| 23:14 | know. So these introductions create for an image of what it is that |
|
| 23:23 | going to be presenting and then I'm pull out the whole Lucas thing of |
|
| 23:27 | doing the three paragraphs crawl. You , it basically sets up what the |
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| 23:31 | know, so you don't have you some sort of background, so you |
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| 23:33 | some understanding of what is going to next. And that's really what the |
|
| 23:37 | is. It basically sets up the for your discussion and then the last |
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| 23:43 | is a conclusion and this is where lot of students struggle, right? |
|
| 23:48 | the conclusion is supposed to be? it just me reiterating what I said |
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| 23:51 | the introduction and saying, look, proved it to Well, kind of |
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| 23:55 | that it goes beyond that. It's I gave you evidence, a |
|
| 23:59 | be evidence, the evidence D. if we look at all these |
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| 24:03 | this is what it all means right? It's doing the actual self |
|
| 24:09 | of of that data, right? may come up upon something that's controversial |
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| 24:16 | explain why it shouldn't be controversial. . That's not gonna happen all the |
|
| 24:22 | . But sometimes it does. The thing is you may have an |
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| 24:25 | And a B. And you have . Over here and you're like, |
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| 24:28 | a second, maybe A. And helps me understand why D. Exists |
|
| 24:33 | I've got this nebulous see in So if this is true, maybe |
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| 24:37 | is true and if this is maybe that's true. And even if |
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| 24:40 | 100% wrong, if you can explain way from A to B to C |
|
| 24:44 | D. Right? That's okay, ? You just have to show that |
|
| 24:49 | have that logical progression through the thinking , which is ultimately why you came |
|
| 24:54 | college in the first place. How guys know that cigarette smoke causes |
|
| 25:00 | Right? You've heard that, you , when they proved that 1997 we |
|
| 25:08 | people who smoke got lung cancer, we didn't know why. Right? |
|
| 25:13 | have you have this and you have . So gosh, it has to |
|
| 25:17 | , it's gotta be smoke, That causes cancer. But what is |
|
| 25:21 | agent in in that smoke that causes cancer wasn't discovered until 1997, Benzo |
|
| 25:27 | Irene's stupid little organic molecules and once knew, oh, this exists in |
|
| 25:34 | smoke and we know that this causes . The simple conclusion was smoke causes |
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| 25:42 | cancer. Even though we knew for that those two things were true. |
|
| 25:48 | can make those leaps if you have and that's what we're trying to get |
|
| 25:53 | to do, is do that sort critical thinking. So that's kind of |
|
| 25:57 | you have coming up for you in next couple of weeks, are these |
|
| 26:01 | , right? Is and I'm not gonna throw you to the wolves, |
|
| 26:05 | I kind of am because the expectations , you should be able to write |
|
| 26:09 | this point. I mean, you taking your genetics class yet, your |
|
| 26:12 | lab, you got your UID writings the discipline course. Yeah, that's |
|
| 26:18 | they call it. Wid. So at this point you should be |
|
| 26:22 | to write and if you haven't learned to write yet. Well, this |
|
| 26:24 | the class that's gonna teach you because promise you, if you're planning on |
|
| 26:28 | career in the health professions or if planning on a career in the sciences |
|
| 26:33 | , if you're planning on running a , you're gonna be writing and you |
|
| 26:37 | to know how to do it. right. So that's why we do |
|
| 26:41 | this stuff. It's not because, mean, I mean, there's other |
|
| 26:44 | things I do just because I mean questions about the paper just yet. |
|
| 26:52 | . Yeah, it's okay. so on blackboard, you're gonna see |
|
| 27:01 | separate turn it in assignments pop I mean, they should be there |
|
| 27:04 | , but I don't know if they for you yet or not, but |
|
| 27:06 | like, so like for the first , right? The sources one, |
|
| 27:10 | , it should be one sitting on under the research papers. There should |
|
| 27:15 | like five or four. Uh, it in things. And so the |
|
| 27:19 | one is for sources, they're all sources introduction discussion like that. So |
|
| 27:24 | should be able to find it for pretty quickly and just submit that that |
|
| 27:28 | . So once after midnight on you can now start reviewing your three |
|
| 27:35 | and you have until Tuesday to review three reviews and then you'll get them |
|
| 27:39 | just gonna say. So everyone pay here, eyes on me real |
|
| 27:43 | It's gonna be like monday and you'll finished your three reviews and you go |
|
| 27:47 | to look at the three reviews that received and you look at them and |
|
| 27:50 | two of them will be zeros and be panicking going with dr when I |
|
| 27:53 | understand why God zeros. Here's the the person is reviewing. You hasn't |
|
| 27:57 | the assignment yet. Alright. Wait after the due date before you |
|
| 28:01 | Alright because those numbers have to be through the system. Yeah. Oh |
|
| 28:08 | then they're the ones not getting the . Yeah. So you're not getting |
|
| 28:12 | for someone not doing a review. person who doesn't get a route is |
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| 28:15 | one that gets penalized, which is all these things are coupled with reviews |
|
| 28:18 | why I say you've gotta do, gotta do them. Yeah. Actually |
|
| 28:22 | just tell you right now the thing causes most people drop the classes that |
|
| 28:25 | start blowing off the writing assignment. know it's not the tests. Yeah |
|
| 28:33 | should be up on blackboard if it's there's a there's a file I know |
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| 28:37 | on, there might be hidden that every one of these power points because |
|
| 28:41 | so on Tuesday we'll have another lecture I'm going to introduce some more stuff |
|
| 28:45 | you and it's I think they're all . But I'll have to find |
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| 28:49 | Just email me and remind me. , yeah. To do dates |
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| 28:54 | do this. What do all students take a picture? It lasts |
|
| 29:02 | Yeah. Wait, wait, wait. They're also in your |
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| 29:15 | All the due dates are in your , so I know it's not fun |
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| 29:19 | read but uh so like I I have four or five, so |
|
| 29:28 | I found that it takes about a to get all these remaining tests |
|
| 29:33 | Um So like I have one student um I thought it was Covid and |
|
| 29:39 | turned out to be all sorts of nasty things. So they're out for |
|
| 29:43 | little bit longer than than I expected to be. And so you |
|
| 29:46 | it's just I want to make sure no one gets an advantage because that's |
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| 29:51 | drop all y'all's grades if they get advantage, so right, yeah, |
|
| 29:58 | be assigned to you. So it's just part of the assignment, you'll |
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| 30:02 | just log in, you'll see. the way that it's it should be |
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| 30:05 | blackboard is like you'll see the sources then sources review, then there'll be |
|
| 30:10 | , outline discussion, outline review. so each of those are an independent |
|
| 30:15 | but they're they're tagged to each So I have to do all this |
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| 30:19 | spreadsheet stuff on the back end to sure the grades get put into blackboard |
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| 30:24 | . But you guys just have to click buttons and do it. |
|
| 30:37 | I'm sorry. So say that Oh yeah, alright. You're gonna |
|
| 30:43 | me down a rabbit trail real I'm just gonna explain Kotaro really really |
|
| 30:46 | for you. So the first thing Sotero does is as you're going through |
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| 30:49 | med and stuff like that, let's you find like an article, you |
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| 30:52 | press a button on your browser that just says you want to add this |
|
| 30:56 | your library and you just add add add, you can have multiple libraries |
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| 30:59 | different classes or different papers, whatever is, but you're just you add |
|
| 31:03 | in. All right? So now have this library full of these |
|
| 31:07 | right? And maybe hopefully you've been notes to know what papers have, |
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| 31:11 | in them. But as you're you know you're sitting there writing along |
|
| 31:15 | so there's a plug in also for use word, it's for Microsoft |
|
| 31:18 | I think there's one for open office whatnot. But there's a plug in |
|
| 31:22 | and so again you're writing along, like okay here's an idea and I |
|
| 31:26 | to reference it now. You just to the menu, press that and |
|
| 31:30 | I want to put this one here you just pop in the citation as |
|
| 31:34 | go and then you can format the before you submit it into the type |
|
| 31:39 | citation you want to so let me you why this is a really really |
|
| 31:43 | idea if you're like doing research. let's say you submitted paper first to |
|
| 31:48 | don't know let's say nature. Alright you they have a special way to |
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| 31:51 | their citations and then they reject you no no no this paper is |
|
| 31:54 | I'm gonna now submit to science. have a different format. So all |
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| 31:57 | gotta do is press the button reformat bibliography and the citations to match whatever |
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| 32:02 | journal is that you're doing. So automatically fixes the citation to match the |
|
| 32:07 | you want and the instructions I say is a specific style I want. |
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| 32:11 | not M. L. A. no one ever uses that except for |
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| 32:14 | people of the liberal arts right We specific citations for the journals that were |
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| 32:19 | in. I think the easiest one most effective one for our group would |
|
| 32:25 | Journal of Biological Chemistry which is the that you can do and if you |
|
| 32:30 | in Otero has almost every single one them. And if it doesn't have |
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| 32:33 | you can go and download it and that's why I recommend it. |
|
| 32:40 | Oh yeah they've got pages. I even the front pages says this is |
|
| 32:43 | you gotta do. Here's a quick and I mean if I can figure |
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| 32:46 | out, y'all can figure it out I mean I'm just not that savvy |
|
| 32:51 | . There was a time I understood now they're just scary and mean. |
|
| 32:57 | yeah, I'm sure they have youtube to show you how to do |
|
| 33:00 | They got pages and pages of Someone with big pictures to show you |
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| 33:04 | you gotta do is like here press , do this, do that easy |
|
| 33:09 | . I mean honestly when I first it, you know, because someone |
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| 33:12 | me about it and I used another and when I download it's like, |
|
| 33:15 | , I don't know if it's gonna . I did and it was like |
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| 33:18 | is the easiest thing and it's I mean that was this was like |
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| 33:22 | years ago. So for this Yeah, yeah. So yeah. |
|
| 33:35 | so so the rule of thumb anything a pub med right? For the |
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| 33:38 | part, those those are peer reviewed right there. They're not putting things |
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| 33:44 | there, like newspaper clippings. So you can, you can pretty |
|
| 33:49 | trust pub med to provide you with , you know, references, but |
|
| 33:54 | have to go and look at the because I mean if you're pulling it |
|
| 33:56 | the Journal of Mira produce herbal I should tell you right there, |
|
| 34:02 | can't, you know, it's gonna garbage, you know, but if |
|
| 34:05 | pulling stuff from, oh, I know a journal immunology, you know |
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| 34:10 | is another big immunology journal. You , you can pretty much take that |
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| 34:15 | to the bank as being reliable. again I'm just gonna put reliable because |
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| 34:20 | never know someone submits garbage and has you know throw out all their all |
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| 34:26 | writing and stuff like that. But you're getting stuff from pub med you're |
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| 34:30 | fine. Don't don't panic about And that's part of the process of |
|
| 34:34 | review is to help you write to look at stuff and say no the |
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| 34:38 | you're pulling up here is garbage or job right? That's that's really the |
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| 34:42 | purpose here. So I should point the the source list that's that's a |
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| 34:49 | grade. You either did it or didn't right your discussion outline. That's |
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| 34:54 | did it or you didn't write your draft. Same thing. I mean |
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| 35:02 | you're you're getting full credit for for something but don't be the lazy student |
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| 35:08 | say well I'm just gonna submit something get a grade and just you know |
|
| 35:12 | you're gonna end up having to work at the back end. This is |
|
| 35:15 | make it easier for for you over long haul. Does that make |
|
| 35:21 | Yeah Okay so another hand back Yeah journal biological chemistry instructions are in |
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| 35:33 | how to do it is in the jbc. General. But like I |
|
| 35:38 | you look at it go this is simple. It's you know it's just |
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| 35:41 | . L. A. And and A. P. A. These |
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| 35:43 | standards that uh the english writers for most part have come up with. |
|
| 35:48 | so they're standard across um the liberal . So if you're writing in |
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| 35:53 | political science english, that's what they use. Why journals pick their own |
|
| 36:00 | , right? Safe space Like And A. S. Safe |
|
| 36:04 | I don't know if I'm the alphabet doesn't make any sense then. |
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| 36:11 | Any other questions about the paper? I'm sure you guys want to talk |
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| 36:14 | this now right? Because we're not ready. 10% or 90% less words |
|
| 36:27 | . Central nervous system. We have talent cephalon, we have the brain |
|
| 36:34 | . We have a three bedroom with spinal cord. That's basically the big |
|
| 36:44 | . All right. So what we do is what we're gonna we're gonna |
|
| 36:46 | through and we're gonna look at these . This is not an anatomy |
|
| 36:50 | I'm not gonna ask you identify these . What we're looking for here are |
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| 36:53 | pictures of what do these things All right. To help us understand |
|
| 36:58 | role of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system in our bodies. |
|
| 37:01 | the tellin cephalon is um one of more recent uh structures of the nervous |
|
| 37:09 | , we call it the cerebrum not be confused with the cerebellum which we'll |
|
| 37:13 | at in just a moment here when think of the brain, this is |
|
| 37:16 | you think about. You think about cerebrum. Alright you can see it |
|
| 37:19 | , It's the four color coded things . If you look at it, |
|
| 37:22 | has all these bumps and ridges. have names to them. So if |
|
| 37:26 | a groove, it's called a sulcus sulk, I plural, the bulges |
|
| 37:31 | what are called the gyrus gyrus gyrus plural just sounds weird coming out of |
|
| 37:35 | mouth. Right. And so the you have all these bumps and stuff |
|
| 37:40 | because this is a structure that grew than the actual compartment in which it's |
|
| 37:47 | and so it's basically folded on itself some very very interesting ways. And |
|
| 37:51 | folds the exact, or I shouldn't the exact same, very similar way |
|
| 37:55 | everybody. So these these structures, bumps and ridges and grooves and stuff |
|
| 38:01 | used as landmarks for anonymous to kind define the different parts of the |
|
| 38:05 | Now, your brain is two If you look at it from front |
|
| 38:09 | and we have a picture over you can see there's a division there |
|
| 38:13 | what you have is you have the and the right hemisphere again, you |
|
| 38:17 | see the um the fisher right So you can see the left and |
|
| 38:22 | right hemisphere. So we have these hemispheres and those two halves are held |
|
| 38:26 | by this structure called the corpus This picture doesn't show you that you |
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| 38:30 | see right there, this would be corpus callosum right there again, not |
|
| 38:34 | anatomy class but what that means is the two parts of the brain are |
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| 38:39 | with each other. Now, they're exactly the same. There is a |
|
| 38:43 | of labor but there's a lot of between the two. So even when |
|
| 38:47 | say that there might be some division labor, um you'll see that the |
|
| 38:51 | side and the right side are still even though there's a dominance for whatever |
|
| 38:55 | activity happens to be. All right , the major lobes are the things |
|
| 39:01 | we're using as as part of how define the brain. And they're really |
|
| 39:05 | for the structures of the bones above . So we'll just make this really |
|
| 39:10 | for you and so you can see what they're doing up here in the |
|
| 39:12 | . That's called your frontal lobe that a major role in your voluntary |
|
| 39:18 | So, motor movement, speech and thinking all right, So when you |
|
| 39:24 | about your brain, you're thinking about frontal lobe which is kind of |
|
| 39:28 | Your brain thinking about itself. Alright , moving our way back up |
|
| 39:33 | we have the parietal lobe. so if you want to know where |
|
| 39:36 | is, that's where your hat sits Yamaka whatever right here on the top |
|
| 39:40 | the head, right where the bald would be. Alright. This primarily |
|
| 39:44 | with sensory input and sensory processing. we're talking about the sense of touch |
|
| 39:50 | the most part. All right. that doesn't mean that's the only thing |
|
| 39:53 | it does. We also have the , very back. So this |
|
| 39:57 | that would be your occipital lobe. lobe plays primarily role in visual processing |
|
| 40:03 | out. Do not write this About 80% of the brain deals with |
|
| 40:09 | processing. So when you look at area, it's like visual processing. |
|
| 40:13 | we're not gonna play that game. just gonna keep it simple. So |
|
| 40:16 | like to think of if my eyes a camera camera and it was projecting |
|
| 40:20 | image to my to my brain, be projecting to the back of my |
|
| 40:24 | which is my occipital lobe. And on our side we have our temporal |
|
| 40:29 | , temporal lobes prime really play a in hearing. It also plays a |
|
| 40:33 | in visual processing and station and some stuff. And there's even another load |
|
| 40:37 | we don't even have mentioned here because kind of hidden. And is it |
|
| 40:40 | a lobe or is it not a and we don't care. So this |
|
| 40:43 | kind of the big picture color coded your textbook is going to use and |
|
| 40:47 | physiology is primarily focused on. You'll an anatomy. We change it up |
|
| 40:51 | little bit. So taking a look your central nervous system. You're going |
|
| 40:58 | see that there are two basic regions . Alright. We have what is |
|
| 41:03 | gray matter and what is called white in the cerebrum. What we have |
|
| 41:08 | we have this kind of unique organization the gray and the white matter. |
|
| 41:12 | matter is where you're gonna find cell . White matters where you're gonna find |
|
| 41:17 | of neurons traveling between the cell All right. So, you can |
|
| 41:21 | of it in terms of white matter information is traveling between two points. |
|
| 41:25 | matters where information is being processed. in the cerebrum our gray matter is |
|
| 41:31 | of like an oreo. Alright, have gray matter on the outside. |
|
| 41:35 | call that the cortex, then we white matter and then centrally located. |
|
| 41:40 | have more gray matter. So the matter centrally located has a specific name |
|
| 41:45 | it, we call it the basil . I think the notes you have |
|
| 41:49 | basil ganglia. So historically it was ganglia. But then they started using |
|
| 41:55 | nuclei in some very specific ways. ganglia is usually used in the peripheral |
|
| 42:00 | system, nuclear is usually used in central nervous system. But really what |
|
| 42:05 | means is these these accumulations of cell located within the central nervous system that |
|
| 42:11 | not part of the cortex. all the red dots that you see |
|
| 42:15 | here, that is the basal All right, They play primarily a |
|
| 42:22 | in movement control. All right. when I say movement control, you're |
|
| 42:27 | see that movement is like governed by whole bunch of different parts of the |
|
| 42:31 | . And I would remind you if never learned this before. Anyone here |
|
| 42:37 | liberties. Class. Okay. A of you. So much of the |
|
| 42:42 | that you're seeing here is just ways us organizing it so that we better |
|
| 42:47 | it. All right. Whenever we about the nervous system, everything is |
|
| 42:51 | well integrated. So it's kind of looking at a car engine and |
|
| 42:55 | I want to explain what the carburetor , but the carburetor can't do anything |
|
| 43:00 | it's attached to the other parts of of the vehicle. Right? And |
|
| 43:03 | that's kind of what we're doing here we're just taking a little part out |
|
| 43:06 | pointing and saying this is what it in the context of the bigger |
|
| 43:09 | So, when we say movement I want you to think of Parkinson's |
|
| 43:13 | . You ever heard of Parkinson's? is the characteristic of someone who has |
|
| 43:19 | the Well, that's that's a really answer. Yes, but it's it's |
|
| 43:22 | tremor as a function of of failing actually regulate movement. What it actually |
|
| 43:29 | is it it regulates unwanted movement. ? So, when I go and |
|
| 43:34 | something, like I'm gonna use your . All right. If I go |
|
| 43:39 | grab this jug, you can all the handle. I'm reaching towards |
|
| 43:43 | But I'm making micro corrections along the . Even before I'm actually moved |
|
| 43:48 | my brain is going wait, you're shooting far to the left, you're |
|
| 43:51 | over to the right now, shooting the left. But my hand my |
|
| 43:54 | is fairly smooth because I've made corrections those unwanted movements before they ever |
|
| 43:59 | That's kind of what the role of basal nuclei does. And so Parkinson's |
|
| 44:04 | is damage to the basal nuclei. so what you end up with is |
|
| 44:09 | don't get that inhibition. So what see is those micro uh movements and |
|
| 44:16 | why you end up with that I don't know why I had to |
|
| 44:18 | that up but you know it's a jug and I wanted to lift |
|
| 44:23 | Another thing that's in there in those dots along with the basil nuclear is |
|
| 44:27 | limbic system. If you look down the bottom picture you can see the |
|
| 44:30 | looking thing that looks like a space that's invading this person's brain. |
|
| 44:34 | that's what the limbic system is. basically responsible for uh emotional responses. |
|
| 44:41 | , so when you see something that you happy, that's cognitive. Oh |
|
| 44:45 | see a puppy puppy makes me That's cognitive awareness. And then an |
|
| 44:50 | response is being done in the limbic . So there's a whole bunch of |
|
| 44:54 | structures in there that will eventually get . But to on that I want |
|
| 44:57 | 0.100 amygdala and hippocampus, hippocampus plays role in forming memories. So as |
|
| 45:04 | you know as you're experiencing things, is being processed in the hippocampus and |
|
| 45:10 | helps to create that network of of in a series of neurons that ultimately |
|
| 45:15 | result in a memory. A memory not something stored in the cell. |
|
| 45:19 | a series of neurons firing in a sequence. Yeah. So it's primarily |
|
| 45:30 | term that's done in the hippocampus and goes through a process called consolidation and |
|
| 45:35 | consolidation is what is turning it into long term memory. So basically what |
|
| 45:39 | doing is through practice and stuff. one of the ways that we convert |
|
| 45:43 | term into long term, right? if we don't practice then brain just |
|
| 45:47 | , yeah, this probably wasn't So I'm gonna blow it off. |
|
| 45:50 | right. Uh uh you can see there there's amygdala right there plays a |
|
| 45:55 | and expression of emotion, particularly And I like to kind of point |
|
| 46:00 | how do we figure this stuff Well, while you're doing brain |
|
| 46:04 | the patient is usually awake and You know, they're just kind of |
|
| 46:09 | because you just have to drill through skull and then what you do is |
|
| 46:12 | you're touching and poking around in you're talking to the patient and you're |
|
| 46:15 | questions like who's the president And no ever can answer that question because no |
|
| 46:18 | ever knows. Um but you ask questions, what what color or what |
|
| 46:23 | your birthday and stuff like that? are you feeling right now. |
|
| 46:26 | when they're poking at the media, are you feeling? I'm feeling |
|
| 46:30 | All right. It was like, , that makes sense. Someone's poking |
|
| 46:33 | your brain right now. That's another joke. Anyway, that's kind of |
|
| 46:38 | you're finding what these structures do. , so gray matter is where processing |
|
| 46:43 | taking place. White matter is where primarily see the nerve fibers and we're |
|
| 46:47 | between points. Cerebellum is the little and this is another one that's very |
|
| 46:54 | because every textbook that you look at , look, this is where we're |
|
| 46:57 | process movement. You know, kind come up with the plan. |
|
| 47:00 | if you can think of like I want to move from here to |
|
| 47:03 | . And so my brain, it , okay, what do I |
|
| 47:06 | How do I get from here to ? And it's asked the question |
|
| 47:09 | the cerebellum, the cerebellum comes up a plan. It says this is |
|
| 47:13 | you need to do and it sends information back up to the cerebral and |
|
| 47:16 | walk through these steps or do these and that's how you'll get from here |
|
| 47:19 | there. So it's kind of a processing thing. It doesn't actually send |
|
| 47:23 | directly to the muscles to make the happen. That's gonna be the |
|
| 47:28 | It's basically the structure that causes you comes up with the idea of how |
|
| 47:34 | to do that kind of movement um saying that what we've discovered since most |
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| 47:43 | the books have been written, is Yeah, that's not all it |
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| 47:46 | It actually plays a major role in all sorts of things. It actually |
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| 47:51 | , for example, not just um if I'm trying to move like, |
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| 47:55 | , I wanna walk it actually, I'm planning out a a thought and |
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| 48:00 | actually will walk through the whole thought beforehand. So it's kind of a |
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| 48:06 | analysis structure and it's very small. referred to as the little brain. |
|
| 48:12 | kind of like, here's the geek for the, you know, |
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| 48:15 | It's like when we took the Gpus the chips off the CPU and set |
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| 48:20 | off to the side. And for who don't know, computers don't worry |
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| 48:23 | the analogy. Yeah. Mhm. the all the steps. So it's |
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| 48:41 | it's even more specific than that. like, okay, what you need |
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| 48:44 | do is you need to contract this that much in order to lift your |
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| 48:48 | this high in order to put your forward so that when you put your |
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| 48:51 | forward, you can catch yourself as fall. Yeah. So, it's |
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| 48:58 | idea here is if I'm trying to a task, it's basically it's it's |
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| 49:04 | the big picture. It's the immediate step is it's kind of a better |
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| 49:10 | to think about. All right? , here's an example and well, |
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| 49:15 | walking along in Houston, you've all this, right? You've all been |
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| 49:18 | your phones walking along in Houston heads , not paying attention, and then |
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| 49:22 | sidewalk reaches up and grabs your right? Has that happened to |
|
| 49:27 | What happens? Right? I you're basically going pick up foot, |
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| 49:30 | foot, pick up foot, drop , that's that's what walking is, |
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| 49:33 | is catching myself before I fall. walking is not falling, What is |
|
| 49:40 | ? Not drowning? That's right. you're doing that. But then that |
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| 49:44 | grabs your foot and what do you ? All of a sudden now your |
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| 49:49 | has now changed notice how you normally yourself. You know, you look |
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| 49:56 | , make sure you didn't look like idiot, and then you keep doing |
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| 49:58 | you've been doing, right? What's there is that cerebrum has said, |
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| 50:04 | , the plan has failed. Um about to crash and burn, send |
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| 50:08 | information, the cerebellum and says, , make this correction. Do these |
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| 50:12 | now, it's doing this in real . Thousands upon thousands upon uh commands |
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| 50:19 | corrections to make sure that the movement you're trying to accomplish is achieved. |
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| 50:23 | literally me doing this. There's thousands commands. Yeah, yeah, it's |
|
| 50:30 | impressive. So different parts when you big words don't panic, vestibular refers |
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| 50:38 | the sense of equilibrium. So the cerebellum helps you to maintain equilibrium or |
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| 50:43 | and eye movement, alright? cerebellum. Whenever you're dealing with the |
|
| 50:48 | , you're really kind of dealing with outwards. So what we're doing is |
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| 50:51 | dealing with muscle tone, skilled, movement, uh intent versus response to |
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| 50:56 | kind of thing. We were just about correcting any areas along the way |
|
| 51:00 | then the cerebro cerebellum that's basically sending information back up to the motor area |
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| 51:04 | saying, hey remember this is what want to do. So here's the |
|
| 51:07 | , go execute it. It basically stores a procedural memories. You know |
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| 51:11 | procedural memory is? How many guys video games? All right, I |
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| 51:17 | Mario. I'm using Mario as an . All right, if I hear |
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| 51:21 | sound of super Mario brothers dumb, could close my eyes and I have |
|
| 51:28 | muscle memory still. I mean I it so much that even 40 years |
|
| 51:39 | , oh my goodness, so long I could still do that. That's |
|
| 51:44 | procedural memory. But here's an the easy one walking. That's procedural |
|
| 51:49 | , procedural riding a bike, bouncing basketball, procedural, right? Those |
|
| 51:55 | all procedures, right? And so stores that swinging a tennis racket. |
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| 52:05 | you're the tennis record is a procedure ? Oh golf, okay. Golf |
|
| 52:12 | . Same thing if it's slightly Alright. Also just to point out |
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| 52:21 | never need to know this more individual than the rest of the brain. |
|
| 52:25 | cephalon moving inward. Alright, so got your cerebrum just underneath the cerebrum |
|
| 52:30 | the diane cephalon. Diane cephalon has major parts that were concerned with the |
|
| 52:35 | . The hypothalamus, the hypothalamus. , the prefix kind of tells you |
|
| 52:39 | they are relative to the part in middle. So that's the thalamus is |
|
| 52:42 | the middle. It's a paired So one for each hemisphere, you |
|
| 52:46 | see it's connected right there. This be the corpus callosum right there. |
|
| 52:50 | right. And so when you think the thalamus really, this is kind |
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| 52:55 | a a sorting center, lack of better term, basically information center information |
|
| 53:00 | in and it goes to the The thalamus says this information needs to |
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| 53:04 | there. This information needs to go and that's a real kind of basic |
|
| 53:08 | to think about this. So, gives us a sense of conscious |
|
| 53:15 | right? What does it mean to consciously perceptive about something? You know |
|
| 53:21 | going on. All right. Something's me. It is hot outside, |
|
| 53:26 | ? You guys taking your philosophy Renee dechert. What did he |
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| 53:33 | I think therefore I am alright. , I think is serene room. |
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| 53:41 | thalamus is the I am alright. aware of its surroundings but it may |
|
| 53:47 | understand it. Okay. Plays a in reinforcing motor control. Like I |
|
| 53:52 | , you'll see motor control almost Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is this region |
|
| 53:57 | here. The hypothalamus plays a major in regulating homeostasis in the body. |
|
| 54:03 | plays a role in producing a whole of hormones which we'll talk about later |
|
| 54:08 | . We've already talked about them but it's the key thing here is |
|
| 54:12 | a static function, making sure your is moving along. So if you're |
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| 54:16 | hungry, hot, cold, all that stuff is hypothalamus and we |
|
| 54:21 | a whole slide that kind of points out alright. And then lastly back |
|
| 54:24 | in the back, that's the epithelium issue. Have two structures here, |
|
| 54:27 | pineal gland and the nucleus. They a role in regulating your circadian |
|
| 54:34 | All right, So when you start out of whack and staying up too |
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| 54:38 | and then waking up too late and going to bed early and then waking |
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| 54:42 | too early and you can't create a . Your body doesn't know what's going |
|
| 54:46 | . It's because you're mucking with your rhythms alright then we start taking |
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| 54:50 | thinking that's gonna help. That doesn't because then you have to shock yourself |
|
| 54:54 | coffee the next day. Now make life easy, pick the time you're |
|
| 54:59 | wake up every day, pick the when you're gonna go to bed every |
|
| 55:02 | , you'll never be tired ever Yes, I don't know why that |
|
| 55:21 | happen. I mean, typically, think what what you're describing here is |
|
| 55:25 | have a natural, I mean we have a natural internal clock. So |
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| 55:30 | that your natural internal clock is, a you're a late sleeper, you |
|
| 55:34 | , you're a night owl and you up late, you know, that's |
|
| 55:38 | I am. My my wife always at nine o'clock, she turns into |
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| 55:42 | pumpkin, doesn't matter what's going, pumpkin time for her. Right? |
|
| 55:46 | I I don't know why that I think it has to do with |
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| 55:48 | internal clocks. Yes sir, I only go to bed like at |
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| 55:57 | AM. Mhm. Right, so , so remember you're still on that |
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| 56:07 | schedule even though you're changing time your body still believes it's in |
|
| 56:11 | right? So what has to happen you have to reset that clock and |
|
| 56:16 | you know, it takes effort alright it's really almost a month and a |
|
| 56:22 | . We're gonna have a time change we're gonna be grumpy and groggy for |
|
| 56:25 | two weeks, right? Because our are still gonna think we're on the |
|
| 56:30 | time, right? We're gonna think on daylight time on on standard time |
|
| 56:35 | it's just a function of your body an internal clock that you've kind of |
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| 56:39 | and you're living at. And then you start mucking with it it doesn't |
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| 56:42 | has to reset itself and it's not instantaneous thing, it's not like, |
|
| 56:46 | I just got to wind the the hands on my dial to make it |
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| 56:50 | again regular by a whole bunch of and stuff that we're not gonna go |
|
| 56:54 | which are incidentally called clock proteins. clever, alright, the jelly beans |
|
| 57:01 | don't memorize them. I mean, will at some point you'll take a |
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| 57:07 | take a neuro class and you'll have know each of the different structure of |
|
| 57:12 | hypothalamus and what they do. But not important. I just want to |
|
| 57:15 | of show you hear all the you know that following that category of |
|
| 57:19 | . Right? I mean uh it a role in emotional response, |
|
| 57:23 | food intake, water or water, , balance. So your thirst, |
|
| 57:27 | , wake cycle, which is also be regulated through something else. Control |
|
| 57:31 | the endocrine system. So through the gland, um autonomic control, meaning |
|
| 57:38 | you know, structures that are really of through uh you know the respiratory |
|
| 57:43 | and so on and so forth. all these things that you don't have |
|
| 57:47 | control over is kind of being governed the hypothalamus. We refer to it |
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| 57:52 | of as the master gland in the . Is kind of one way to |
|
| 57:55 | at it. So here you can the thalamus. So this would be |
|
| 58:00 | what is that called? It starts the dye ends with an on diane |
|
| 58:06 | . So Thailand cephalon, diane Now we're coming down to the ice |
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| 58:10 | cone. Alright. Or if you to do it. The mushroom were |
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| 58:13 | the stock of the mushroom. All . And so we call this the |
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| 58:17 | stem. Brain stem begins just underneath diane cephalon and continues downward and then |
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| 58:23 | form the spinal cord. All So there's three structures. We have |
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| 58:27 | midbrain, we have the ponds and have the medulla oblon gata. If |
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| 58:31 | haven't seen the water boy, That's really, really fun scene discussing the |
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| 58:34 | oblon gata. Thank you. I know there's always at least one |
|
| 58:36 | knows what I'm talking about here. right. Um So this is the |
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| 58:41 | and most primitive part of the So, if you start looking at |
|
| 58:44 | organisms, what we call primitive they have this but their cerebellum is |
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| 58:49 | really well developed. Their cerebrum is really well developed. It's this structure |
|
| 58:53 | plays the major role in regulating their their functions of their bodies. There's |
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| 59:00 | cranial nerves. When you see the nerve, think peripheral nervous system. |
|
| 59:06 | . So it's not part of the nervous system. It's part of the |
|
| 59:09 | nervous system. Alright, So every that's coming into the body or into |
|
| 59:15 | brain into the central nervous system early into the brain is really what I |
|
| 59:19 | to go to has to pass through brain stem. All right. |
|
| 59:24 | if it has to pass through the stem, you probably would like to |
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| 59:27 | that there's probably processing going on A lot of primitive processing and that's |
|
| 59:31 | be true. Alright. So there lots and lots of different nuclei. |
|
| 59:35 | does the nucleus or what is nuclei ? Where lots of cell bodies are |
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| 59:43 | , where lots of processing is taking when you hear the word nuclei in |
|
| 59:48 | to the central nervous system or to nervous system in general? I don't |
|
| 59:52 | the little tiny structure inside the cell of lots of cells accumulated together. |
|
| 59:57 | . So it forms what kind of , Gray or white? Great. |
|
| 60:01 | . Very few of these are just keep going all the way through. |
|
| 60:06 | let's kind of look at these midbrain functions. I have movement, |
|
| 60:11 | the ocular motor and the cochlear nerves going to be found there uh in |
|
| 60:15 | the cranial nerves. Um I'm not say that you don't need to know |
|
| 60:20 | . Um I'll have to remind me the test, someone write it down |
|
| 60:25 | I have to remind so I can it up and make sure that I |
|
| 60:27 | have part of my test questions because hate to tell you don't know these |
|
| 60:30 | then you end up with test But they're really simple. They just |
|
| 60:35 | hard. Right? When you see word ocular motor, what does it |
|
| 60:39 | like I movement? So what do think the ocular motor nerve does move |
|
| 60:47 | eyes? Try to clear. This a weird one. It's also an |
|
| 60:50 | mover. Alright. So in terms eye movement, we're going to a |
|
| 60:54 | match. Alright. Yeah, they're . But have you ever watched the |
|
| 61:04 | ? Right. I mean if you're a match, I mean your head |
|
| 61:06 | goes like this, but your eyes do the same thing. That's what |
|
| 61:10 | does, relaying auditory and visual reflexes someone calls your name or says, |
|
| 61:18 | , you know, you're walking across here. Hey, what do you |
|
| 61:21 | ? Right. That's a that's a . Alright, so this is where |
|
| 61:26 | is kind of going the visual reflexes well as those auditory reflexes moving down |
|
| 61:31 | ponds is the one with the All right. You can see here |
|
| 61:34 | there's structure that goes back. This be where the cerebellum is located. |
|
| 61:38 | it plays as a relay station between cerebellum and the cerebral information goes |
|
| 61:42 | And information comes out this way. , a couple of nerves. |
|
| 61:47 | trigeminal nerve is basically, you the gemini is gemini is a |
|
| 61:53 | Twin? So what would be a jim? Triplets? Yeah, |
|
| 62:00 | it's a big ugly nerve that sits here. It looks like Triplets. |
|
| 62:07 | , 2, 3. Alright, nerve plays a role in mastication. |
|
| 62:11 | confuse that with another thing. Thank for laughing, mastication, chewing. |
|
| 62:18 | right, sensory input from the face, mouth, and nose. |
|
| 62:24 | gonna be cranial nerve number five. trigeminal. Uh facial muscles, facial |
|
| 62:29 | abductions plays a role in my It's a really specific eye movement. |
|
| 62:34 | abduction is when things get taken right? So the abusive nerves cause |
|
| 62:40 | eyes to look outward and upward. you know that person who's really kind |
|
| 62:45 | irritating you And you're like so Alright, vestibular cochlear. This is |
|
| 62:52 | be the best. Remember I said , that's equilibrium. The balance of |
|
| 62:57 | body. Cochlear refers to your ear hearing. So this is hearing and |
|
| 63:02 | nerve. You see I said it's of easy when you look at the |
|
| 63:06 | , this is like again, if know what abduction is, then that |
|
| 63:09 | it easy. So the ponds has whole bunch of nuclear that play a |
|
| 63:14 | in regulating blood pressure, heart digestion and it does so by communicating |
|
| 63:18 | nuclear that are found in the Alright, So primarily information moving back |
|
| 63:25 | forth between the cerebrum and the But again, we have these different |
|
| 63:30 | as well as some autonomic um regulation below medulla is this little portion right |
|
| 63:38 | . Down here. This would be spinal cord. So the medulla is |
|
| 63:41 | part that sits right above the spinal . Um It's based where you're gonna |
|
| 63:46 | first information from healing and or hearing balance. Only talk about these |
|
| 63:50 | We'll look at specific nuclear perhaps. then here's the other cranial nerves notice |
|
| 63:54 | nine and onward. So number nine glass of friends, you know, |
|
| 63:59 | a Is town bearings is throat. it tells you right there. It's |
|
| 64:05 | tongue and throat nerve swallowing making your . Do you know that sort of |
|
| 64:11 | . Alright, Vagus nerve. If don't know any nerve, This is |
|
| 64:14 | one you have to know. All . This is the one you tattooed |
|
| 64:17 | your body because it controls all the of the body autonomic. So we're |
|
| 64:24 | lungs, heart digestion. It's just just one of those nerves. It's |
|
| 64:29 | it's everything that's autonomic. Alright. ladies, what do you call necklaces |
|
| 64:37 | earrings and stuff like that. It's but accessories. So it has to |
|
| 64:46 | with the muscles of the neck. how I remember it is. Guys |
|
| 64:50 | gonna sit there. I'm not gonna that. Yeah. You by the |
|
| 64:53 | accessories. So it's the necklace and hipaa. Glassell. Hipaa means below |
|
| 65:02 | . So that's really a somatic control tongue. That's the one that makes |
|
| 65:04 | go right. So again you can here, what am I dealing |
|
| 65:10 | I'm dealing with autonomic stuff and I'm with somatic muscle stuff. The low |
|
| 65:18 | . So you can think of the kind of being broken into two parts |
|
| 65:21 | head and the rest of everything All right. And so when you're |
|
| 65:25 | with cranial nerves, cranial nerves. with everything from here on up with |
|
| 65:30 | exception of this Vegas. All And so when you smile, is |
|
| 65:36 | gonna be a cranial nerve? Alright. When you hear something, |
|
| 65:39 | it a cranial nerve when you move eyes around? Alright. So anything |
|
| 65:44 | here? On up. The one to that rule, vagus nerve, |
|
| 65:49 | is all the viscera of the body it's all happening through the brain |
|
| 65:55 | That's where the information is coming This is the worst picture in your |
|
| 66:00 | or anywhere else ever. Particular formation a particular activating system. This is |
|
| 66:08 | region that moves right through the middle the brain stem and it's basically all |
|
| 66:13 | different nuclei that are located in this and they're just like, okay, |
|
| 66:17 | information comes into this and we process and it helps to keep the whole |
|
| 66:22 | active and alert. Okay, thank you. That's very, very |
|
| 66:26 | to me. And usually they show like this where it's like, |
|
| 66:29 | we've highlighted that little area inside the and we're gonna put arrows to show |
|
| 66:34 | that it affects everything. Yeah, hate that. All right. So |
|
| 66:40 | does it do? Alright, arousal sleep? Have you ever fallen asleep |
|
| 66:43 | class is a safe place? We we can talk about that. Have |
|
| 66:47 | ever done the nap jerk? You , I'm awake, I've done some |
|
| 66:54 | cool stuff to students. I've actually class out before, sat there and |
|
| 67:00 | for him to wake up. When I taught high school through an |
|
| 67:05 | kid, it's fine. But arouse sleep when you're driving. Have you |
|
| 67:12 | driven long distance and you're kind of that? You panic freak out. |
|
| 67:17 | right. That's your that's the ras You're battling it out between staying alert |
|
| 67:23 | your sleep system basically think now it's to go to sleep. Alright. |
|
| 67:28 | muscle tone stretch reflexes. How do coordinate your breathing? So you can |
|
| 67:31 | see which regions did that pons and medulla, right blood pressure pons and |
|
| 67:37 | pain modulation that didn't hurt right? gonna be all done through the ras |
|
| 67:44 | the particular formation. So basically just bunch of nuclei and what they do |
|
| 67:50 | they send information up to different parts the brain to help you perceive and |
|
| 67:55 | what's going on in terms of those . So it's just kind of a |
|
| 68:00 | region which is why I hate kind talking about it. All right. |
|
| 68:07 | you feel slightly comfortable with the N. S? Alright. Notice |
|
| 68:11 | didn't dive deep. We waited through what I wanna do is I want |
|
| 68:15 | move further down into the C. . S. A lot of |
|
| 68:18 | When you think about the cns we this last right before the test Cns |
|
| 68:23 | two things. It's the brain and spinal cord. Alright. Cns does |
|
| 68:29 | . So the spinal cord plays a in processing information. All right |
|
| 68:33 | So it's an extension of that brain as it comes down so it's exiting |
|
| 68:39 | the base of the skull and it's encased in bone and so when we |
|
| 68:43 | it's encased in bone very often. happens is we like to confuse and |
|
| 68:47 | like to think of the vertebrae as the spinal cord. No, it |
|
| 68:52 | is not. It actually sits in cavities that are being protected by the |
|
| 68:58 | . All right. So it's basically in this structure that serves as a |
|
| 69:03 | . And you can see that there coming off at a bunch of spinal |
|
| 69:07 | . There's actually 31 segments and each those have spinal nerves associated with them |
|
| 69:12 | it continues on downward. It actually a little early. Alright, so |
|
| 69:17 | about here and then those spinal nerves down and they continue to exit out |
|
| 69:22 | the vertebrae um where they're supposed to out all the way down through the |
|
| 69:26 | . And so this region of just nerves where there's uh spinal cord hears |
|
| 69:30 | . That's the the film. Terminally this stuff is called the kata |
|
| 69:39 | Who knows her? Latin carter is . Pequena, horse, horse's |
|
| 69:47 | And that's what it looks like. where he got his name. Looks |
|
| 69:50 | a big old horse's tail. So just final nerves. All right. |
|
| 69:57 | what are the spinal nerves? So we can see this is uh there's |
|
| 70:01 | cross section right there of the spinal . You can see these are the |
|
| 70:04 | nerves coming off and so you can that they have two halves to |
|
| 70:07 | there's there's a division. So if was coming this direction, you see |
|
| 70:11 | split this way and that way. really what it is is I have |
|
| 70:15 | got uh fibers that go into the cord on the dorsal side and on |
|
| 70:20 | ventral side I have fibers coming out then they converge and they form what |
|
| 70:25 | called the spinal nerve. So these branches are called the roots. And |
|
| 70:29 | even the roots themselves have smaller branches are called root. Let's so if |
|
| 70:33 | want to think about, you have spinal cord and from the spinal |
|
| 70:36 | the next structure would be the Let's the next structure would be the |
|
| 70:39 | . And then from the roots you the nerve. Alright, But that's |
|
| 70:42 | anatomy trick. And we're not going dive into the anatomy. What I |
|
| 70:46 | to understand is the dorsal versus the route. The dorsal root is responsible |
|
| 70:51 | sensory input going into the central nervous . Alright. As part of |
|
| 70:56 | you have this big giant bump that over here. This is where the |
|
| 71:00 | bodies of those sensory neurons are going be found when we looked at |
|
| 71:05 | you know, unit polar neurons, ? Had the two extensions of the |
|
| 71:09 | bodies sitting off to the side. where you find these. So the |
|
| 71:13 | bodies are found within that kind of . And so we refer to this |
|
| 71:19 | the dorsal root ganglion. So what did we say in the central |
|
| 71:24 | system? We have accumulation of cell . We call them a nucleus or |
|
| 71:30 | is plural, right? But when out in the peripheral nervous system, |
|
| 71:35 | call them ganglia. So there's ganglion is just like a nucleus that we |
|
| 71:42 | inside the central nervous system. The route, which would be this |
|
| 71:47 | It's going to be on the front . That's where you have the motor |
|
| 71:51 | leaving. So sensory information goes through dorsal side. The ventral side has |
|
| 71:56 | fibers leaving. They converge and they that spinal column column. Their gray |
|
| 72:01 | is gonna be located within the spinal . So if you look at the |
|
| 72:07 | cord, you can now see gray and white matter. So what does |
|
| 72:11 | matter? Cell bodies? What does matter? Axons were traveling between two |
|
| 72:21 | . Alright. We said in the nervous system, way up top in |
|
| 72:25 | brain, we had this unique We had a cortex and we had |
|
| 72:29 | matter. Then centrally located, we gray matter. Look at the spinal |
|
| 72:33 | here is their gray matter on the . Yeah, this is your gray |
|
| 72:40 | right here, this butterfly looking thing the gray matter. So here it's |
|
| 72:44 | matter on the outside. No gray on the outside, white matter. |
|
| 72:48 | then internally it's just gray matter. it kind of shows you the processing |
|
| 72:52 | your brain had to do. They to put in more places more cells |
|
| 72:56 | they only had one place to put , which was on the outside. |
|
| 72:59 | , that's why I say it's like oreo gray white gray here. It's |
|
| 73:03 | you took off the outer layer and you just have your cookie with the |
|
| 73:10 | . So the gray matter is this shaped thing. If you want to |
|
| 73:15 | a bowtie shaped thing, that's Centrally located. It has three |
|
| 73:20 | The one that's on the dorsal side called the dorsal dorsal horn. The |
|
| 73:24 | on the ventral side. The ventral . The one that's on the side |
|
| 73:27 | the lateral horn. Is that No. All right. So why |
|
| 73:33 | these different? And why do we them? So, the central nervous |
|
| 73:37 | is incredibly well organized. Alright. can imagine that it is wires. |
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| 73:42 | not but it's wires moving one place the other. And it's not just |
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| 73:46 | , you know the way I lay , which is like just throw things |
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| 73:50 | a drawer and hope that they don't tangled. Everything is very, very |
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| 73:55 | organized. So, when we look the dorsal horn, what we're looking |
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| 73:58 | here is we're looking at the cell of cells that are receiving sensory |
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| 74:05 | Alright. So processing can take place there. And then those cell bodies |
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| 74:11 | axons that are then going to travel up and down. Or really up |
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| 74:15 | the central nerve to the brain. they're going to travel to other neurons |
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| 74:20 | are gonna send signals out to the of your body. So those cell |
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| 74:25 | that are going outward are gonna be in one or two places. I |
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| 74:29 | be located out here in the lateral . And if I'm in the lateral |
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| 74:33 | , I am responsible for controlling autonomic . Autonomic motor responses. Right? |
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| 74:41 | , for example, what would be autonomic system? What would be an |
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| 74:45 | of autonomic breathing? Okay, that'd great. Except that's gonna be done |
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| 74:52 | um the uh the vagus nerve. . But but you've got the idea |
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| 74:58 | things that I don't have voluntary control . How about goose bumps, |
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| 75:06 | That's smooth muscle in your skin, ? So I can regulate through the |
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| 75:12 | nervous system. Those things I don't , I don't say time to stand |
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| 75:16 | or when they stand up like please down, I can't do that, |
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| 75:20 | outside of my control. That would autonomic, the somatic control. In |
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| 75:24 | words, the things that I can't the wiggling and kicking my legs and |
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| 75:28 | . That's gonna be regulated down here the ventral horn. So autonomic over |
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| 75:33 | , in the lateral somatic over here , Up here in the dorsal I |
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| 75:39 | it's receiving sensory input. It could both autonomic and somatic. So we're |
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| 75:43 | distinguishing between the two. So just sensory input and it's going to send |
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| 75:48 | information to either the other two horns send it back up to the central |
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| 75:52 | system as needed. The white matter being shown out here. So that's |
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| 75:59 | I said so these are fibers that going up and they're coming down and |
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| 76:05 | you can actually see there's actually a image. If you divide the spinal |
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| 76:09 | in half, there's a mirror image each side. But what each of |
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| 76:14 | little areas represent that have been highlighted filled in with color. Are those |
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| 76:19 | moving between the brain and the spinal ? And so again, this has |
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| 76:25 | incredible amount of organization to it. not just willy nilly. In |
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| 76:29 | there has what we refer to a topi to it. I probably pronounced |
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| 76:34 | incorrectly, but basically think about, want you to think about 59 Highway |
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| 76:41 | . Y'all been on Highway 59 you down here where, where it exits |
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| 76:45 | 2 88 where the two things uh two lanes, right? It's the |
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| 76:50 | of 59 that we all try to desperately, but we can't. |
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| 76:53 | you got two lanes. And then happens is, is a lane from |
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| 76:58 | 88 north joins in. And now have three lanes. So if I |
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| 77:03 | in the far right lane when I'm south towards Sugarland at that turn, |
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| 77:09 | third lane coming in now puts me on the right hand lane. It |
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| 77:12 | me in the middle lane and then street joins in and there's two more |
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| 77:18 | . So I'm no longer in the lane now, I'm almost to the |
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| 77:21 | left, right. I've got three lanes on this side. And then |
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| 77:25 | keep moving on past um Lakewood Church down towards 6 10. And now |
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| 77:30 | got six lanes and then 6 10 off, then I lose two |
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| 77:35 | And so what we see here is there's actually organization to the highway, |
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| 77:39 | there? Right? That there's a that lanes are added. They're not |
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| 77:43 | like just although it feels like it , but it's like you get in |
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| 77:48 | lane and if you stay in that , you can see lanes added out |
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| 77:51 | or over here. That's how these work as well. The further you |
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| 77:59 | down in the body, the more located the tract is. And then |
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| 78:03 | you move up from the body, tracks come in and they're added laterally |
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| 78:09 | these regions. And so when we these things, actually, we don't |
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| 78:14 | them. But when you go and a class, like an anatomy class |
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| 78:16 | you're naming them, you're actually being to identify from where they're going into |
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| 78:21 | they're going because of their position and and their conserved. So a spinning |
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| 78:29 | . Those are always going up. sending sensory input, right? So |
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| 78:34 | information can be processed. They're typically in the dorsal the lateral portions, |
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| 78:39 | its dorsal, that would be there's your lateral descending tracks. These |
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| 78:45 | sending information down to cause movement. right? They're gonna be primarily ventral |
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| 78:51 | interior lee located so they're more immediately . How we doing my out of |
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| 78:58 | . Yeah. two minutes. Um gonna pause here because I mean it's |
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| 79:04 | take me like a minute to explain but it might as well just stop |
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| 79:08 | . We don't have much to So what we're gonna do for the |
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| 79:13 | of this unit while you're packing up we're gonna be looking at the nervous |
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| 79:17 | and how it governs all this And then we're gonna look at movement |
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| 79:22 | motor control as well and all the input as well. Alright, |
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| 79:28 | And we don't panic. No |
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