| 00:01 | Alright, let's see what we got on today. Oh yeah. What |
|
| 00:05 | doing today is we are talking about . So the question that started off |
|
| 00:10 | class of here was are we ever to get to anatomy? And the |
|
| 00:13 | is yes, that's the part of class as anatomy. But as I |
|
| 00:18 | on the very first day of what we do is the first unit |
|
| 00:22 | basically getting everybody on the same Alright. I got the upper level |
|
| 00:25 | men in here. I got lower classman. I've got people who just |
|
| 00:28 | in from high school. I've got who have backgrounds in biology. I've |
|
| 00:32 | people who don't. So really the is to make sure that we all |
|
| 00:37 | because the worst thing in the world walking into a class and not having |
|
| 00:41 | sort of understanding and you're just like into the deep end, you |
|
| 00:45 | And you'd be like, I alright for those of you who are |
|
| 00:48 | math people, it'd be like taking and then just being dropped in the |
|
| 00:52 | end of of count three and you'd like, what do these symbols even |
|
| 00:58 | ? And so that's what we're trying not do is we're not trying to |
|
| 01:01 | into the deep end. And so we're gonna do today is we're just |
|
| 01:04 | continue working up that ladder. We're get through in this first unit. |
|
| 01:07 | gonna get through tissues and then once get the tissues then we get down |
|
| 01:11 | dirty. We're gonna get ugly and talking about the integra mint, which |
|
| 01:14 | a fancy word for the skin. then we're gonna move from there. |
|
| 01:17 | right. So today is we're talking cells and I think on Tuesday next |
|
| 01:23 | it's also more cells. And then , the last lecture before the exam |
|
| 01:27 | be about tissues. And so, we're gonna do is we're going to |
|
| 01:31 | kind of go over really two of subjects today. So, you can |
|
| 01:36 | here I have three basic parts of cell. We have the plasma membrane |
|
| 01:40 | nucleus. We're gonna cover the cytoplasm nucleus in very, very general |
|
| 01:44 | And then we're gonna spend the next lecture on the plasma membrane. And |
|
| 01:48 | promise you, some of you are be bored out of your minds. |
|
| 01:51 | promise it. Because whenever I learned the plasma membrane, I was bored |
|
| 01:55 | of my mind. I refused to want to learn anything about it. |
|
| 01:58 | be like la la la. In , the first job I was offered |
|
| 02:02 | to work on a protein in plasma and I was just like la la |
|
| 02:06 | la la. I don't want to this. So, I didn't take |
|
| 02:08 | job alright. But we talk about things because they're actually help us understand |
|
| 02:15 | these cells work. And so what doing is we're doing an overview of |
|
| 02:19 | , all right. And we're not at specific cells were going to |
|
| 02:21 | generally speaking, all cells have these of characteristics. If they don't have |
|
| 02:25 | types of characteristics, they're probably not . And so the first three |
|
| 02:29 | as I said, plasma membrane cytoplasm . So what are the plasma membranes |
|
| 02:34 | ? It is the barrier between the of the cell and the outside of |
|
| 02:37 | cell. Alright, we'll spend more talking about that on Tuesday. We |
|
| 02:42 | the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is basically this in here. It contains the organelles |
|
| 02:47 | it's the area in which the cell its work for the most part. |
|
| 02:52 | , as you move up the biology , you'll go, oh yeah it's |
|
| 02:56 | the only place. But we're gonna kind of keep it at that level |
|
| 02:59 | now. Okay. And then we the nucleus and the nucleus is this |
|
| 03:03 | in here that kind of looks like yolk in an egg and that's basically |
|
| 03:07 | control center. It's where the chromosomes located. This is where your |
|
| 03:11 | N. A. Is found. it's the structural arrangement of the |
|
| 03:15 | N. A. And so if have these kind of three areas in |
|
| 03:18 | , we can say, okay, these three areas are unique because they |
|
| 03:21 | different things. And so our starting as I said, forget I have |
|
| 03:28 | jump out. It's going to be at the side of plaza. Now |
|
| 03:31 | a word here inside of plasm that a lot like cytoplasm but it isn't |
|
| 03:36 | cytoplasm is the catch all phrase, literally refers to the material inside the |
|
| 03:42 | membrane and outside of the nucleus. everything else out there, all this |
|
| 03:47 | stuff and all this stuff hanging out the yellow stuff in the little |
|
| 03:52 | All right. The fluid environment of cytoplasm is called The site is |
|
| 03:58 | And that's the confusing word because people to interchange them sometimes and they're not |
|
| 04:05 | . The site is all is the environment plus all the things that are |
|
| 04:10 | in it. That's there's water is primary component. But there's salts and |
|
| 04:14 | and proteins and other things hanging out there. So, if it's dissolved |
|
| 04:19 | the water, it's part of the of saul and so it's more viscous |
|
| 04:23 | it is watery. So, if were to poke a sell the stuff |
|
| 04:26 | of oozes out slowly because of all stuff that's included in that watery |
|
| 04:33 | That side is all now outside of side or I say suspended in the |
|
| 04:39 | is also in the side of but not the liquid part. This |
|
| 04:42 | where you're gonna find the organelles. so you see a couple of them |
|
| 04:46 | pointing out this is the metabolic This is the things that are compartments |
|
| 04:51 | aside to do unique things inside the . All right. So, when |
|
| 04:57 | think of an organized, I think must be doing something fancy. And |
|
| 05:01 | lastly there are inclusions. Now, cells don't have inclusions. Some cells |
|
| 05:05 | . Some cells don't what's an It's not quite an organ. L |
|
| 05:09 | it's too big to be in the is all. And so it's just |
|
| 05:13 | that we don't know where else to them in. You know, I |
|
| 05:15 | you before scientists like to throw things boxes. And so they created a |
|
| 05:18 | category and said it didn't go in box. It doesn't go into that |
|
| 05:21 | . So we're going to throw it that box. And so it includes |
|
| 05:24 | like glycogen. Alright, lipid Here's a picture of a vacuole, |
|
| 05:29 | ? Uh implants? If you ladies you like flowers? Are they |
|
| 05:34 | Right. The reason flowers are nice pretty and having different colors other than |
|
| 05:39 | green is because of pigment vacuum. Okay, that's kind of cool |
|
| 05:44 | You can like flowers too. But day is coming up and I need |
|
| 05:48 | to start thinking ahead. All And then there's other things like crystals |
|
| 05:51 | stuff. And you'll see some pictures in a little bit that show you |
|
| 05:54 | types of inclusions. Alright. when you're studying cells and you learned |
|
| 06:01 | back in seventh grade when you first to good science. And then you |
|
| 06:06 | did again in 10th grade if you biology. As they said today, |
|
| 06:09 | learning the cell or this week, learning to sell. And they made |
|
| 06:12 | draw a picture of a cell and looked in a microscope and you tried |
|
| 06:16 | to recreate it. We're not doing stuff today. But the easiest thing |
|
| 06:20 | learn about the cell is draw a of it. You don't have to |
|
| 06:22 | an artist like this, but like circle and then kind of put little |
|
| 06:25 | in there. And what you do you label them like you see around |
|
| 06:28 | and then you put your descriptions and next thing, you know, 30 |
|
| 06:32 | today. 30 slides on Tuesday turns one page of information which is in |
|
| 06:37 | mind, easier to study. And can kind of see where things are |
|
| 06:39 | what they do if you're not an , not a big deal. It's |
|
| 06:43 | I find that it's probably easiest way learn the parts of the south. |
|
| 06:48 | , let's learn the parts of the . Alright. Organelles. Alright. |
|
| 06:53 | are two types of organelles in the or inside the cell. Alright. |
|
| 06:57 | which have membranes and those which do have membranes. We call the ones |
|
| 07:01 | membranes membrane bound organelles. The ones membranes are called biomolecular complexes. |
|
| 07:08 | some textbooks, if you took this in if you've taken a class that |
|
| 07:12 | Mariette and there's some other textbooks they them non membrane bound organelles. There's |
|
| 07:18 | such thing as that. That's a who doesn't know what they're writing |
|
| 07:21 | And so they made up word. . So, it's a biomolecular |
|
| 07:26 | All right. They just want to something that's juxtaposition and it just it |
|
| 07:31 | Right. All right. So what the membrane bound organelles? Well, |
|
| 07:33 | has an internal environment. Remember we we're setting off an area that's set |
|
| 07:39 | and set aside. That's unique. , it does unique things and that's |
|
| 07:43 | the membrane is doing. It's creating unique environment inside that little membrane. |
|
| 07:49 | right, secondly, that membrane is to the plasma membrane, in other |
|
| 07:53 | , is made up of the same . These fossil lipids and cholesterol and |
|
| 07:57 | fun things that make up the plasma . So, they're very easy to |
|
| 08:04 | in terms of structure. It's okay, they look like the plasma |
|
| 08:07 | . Alright, this complex this So up here we have a Golgi |
|
| 08:12 | here, we have mitochondria over here have endo plasma particular. All of |
|
| 08:16 | compartments are set apart so that you create these unique critical biomolecular biochemical activities |
|
| 08:24 | that's what we're gonna do. We're go, here's this this is what |
|
| 08:27 | does. Here's this, this is it does. And lastly these are |
|
| 08:31 | membrane bound organelles, the nucleus. though we set it aside and say |
|
| 08:36 | is a unique area because well, like to think of things that are |
|
| 08:40 | the brains and like quarterbacks and anything that sounds fancy and big and |
|
| 08:45 | We like to set it apart, it's an organ. It'll just like |
|
| 08:48 | the other things. Alright, so nucleus is an organ l the endo |
|
| 08:52 | particular um is a membrane bound The Golgi apparatus, membrane bound |
|
| 08:59 | which is a really cool one. get to that paroxysms and lice |
|
| 09:03 | Those are your big classes of the if I see membrane bound organelles, |
|
| 09:08 | one of these things. The biomolecular are a little bit weirder. |
|
| 09:13 | So they basically have a whole bunch molecules, these macro molecules, these |
|
| 09:18 | , they're talking about, you jam together and you create this structure and |
|
| 09:22 | this structure does something. All So some examples of these are not |
|
| 09:28 | to it, but the ones we're really kind of look like are gonna |
|
| 09:30 | the side of skeleton, which we really have a good picture of it |
|
| 09:33 | there. The ribosomes which don't have really good picture up there in the |
|
| 09:37 | , ALs and there's the central's up in a region called the central |
|
| 09:42 | All right, we'll get to those . But that would be the examples |
|
| 09:46 | we're gonna use for these biomolecular complexes again, unique functions that are carried |
|
| 09:51 | within the sight of salt. So gonna jump ahead and we're gonna just |
|
| 09:57 | in on this first membrane bound organelles we've kind of set aside and said |
|
| 10:01 | the nucleus. It's special because it's the D. N. A. |
|
| 10:04 | and that seems like makes it So there's your nucleus. It looks |
|
| 10:08 | the eye of sauron in our little . All right now you can think |
|
| 10:13 | it and I'm gonna use a lot illusion here. Not illusion, |
|
| 10:17 | right? You can think of it the brain of the cell. Now |
|
| 10:20 | it's not the brain of the it's a control center. It's where |
|
| 10:24 | the hereditary materialists are not all I'm going to highlight that most of |
|
| 10:28 | DNA of the cell. And the we say most is because the mitochondria |
|
| 10:32 | D. N. A. As . And it's a really interesting unique |
|
| 10:36 | about that which I'm gonna get you I get to the mitochondria. |
|
| 10:38 | so this is where your D. . A. Is located. All |
|
| 10:42 | . This is where DNA replication takes . This is where you have genetic |
|
| 10:46 | of the activities of the cell. , if you're turning on and turning |
|
| 10:49 | genes, it's occurring inside the Alright. And so there's three structures |
|
| 10:55 | this nucleus that you should probably be of. The envelope, the nuclear |
|
| 10:59 | and the and the crow metin. , The envelope simply is the barrier |
|
| 11:05 | the inside and the outside. All . So there's two membranes you can |
|
| 11:09 | here. There's membrane number one and there's membrane number two right there. |
|
| 11:13 | their continuous with each other. If look carefully you can see the little |
|
| 11:16 | that kind of rolls around on itself that. So basically it's an environment |
|
| 11:21 | is connected and creates this double barrier the stuff on the inside of the |
|
| 11:26 | and this stuff on the outside. this envelope is also continuous with our |
|
| 11:31 | membrane bound organelles. This would be rough end of plasma particularly. So |
|
| 11:36 | kind of tells us something, it's wait a second. If this organ |
|
| 11:39 | over here and this one are connected each other, they must somehow be |
|
| 11:43 | to each other. And that's actually going on. Is that you actually |
|
| 11:48 | membrane and that builds or it grows creates the next structure which creates the |
|
| 11:54 | structure. Which creates the next So the plasma membrane is kind of |
|
| 11:58 | uh is creative as you move from center. Most organelles this nucleus onto |
|
| 12:06 | rough ectoplasmic articulate onto the next thing the next thing. The next |
|
| 12:09 | And I don't want to get too ahead of us. All right now |
|
| 12:13 | said this is where the D. . A. Is going to be |
|
| 12:16 | . This is where all the genes located. And what we're going to |
|
| 12:20 | out at the end of class is we go from a from a gene |
|
| 12:23 | a protein. All right. And that means things that are out there |
|
| 12:27 | the side is all. Remember that's all the action is taking place. |
|
| 12:31 | ? That's where the machinery is So things inside the nucleus have to |
|
| 12:36 | able to get outside and things outside the nucleus have to be able to |
|
| 12:39 | inside. And so there's these nuclear and this cartoon is trying to show |
|
| 12:43 | there's this structure that makes up the , you can think of it like |
|
| 12:48 | bouncer. Alright. What it does it says um are you allowed in |
|
| 12:52 | ? Let me see your I. . And so every molecule that comes |
|
| 12:56 | and goes out has the right markers it to allow it to go in |
|
| 12:59 | to go out. And that's what poor serves as basically allows for the |
|
| 13:06 | materials to migrate in and out of nucleus. Alright so we're talking RNA |
|
| 13:13 | and then proteins in is usually how kind of look at this. Now |
|
| 13:19 | structure here in the cartoon there's a graph of that, you can see |
|
| 13:24 | they're the big giant spot that you find in the middle of a nucleus |
|
| 13:28 | called the nuclear olis. Alright. job is where rivals Global RNA is |
|
| 13:36 | made and you're sitting there and I know what that is yet. That's |
|
| 13:38 | by the end of class you'll know of the difficulty of this classes. |
|
| 13:42 | gonna be dumping things at you and have to kind of say okay I'm |
|
| 13:45 | put pause on this and it's going come back in just a second. |
|
| 13:49 | right so we're going to make rivals R. N. A. Inside |
|
| 13:53 | nucleus lola's. Alright. So what doing is we're gonna be making ribosomes |
|
| 13:58 | so this is where you take the and large subunits of a ribosome and |
|
| 14:02 | them together. And then the ribosomes going to see are responsible for helping |
|
| 14:07 | make proteins. Alright. Now, be the first to admit. And |
|
| 14:12 | you ask any other professor in they'll tell you, we don't know |
|
| 14:15 | about biology. Alright. And what means is that we don't understand all |
|
| 14:20 | underlying mechanisms. We don't know what does yet. Alright. If in |
|
| 14:24 | grand scheme of things if this is the biological knowledge in the world we |
|
| 14:27 | about this much. All right. one of the things we're doing is |
|
| 14:32 | trying to figure all this stuff That's what all the research and what |
|
| 14:34 | are doing and why we don't understand going on in the world around us |
|
| 14:37 | the time. And so one of things we don't know because as we |
|
| 14:42 | at was like, oh well we this stuff out. And then I |
|
| 14:43 | like but wait, there's other stuff on. And so we don't even |
|
| 14:46 | not even gonna classify and we're just say there are other things that take |
|
| 14:50 | in the nuclear olas. All So it's an area that's kind of |
|
| 14:54 | away inside. It's not bound by . It's like this is an area |
|
| 14:58 | there's a lot of activity taking Most of it is to make |
|
| 15:05 | So we have the nucleus. So didn't talk about chroma tin. We'll |
|
| 15:08 | to that in just a minute. right. So here we have this |
|
| 15:15 | again. You can see we've grayed the nucleus and we see the next |
|
| 15:20 | in its place which is the indo particular. Um It's abbreviated E. |
|
| 15:24 | . So whenever you see er just into plasma particular. Um I know |
|
| 15:28 | of your attempted to think emergency All right. So, basically what |
|
| 15:34 | is is a series of tube. I want to say tubes but I'm |
|
| 15:37 | gonna use the words up there, and cistern in. Alright, those |
|
| 15:40 | fancy word for saying compartments. It's this membrane that's folded over itself over |
|
| 15:46 | over and over again. So, create these environments that are like tubes |
|
| 15:50 | these environments that are like big giant . But they're all interconnected with each |
|
| 15:54 | there their continuous. And so while kind of looks like this is a |
|
| 15:58 | that's compartment there all continuous. It's where they fold creates this unique appearance |
|
| 16:04 | these unique compartments. Alright now we two types. We have the rough |
|
| 16:10 | articulate and the smooth end of plasma . And again their name because when |
|
| 16:14 | first looked at under a microscope, had bumps and one didn't and they're |
|
| 16:18 | to each other and they just presumed think they probably had stained it and |
|
| 16:21 | came out stained the same. They're all right. So one has bumpy |
|
| 16:24 | one is not. So that's where names come from. The rough into |
|
| 16:29 | particularly which you can see over here rough because attached to it are these |
|
| 16:33 | called ribosomes, The things that were made inside the nucleus. Alright. |
|
| 16:38 | there's a little picture down here is trying to show you that the affiliation |
|
| 16:43 | that association of ribosomes to the rough in particular. You can see here |
|
| 16:47 | little structures right here are ribosomes. right here is supposed to represent the |
|
| 16:52 | of plasma particularize membrane. What we're here is we're making proteins that are |
|
| 16:57 | to be secreted. Alright, right now, you don't need to |
|
| 17:01 | that. I'm just pointing it out if you're looking at a picture and |
|
| 17:03 | , okay, there's a lot of there. What's going on. The |
|
| 17:06 | reason I have this picture here is , you can see here's the |
|
| 17:09 | this is how the ribosomes are And that's why you get these little |
|
| 17:13 | bumps everywhere. Those are representing the . All right. What's going on |
|
| 17:19 | ? Is that the rough ectoplasmic particularly plays an important role in the production |
|
| 17:25 | proteins. Alright, proteins at the is going to secrete or put into |
|
| 17:31 | surface. Alright. So that's the of the entire plaza inarticulate or the |
|
| 17:37 | into plasma, particularly the smooth indoor critical um is kind of this cat |
|
| 17:42 | structure. Many cells have it but purpose of the smooth into plasma particular |
|
| 17:47 | cells can be unique. Alright. for example, in muscles, muscles |
|
| 17:53 | up calcium inside the smooth indoor plasma particular. And it uses that calcium |
|
| 17:59 | a muscle contraction by releasing it. basically you can think I stormed calcium |
|
| 18:04 | then I release it and that allows to do a contraction. All right |
|
| 18:09 | cells for example, I'm just trying see I'll just use um cells like |
|
| 18:13 | the liver hepatic sites. This is they're gonna store up um different chemicals |
|
| 18:19 | help you detoxify the materials that you're into your body. Okay, that's |
|
| 18:25 | of cool. And then other cells that are found um primarily in endocrine |
|
| 18:32 | , particularly to make steroids. What do is they take cholesterol, they |
|
| 18:37 | it inside the ectoplasm particular and they all the right enzymes there to make |
|
| 18:40 | type of hormone steroid that you need your body to do the things that |
|
| 18:45 | does. So there's a whole bunch different things that the smooth interplay. |
|
| 18:51 | me. The smooth into plasma Um does. It just depends on |
|
| 18:54 | tell you're looking at. So what do is we just say it doesn't |
|
| 18:58 | a role in protein production. It unique roles in each individual cells, |
|
| 19:02 | it's a continuation of the same So the ribosomes, as you can |
|
| 19:08 | in the rough end apply in particular play the role of producing proteins. |
|
| 19:14 | it's unique. And then the smooth something else different so far. You |
|
| 19:20 | with me All right now, when making proteins that need to be secreted |
|
| 19:32 | need to make proteins and be inserted the membrane, they're going to be |
|
| 19:35 | inside the rough end of plasma in . And after you've made those |
|
| 19:39 | you bud that a portion off of roof into plasma particularly remember it's in |
|
| 19:44 | membrane. And so there's little tiny of membrane with stuff inside. It |
|
| 19:49 | to go to a new structure. new structure is going to be the |
|
| 19:52 | apparatus. So what you have is we started making plasma membrane over here |
|
| 19:56 | the nucleus, we continue pushing that membrane as the ectoplasm articulate and it |
|
| 20:02 | moving and you pinch pieces off and it goes on to the Golgi |
|
| 20:06 | The Golgi apparatus is your traffic In other words, it's gonna take |
|
| 20:12 | inside that little vesicles and it's going decide where that stuff needs to |
|
| 20:17 | It's kind of like a post office center. Right. It's like looking |
|
| 20:22 | the zip codes because each of the have markers on them that say where |
|
| 20:26 | need to go, we don't quite the process yet. Right. And |
|
| 20:30 | what it does. It says, . You go over there, you |
|
| 20:32 | , over there, you go, there, you go over there and |
|
| 20:34 | this process you ultimately sort where proteins to be. Some are going to |
|
| 20:39 | on the plasma membrane. So we're be secreted. And then little buds |
|
| 20:43 | off of the Golgi apparatus and then to where they need to go. |
|
| 20:47 | that is what this is trying to you on this side. The cyst |
|
| 20:51 | . This is the vesicles that are from the endo plasma critical. Um |
|
| 20:56 | can see on the inside their stuff and then in these different layers, |
|
| 21:00 | you are organizing and directing and changing proteins until they get sorted. And |
|
| 21:08 | you get vesicles that pinch off and to their specific location. That's going |
|
| 21:14 | be on the trans side. sis is the near side transits the |
|
| 21:18 | side. All right. So that's function modify concentrating package. Alright. |
|
| 21:26 | then you send it to where it to go. one of the things |
|
| 21:33 | you can pinch off of a gold . Is called the license zone. |
|
| 21:38 | . So, if I'm just kind looking at these structures, I'm just |
|
| 21:42 | go through and name him real We have the nucleus that serves kind |
|
| 21:44 | like the brain. Then the platinum it's kind of like a factory |
|
| 21:48 | Making stuff. The Golgi apparatus kind like the post office, the |
|
| 21:53 | Um now is a specialized vesicles that's off of the Golgi and it acts |
|
| 21:58 | a stomach. It's not a It acts like one. Alright. |
|
| 22:02 | within this structure which comes off the is you pump it full of enzymes |
|
| 22:08 | you pump it full of protons. other words, you drop the ph |
|
| 22:13 | this structure. Now we talked about a little bit when we talked about |
|
| 22:17 | . Remember we said if we have very, very acidic environment, it |
|
| 22:22 | proteins to denature causes them to pop . Right? So normally proteins are |
|
| 22:27 | this, they're globular in their For the most part there's some that |
|
| 22:31 | not, but most of them are this kind of makes me scared when |
|
| 22:35 | start getting that echo. Alright. then what happens is you put it |
|
| 22:38 | a very, very sick environment pops . And that means now you have |
|
| 22:42 | sites that can interact with the All right. And so if you |
|
| 22:46 | digestive enzymes, digestive enzymes are gonna able to go, okay, I'm |
|
| 22:50 | for a specific site. Oh, gonna clip there and clip there and |
|
| 22:54 | there. And that allows you to whatever the protein is that you're looking |
|
| 22:58 | . And that's what the license um doing. All right, basically it |
|
| 23:02 | a whole bunch of enzymes. So is basically trying to show you a |
|
| 23:06 | , right? And it says here's license zone. Inside that license |
|
| 23:10 | I have a whole bunch of enzymes pumped in a whole bunch of |
|
| 23:14 | So, I've dropped the ph very low, Right? And then |
|
| 23:18 | I do is I take a vesicles has something I want destroyed in |
|
| 23:23 | Alright, In this particular case, is a cell that has swallowed a |
|
| 23:28 | . And then what I'm gonna do I'm gonna take that bacterium in that |
|
| 23:31 | , merge it with that license And then all those enzymes chew up |
|
| 23:35 | ever in there, because the environment it. Now to put this into |
|
| 23:40 | so that you can understand this doesn't sense to you. It's like you |
|
| 23:43 | a cheeseburger, shoving it in your , put it into your stomach, |
|
| 23:47 | your body going and breaking it all . And then what you have is |
|
| 23:52 | have now these little tiny particulates that cell can now use. Right? |
|
| 23:57 | we talked about those monomers, the acids, the sugars and stuff. |
|
| 24:01 | cell can use those and anything it need. It can break down further |
|
| 24:05 | release energy from it. And that's it does. All right. |
|
| 24:10 | there are two terms that are not of this process, but you'll hear |
|
| 24:15 | some point in your life. And want to clarify them first is a |
|
| 24:20 | thing. It's a very bad Alright, if a life zone breaks |
|
| 24:25 | it does, it releases all of enzymes into the side is all of |
|
| 24:30 | cell. Now, what's on the of all of the cell? A |
|
| 24:33 | bunch of proteins that belong to the , enzymes do not discriminate where the |
|
| 24:39 | come from. That's why we sequester away inside of vesicles. Right? |
|
| 24:43 | if I release a whole bunch of that are responsible for digesting things inside |
|
| 24:47 | cell, it starts digesting those proteins the cell. That's bad. |
|
| 24:53 | That's called atoll. Icis at self . Again an example in the human |
|
| 24:59 | of if you were to do imagine you creating an ulcer. |
|
| 25:05 | basically the area that protects you from own digestive juices. Kind of wears |
|
| 25:10 | and now your digestive juices do what begin digesting you. That's bad pollsters |
|
| 25:17 | , that's kind of what this is of right? That's what analysis. |
|
| 25:22 | . If you say auto license, one's gonna beam attitudes just you know |
|
| 25:26 | get used to the pronunciation I guess british person autologous sis. Alright. |
|
| 25:32 | other word is autopsy gee. autopsy G is a normal process. |
|
| 25:39 | . When a cell becomes stressed and or it becomes like cancerous one of |
|
| 25:45 | signals that that's used to protect the from a bad cell is to destroy |
|
| 25:52 | causing the problems. Alright, so a cell can do is it's recognizing |
|
| 25:57 | I messed up and then sends a . Something comes back and sends a |
|
| 26:01 | and says, okay, I need to self destroy and saw Top AJI |
|
| 26:05 | where the license um starts looking for things that are broken based on that |
|
| 26:10 | . So if there's damaged organelles, say, oh, this thing is |
|
| 26:13 | to be here. So chop chop, chop, chop chop and |
|
| 26:15 | breaks it all down. That's our Aji. Okay, so analysis, |
|
| 26:21 | things are going on, right? not what you want. That's when |
|
| 26:24 | license zone ruptures and the enzymes are . Autopsy Ji is targeting and breaking |
|
| 26:30 | something that shouldn't be there. All . And the word licenses to break |
|
| 26:38 | Fiji is to eat. Which is because over here I got digestion and |
|
| 26:43 | like to connect digestion and eating. right. So, those are just |
|
| 26:48 | terms. So, we have the control center Enterprise in particular, factory |
|
| 26:54 | apparatus sorting center. Life zone Then we got this weird thing, |
|
| 27:01 | . Alright, paroxysms again, are platinum membrane within that plasma injury. |
|
| 27:08 | have this crystalline core that contains within . A whole bunch of enzymes catalysis |
|
| 27:13 | oxidation, as are the primary But they can be some others as |
|
| 27:17 | . And the whole function of this similar to what your liver does. |
|
| 27:20 | basically takes things that are bad toxic the cell isolates them and then breaks |
|
| 27:27 | down so that they become less and toxic through this process of breaking them |
|
| 27:33 | . All right, So what we're dealing with are something called free radicals |
|
| 27:39 | , free radicals deserve their own I'm not gonna go into it, |
|
| 27:42 | it's it's kind of a chemistry And basically what it says is these |
|
| 27:45 | molecular time bombs. They're looking to with something that is roughly unstable because |
|
| 27:50 | unstable. And they come along and create this massive release of energy and |
|
| 27:55 | create another molecule that's unstable, which another massive energy release and it can |
|
| 27:59 | DNA damage and all sorts of horrible . You guys like taking vitamin |
|
| 28:05 | Yeah, everyone was like take vitamin . Why do we take vitamin |
|
| 28:08 | It's an anti ox det. Thank . I might have to spell some |
|
| 28:18 | these words at some antioxidant. Why we take antioxidants? Because antioxidants battle |
|
| 28:24 | free radicals that are in everything that eat and all around you. UV |
|
| 28:28 | creates free radicals. Alright, so whole world is surrounded by these little |
|
| 28:33 | molecular time bombs. But there's all molecules that can help you deal with |
|
| 28:39 | free radicals and that's what the oxidation is. And what we do is |
|
| 28:43 | converting into this thing right here. called peroxide hydrogen peroxide. That molecule |
|
| 28:49 | break and a half and create two radicals. And with an extra electron |
|
| 28:54 | now going who do I blow But that free radical is the least |
|
| 28:58 | free radical of all. And then you can do is you can take |
|
| 29:00 | peroxide and use a catalyst which will convert it into water. Water is |
|
| 29:06 | particularly harmful. Right? So basically it says something really, really |
|
| 29:11 | let's make it into something that's less . And then we'll take that less |
|
| 29:14 | thing and then we'll convert it into , which is not dangerous. And |
|
| 29:17 | the role of approximately. So it's detoxification mechanism. Now, it has |
|
| 29:25 | roles, plays a role in beta . That's how you digest and make |
|
| 29:30 | . Alright. It's one step of . Um it plays a role in |
|
| 29:34 | in general and that's gonna be in liver. It's I said the neutral |
|
| 29:37 | the free radical things. Now the about this is that it doesn't originate |
|
| 29:42 | the Golgi. So we had nucleus in particular. Um Golgi. We |
|
| 29:46 | here's license zones over here, we're coming out there were coming way over |
|
| 29:50 | , we're gonna start at the Enterprises , but off of the ectoplasm in |
|
| 29:54 | . And that's where you make And then you collect things up from |
|
| 29:58 | cytoplasm and that makes you a mature and then mature paroxysms can actually divide |
|
| 30:03 | create little tiny small paroxysms that can grow again. So, it goes |
|
| 30:07 | a process of fission. So it's unique process, but it's starting point |
|
| 30:12 | over here at the Enterprise particularly. at the Golgi. All right. |
|
| 30:17 | the key thing here. What does do? Detoxify eyes kind of acts |
|
| 30:21 | a liver. Alright. And that's of the thing when you look at |
|
| 30:25 | things kind of just say, what it do? Acts like a |
|
| 30:29 | What does it do? Acts like liver. What does it do? |
|
| 30:31 | like a stomach. Alright. That be almost the level that you're working |
|
| 30:38 | . All right, mitochondria. These awesome. I told you there. |
|
| 30:42 | . Alright. I'm gonna tell you little bit of story. So mitochondria |
|
| 30:48 | these are power plants of the What they do is they produce a |
|
| 30:52 | . All right. And you can structurally what we have in this little |
|
| 30:56 | again, is this outer part here the plasma membrane on the inside. |
|
| 31:00 | see this structure that has this other a membrane that bends on itself over |
|
| 31:04 | over creates a unique kind of Alright, well, really what you're |
|
| 31:08 | at here is something that is incredibly mitochondria is a cell that was swallowed |
|
| 31:15 | another cell and kind of stuck I don't know why I didn't get |
|
| 31:20 | . But basically when an investigator on body or the cell, the first |
|
| 31:22 | that kept us around said you're useful me, you're making stuff and I'm |
|
| 31:27 | keep you around. And so that's it has its own D. |
|
| 31:31 | A. Because it's unique, And that's what its job, it's |
|
| 31:37 | you give it water and carbon It'll give you a teepee. And |
|
| 31:41 | the cell needs more 80p, the will divide and you'll end up with |
|
| 31:45 | mitochondria. So if you look inside cell that has lots of Mitochondria, |
|
| 31:48 | an indicator that this is a cell needs lots of energy. All |
|
| 31:55 | here's the cool part. I think cool part. So for that you |
|
| 32:00 | know. I don't think I mentioned very first day of class. My |
|
| 32:04 | is in reproductive physiology. Alright. I got to study the production of |
|
| 32:08 | do you make sperm? And then I got my PhD I went and |
|
| 32:12 | and learned how eggs, you know Ove um are developed. So basically |
|
| 32:17 | where my background is at the molecular . So I get really, really |
|
| 32:21 | when we start talking about reproduction. just because I'm a guy. It's |
|
| 32:24 | that's what I studied and it's like stuff is really cool. And you'll |
|
| 32:27 | me get really excited about this All right. So this is what |
|
| 32:30 | think is cool about mitochondria. Every of us in here has the mitochondria |
|
| 32:37 | our mothers and the mothers from their from grandmothers from great grandmother. So |
|
| 32:42 | so on. The mitochondria from the are never preserved. So there is |
|
| 32:50 | the sperm mitochondria basically is lost when takes place. All right. And |
|
| 32:57 | kind of cool. So one of things we could do if we want |
|
| 32:59 | figure out where you come from is could track your mitochondrial D. |
|
| 33:03 | A. All the way back through mother's lineage. All the way back |
|
| 33:07 | far as we can go. So can see what that relationship is. |
|
| 33:11 | kind of cool? Yeah. So there that was what I thought |
|
| 33:18 | cool. Three people said yeah that's . Okay. Out of 400 I'll |
|
| 33:22 | it. All right so mitochondria noticed did not arise from the nucleus. |
|
| 33:30 | do not arise from the ectoplasm They do not arise from the |
|
| 33:34 | They are there when the cell is . Right? You begin life when |
|
| 33:40 | sperm and that egg come together and sperm and that egg fused to form |
|
| 33:45 | zygote. And so the mitochondria are as an inheritance from your mother. |
|
| 33:52 | . And then ladies, you get pass on the mitochondria to your Children |
|
| 33:57 | so on and so forth. we just throw ours away. |
|
| 34:00 | it's not true. It actually just destroyed. Alright so we're gonna move |
|
| 34:05 | now to these biomolecular complexes and we're to start with the rebel zone. |
|
| 34:10 | already mentioned. They play a role making proteins. All right. And |
|
| 34:15 | this is the structure of the It has two sub units. You |
|
| 34:19 | see here here's a large subunit. a small sub unit it has within |
|
| 34:23 | structure RNA and proteins. It's not RNA And it's not just protein, |
|
| 34:28 | a molecular complex of all these different together. And it's this structure right |
|
| 34:33 | that is responsible for reading that message RNA. So remember when we talked |
|
| 34:39 | the the basic dogma of genetics, ? We said DNA becomes RNA becomes |
|
| 34:46 | . What we're doing is we're taking are in a that is the copy |
|
| 34:51 | the gene. And we're reading that this structure so that we can make |
|
| 34:55 | sort of protein. Alright now this picture doesn't represent all that real |
|
| 35:01 | , it's just saying that I see a place where all these things |
|
| 35:08 | What we're looking at. These two are electron micro graphs of ribosomes here |
|
| 35:16 | the top we're looking at ribosomes in chain. This little line that you |
|
| 35:20 | that's a strand of RNA and what looking at is the big giant black |
|
| 35:26 | . Those are ribosomes. And the that are extending from the ribosomes. |
|
| 35:29 | is the extension of the protein as being made. So this is not |
|
| 35:34 | complete protein. It's literally tacking on monomers, These amino acids and the |
|
| 35:39 | is getting bigger and bigger and So as you read along the |
|
| 35:43 | what you're doing is you're getting a and longer peptide chain and that's what |
|
| 35:47 | is trying to show you over here this bottom picture of the thing that |
|
| 35:51 | like a bunch of lines and spots someone just oh I don't know, |
|
| 35:54 | don't know what it looks like. this is electron micrografx. A real |
|
| 35:58 | up view of the rough end of particularly. So you can see the |
|
| 36:03 | , right? So you can see structures right here. You see how |
|
| 36:07 | kind of comes around on itself like . That's the membrane of the undo |
|
| 36:12 | particular. Um And then what we here, we have ribosomes attached to |
|
| 36:17 | end of plasma in particular. And what we're doing is we're attaching it |
|
| 36:21 | we make proteins and we're inserting the into the endo plasma particular. Um |
|
| 36:27 | where that picture that we're looking The first time I need to see |
|
| 36:30 | this slide. The first, the picture that we looked at, that's |
|
| 36:34 | we were kind of seeing in cartoon . The ribosome attached and how it |
|
| 36:39 | inserting the protein on the inside. , ribosomes can exist basically anywhere inside |
|
| 36:47 | cell. You can see them inside side is all all right. So |
|
| 36:52 | they're floating around, I should floating around within the cytoplasm. So |
|
| 36:57 | within the fluid of the cytoplasm. , you can find them attached to |
|
| 37:04 | rough ectoplasm particular. Um What we're right here, the top picture right |
|
| 37:08 | , that would be inside the And then the third place you can |
|
| 37:12 | them is inside the mitochondria because you DNA. Their D. N. |
|
| 37:15 | . It's going to get RNA. begets proteins so you can move a |
|
| 37:20 | zone into the mitochondria if it needs make proteins and a rebel zone is |
|
| 37:25 | limited. So if I put it the ribbon of putting on the draft |
|
| 37:28 | applied in particular, that doesn't mean will never ever ever be in the |
|
| 37:32 | . It does its job and then goes where it needs to go. |
|
| 37:34 | kind of like a migrant worker, ? It goes if I'm gonna work |
|
| 37:38 | here for a little bit, okay job's done now, where does the |
|
| 37:41 | need to go? Okay I need come over here and I'm going to |
|
| 37:43 | the work here. So it can pretty much anywhere. We refer to |
|
| 37:47 | ribosomes that are in the cytoplasm as ribosomes. We refer to them when |
|
| 37:53 | attached the rough ectoplasm, particularly as ribosomes. So when you see or |
|
| 37:58 | those terms, you can just kind think, okay, so if I |
|
| 38:01 | a bound ribosomes that must mean I'm a protein that is either gonna be |
|
| 38:06 | or inserted into the plasma membrane. I'm making if I see free ribosomes |
|
| 38:11 | making proteins that are gonna be found the site is all and doing the |
|
| 38:15 | inside the site is all okay, we okay with that. Does that |
|
| 38:22 | of makes sense. Now we're gonna back to that in just a |
|
| 38:31 | I know it feels like it keeps back and forth just trying to go |
|
| 38:34 | all the structures. So, the little structures that we're gonna go through |
|
| 38:40 | deal with the side of skeletons. of skeleton is the skeleton of the |
|
| 38:44 | , it says. So, in name Sido is cell skeleton skeleton. |
|
| 38:49 | right. And so, there's three that we need to be familiar with |
|
| 38:53 | we're going through these. All And that's the list. That's over |
|
| 38:55 | intermediate filaments. Micro tube is the filaments. Alright, the side of |
|
| 39:00 | serves two functions in the cell. serves as a structural uh material. |
|
| 39:07 | other words, it provides a skeleton framework on which the cell is |
|
| 39:12 | Alright, so, it maintains But it also serves as kind of |
|
| 39:16 | muscles of the cell. There are that move. And so the movement |
|
| 39:21 | going to be because of these these that are found within the cells |
|
| 39:26 | Pulling or pushing against one another. , now, structurally they're made up |
|
| 39:31 | these molecular chains of repeated uh monomers repeated units. All right, |
|
| 39:39 | I've already mentioned supporting the shape some of movement, interestingly, they help |
|
| 39:45 | the organelles where they need to They also serve as a support for |
|
| 39:50 | motor protein. If you've never seen picture of a motor protein. Here's |
|
| 39:54 | news. Um I think at the of class, it might have I |
|
| 39:57 | have already opened it on blackboard. is a link to a video of |
|
| 40:01 | the parts inside the cell that we've discussed. And if you've never seen |
|
| 40:05 | motor protein, you'll see uh what motor protein looks like. You |
|
| 40:10 | computer generated and how it moves. almost as if this thing was conceived |
|
| 40:15 | the Disney corporation. Alright. It like a cartoon character that walks around |
|
| 40:21 | this. And when it's walking around this, it's usually carrying something on |
|
| 40:28 | of it, Usually a massive L so it's like a little tiny |
|
| 40:32 | organize the size of a bus. walking up and down these structures. |
|
| 40:40 | really cool. And yes, the you're gonna watch if you watch it |
|
| 40:45 | computer generated, but it's based on electron micro graphs and videos of these |
|
| 40:51 | actually working. They just aren't as and pretty as a picture. All |
|
| 40:56 | . The other thing that it it allows for things on the outside |
|
| 41:00 | the cell to interact with things on inside of the cell and hold the |
|
| 41:02 | in place. Alright, this is fun part. Um, anyone |
|
| 41:07 | a younger sibling, did your older ever give you an indian burn? |
|
| 41:14 | . Seems something wrong. I don't what that is. All right. |
|
| 41:17 | , they're like, oh, See the indian burn is the worst |
|
| 41:19 | in the world. Right. I an older sibling I gave them. |
|
| 41:23 | . What do you do? You someone's arm and then you twist in |
|
| 41:26 | directions, right? And then you it hurts a lot of pulling hairs |
|
| 41:30 | stuff. But notice when you do , right, there's a couple other |
|
| 41:34 | . Wet willies. You know what did you guys get? Pink |
|
| 41:38 | Yeah. Pink Bellies. The Fun . Yeah. There's some worse |
|
| 41:42 | I'm not gonna bring them up. Right. But with the indian |
|
| 41:46 | when you twist, notice the skin go flailing off your body, |
|
| 41:50 | I mean it just hurts a lot you're stretching it out but it's not |
|
| 41:54 | you're like taking a cheese grate to pulling off the skin, right? |
|
| 41:59 | the reason for that is because of last little thing here, basically cells |
|
| 42:03 | attached to other cells using these types mechanisms. Alright, so the three |
|
| 42:09 | fibers we listen, intermediate fillings, tubules, micro filaments. We're gonna |
|
| 42:14 | with the micro filament. Alright, when you're looking at this picture, |
|
| 42:20 | color down here coincides to what we're at inside the south. Alright, |
|
| 42:24 | , this type of picture, what looking at here is immuno fluorescence. |
|
| 42:27 | don't need to know that for a . I'm just pointing out because if |
|
| 42:30 | look at a picture of cell, don't actually have color. Alright. |
|
| 42:33 | they've done is they've taken an antibody attached to a fluorescent dye and they |
|
| 42:37 | in there and the that antibody is attached to whatever it's attracted to in |
|
| 42:43 | case it's going to be these acting and or micro filaments. But the |
|
| 42:48 | molecules and then what they do is shine it with the right wavelength that |
|
| 42:52 | the fluorescence in the die. And they take a picture of it and |
|
| 42:55 | they color it afterwards. So it's actually color red, it's really just |
|
| 43:01 | light. And then they take another with a different guy and then they |
|
| 43:04 | the pictures on top of each other that's why you get all those pretty |
|
| 43:08 | . And it makes us think look pretty. So the microfilm mint is |
|
| 43:15 | smallest structure says so in the name filament. Alright. It's a solid |
|
| 43:21 | , meaning that there's no space on inside. Now you can see here |
|
| 43:25 | twisted uh structure. So it's a . Alright. And the molecule, |
|
| 43:33 | sub units are acting molecules. Now not gonna go in, there's actually |
|
| 43:39 | types of actions in here, but you can think of it like it's |
|
| 43:41 | chain of acting and another chain of , you've twisted it. So you |
|
| 43:45 | this helix. Alright. And so purpose of this type of stuff you |
|
| 43:49 | see, it's over here on the of the cells, right? That's |
|
| 43:53 | you mostly see it, its job to bear tension. And so when |
|
| 43:58 | pull on one cell on one it's gonna pull wherever there's acting. |
|
| 44:03 | so what it's doing is dispersing the of pulling by those acting filaments, |
|
| 44:10 | ? In other words, it's not on one thing and causing it to |
|
| 44:13 | you pour one, it pulls on . And so the forces dispersed. |
|
| 44:18 | also has a structural support is what the shape of the cells. So |
|
| 44:22 | a cell is in a structure that and make sure the cells maintains its |
|
| 44:30 | . Now you're more familiar with acting it plays a role in movement. |
|
| 44:33 | you've taken any class in biology and about muscles, you've talked about |
|
| 44:37 | right? There's an acting myosin structure these two molecules interact and it allows |
|
| 44:43 | the muscle cell to contract and then relax. It's this interaction between the |
|
| 44:50 | of mice and that allowed this to . Um Also depending on whatever network |
|
| 44:55 | have, you'll see sell contractions or contractions that aren't necessarily involved like what |
|
| 45:01 | see in muscles. So you don't necessarily um So I'll just give you |
|
| 45:05 | example um in the lab that I in um next door. So this |
|
| 45:10 | my lab, this is the lab door. They they had a grant |
|
| 45:14 | Nasa and they were looking at how or how cells move in the weightlessness |
|
| 45:20 | space. It was really kind of . So again they tagged things up |
|
| 45:23 | immuno fluorescent dyes, they put cells a plate and then they spun it |
|
| 45:27 | zero G. So that so it like the cells were experiencing zero |
|
| 45:31 | And then the cells would like walk the plates and so you just kind |
|
| 45:35 | see them and you can actually see they're using these side of skeletons to |
|
| 45:39 | able to do so You know and they got videos and then you get |
|
| 45:43 | watch the videos. That was really of because it takes like you see |
|
| 45:46 | 30 minutes of videos in like 20 . You know they move fast. |
|
| 45:51 | Here's a word that some of you have seen before psychokinesis. Does that |
|
| 45:55 | sound familiar to some people? For those of you who does it |
|
| 45:59 | sound familiar. Do you remember when took that freshman biology class or in |
|
| 46:02 | school? And you learned about cell , right? You learned about first |
|
| 46:07 | copy of the D. N. . And we have a term for |
|
| 46:10 | that's called mitosis right? This idea we copy the DNA. And then |
|
| 46:14 | separated out. But even though you the two copies of DNA, you |
|
| 46:18 | have to break the cell in That's psychokinesis. And so the role |
|
| 46:24 | breaking the cell in half after you the process of cell division, his |
|
| 46:29 | of cornices acting is involved in that another electron micrografx or not? |
|
| 46:37 | Excuse excuse me, immuno fluorescence. what we're looking at here are the |
|
| 46:41 | filaments. All right now the intermediate . I don't know, I've never |
|
| 46:46 | of a macro filament. So we a micro filament and we have a |
|
| 46:51 | filament. We don't have like an large. It's kind of like going |
|
| 46:55 | Mcdonald's and they don't have small drinks . Everything is just a large or |
|
| 46:59 | large. So Alright, but so intermediate filament and you can see |
|
| 47:04 | different types they fall into this The protein that the user called |
|
| 47:08 | Now if you want to know the is look at fingernail that hard that's |
|
| 47:14 | up of keratin. Hair, Alright. So it's a protein that |
|
| 47:20 | these strands and there's lots of different of them inside the cell. They |
|
| 47:24 | these strands what they do it they stabilize structure and they resist |
|
| 47:29 | So again, the indian burn, reason your skin doesn't know flailing off |
|
| 47:34 | because the cells are connected to each by these unique junctions that are then |
|
| 47:38 | to the intermediate filaments. So if pull on one cell, the actor |
|
| 47:42 | disperse the forces. But so will intermediate filaments and they'll disperse forces. |
|
| 47:46 | only within that cell, it'll do to the next cell in the next |
|
| 47:49 | in the next cell in the next . So that stress that you're putting |
|
| 47:53 | the cell is now shared by all cells that are connected with each |
|
| 47:58 | Now this is a more permanent structure . You can build and break down |
|
| 48:03 | needed. And then the next structure gonna see we can break down and |
|
| 48:08 | as needed as well. So, is kind of more of a it's |
|
| 48:11 | and it's and it holds everything in . The last one is a |
|
| 48:17 | It's called a microbial because it makes tube structure. It's the largest one |
|
| 48:21 | diameter. But they don't call it macro filament. It's the micro |
|
| 48:25 | Very confusing. Alright. And picture It's the green stuff. All |
|
| 48:30 | now, as I said, these hollow their tubes and they're made up |
|
| 48:34 | this molecule called tube yulin. See I promised you beginning Spencer said, |
|
| 48:40 | are simple. We name things for they do or what they look |
|
| 48:43 | So, when they discovered the molecule this protein, did they give it |
|
| 48:47 | fancy weird name? Turbulence, Make tubes All right now, they |
|
| 48:55 | originate from a structure and I'm just to circle right there. It could |
|
| 48:59 | on this side, who knows called central zone. Alright. So every |
|
| 49:04 | originates at this kind of this cloudy of material that then radiates outward throughout |
|
| 49:12 | entire cell. And that's what you're of seeing here. So again, |
|
| 49:16 | helps determine the overall shape. Just the other ones do. And what's |
|
| 49:20 | is when I told you about those proteins. These are the structures on |
|
| 49:25 | the motor proteins like to move All right. They also play an |
|
| 49:31 | role in the cilia or flag ela the cells now in your bodies, |
|
| 49:36 | only one cell that has a I'm just going to point out it's |
|
| 49:40 | the males, Right. It's on , Right. For females, that |
|
| 49:45 | be a transient visitor. All For cilia, we have many different |
|
| 49:52 | that have cilia and sillier are like little tiny hair like things that kind |
|
| 49:55 | wave and move materials. So they motor proteins attached to them. The |
|
| 50:00 | they're able to move and wave is of this structure and the motor proteins |
|
| 50:04 | to them. Again, they also a role in separating the chromosomes. |
|
| 50:09 | , when we're talking about mitosis, last phase when we're pulling the DNA |
|
| 50:14 | , intermediate filaments play that role. right. So, these are not |
|
| 50:18 | structures. You build them and break down as needed. And when you |
|
| 50:22 | that video, they're gonna show you're see this. You're going to see |
|
| 50:24 | picture of a motor protein walking along as they break one down in the |
|
| 50:30 | or something like that. So, right here this this structure together is |
|
| 50:37 | central zone. The center zone within has these much smaller structures called century |
|
| 50:44 | . All right. It's very confused too. Alright. The central |
|
| 50:48 | in And in some books you'll see bodies. Uh And basically these are |
|
| 50:53 | structures that specifically give rise to the filaments. Alright. So the center |
|
| 51:01 | is where the micro tubules are You know, as a mass. |
|
| 51:06 | they individually come out of these structures you're looking at here. So there's |
|
| 51:12 | whole bunch of proteins from which everything made. And they're really easy to |
|
| 51:15 | . It's kind of this this blurry that sits on one side of the |
|
| 51:19 | . And if you go back and at the picture of the cell, |
|
| 51:21 | see here's the central zone. All , basil bodies are going to be |
|
| 51:26 | at the base of the cilia or the base of the flagellum case. |
|
| 51:36 | , we've now covered quite a bit stuff. Right? We've done um |
|
| 51:43 | different membrane bound organelles, right? started the nucleus, nucleus Standard plans |
|
| 51:47 | particular in two types and applies in to the Golgi apparatus from the |
|
| 51:55 | We mentioned two different types of unique . One that originates from the Golgi |
|
| 51:59 | was the license. Um And the one is the paroxysm that originate from |
|
| 52:03 | ectoplasmic, articulate or self arising. then we moved on to these, |
|
| 52:07 | talked about the ribosomes. Right? these biomolecular complexes. We talked |
|
| 52:13 | oh, I missed out on the . So, you should have caught |
|
| 52:16 | . All right. We talked about ribbons um We talked about the side |
|
| 52:20 | skeleton. And what was the other ? We talked about sen trios and |
|
| 52:25 | zone. All right, So what wanna do is I just want to |
|
| 52:29 | the concept of the plasma membrane to and then we'll go into more detail |
|
| 52:33 | why it's important a little bit And then the last thing we're gonna |
|
| 52:37 | get to. I'm looking at the here and hopefully we'll get to. |
|
| 52:39 | don't know. We've got about 30 is we're going to talk about how |
|
| 52:43 | make these different types of proteins. , so the plasma membrane, it's |
|
| 52:48 | lipid bi layer. When we say lipids, you can see here in |
|
| 52:52 | little cartoon where the fossil lipids There's the head. There's the tails |
|
| 52:55 | here on this side, there's the . There's the tails notice the tails |
|
| 52:58 | towards each other. There's so many them that they line up in such |
|
| 53:01 | way that it looks like this long . But really what it is is |
|
| 53:04 | massive structure that has the inside point water on the inside, with heads |
|
| 53:09 | towards it. This area that excludes . And then on the outside you |
|
| 53:13 | heads pointing out towards the water. ? So, this would be inside |
|
| 53:17 | cell that's outside the cell. There's heads pointing towards the water over |
|
| 53:21 | Here's heads pointing towards the water. here there's no water. Alright, |
|
| 53:26 | , this is the water loving This is the water hating side of |
|
| 53:30 | one. There's a water loving All right, now, there's a |
|
| 53:33 | bunch of different types of lipids that found in the plasma membrane. The |
|
| 53:37 | one is a phosphor lipid and that's we're looking at here. Alright, |
|
| 53:42 | also cholesterol. Cholesterol is a very valuable component of it and what |
|
| 53:46 | does, it helps to strengthen and . And so you can see in |
|
| 53:49 | little cartoon they're trying to draw look a cholesterol, there's cholesterol, there's |
|
| 53:54 | . Alright. We'll see how they stabilize in just a moment. And |
|
| 53:59 | , you'll see glycoprotein lipids as So, here's glycol lipids representing by |
|
| 54:04 | green things. Remember what we The purpose of glycol lipid or the |
|
| 54:08 | sugar is to serve as an identifying . And so what it does. |
|
| 54:13 | can only find glycol lipids on the surface and it serves as a way |
|
| 54:17 | the cell to say this is who am and I belong here. All |
|
| 54:21 | . It's an identify rare so that body knows it's supposed to be |
|
| 54:25 | All right now, there are also . You can see the purple things |
|
| 54:29 | supposed to represent proteins. We have types of proteins. We have integral |
|
| 54:33 | . Or peripheral proteins. Integral proteins found inserted into the lipid bi |
|
| 54:39 | That's what these two things are That's what this one is doing as |
|
| 54:42 | . Each of these you can see inserted now in the case of the |
|
| 54:46 | that I just pointed out. you can see that they pass all |
|
| 54:49 | way through it. But an integral can also kind of just go mostly |
|
| 54:55 | . Alright, so, this one pointing towards the peripheral protein, but |
|
| 55:01 | might argue that this is an integral because it's not necessarily attached to |
|
| 55:05 | it's just been jammed into the plasma . In other words, these proteins |
|
| 55:13 | embedded inside the plasma membrane because they a region that doesn't like water. |
|
| 55:19 | so what they can do is they hide that region inside the plasma membrane |
|
| 55:23 | that's why they're there. A peripheral on the other hand, is loosely |
|
| 55:29 | . Alright, So typically what you'd is that it would be kind of |
|
| 55:32 | out here. All right. It be on the surface like this associated |
|
| 55:37 | the with the lipids, but not inserted in between the lipids. |
|
| 55:43 | now, none of these molecules, their lipids or proteins are attached to |
|
| 55:48 | another. Right? With the exception the peripheral ones I just described. |
|
| 55:52 | so what that means is that the and lipids are free moving, |
|
| 55:58 | They're basically like a crowd. You've in a crowd before, right? |
|
| 56:03 | at a football game, for our concert, people are moving all |
|
| 56:08 | . Some people are static. And that's what's going on here is |
|
| 56:13 | free movement inside the plasma membrane. , They're in constant motion if you |
|
| 56:20 | looking at this picture And again if watch that video that I posted you'll |
|
| 56:24 | it kind of looks like a And if you look at the single |
|
| 56:27 | you'll see that these lipids for they kind of bump bump into each |
|
| 56:33 | and then they kind of move around other and everything. As long as |
|
| 56:36 | in the same side, they can move within the bi layer. It's |
|
| 56:41 | difficult for a lipid to flip or protein to flip to the other |
|
| 56:45 | You need to have some sort of , some sort of enzyme to come |
|
| 56:49 | and help that happen. But the that this occurs or why this is |
|
| 56:55 | is because this allows you to move to where they need to be in |
|
| 57:00 | for them to do the work that need to do. Right? So |
|
| 57:04 | example, I can congregate a whole of receptors on one side of the |
|
| 57:09 | so that it can interact in an where it can receive whatever it's supposed |
|
| 57:15 | receive. Alright, it's not nothing is stuck in place. And |
|
| 57:21 | remember I was describing for a moment that cell that moved around in |
|
| 57:26 | The reason I was able to do and it's like if you watch it's |
|
| 57:28 | a tank tread, you'd see like protein that was attached and then when |
|
| 57:33 | cell moved away it would now be this silver here not touched anything. |
|
| 57:36 | then it would go running around the side and get at the front end |
|
| 57:40 | that then the cell would kind of its way along the Petrie dish. |
|
| 57:45 | kind of cool. All right. , you have this free movement of |
|
| 57:49 | molecules within the context of one layer that by layer Again. This is |
|
| 57:55 | one. There's layer two. There's head, there's the head. Those |
|
| 57:58 | the tails pointing towards each other. , I mentioned cholesterol. You've probably |
|
| 58:06 | told your entire life cholesterol equals Right, cholesterol. Bad for |
|
| 58:11 | I've already told you once. it's good. That's where you get |
|
| 58:14 | steroids from. Right. You make from cholesterol. But the other reason |
|
| 58:18 | is really good is because of what does to the cells. So, |
|
| 58:24 | looking at the plasma membrane up Alright, so, you can see |
|
| 58:28 | you can imagine we have some saturated acid tails. We have some unsaturated |
|
| 58:35 | acid tails. All right, If apply heat, think of butter. |
|
| 58:40 | , butter is where you have all fats and I don't know, it's |
|
| 58:44 | a cell. But I want you picture for if I take butter and |
|
| 58:47 | it into a pan and turn on heat. What happens to the |
|
| 58:51 | It melts Now? Is it literally the molecules apart? No, it's |
|
| 58:57 | the relationship how close they are They kind of separate from one |
|
| 59:02 | All right. In other words, adding kinetic energy to them. They |
|
| 59:06 | wiggling around, right? They start into each other and these things bumping |
|
| 59:10 | each other, create more space into , which gives them that liquid |
|
| 59:13 | Okay, So that's kind of what's on up there on a All |
|
| 59:18 | If I chill something, right, fats, what they do is they |
|
| 59:23 | that kinetic energy. And so they of just kind of stopped moving and |
|
| 59:27 | they're allowed to move very close Now, if you want to see |
|
| 59:30 | in really kind of in a gross , how many guys eat margarine or |
|
| 59:35 | margarine? I'm not like not scooping . Alright, so margarine. All |
|
| 59:40 | . So take that country crock or that margarine is, leave it out |
|
| 59:44 | the fridge for a day and then and open the top and look and |
|
| 59:48 | what you see in there. Now going to go crust. It's |
|
| 59:53 | right? You put it basically, they've done is they've whipped it, |
|
| 59:58 | put it in a container at a temperature it sets. And then now |
|
| 60:04 | you have is you have something that like butter. But if you take |
|
| 60:07 | out of the cold environment, then happens is that heat allows those molecules |
|
| 60:13 | are already kinked, right? They that unsaturated state. And so what |
|
| 60:18 | do is they move apart from each and they become liquid form, |
|
| 60:22 | And you're like, and it grows that's just like your canola oil. |
|
| 60:25 | really all it is is whipped canola . All right. So, those |
|
| 60:30 | what That's what temperature does. And can imagine your cells have to deal |
|
| 60:34 | that because it's made up of Each cell's plasma membrane is basically a |
|
| 60:38 | of fat. So when the temperature up, those cells are bumping into |
|
| 60:41 | other more and more. Um or lipids are pumping more and more and |
|
| 60:44 | they separate from each other. you can imagine living in Houston, |
|
| 60:48 | would what would that do to your ? You know, you'd melt, |
|
| 60:52 | . We just said lipids and heat melt. Alright. And then if |
|
| 60:57 | live up in massachusetts with all that weather then you can imagine everything would |
|
| 61:03 | up. And you feel like I every day, just sore and can't |
|
| 61:09 | . So what cholesterol does is it the state of a cell's plasma |
|
| 61:15 | Alright, So cholesterol, what it likes to insert itself into those |
|
| 61:21 | So here it is showing you they're all close together. Here's the |
|
| 61:25 | and unsaturated. Can see that there's in there. So this is more |
|
| 61:29 | than that. Would you agree based what we just talked about. |
|
| 61:32 | So what cholesterol does It can insert into those spaces. And what it |
|
| 61:39 | is it it doesn't allow for there be that free movement. So, |
|
| 61:43 | essence, when there's higher temperatures, become less liquid, you stay in |
|
| 61:48 | solid state kind of neat. when I inserted myself in there, |
|
| 61:56 | happens is when temperatures drop then those , the fatty acids, they can't |
|
| 62:03 | together because there's something in the And so that keeps the environment more |
|
| 62:08 | than it normally would in a cold . So, what this really does |
|
| 62:12 | you allows you to exist in a of temperatures in which you normally wouldn't |
|
| 62:18 | allowed to exist, right? You endure higher temperatures and you can endure |
|
| 62:25 | temperatures. All right. I know people from Wisconsin, we don't have |
|
| 62:30 | lot of them in this classroom. come down here and they're like, |
|
| 62:33 | yeah, it's winter. I wear , it's only 20° and you and |
|
| 62:37 | would be like, are you But then when it gets up to |
|
| 62:42 | up there, they're like freaking out we're like Just wait till it hits |
|
| 62:46 | , You know? But we're Up to like 105. And after |
|
| 62:50 | , then that's when we kind of like this sucks. Right? |
|
| 62:54 | So it's kind of showing you there's we have a range in which humans |
|
| 62:58 | live comfortably because of what cholesterol does ourselves. Alright, We don't freeze |
|
| 63:07 | melt. Now, as I we have this uh we have these |
|
| 63:13 | lipids. We also have proteins that sugars attached to them. And the |
|
| 63:17 | term for having sugars attached to the of the cell. Those the collective |
|
| 63:23 | for all those sugars, it's called glycol. Okay, Alex. All |
|
| 63:27 | . And as I mentioned, this a way um for the cells to |
|
| 63:34 | be able to be recognized, it as a kind of an internal tag |
|
| 63:37 | say I belong here. And this the most interesting thing is you can |
|
| 63:42 | a set of identical twins. And black oak Alex for every individual, |
|
| 63:48 | in identical twins is unique to that . That doesn't mean it's going to |
|
| 63:53 | an immune response if you put someone to sell because of this. But |
|
| 63:57 | one of the things that they can is they can use that as a |
|
| 63:59 | to recognize self or not. so the glycol Calix is a form |
|
| 64:05 | communicating with the external environment what that is and what it's supposed to |
|
| 64:10 | Alright, it's a way of talking communicating. Now, the purpose of |
|
| 64:15 | lipid bi layer, the whole plasma , Why do we even bother talking |
|
| 64:19 | this? It's because remember it creates unique environment. It separates the outside |
|
| 64:24 | the cell from the inside of cells that we have this inside unique |
|
| 64:28 | So unique biochemical reactions can take Now we've said this portion right here |
|
| 64:35 | have water. So what that means molecules out here that love water want |
|
| 64:41 | come inside the cell. They can't directly through the plasma membrane because there's |
|
| 64:45 | environment that says you're not allowed to through here chemically it's a barrier, |
|
| 64:53 | ? So it excludes things from coming or going out. It's like that |
|
| 65:00 | . All right. You can go . You can be on this side |
|
| 65:03 | the wall. You can be on side of the wall, but you |
|
| 65:04 | pass through the wall. You have . The wall has mass. It's |
|
| 65:09 | going to let you through it. right, unless you break it. |
|
| 65:13 | that would be bad for the cell for the building. All right. |
|
| 65:17 | , to get from one side. , I'm now pointing lasers at |
|
| 65:20 | If you want to get from this of the wall to the other side |
|
| 65:23 | the wall, you have to have mechanism to do. So, that's |
|
| 65:26 | purpose of a door, Right? that's what we have is we have |
|
| 65:31 | , these channels and these carrier molecules serve as the passageway between these two |
|
| 65:39 | and doors can decide what's gonna pass and what can't. Right now, |
|
| 65:46 | just gonna use this just as an . Right outside. Over here, |
|
| 65:49 | a men's restroom. Outside over there a woman's restroom. Can I walk |
|
| 65:52 | the women's restroom? I'm looking at ladies. Would you want me walking |
|
| 65:57 | the woman's restroom? No, there's sign on the door that says |
|
| 66:03 | So I'm supposed to go over here it says man. Right. So |
|
| 66:09 | is a selective barrier between that restroom the outside environment. Just like there's |
|
| 66:16 | over here. Those carriers are selective well. You have to have the |
|
| 66:21 | characteristics in order to be able to picked up by that carrier or through |
|
| 66:26 | channel to allow you to come So we refer to this as selective |
|
| 66:31 | . Alright, yesterday or excuse On Tuesday I talked about what's found |
|
| 66:38 | the fluids. Remember I said there's couple of ions that you should be |
|
| 66:41 | of and I said on the inside cells, we have a lot of |
|
| 66:44 | you're like inside. It was potassium of sodium. All right. We |
|
| 66:51 | we have these really, really outrageous . All right. The reason we |
|
| 66:57 | these outside differences is because of the that are inserted in the plasma membrane |
|
| 67:02 | that are helping to maintain those Alright, so, the role of |
|
| 67:08 | membrane is to make sure that the the outside are different by one deciding |
|
| 67:13 | comes in and what goes out and forcing things to go out or to |
|
| 67:17 | in. And the last thing that does is that you can imagine if |
|
| 67:22 | create this barrier and I want things the outside to talk to things on |
|
| 67:26 | inside or vice versa. I need have some form of communication. So |
|
| 67:31 | within the context of the membrane are that allow that to happen. So |
|
| 67:36 | can have a cell release a chemical then travels through the body to another |
|
| 67:40 | that has a receptor and then that binds a receptor and tells that cell |
|
| 67:45 | to do in other words, changes chemical reactions that are taking place inside |
|
| 67:49 | cell. Alright. The plasma membrane responsible for that. And so, |
|
| 67:55 | what I said beginning class when I looked at the plasma membrane in my |
|
| 67:58 | was like the boring stuff ever. , that's where all the action is |
|
| 68:02 | place. How we doing on We've got about 10 minutes. |
|
| 68:11 | this is the easy part. so when we come back on |
|
| 68:15 | we're not done yet. But when come back on thursday we're gonna expand |
|
| 68:17 | this idea of the plasma membrane and it does. Alright, what I |
|
| 68:22 | to do is I want to return to the central dogma of genetics. |
|
| 68:27 | we've already seen this. So, shouldn't be strange. Remember. |
|
| 68:31 | N. A. Begets RNA. is used to make proteins, proteins |
|
| 68:35 | the work of the cell. We're good with that. Right? Some |
|
| 68:41 | like to get tattoos of like the molecule in your body. This is |
|
| 68:46 | one you should tattoo. I'll come with a different tattoo every week. |
|
| 68:50 | right. So, what I want do is I want to expand on |
|
| 68:55 | idea. How do we make Alright. And hopefully I can do |
|
| 68:58 | in 10 minutes. There's gonna be detail than you probably need to |
|
| 69:03 | Alright. But I need to point certain things so that you understand what's |
|
| 69:06 | on here. Alright. So, . N. A. Is you've |
|
| 69:11 | all the DNA in your body is is called the genome it has within |
|
| 69:14 | genes. Genes are the instructions for specific proteins to be made. All |
|
| 69:20 | . And so, they have a sequence that codes for what needs to |
|
| 69:25 | made, but also within the context the gene. You have regions that |
|
| 69:29 | code for anything. This is really , biologist for the longest time. |
|
| 69:33 | only now, are we starting kind get it. All right. That |
|
| 69:38 | how you in bed or or how organize the information. Makes it more |
|
| 69:45 | for the cells. And I'm not go into. Why? All |
|
| 69:47 | So, if you can think of gene having regions that are useful for |
|
| 69:52 | protein and not having use regions useful making that protein. We have names |
|
| 69:56 | them. We have the Exxon. Exxon is where you have the regions |
|
| 70:02 | code stuff. And then the things go in between them that interrupt the |
|
| 70:06 | are called introns. Right? they're the interrupting sequences or the non |
|
| 70:11 | sequences. You'll see a picture here just a second. All right. |
|
| 70:16 | . We said is involved in protein has lots of other roles. But |
|
| 70:19 | are three major types of RNA that involved in making proteins. The first |
|
| 70:25 | called transfer RNA transfer RNA is attached amino acids. So you can think |
|
| 70:30 | it as having a three dimensional I showed you on Tuesday and on |
|
| 70:34 | end of it is an amino acid to it. And what it does |
|
| 70:37 | it basically says I'm gonna go and gonna find a Ribas OEM and that |
|
| 70:42 | should be attached to a region of that I can then read. And |
|
| 70:46 | bring this amino acid too. All . So it is responsible excuse me |
|
| 70:52 | for adding amino acids to an expense polyp peptide. Alright, so, |
|
| 70:59 | making a protein ribosomes. RNA we talked about we said we have a |
|
| 71:04 | . It's made up of proteins and . So that RNA is ribose omo |
|
| 71:10 | . And it's what's going to recognize message of RNA that we're using as |
|
| 71:16 | blueprint to make our protein. So message is called messenger RNA. So |
|
| 71:21 | you've kind of got a big picture . You have a strand in |
|
| 71:25 | And and we're gonna look at a . Just I want to put them |
|
| 71:27 | out here. We have a strand going to be read by robert. |
|
| 71:31 | RNA that's going along and reading the and then we have a T. |
|
| 71:36 | . R. N. A. along with the right amino acids so |
|
| 71:39 | you can put the amino acids in right sequence. So that's kind of |
|
| 71:45 | big picture here. When we say central dogma is DNA to RNA to |
|
| 71:49 | . There's a bunch of different things are involved now. D. |
|
| 71:55 | A. Remember we said is found the nucleus and it's found not like |
|
| 71:59 | spaghetti just cast into this large structure hopefully you'll be able to figure it |
|
| 72:05 | . There are about 33,000 genes in body. But your D. |
|
| 72:10 | A. Is so much bigger. could have even more. This is |
|
| 72:15 | DNA is so confusing is because we're why do we have all this extra |
|
| 72:21 | ? And it's there for a We just haven't figured it all |
|
| 72:24 | Alright, so D. N. . It doesn't just kind of exist |
|
| 72:29 | spaghetti. What it does, It up with a protein and what it |
|
| 72:32 | is it forms this structure called chroma . So remember we said the nucleus |
|
| 72:37 | within it three parts. The third is the chroma tin. Now crow |
|
| 72:42 | has three different things to it. has DNA which we've already mentioned. |
|
| 72:46 | has proteins. These are called his . That's what these balls represent. |
|
| 72:50 | then it actually even has some RNA attached to it as well. So |
|
| 72:54 | a bunch of stuff. It's not D. N. A. It's |
|
| 72:57 | D. N. A. All . And so this is kind of |
|
| 72:59 | the the structural makeup, right? take a strand of DNA in a |
|
| 73:05 | it's trying to say this is what would look like in the alpha |
|
| 73:07 | But what you do is you wrap around the hits his stones wrapped around |
|
| 73:11 | protein. And what this does, allows you to compress things down. |
|
| 73:15 | makes you organize it. You know things are. And we refer to |
|
| 73:18 | as beads on a string. So can see the D. N. |
|
| 73:20 | . Kind of represents a string. history looks kind of like a bead |
|
| 73:23 | you wrap it around the string around beads over and over and over |
|
| 73:26 | Alright. And what it does allows to organize and condense it down. |
|
| 73:31 | , if you look inside a nucleus I don't know if I have a |
|
| 73:35 | here. Alright, I'm gonna I'm jump way to the back. I |
|
| 73:39 | , hopefully without screwing this up, gonna go and I'm gonna show you |
|
| 73:43 | picture here here. It's gonna go the way back. It just keeps |
|
| 73:55 | , go there. See these this a nucleus, right? We said |
|
| 74:00 | the nuclear list. See the dark and then the light spots. That's |
|
| 74:04 | D. N. A. Some that D. N. A. |
|
| 74:07 | condensed. Some of it is not condensed DNA is DNA. You're not |
|
| 74:13 | . Alright, the D. A. That's not condensed. in |
|
| 74:16 | words, it's light is stuff that using. We have names for it |
|
| 74:19 | we're going back going back going So, you know, you have |
|
| 74:23 | visual. All right. The light is the Ukraine maten. The dark |
|
| 74:34 | is the hetero chroma tin. So any given time in a cell, |
|
| 74:38 | stuff that's being used. Their stuff not being used and it's all |
|
| 74:43 | It's not just thrown in there. then what happens is if you want |
|
| 74:47 | sell division, you need even more . And this is the picture that |
|
| 74:50 | more familiar with. It's like, look I have a chromosome here and |
|
| 74:53 | all that is is it's chroma tin so that you can copy it and |
|
| 74:57 | it apart. And then it goes to its state of being this kind |
|
| 75:02 | thing. But organized even though it look organized to us. So we're |
|
| 75:08 | go back to the D. A. Here and we're gonna talk |
|
| 75:10 | the genes. All right. So we're gonna do is we're gonna focus |
|
| 75:12 | a small segment. Remember you have is all these chromosomes all this chrome |
|
| 75:18 | tin. But I want to make protein. So what I'm gonna do |
|
| 75:21 | I'm gonna use a small segment of . N. A. And that |
|
| 75:23 | here is the representation of the small . N. A small stretch of |
|
| 75:28 | . It's about 3000 base pairs. . So remember we talked about the |
|
| 75:33 | were saying about 3000 monomers in And so it has these this region |
|
| 75:39 | upstream of it. That we would is if we didn't know better, |
|
| 75:42 | be like well that doesn't do It doesn't make the gene. |
|
| 75:45 | it doesn't make the gene but it the gene where tells the machinery where |
|
| 75:49 | gene begins. So it has a that says this is where we |
|
| 75:53 | And so there's a region that is by the machinery to tell you what |
|
| 75:57 | make. Then you have the actual proper where the where the coding regions |
|
| 76:03 | and includes those introns. All Remember the things that we don't |
|
| 76:07 | And then at the far end we this region that says this is where |
|
| 76:10 | gene stops. So the machinery basically and looks and finds a place where |
|
| 76:14 | starts. And what it's gonna do it's going to read and make a |
|
| 76:18 | of everything from the start to the . And that's going to be your |
|
| 76:23 | transcript. Alright. We term this pre M. R. N. |
|
| 76:29 | . Pre denotes something pre means not ready, doesn't it? If you |
|
| 76:35 | to preschool, you weren't quite ready school. You take pre cal before |
|
| 76:42 | take cow. Right? So this what it kind of looks like. |
|
| 76:48 | right. You can see intron exon exon intron exon yada yada yada. |
|
| 76:52 | part did we want to keep Exxon's what part do we want to get |
|
| 76:57 | of entr ons? Right. So what's going to happen. There's all |
|
| 77:00 | modification that takes place a lot of . You don't need. So you're |
|
| 77:04 | basically chop out all the parts you need look, see I saved |
|
| 77:08 | How you chop it out in the in which these exxon's are arranged is |
|
| 77:12 | of the ways that we make different of proteins. It's kind of |
|
| 77:15 | This is something we didn't understand 20 ago. I mean the same gene |
|
| 77:19 | make a couple of different proteins. . Because what we do is we |
|
| 77:23 | and rearrange it's called um alternate But in essence what you have here |
|
| 77:28 | basically chop out the things you don't . You protect the ends so that |
|
| 77:32 | RNA doesn't get destroyed because the lifespan an RNA is about five seconds half |
|
| 77:38 | . Right? And if you want make a lot of protein, you |
|
| 77:40 | to keep this stuff around. And what you end up with is you |
|
| 77:43 | the 2" through capping and through a . And what you end up with |
|
| 77:46 | is the message that you want to . And so now when you get |
|
| 77:51 | message, you just export that out the nucleus. When you export it |
|
| 77:55 | of the nucleus. Now you're going take that message? And you're going |
|
| 77:59 | read it with the ribosomes. So we've done here, we've done one |
|
| 78:04 | . The first step is called Alright. Where have you heard the |
|
| 78:10 | transcribed before? That's what a secretary . Right, I'm gonna transcribe |
|
| 78:18 | And what that means is I'm copying you copy your math homework from your |
|
| 78:22 | you're transcribing and yes I know that's you do because I've watched you all |
|
| 78:26 | here. Maybe not you guys but definitely students. Alright. I'm |
|
| 78:32 | Alright so I'm taking something that I'm it and that's what you've done. |
|
| 78:35 | gone from DNA to RNA. That's . Now transcription or the D. |
|
| 78:40 | . A. Is in the is a specific language that languages in the |
|
| 78:44 | of nucleotides, proteins are in the of amino acids and when I convert |
|
| 78:51 | language to another, what do I it, translation And that's where the |
|
| 78:57 | comes from. I'm translating DNA RNA into protein language. Let's stop because |
|
| 79:08 | didn't finish the story. I've got excited, went too slow. We'll |
|
| 79:12 | back we'll just do a brief synopsis we'll continue on here. You guys |
|
| 79:17 | a great weekend. Thanks for putting with that. Ah |
|
