| 00:01 | We all need more caffeine. It's 8:30 AM. See I forget |
|
| 00:06 | time it is. I'm up so . Anything before 11 is just |
|
| 00:11 | Right, Okay. So I think recording. Yes, we are. |
|
| 00:16 | right. So what we're gonna do is two major themes to major ideas |
|
| 00:21 | quick rolling tooth tour there. See is really a whirlwind tour through |
|
| 00:27 | So if you ill one before you're look at this stuff, I've seen |
|
| 00:31 | stuff before, why do you have talk about it? Because there are |
|
| 00:34 | who have not taken biology outside of . All right. Well, what |
|
| 00:39 | gonna do, we're gonna look at we use DNA and RNA to go |
|
| 00:44 | the process of transcription translation, which be confusing because you have two words |
|
| 00:48 | begin with the words with the prefix . And so it's kind of hard |
|
| 00:52 | remember which one's which. But we're look at the process and we're going |
|
| 00:55 | kind of go over that large view how transcription translation results in the creation |
|
| 01:00 | a protein. So, these are point. What are the three basic |
|
| 01:04 | of the cell? Three basic Remember? Rain everyone. The plasma |
|
| 01:09 | goes, okay, that's the outer . Very, very boring. Let's |
|
| 01:12 | on. But remember that plasma membrane what makes the inside from the outside |
|
| 01:17 | the cell and allows that cell to unique or create a unique environment so |
|
| 01:22 | it can do the things that it . And so for our purposes we're |
|
| 01:26 | to keep it nice and simple And clean the inside on the outside. |
|
| 01:32 | a foster lipid bi layer and that's we're going to stop for the most |
|
| 01:38 | . But as we move forward, start adding things to it. The |
|
| 01:43 | part is the side of plasm. cytoplasm where you're going to find the |
|
| 01:47 | inside of the cell. It's basically that's inside there. It's either the |
|
| 01:52 | . Now. All right. We about what this all the machinery is |
|
| 01:57 | the organelles are doing to allow the to function. Mhm is set from |
|
| 02:03 | nuclear, This is the control And so I'm gonna use a lot |
|
| 02:08 | okay, there's gotta be someone who understands these two words similarly. You |
|
| 02:13 | , the similarly is Okay, I can't remember between the similarly and |
|
| 02:17 | the other one? That's metaphor See, a metaphor is not the |
|
| 02:20 | I'm looking for. There's another word uh probably Uh huh analogy. |
|
| 02:27 | So they're analogous to chips and their Easy. That is where I'm |
|
| 02:31 | okay, I'm done. It's like chemistry. I took a 25 years |
|
| 02:35 | . That's good enough. I don't to deal with it anymore. You |
|
| 02:38 | have to think about those things ever . But it is use the cons |
|
| 02:44 | , for example, I'll say the is like the brain. It is |
|
| 02:49 | it is not similar to the but it's one similarity is that it |
|
| 02:53 | a control center. Your brain is control center. All right. So |
|
| 02:58 | term when you hear us, when use those, just remember, |
|
| 03:01 | this is not really what it but it's a way for me to |
|
| 03:04 | understand at least pain of the And so it's the control center where |
|
| 03:08 | DNA is. And there's other stuff there. And what we're gonna do |
|
| 03:12 | we're going to break down. We're to first talk about the side of |
|
| 03:15 | and all the organelles. Or we're gonna start with the nucleus and |
|
| 03:18 | . Then we get to the plaza and then we're going to start dealing |
|
| 03:21 | the idea of what's actually going on . Yeah. Forget that. I |
|
| 03:28 | have to punch this first. All . Oh, I'm wrong. I |
|
| 03:32 | we're starting with supplies and no one what. All right. I always |
|
| 03:38 | everything inside that plaza remembering outside that . And so there's three basic components |
|
| 03:44 | it. All right, we have term we call side results. Sometimes |
|
| 03:48 | hear people you cite as all inside plasm, uh, as interchangeable. |
|
| 03:52 | not interchangeable. But you'll you'll kind hear it like that. Sometimes side |
|
| 03:56 | all is the water plus stuff. . That's inside there. So, |
|
| 04:01 | you were able to poke a hole the cell. The stuff that would |
|
| 04:05 | out would be the side is So water plus these other materials, |
|
| 04:11 | small molecules that are sitting in What we would call salutes. |
|
| 04:15 | all the icons, all the proteins are free floating. That would be |
|
| 04:20 | the side is all All right. work are the little things that are |
|
| 04:25 | apart. They're usually have a Not all of them do. We'll |
|
| 04:29 | about that a moment basically. That's cellular machinery. And what we're gonna |
|
| 04:33 | is we're gonna go through we're going name them all and say this is |
|
| 04:35 | of what it does. This is this one does. This is what |
|
| 04:37 | one does. All right. And they play a role in the cell |
|
| 04:44 | . And it was mhm conclusions to included in the side is all and |
|
| 04:50 | organelles. You can see how they're included. Right there. There. |
|
| 04:56 | . Alright. Different cells have different of inclusions. So, you like |
|
| 05:01 | gin. So, there are in liberal like a gin uh That's found |
|
| 05:06 | their cells that are set aside. would be an inclusion. Other things |
|
| 05:11 | droplets. Your fat cells are basically giant lipid droplets. Um Pigment vacuum |
|
| 05:17 | . That's what you see in What makes flowers pretty or pigment |
|
| 05:21 | Alright. We're not talking about pigment . But these are just different examples |
|
| 05:25 | inclusions. Actually. We're going to one here with like a crystal has |
|
| 05:29 | big giant crystal on the inside. right. So, in terms of |
|
| 05:36 | we say that we have membrane bound . And so they have membranes. |
|
| 05:41 | what that means is they're made of same foster lipid violators that make up |
|
| 05:47 | plasma membrane. All right. That's primary thing. So, they what |
|
| 05:52 | job is is to sequester a space the cell so that that little space |
|
| 05:58 | do something unique from the other parts the cell. All right. |
|
| 06:02 | this should be akin to a house different rooms with walls. Does that |
|
| 06:08 | sense? All right. So, really what those are. So, |
|
| 06:11 | this compartmentalization allows them. So, of these membrane bound organelles includes the |
|
| 06:17 | . All right. So, the of the membrane bound organelles, even |
|
| 06:20 | we set it apart because it's the center and like everything that's controlling we |
|
| 06:24 | important like quarterbacks and pictures and stuff that. I don't know why I |
|
| 06:29 | go with sports analogies, but I some of us at least understand some |
|
| 06:34 | . Right. Right. Then we the end a plasmid particular. |
|
| 06:38 | then the Golgi apparatus that might have the paroxysms and the life zones. |
|
| 06:42 | you don't know what those are. worry, We're going to talk about |
|
| 06:44 | of those. All right. the other group of organelles or what |
|
| 06:49 | called bio molecular complexes. Now there some mp textbooks written by people who |
|
| 06:56 | not biologists who call them non membrane . And for the longest time when |
|
| 07:02 | first started teaching this class, like ago, I would use that |
|
| 07:06 | And I finally started trying to figure where this term came up from. |
|
| 07:10 | I've never been able to figure And finally, I mean like it |
|
| 07:14 | was one of these authors just decided go, well, they don't have |
|
| 07:18 | . So they're the non membrane and not a correct term. They're just |
|
| 07:22 | molecular complexes. All right, What that? Well, basically, it's |
|
| 07:25 | bunch of macro mal, macro And so really what it is is |
|
| 07:29 | can see a molecule is another molecule another molecule. They all get together |
|
| 07:33 | a party And now they're doing something an organelles. Alright. They carry |
|
| 07:39 | unique functions inside the cell. the bio molecular complexes are designed just |
|
| 07:46 | the organelles are Except they're not going uh making a compartmentalized space to do |
|
| 07:51 | functionality. So, typically, what looking at here are things like the |
|
| 07:55 | of skeleton now, side of If you're sitting there going, I |
|
| 07:58 | know what that is. Sido meeting skeleton. Well, that's a support |
|
| 08:03 | . All right. You already know a skeleton is in your body in |
|
| 08:06 | general sense. So, you can side of skeleton does the same thing |
|
| 08:10 | the cell that the skeleton does in body. It creates shape and |
|
| 08:15 | Alright, ribosomes which we'll talk about central's which we'll talk about in just |
|
| 08:22 | because I have sorrow that you're looking . I try to find good |
|
| 08:27 | So, most of the pictures I are just basic google searches. If |
|
| 08:30 | don't come from your textbook. They're from google search. Right. An |
|
| 08:35 | search. So, this I of is just the most hideous picture ever |
|
| 08:40 | . Big and yellow and ugly. looks like an egg yolk that just |
|
| 08:44 | overcooked. Yeah. And so, can see here this would be the |
|
| 08:51 | that defines the outside of the All right. And so, as |
|
| 08:55 | said, this is the control usually the largest organ inside the |
|
| 08:59 | All right. This is where most the DNA of your cell is going |
|
| 09:03 | be found. Now we're going to about mitochondrial a little bit. And |
|
| 09:07 | has DNA as well. So, not the only place where DNA |
|
| 09:11 | but it's where the majority of your is going to be found. |
|
| 09:15 | DNA replication occurs in this site. right. This is responsible for all |
|
| 09:20 | genetic control of the cell. With exception of what the mitochondria does. |
|
| 09:25 | there's three structures we have the nuclear , which is that plasma membrane. |
|
| 09:29 | nucleus is which the big, ugly looking thing on the inside and the |
|
| 09:33 | tint, which if you look very is shaded ugly green, right around |
|
| 09:38 | edges right there. It's kind of to see. But that's okay. |
|
| 09:42 | not meant to be seen real All right. And so, what |
|
| 09:46 | looking at now, this is a bit closer view. And you can |
|
| 09:49 | here here's that plasma membrane And you see that this plasma membrane isn't just |
|
| 09:55 | layer. All right now, remember said a plasma membrane is a fossil |
|
| 09:59 | bi layer, meaning it already has layers to it. And what we've |
|
| 10:04 | now is we've taken one of those we've stacked another one on top of |
|
| 10:08 | . So, it's a double Two layers. And really what we |
|
| 10:12 | is we have an inner layer that kind of defines the boundary of the |
|
| 10:17 | and then we have this outer layer is continuous with the next organ l |
|
| 10:22 | sequence. Which would be the end plasma in particular. And so this |
|
| 10:27 | probably get you thinking a little bit , okay, well, if it's |
|
| 10:30 | , are is one making the And what we would say is is |
|
| 10:34 | the membranes are being generated from one the next. They're separate compartments. |
|
| 10:40 | do separate things. But they're sharing membrane and constantly creating new membrane as |
|
| 10:46 | into plasmid particular um um grows and while it's doing its job passing things |
|
| 10:52 | to the next organelles on and so and so on. All right. |
|
| 10:55 | the outer membrane is continues to throw into plasma particular inner membrane is what |
|
| 11:03 | the actual the edge of the And if you look here, you |
|
| 11:07 | see their little cartoonists here has put whole bunch of little tiny lattice like |
|
| 11:12 | here called Lamanna. Right? So or laminate just means a lattice. |
|
| 11:17 | this Lamanna is a way that this organizes the D. N. |
|
| 11:22 | Inside the cell. It's a So you can imagine it's like shelving |
|
| 11:26 | your house with you if you have billion different books because you love to |
|
| 11:30 | , right? Everyone just nod your . So of course, yeah, |
|
| 11:33 | got all these books. I don't what to do with them. So |
|
| 11:35 | put shelving and I put the books order in the right places. So |
|
| 11:39 | know when I have an idea or thought and I want to make sure |
|
| 11:42 | true. I go exactly to the that I'm looking at, right. |
|
| 11:46 | that's really what this last work So, DNA is not like string |
|
| 11:51 | has come off a school and you kind of shoved in a closet. |
|
| 11:54 | actually incredibly well organized in the cell exactly where every gene within that DNA |
|
| 12:01 | located, which is pretty amazing. the truth is, we don't understand |
|
| 12:07 | those mechanisms actually work. Yeah, got a long way to go to |
|
| 12:12 | biology, but that's the first step say are not what we so there's |
|
| 12:20 | that's going inside the cell and there to be materials that move in and |
|
| 12:23 | of the cell as well. And within the context of this clear |
|
| 12:29 | there are holes which we call pores around these pores is they have these |
|
| 12:34 | that ensure that the right material goes and the right material goes out. |
|
| 12:40 | can think of the bouncers, have ever been to a club? What |
|
| 12:42 | they asked for an ID? doesn't matter what tough club you're looking |
|
| 12:47 | , right, they want to are you a member of the club |
|
| 12:50 | you allowed into the club? And so everything that goes in and |
|
| 12:54 | have the right identification to go And so what that means, proteins |
|
| 13:01 | as part of their structure, a that allows them to be recognized by |
|
| 13:07 | poor to allow it to go in go out. Which is again is |
|
| 13:11 | pretty interesting concept if you think about , Yes, ma'am. The question |
|
| 13:17 | what would need to go into the . Alright, This is a |
|
| 13:21 | profound question, more profound question that going to be able to answer to |
|
| 13:26 | satisfaction, but I'm gonna try. , in just a couple sentences because |
|
| 13:30 | I said, I could talk for minutes about this, the D. |
|
| 13:33 | . A. That the genes that being regulated uh in the nucleus are |
|
| 13:39 | regulated by nuclear receptors. Nuclear receptors both inside and outside of the |
|
| 13:48 | So they reside in the side is and then they moved to the nucleus |
|
| 13:51 | back and forth. It depends on or not they're being bound by the |
|
| 13:56 | that activate them. So materials move and out of the side is also |
|
| 14:00 | I can turn genes on and off that I can then get the expression |
|
| 14:04 | the proteins I need in order to the work that I do totally unsatisfying |
|
| 14:09 | . But I hope that helps a bit. Okay. All right. |
|
| 14:16 | proteins the signal pastor. All So again, this is flyover |
|
| 14:24 | So, the idea here is what is the nucleus made up |
|
| 14:27 | It has nuclear membrane. What are two? So that's how you should |
|
| 14:32 | looking at. Don't think of all deep deep details like that. I |
|
| 14:37 | , it's a good question to But I'm not going to sit there |
|
| 14:39 | go I talked about how they're moving and out and what they what they |
|
| 14:42 | now. We're not going that So like the nuclear unless we're gonna |
|
| 14:47 | it real simple. So, here an example of electron micrografx. You |
|
| 14:50 | see here is the nuclear membrane. is out here is the site of |
|
| 14:54 | whole bunch of mitochondria and other stuff on. The green stuff. If |
|
| 14:58 | look at that's actually in the plaza particular. But the big giant black |
|
| 15:02 | in the middle. That's the nuclear and you can see it's a pretty |
|
| 15:05 | structure inside the nucleus. All And you can see all the black |
|
| 15:10 | on the outside. Around here on edges. That's chroma tin. All |
|
| 15:14 | . And we're gonna talk about that just a moment. Now. The |
|
| 15:16 | of the nucleus excusing the nuclear list the site of where a specific pipe |
|
| 15:23 | is being synthesized. It's called ribosomes or our RNA, which we'll talk |
|
| 15:28 | in a couple of slides down the . All right. So when we |
|
| 15:32 | talking about, okay, that's made nucleus its job is to assemble them |
|
| 15:37 | that we can then use them in process of translation. Alright. And |
|
| 15:43 | takes place outside and the side is So you need a way to get |
|
| 15:47 | . That's why one of the reasons we have a poor. All right |
|
| 15:50 | , as we learn more in our our technology gets better, we can |
|
| 15:55 | at things a little bit better. we start saying, oh well it |
|
| 15:58 | be that the nuclear, this isn't there for ribosomes are in a it |
|
| 16:03 | have other activities as well. And as we have greater techniques, we |
|
| 16:08 | to find some of these other different of processes. If you ask me |
|
| 16:13 | those processes were I didn't consider it enough when I wrote the slide |
|
| 16:17 | I can't remember what they are All right. So that's how important |
|
| 16:23 | are right now. All right. here we have you can see the |
|
| 16:27 | . They've shaded it out as a . And you can see now here's |
|
| 16:30 | plasma critical. Um It kind of it. You can see there's a |
|
| 16:34 | and there's two different types of indo critical. Um Alright. One that's |
|
| 16:39 | , really bumpy, looks like it won awards. The other one that's |
|
| 16:42 | so under the microscope. When they identified it, they said, |
|
| 16:45 | the bumpy one looks rough. So called it rough in the Plaza in |
|
| 16:50 | . The other one didn't have bumps it. So, they refer to |
|
| 16:53 | smooth and applies in particular. Now into plasma particular. Um, it's |
|
| 16:58 | the rough in a plasma critical. at least its primary role is in |
|
| 17:02 | production of proteins. All right. , what we're looking at here down |
|
| 17:08 | below this is the membrane of the in particular. In this right here |
|
| 17:12 | the inside. So, it would inside what is called a cistern. |
|
| 17:17 | All right. So, if you know what that word means, just |
|
| 17:20 | cistern. If you don't know the , Is this something that holds |
|
| 17:24 | Right. And so what happens is that we make proteins? Here's |
|
| 17:29 | Here's the ribosomes. Huh? We'll there eventually. But we're going to |
|
| 17:33 | about in more detail and you can I'm making a protein and that protein |
|
| 17:38 | stunt or shunted through a poor in in the plaza in particular. Um |
|
| 17:44 | it gets made and formed inside the in particular and eventually what we're gonna |
|
| 17:48 | is we're going to move it from ectoplasm particularly to the next structure in |
|
| 17:53 | line. All right. And that's to be the Golgi apparatus which we'll |
|
| 17:57 | in the next slide. All But the idea here is there's a |
|
| 18:01 | where I'm putting proteins that I'm going be releasing out of the cell. |
|
| 18:09 | right. So, I'm putting it the end a plasma particular. |
|
| 18:11 | so that it can be in a the vessel can then be shifted to |
|
| 18:16 | next organelles, the Golgi apparatus which then be shifted again vesicles and out |
|
| 18:22 | the stuff. All right now, all proteins are going out of the |
|
| 18:28 | of the proteins are staying in the to do work inside the cell. |
|
| 18:32 | so that wouldn't be using the end plasma critical. Um, that would |
|
| 18:35 | out in the side is all All right. You're doing the same |
|
| 18:39 | without this stuff going on down The other thing is we have proteins |
|
| 18:44 | are going to be found in the membrane and so the same thing that |
|
| 18:48 | seeing around happening. The difference between protein is going to be remaining |
|
| 18:56 | All right. So, it kind sits on both sides of that membrane |
|
| 18:59 | around so that it can interact on sides. That's probably more than you'll |
|
| 19:06 | to know. But that's what this all telling you. Right here, |
|
| 19:08 | that the end of plastic particularly is for producing the proteins for secretion or |
|
| 19:16 | in the plasma membrane now smooth into , particularly a little bit different depending |
|
| 19:21 | which cell you're in. It's going do different things. That's the most |
|
| 19:25 | one that we most is the type into plasma smooth into plasma particular, |
|
| 19:30 | that we see in muscle cells. right. This is typically smooth structure |
|
| 19:35 | it's filled with a whole bunch of . That's the most common type. |
|
| 19:39 | that's not the only type of role the smooth has So in some cells |
|
| 19:44 | will modify small chemicals such as drug . All right. And other |
|
| 19:50 | Things that shouldn't be there kind of like a liver there there's similarly |
|
| 19:58 | I don't know. Whatever. It will take glycogen and it will |
|
| 20:04 | breaking it down into glucose. All . It that's the eyes, lipids |
|
| 20:10 | steroids. So, this is a site that's used by the cell to |
|
| 20:16 | some of these unique type of functions upon which cell type you're actually |
|
| 20:22 | All right. So, if you imagine this right here, this is |
|
| 20:30 | we call the cysts face. This the trans face. The cysts face |
|
| 20:34 | on the side where the indo plasmid . Um, is the trans face |
|
| 20:38 | be the side facing the plasma So, you can imagine over here |
|
| 20:42 | be the nucleus. They'd be rough plasma critical. Um and then as |
|
| 20:46 | tiny vesicles full of protein. But what they would do is that vesicles |
|
| 20:52 | goes and joins up and forms with Golgi apparatus. Now lack of a |
|
| 20:57 | explanation. The gold job. It's responsible for modifying, sorting and storing |
|
| 21:04 | proteins before they send them off into vesicles either be secreted or as storage |
|
| 21:11 | to be joined up with the plasma . So what does that kind of |
|
| 21:15 | if you're sorting things that's kind of a post office? That's what I |
|
| 21:21 | up with. It's like a post all the junk shows up there. |
|
| 21:26 | can imagine these poor underpaid workers sitting going, okay, that goes |
|
| 21:30 | that goes there, that goes there pics in Black, you guys not |
|
| 21:37 | minimum black to have you one she's not back there. You're now |
|
| 21:40 | about that crazy alien sitting in there this stuff. Yeah, that's funny |
|
| 21:46 | . All right. And that's kind what it does. Each of these |
|
| 21:51 | . I mean it looks like how this possibly organized? It's basically just |
|
| 21:54 | flat thing. But there are things there that are responsible for sorting things |
|
| 21:59 | and it takes proteins and it tags in certain different ways that the things |
|
| 22:03 | are doing the sorting that this is to go that way. That's supposed |
|
| 22:06 | go this way. This is supposed over there. Yeah. As you |
|
| 22:13 | you sort it to where you need be sequestered so that you can go |
|
| 22:17 | do the function that you are designed function. And you can see here |
|
| 22:23 | but these little tiny vesicles. That could be a storage vesicles or it |
|
| 22:28 | be a vehicle that has a function the cell. Or it could be |
|
| 22:31 | vehicle that moves on up to the membrane so that you can be secreted |
|
| 22:36 | materials in it. Or if the are inserted in that plasma membrane of |
|
| 22:40 | vessel, can then join up with plasma membrane and now be inserted facing |
|
| 22:45 | so that you can now interact with sell through those different proteins. Goat |
|
| 22:55 | the |
|
