| 00:05 | Okay thank you. Thanks. Hey welcome. Um So um if you |
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| 00:43 | added the class you'll have access to . Uh It's not my now because |
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| 00:51 | with yesterday's last date ahead of so if you have it yesterday you |
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| 00:55 | have blackboard access and not today certainly tomorrow. So that's you do go |
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| 01:01 | blackboard, check out all this stuff and uh watch three quarter lectures catch |
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| 01:09 | . Um I just realized I I bring my receiver That captures all your |
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| 01:19 | information, so we will have a questions today, but I got no |
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| 01:23 | to receive your prompts, so they count for anything right now. |
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| 01:26 | so September one, which is the day. They will obviously remember to |
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| 01:31 | it then, but uh my apologies we'll still do the question will still |
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| 01:36 | questions which uh I just need to to have that, not forget it |
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| 01:41 | time. Um So do I do you were here last week and you |
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| 01:47 | it bigger, I refreshed multiple times the clipper points on blackboards. So |
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| 01:57 | check if you did use it last to check to make sure you're seeing |
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| 02:01 | I'm seeing points. Um The other is I'm gonna post, I got |
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| 02:06 | email from learning the on campus clipper . Uh There was a handful of |
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| 02:14 | that I remember the email right, were created their account with a personal |
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| 02:20 | address and that can create problems. ? But that can be fixed but |
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| 02:25 | have to contact the clicker people and have a contact number for them so |
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| 02:31 | post on blackboard uh if that's you and they can change the email |
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| 02:37 | we just can't do that on our here. They do it. So |
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| 02:39 | that's you they will be able to that, you just need to call |
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| 02:43 | number okay and I'll post that on work. Um Points. So points |
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| 02:50 | two points for questions no matter what answer. Two points Okay? Uh |
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| 02:55 | point for that. By one point just you know using think so but |
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| 03:03 | the the threshold there is 50%. for example if you have we have |
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| 03:09 | questions in in on a day and answered four questions you can get four |
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| 03:18 | to eight points plus one point for it for attendance, they called participation |
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| 03:24 | what it is called. So total nine points. Okay? So uh |
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| 03:31 | you answered less than half The answer one of the four questions, you |
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| 03:37 | get the attendance point. Okay? it's a 50% question, so you |
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| 03:40 | to answer at least half the questions get the that one point. |
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| 03:45 | But again for any questions you answer you respond is two points. |
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| 03:50 | So uh do check blackboard if you the clicker last week, just if |
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| 03:56 | getting you see your points. Um but we'll start on thursday and if |
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| 04:03 | do have if you use your clicker and you might not have it registered |
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| 04:11 | , the points will be there, not a sign to a name, |
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| 04:16 | once you complete that part of the then there will be assigned to |
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| 04:21 | So the points will be there again you haven't registered it yet but your |
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| 04:25 | as soon as you registered then bam assign the points. I don't think |
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| 04:30 | using a clicker but haven't registered Those points are there, they are |
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| 04:34 | not time to a name yet so might as well. Um So this |
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| 04:42 | stuff begins to be some kind of routine now is basically the two bottom |
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| 04:49 | because so those cover what we just here on the Tuesday and thursday |
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| 04:56 | Okay 5 to 10 questions summer. okay. Um you have through opens |
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| 05:05 | you'll have through monday to do it that's monday 59 P. M. |
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| 05:12 | mastering. So I think pretty much may be a couple of weeks maybe |
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| 05:17 | but check the schedule that mastering science do each week I think, but |
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| 05:25 | the schedule is there on blackboard. Take a look but that's the first |
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| 05:30 | is coming up. Okay. Um questions. Okay so remember that you |
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| 05:41 | not know when these things do right when you go on the blackboard bam |
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| 05:47 | schedules are right there in front of for all these things. The syllabus |
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| 05:50 | the schedules, the reminders, I you twice a week until you do |
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| 05:55 | . So you literally can't not know is due or coming up. Okay |
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| 06:01 | I do pay attention to that. so we're going to finish up this |
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| 06:08 | here today. Okay and uh we're begin with a question but I forgot |
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| 06:15 | receiver. So we'll kind of do . Yes this way. Alright so |
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| 06:20 | are meant to be a question that also going to appear at the |
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| 06:27 | So you kind of get a feel what your answers are now compared to |
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| 06:31 | they would have been at the Okay so since we can't really do |
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| 06:35 | let's kind of go through looking for true statement. Okay so a pastor's |
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| 06:41 | germ theory of communication explains the nature infectious disease problem. Say false say |
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| 06:59 | . Three you said. Is that ? Come on. Come on. |
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| 07:07 | cuisine. What does did anybody read ? Okay. Any notes before |
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| 07:17 | Not good. What does the The germ theory of disease goodness. |
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| 07:26 | is not gonna be good. All so uh false. What about |
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| 07:32 | This is that's ecology. 101. probably learned that in grade school, |
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| 07:38 | speaking you are a producer. What you consider? Absolutely in all senses |
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| 07:45 | the Lord humans are considering um The . That goes back to last |
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| 07:53 | Archaea. The simplest of the eukaryotic . Pro okay but not you |
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| 08:04 | Um Common cold is considered an I. D. Emerging infectious |
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| 08:10 | Also it's been around for a long . We'll talk about the I. |
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| 08:14 | . S. At the end. you're the I. D. |
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| 08:17 | What's a what's an E. D. Everybody in here should know |
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| 08:22 | now. Okay. Okay that's an . I. G. Um Handwashing |
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| 08:29 | soap equal disinfection, sepsis. Okay is handwashing her D. Germany they |
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| 08:40 | call it okay vaccines work by stimulating body to produce antigens and antibodies not |
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| 08:47 | . Okay so none of these are . Okay. Alright so we're gonna |
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| 08:53 | on all of these aspects today as close out Chapter one. So so |
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| 09:01 | again. So here are some things barnacles, barnacles, barnacle is a |
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| 09:11 | right there. Hello Chris Station on side of the museum but on the |
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| 09:19 | of rocks and thinks it's a marine . There's a example of one um |
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| 09:26 | the middle there is in the middle the this guy here that's a barnacle |
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| 09:37 | that type. There's also a barnacle goose goose, barnacle and barnacle |
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| 09:42 | . Okay good veins. But at time uh here are the barnacles here |
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| 09:48 | they're giving birth to yeast. Okay sounds pretty cool. Um Then you |
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| 09:54 | uh dust creates please. Money soiling rice. The frogs. You think |
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| 10:00 | these days. Uh My cell I used to always see lots of |
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| 10:04 | jump around after a heavy rainfall recipe produce mice. Here's the reference |
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| 10:10 | This guy actually had a recipe to mice. Okay, place sweaty underwear |
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| 10:15 | husks a week open jar container, keep it 21 days and bam. |
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| 10:20 | got mice. Okay, So these describing what, what are these examples |
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| 10:29 | ? Okay, the example of how natural world actually operates it biogenesis. |
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| 10:39 | biogenesis. Is it spontaneous combustion spontaneous ? Okay, so it's uh none |
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| 10:47 | these so spontaneous generation. So, talked about that at the toward the |
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| 10:50 | last time and the vital force. those people that believed in this concept |
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| 11:01 | find life from nothing, right? that any kind of organic or even |
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| 11:08 | material rocks, uh, could give to life under the right conditions. |
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| 11:15 | what condition was there's got to be President? The violent forces? Air |
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| 11:20 | , to write about um you have combinations and you know, you can |
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| 11:26 | have life form. Obviously, we that's insane. We've looked at that |
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| 11:31 | experiment with uh lies hanging around meat . Right? So they thought the |
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| 11:40 | that sprang out from the meat from the meat itself, right? The |
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| 11:45 | generation, of course, was the langley on the meat and laid the |
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| 11:50 | were the ones producing the maggots. , by this experiment, just you |
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| 11:55 | error because that's cause uh, air . So air is getting in |
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| 12:00 | So it fulfills that criteria. But not seeing spontaneous generation. So became |
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| 12:09 | about this and similar experiments that maybe spontaneous generation doesn't work for complex |
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| 12:16 | , you know like maggots and mice frogs and things. But then of |
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| 12:21 | the discovery of microbes gave them gave you know these people another uh venue |
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| 12:30 | microbes, it can happen with them not with more complex things. And |
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| 12:34 | that was we saw experiment with right broth and a vessel. |
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| 12:42 | And boil that broth and it's no in there. People exposed to air |
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| 12:50 | you actually. Right. So that their argument. There you go. |
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| 12:56 | can form spontaneously. Uh So it until pasture came in. Okay that |
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| 13:03 | put that to rest that idea. so he had his hands a lot |
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| 13:08 | different areas. He trained chemist. he ran into microbiology chemistry knowledge was |
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| 13:17 | to use because we talked about last with the uh wine production. So |
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| 13:25 | , you know they're paying one of things wine alright, they are connoisseurs |
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| 13:31 | wine. And wine production in France of course a big thing and uh |
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| 13:37 | was an issue with somebody's wine But the taste was totally off. |
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| 13:43 | so Pastor comes in, looks at process and the big contribution here in |
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| 13:49 | of microbiology is for the first time show that chemical transformations okay, converting |
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| 14:00 | , organic materials, chemicals to other can occur due to the action of |
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| 14:06 | . Okay. And that has implications lots of areas. Okay, because |
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| 14:12 | also. Yeah, well, I'll to the second. The so the |
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| 14:17 | equation here is grapes, which which course are carbohydrates and sugar. |
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| 14:22 | And yeast. The absence of which is what he's studying here is |
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| 14:30 | . You do this through muscles do when they get fatigued, they will |
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| 14:34 | produce lactic acid, that's what makes muscles so. Okay. But this |
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| 14:40 | course is fermentation as well. And uh the key here, he would |
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| 14:46 | take samples using examples out of the with the microscope and see cells that |
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| 14:54 | time became more cells. Okay. that cell growth was accompanied by more |
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| 15:02 | more product in this case ethanol alcohol filmed. Right, So more sells |
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| 15:08 | alcohol microbes are producing the alcohol uh analysis to prove this microscopy, to |
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| 15:16 | the member ourselves growing to see if are cells there in the first place |
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| 15:21 | it was thought before this that this was strictly just chemical, no biology |
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| 15:27 | at all. Okay. And so off taste of the line often that |
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| 15:33 | taste is due to contamination bacteria enter process annoyingly. Okay, and created |
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| 15:41 | bad taste of the wine. And is kind of what led the road |
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| 15:44 | to not just for wine but other and foods, the pasteurization process. |
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| 15:50 | ? To minimize mike these microbes uh too spoiled food or drink. |
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| 15:58 | And so he then studied his further found that there were a number of |
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| 16:05 | bacteria that could carry on different Right. So I see the acid |
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| 16:11 | is that irritated. Right. And other many other types of organic |
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| 16:16 | alcohols and all being alcohol and mostly of short. So smaller organic |
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| 16:24 | alcohols were produced by bacteria. And can see that there were different |
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| 16:29 | bacterial types that produce certain types of products. And so he basically cataloged |
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| 16:36 | this, described it all. This becomes a germ theory. A fermentation |
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| 16:40 | one. The production of these products do the microbes microbes growing and uh |
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| 16:48 | of lots of product you can differentiate is producing rich product so forth? |
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| 16:56 | produced mixtures. So um uh but , the overriding theme here is converted |
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| 17:03 | organic material by microbes. Okay. just a chemical or a biological |
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| 17:08 | And so just do that question in because east um um why beer production |
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| 17:15 | been going on for centuries before for time. It's like maybe 18 hundreds |
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| 17:20 | fact. So uh and so these the ones that carry this out where |
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| 17:26 | come from? Because there was no thing as going to the store and |
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| 17:31 | yeast off the shelf and dumping it it is what what do you think |
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| 17:36 | source would be from? What have got? You got one of the |
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| 17:42 | to make wine for example, anybody any other thought, where would the |
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| 17:46 | come from? Yes, it's the of the grapes, grapes are on |
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| 17:55 | , obviously, like they will touch soil, or there's other sources not |
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| 17:59 | the grapes, but also hands. got beast on your hands like it |
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| 18:06 | not. Okay, so handling the introduces yeast as well. Okay, |
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| 18:13 | they weren't wearing gloves have been doing . So uh that's a source source |
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| 18:18 | these things. And so nowadays we all kinds of yeast strains that are |
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| 18:23 | for everything, but not then. the conversion of organic material becomes |
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| 18:31 | microbes, um really becoming a focus idea because the focus in the context |
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| 18:41 | medical microbiology, infectious disease. What's connection there between this statement at the |
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| 18:50 | and infectious disease? R r is this thing? This is organic |
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| 19:01 | Uh it is organic, our bodies organic organic. Um so the not |
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| 19:15 | disease has has been done by the before. So I thought began that |
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| 19:20 | organic, these organic bodies can be disease, steak can be attributed to |
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| 19:27 | micro infected. And by right, that, you know, that idea |
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| 19:32 | of uh takes hold. And I'm not saying this, this um |
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| 19:40 | does not explain how infectious organisms No, but just lays an |
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| 19:47 | oh, microbes can transform organic things other things. Maybe they can transform |
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| 19:52 | body into a disease? So it's germ theory of disease, that kind |
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| 19:56 | explains that part, but it kind sets the wheels in motion. |
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| 20:01 | so kind of back for a second generation. So here is kind of |
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| 20:06 | he refused this whole process for the part in really just a simple design |
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| 20:14 | . Nothing complicated, but he fulfills criteria is gonna have their right to |
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| 20:21 | these spontaneous generation, wackos, gotta have air. And so he |
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| 20:27 | okay all design flats that has a that's curved, okay, and so |
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| 20:35 | that collects, so microbes that are the air we're gonna contaminate traveling on |
|
| 20:41 | particles uh and are these kind of ? Okay? And that's how they |
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| 20:48 | into the material and contaminate? start right. So if you trap |
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| 20:53 | by gravity then they don't enter, ? So air can get in. |
|
| 20:59 | , But not the best particles Okay. And so this uh then |
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| 21:07 | that unless you purposefully basically inoculated by the liquid to touch that part, |
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| 21:17 | now this is essentially the Oculus right and not being to see the collection |
|
| 21:21 | cells that will grow if you allow to go in the broth ok. |
|
| 21:26 | you have growth. Okay? You also do it by just clipping off |
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| 21:32 | , bring the they're so um so long as you didn't do do either |
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| 21:40 | these uh to the contaminated, it's and air is getting your right, |
|
| 21:48 | just the air and broth alone don't together to make life. It only |
|
| 21:55 | when you add cells to it. ? And cells in this case from |
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| 22:02 | travel dust particles a lot. So cells can give rise to new |
|
| 22:07 | Okay. Only life that you live life. And so uh so that |
|
| 22:12 | a key thing that you know that itself from this fourth of course this |
|
| 22:17 | we talked about before you basically And that's why we do the things |
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| 22:21 | way we do in lab. Um and have been for 100 plus |
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| 22:27 | when handling bacteria and other microbes. so um if you're studying something you |
|
| 22:34 | want to do something else because in obviously changed the results. I don't |
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| 22:40 | what's what's going on in that So um so lab lab um uh |
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| 22:49 | gloves, um a bunch of burning things and loops and tubes containing culture |
|
| 22:56 | um all that for the purpose of out unwanted microbes. Why? Because |
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| 23:02 | everywhere right there in the air on bench top. So you disinfect your |
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| 23:06 | top before that where you want your before. So it's it's all for |
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| 23:11 | purpose. So now the okay, missing a hole on you're missing a |
|
| 23:25 | it. Okay, I'm missing a . Goodness. Okay so imagine. |
|
| 23:34 | . No problem. So we start uh anthrax. Okay, anthrax |
|
| 23:44 | anthrax are due to the bacillus. that's the genus name the city. |
|
| 23:55 | okay so it's a rod shaped cell very long filaments. Okay. Um |
|
| 24:05 | it is the uh we now know course and he just proved this is |
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| 24:10 | agent that causes anthrax. Okay. so he uh was kind of the |
|
| 24:18 | working as we started. So he he was a country doctor in the |
|
| 24:24 | he see around the rural area there an outbreak of man traction on the |
|
| 24:29 | . And uh he said let me what's going on. So it takes |
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| 24:34 | samples from infected cows and sees there sees this under the microscope, sees |
|
| 24:43 | in the blood of these disease Now obviously that's not something that seems |
|
| 24:49 | in the blood of a healthy Okay, so kind of around the |
|
| 24:54 | and this is of course we're talking robert. Okay, and so around |
|
| 25:03 | box he kind of had the easy to establish this what's going to be |
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| 25:11 | the Germ theory of disease. linking a bacteria or other microbes To |
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| 25:22 | a specific disease and making that link chain of infection. Okay, and |
|
| 25:31 | that, so he comes up with , we'll get more into this, |
|
| 25:35 | is part of Chapter four which comes through the semester, we're gonna revisit |
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| 25:41 | again. And so we'll go through of the framework. So coach |
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| 25:46 | right, we're talking about is a a framework for how to for how |
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| 25:53 | link specific micro disease. Okay, if they process to and then we'll |
|
| 25:59 | into it in detail later, but it's just kind of introduce, you |
|
| 26:03 | who this is and what he's doing initially it's very easy to kind of |
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| 26:09 | animals. They've got this in their , healthy ones don't. So it's |
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| 26:12 | kind of easy to make that Okay. Whatever becomes more difficult now |
|
| 26:18 | in having to having the infectious That's not so easy. Right? |
|
| 26:24 | what tuberculosis ends up being. That the next thing he studied. That's |
|
| 26:29 | respiratory disease. It's an organism that it gets in your lungs and kind |
|
| 26:35 | resides there and it can be a disease. But the it's called Mycobacterium |
|
| 26:43 | . This is a very small Okay, um not as prominent as |
|
| 26:50 | this one was okay. And so also not in the blood, it |
|
| 26:55 | in one. So you have to some were called, you know, |
|
| 26:59 | and you can see stuff that occurs of affected people and that's where you |
|
| 27:05 | it. So you have to look the samples. And so a tiny |
|
| 27:10 | can be difficult to find other microbes as well that live there are other |
|
| 27:15 | . And so it proves to So now with this one required developing |
|
| 27:24 | and techniques to culture, right? hadn't been done before. Right? |
|
| 27:29 | we literally use like uh uh, week we saw the Petri dishes |
|
| 27:35 | The solid media. Okay you see um he started with a spiced up |
|
| 27:43 | . So I think I was doing street painting the potato. So later |
|
| 27:48 | , not long after the that was . And so it made it much |
|
| 27:53 | . But nonetheless it's taking samples and putting them on a solid surface to |
|
| 28:00 | able to see them. Okay to able to work with them because although |
|
| 28:04 | can see this under a microscope, all you can do with it. |
|
| 28:09 | just look at Alright get out of environment set up from everything else and |
|
| 28:16 | in pure culture, that's what your is. Okay. And that requires |
|
| 28:20 | sophisticated techniques. They have developed all stuff. Okay. And so um |
|
| 28:27 | let me kind of get rid of real quick. So the and so |
|
| 28:32 | that method which you'll be uh course in lab is central when that |
|
| 28:40 | That was like a huge uh stepping to many areas of microbiology. |
|
| 28:51 | there's lots of sub disciplines and Okay, so now by having a |
|
| 28:57 | to isolate organisms from a patient or environmental sample and then seeing what's out |
|
| 29:05 | . Okay, you can then get multiple types on the plate that you |
|
| 29:10 | in the middle you can pick out ones and then we call subculture to |
|
| 29:15 | plates. So this gives you now to study without. They're both in |
|
| 29:22 | of infectious disease microbial ecology all kinds areas. So that that became when |
|
| 29:31 | happened then microbiology really exploded into all different areas. Because you can study |
|
| 29:36 | types of microbes, granted you couldn't a lot of stuff but certainly a |
|
| 29:44 | of things and it certainly worked Uh So I just bring this up |
|
| 29:50 | with liquid media to show you the the of each type actually different |
|
| 30:00 | Solid media of other types. But can find out once. And so |
|
| 30:04 | a use for these. Right Can with only liquid media alone and nothing |
|
| 30:12 | ? Can you obtain a pure Yes sir. Why not? And |
|
| 30:27 | you because in liquid culture you might different types. Right? There's a |
|
| 30:34 | there's a rod, there's a squiggly . Okay. Can all be in |
|
| 30:39 | . All right. An environmental sample . But you can see that many |
|
| 30:45 | things. You could have got a and see that. But your ability |
|
| 30:50 | work with them and you got to them on solid medium. Right. |
|
| 30:55 | to because now you'll get a workable of the organism on your plate. |
|
| 31:03 | ? You grow up on your plate then transfer and then then you know |
|
| 31:10 | you're here, okay if your culture one type on your plate you can |
|
| 31:15 | use liquid literally is for mass That's what you wanna do. You |
|
| 31:21 | get lots of cells. We need of cells for if you want to |
|
| 31:25 | D. N. A. Sequence if you want to say protein. |
|
| 31:31 | for mass quantities of stuff because um need that in order to get |
|
| 31:39 | there are lots of them to get quantity of materials to work with typically |
|
| 31:43 | . N. A. Or proteins . Right? So so each has |
|
| 31:47 | role. So pure culture can only obtained. Uh So I would begin |
|
| 31:56 | that happened. Very important, the of microbiology and other areas. Um |
|
| 32:06 | we sold coke and others. So establishment of the disease microbes are capable |
|
| 32:16 | certain types capable of causing disease. of course it becomes natural. Well |
|
| 32:21 | do we fight these things? How we get rid of the ad micro |
|
| 32:26 | ? Okay, this is where vaccination in. Uh And these other |
|
| 32:33 | Okay, so smallpox um Very very we'll talk about that scenes later in |
|
| 32:41 | semester and we'll mention variolation, variolation specific to smallpox. Okay, so |
|
| 32:49 | , so there was there's always been smallpox around history. Okay. And |
|
| 32:55 | think some of the 15 hundreds, had the idea during one of these |
|
| 33:00 | where you have smallpox for these bucks okay and those bumps or pustules contain |
|
| 33:10 | violence in life? Live smallpox Okay. And so somebody had the |
|
| 33:17 | . Well says well let me cut of these postures, take some of |
|
| 33:21 | material and cut it into another healthy person. Okay What prompted |
|
| 33:27 | I don't know what they say. so and that mark they make by |
|
| 33:33 | putting the material into the person. the variolation? Okay, so it |
|
| 33:37 | a bump there. You're basically being person my virus. They found that |
|
| 33:43 | good proportion of these people did uh not ever catch smallpox. They were |
|
| 33:51 | . Okay. Unfortunately this vaccination but unfortunately a good portion didn't survive very |
|
| 34:00 | a full blown smallpox virus. So had to be figured out how can |
|
| 34:06 | do this more safely? Okay. rate of people dying, I don't |
|
| 34:11 | . But I think I read somewhere 25 or 30 people that got this |
|
| 34:15 | of variolation died because they got Okay. I mean two thirds |
|
| 34:19 | So that's pretty good. So but , so then uh after that we |
|
| 34:26 | gender and cowpox. Okay. And related to smallpox. Okay pasture. |
|
| 34:35 | expanding this as well, rabies vaccine others. Um And so vaccinations. |
|
| 34:40 | sure we all know by now. , is due to stimulating the immune |
|
| 34:47 | . Okay. Doing so by introducing the agent infectious agent into the |
|
| 34:55 | Okay. And um that of course to production of antibodies. Okay. |
|
| 35:05 | the thing that induces that on bacterium virus or protozoan or fungus, whatever |
|
| 35:13 | infectious agent is, they have particular on their services. Alright. Could |
|
| 35:20 | a simple wall, could be in spike spiky things on on on the |
|
| 35:27 | . Right. It could be a yellow that's flopping around right. Um |
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| 35:32 | could be uh anything that's kind of the periphery is what can potentially be |
|
| 35:37 | as an anti engine. Right? gin and engines can stimulate the body |
|
| 35:43 | produce antibodies. Okay, so the interaction, right let's say we'll go |
|
| 35:51 | this better semester. But the engine body reaction in a nutshell basically leads |
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| 35:58 | elimination of of the agent. Okay and you're consistent has memory that can |
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| 36:08 | these these infections and so if it again down the road then your body |
|
| 36:13 | respond fairly quickly. Okay. So key though is the attenuation. So |
|
| 36:21 | attenuate something means you're limiting it, inactivating it. Your it's not as |
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| 36:30 | as it once was. Right? in you're in different ways to do |
|
| 36:34 | . You can use temperature elevated temperature inactivate certain chemicals to do this just |
|
| 36:41 | . Okay, what you're trying to is to um uh have a form |
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| 36:48 | the infectious agent that will not cause but will give an immune response. |
|
| 36:53 | that's the whole idea and it's a position way to do this. |
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| 37:00 | But one of the, one of best ways though is to have what's |
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| 37:06 | a hole. So this is our virus let's say. Okay and so |
|
| 37:15 | we can activate but it's still capable activate this virus but it's still capable |
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| 37:26 | reproducing. that's ideal? You can , can't cause disease. Okay so |
|
| 37:35 | there's ways to do that. Okay that kind of virus is one of |
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| 37:39 | really strong meeting because it gets into because replicates your body continually sees it |
|
| 37:47 | time it sees it can strengthen the system response. Okay, so that's |
|
| 37:51 | we call a live continuing back Right again, we're gonna go into |
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| 37:59 | details on this later. But just now I just wanted to point that |
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| 38:03 | what we call a live attenuated So it's as close as you can |
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| 38:08 | to the real thing but it doesn't disease. So there's different ways to |
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| 38:17 | this. Okay and use part of but the main thing is engines stimulate |
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| 38:26 | immune system and that's the whole crux this thing. Okay so the question |
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| 38:33 | is generous cowpox vaccine. So why cowpox effective as a vaccine even though |
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| 38:43 | did not contain smallpox, do you ? Exactly exactly. Just what we |
|
| 38:52 | um cross reaction. Okay so engines you can have um anybody can produce |
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| 39:03 | and another man is very very similar will react with that as well. |
|
| 39:08 | so the same reason that that's why effective vaccine obviously now it's a small |
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| 39:16 | vaccine but back then that was a kind of innovative discover. So um |
|
| 39:25 | so anybody can just all about binding each other specificity and that um so |
|
| 39:37 | uh is there any questions? So is one of my pet peeves. |
|
| 39:45 | is why I bring up this So they think you know what's gonna |
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| 39:48 | to this person is gonna get a ? Okay so let me clarify |
|
| 39:55 | Obviously don't have A. B. . Or D. Okay. Which |
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| 40:01 | below is correct. A. C. Or D. So the |
|
| 40:04 | there lies my arm before I received vaccination, is that correct? |
|
| 40:10 | Yeah there's disaffected my before I so are correct. Both are correct. |
|
| 40:23 | would be the correct term? It's this or that it's Auntie sepsis. |
|
| 40:36 | ? The nurse applied antiseptic my arm I see the vaccination. Okay so |
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| 40:43 | people just use that terminal time. this of course is outside the context |
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| 40:49 | sterilization that that person can have Okay sterilization microbiology microbiological speaking means you |
|
| 40:59 | have something, There is no viruses or present. All all gone |
|
| 41:08 | gone from a sterilized object. Um of course that's why he didn't |
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| 41:15 | that to the arm. And you have any skin cells there. Uh |
|
| 41:20 | infection versus antiseptics. This infection is the getting rid of microbes strong inanimate |
|
| 41:30 | , objects. Right? Door bench, top wall. Okay that's |
|
| 41:36 | disinfection. So for that reason disinfectants be much stronger in terms of harshness |
|
| 41:44 | I think of bleach bleach versus isopropyl I create on your skin. Of |
|
| 41:50 | you can't put bleach if you want , but it's a good idea. |
|
| 41:54 | drink bleach. Like somebody once you have to get rid of |
|
| 41:59 | Okay, um doesn't work. So so Hannah sepsis is our formulations that |
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| 42:05 | made for for skin for tissues. that takes us into an antiseptics and |
|
| 42:14 | in terms of this historical perspective. um so some advice and lister, |
|
| 42:21 | similar advice um A he makes it hand washing as a way to reduce |
|
| 42:31 | . Um You work in a Uh So there were 22 parts of |
|
| 42:38 | hospital. Both were for uh for were pregnant mothers gave birth maternity. |
|
| 42:46 | One maternity ward was handled by like and 2nd year medical residents. The |
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| 42:53 | ones are had by midwives. Ones had by midwives hand a very |
|
| 42:59 | incidence of what's called child bed fever to pregnant mothers affection, bacterial infection |
|
| 43:07 | and mother often dies as a result so much higher in the area where |
|
| 43:14 | 1st and 2nd year residents were It turns out the first secondary residents |
|
| 43:23 | go to the maternity ward after they done their kind of medical training |
|
| 43:27 | Right? So they often come out a of a, you know in |
|
| 43:31 | school, one works on cadavers, ? As part of the learning anatomy |
|
| 43:37 | and whatnot. And so they would out of the room full of blood |
|
| 43:41 | guts and everything else and say, , okay, so obviously not |
|
| 43:47 | And so midwives and much more in and they were very painless and really |
|
| 43:55 | and wash their hands and stuff. so some white sees this and |
|
| 43:59 | okay, you wash your hands and simple act, you know, dramatically |
|
| 44:04 | um this mortality rate of this disease to this day in the hospital |
|
| 44:12 | Um you know, it's still a uh where people acquire infections in |
|
| 44:23 | They went in there to either get arthroscopic procedure or this surgery or that |
|
| 44:29 | whatever. And they're while they're they get infectious disease, hospital acquired |
|
| 44:34 | . Right? And so that comes mishandling of medical implements, mishandling of |
|
| 44:43 | , you know, changing bedding and for patients and not really loves these |
|
| 44:46 | of things. And the number one to do is wash hands all over |
|
| 44:51 | place in hospitals. And uh very that simple thing to reduce infection Transmission |
|
| 44:59 | disease. Uh Lister was one that similar ways antiseptics and lister disinfectants. |
|
| 45:09 | he introduced the use of medical disinfecting uh capitalism and so forth. |
|
| 45:18 | , so that of course directly reduced infections. Okay, then finally, |
|
| 45:25 | to show you two pictures here. don't. All right, let's go |
|
| 45:30 | you a couple of points on We'll talk about this later. But |
|
| 45:34 | me just show you now it's gonna you understand. Okay, so here's |
|
| 45:41 | pro cario factory first. Let me show you this. Um So up |
|
| 45:48 | this is uh the discovery of So Fleming in his penicillin mod that |
|
| 45:56 | to drop on. So this is a plate. It's a street plate |
|
| 46:00 | of bacteria. Yeah here's where a dropped on it and you can see |
|
| 46:05 | an area where the cells won't bacterial cells will grow. But as |
|
| 46:13 | get closer to the stopped growing. it was included something and they're being |
|
| 46:19 | by the mold diffusing into the honor inhibiting growth. That was concluded that |
|
| 46:25 | may be onto something antimicrobial agents. of course that's concealing. And since |
|
| 46:31 | time we've developed discovered and developed but having common they typically target one type |
|
| 46:41 | process of molecules in a set very art is cell wall synthesis. As |
|
| 46:47 | will learn next time. And then week about structures and and so the |
|
| 46:54 | walls one common to many bacteria. uh are all synthesis. Um uh |
|
| 47:10 | is another target. Uh protein synthesis tetracycline. You may have heard of |
|
| 47:18 | protein synthesis some aspect of it uh . So he's targeted typically individual |
|
| 47:27 | And that's the thing about now Okay because if the bacteria becomes resistant |
|
| 47:36 | these things of course have to acquire change right enable them to survive the |
|
| 47:46 | okay so if you have a bacterium has say if anybody affects cell |
|
| 47:55 | Well if it makes one change it often times just counteract that and change |
|
| 48:03 | requires one mutation. Okay and knowing fast bacteria grow and have a little |
|
| 48:08 | higher mutation rate, it's certainly Okay contrast that is something like a |
|
| 48:18 | . It's actually hard to kind of because this has lots of targets. |
|
| 48:24 | can dissolve the membrane, you can can inhibit proteins that you can have |
|
| 48:28 | of different targets and very very hard . So they accumulate enough mutations to |
|
| 48:36 | every possible effect. So so that why for that reason it's very hard |
|
| 48:43 | really become resistant to the disinfectant or . But for antibiotics it is a |
|
| 48:51 | easier. Okay and of course we're fighting antibiotic resistant bacteria. Multi |
|
| 48:57 | Right? So it's a constant battle all they have to do is acquire |
|
| 49:02 | change. Maybe that enables them to a modular breaks down. That's what |
|
| 49:10 | penicillin can do. Um or they whatever the antibiotic target itself. Just |
|
| 49:16 | one little change and maybe they can't with it anymore. Or have a |
|
| 49:21 | protein that becomes modified to pump So it doesn't take a lot to |
|
| 49:27 | resistant. But what you have to of course to enable this to enable |
|
| 49:35 | that they have the presence of the there have that. That's why it's |
|
| 49:44 | not good to prescribe broad spectrum antibiotics kill everything kind of the shotgun |
|
| 49:50 | that's what kind of contribute to these . And uh so being smart |
|
| 49:55 | um using antibiotics with the whole you know, stop uh we have |
|
| 50:04 | . Okay. We'll talk about this more detail later, but it's obviously |
|
| 50:09 | real problem. Okay, so the part of this is um look a |
|
| 50:17 | bit about ecology. Okay. But want to bring up a couple of |
|
| 50:23 | because in about a week and a , um we're gonna start on |
|
| 50:32 | That is a subject that, although going to try to make it as |
|
| 50:39 | as palatable as possible. Okay, couple basic um concepts to understand. |
|
| 50:49 | , and that's the purpose of these couple of slides. Okay, so |
|
| 50:54 | are your basic, basic ecosystem So remember that the trophic food change |
|
| 51:01 | levels. Right? And so producers in what category? So you are |
|
| 51:12 | producer? Okay. So you would um Which one of these? |
|
| 51:21 | well you're gonna introduce her. We're . I'm sorry. Which one You're |
|
| 51:30 | ? You're a consumer. What the ? That's what I'm trying to |
|
| 51:35 | Our producers. Head of trucks and , herbivores, nope, nope. |
|
| 51:43 | . Okay, so as basic as sounds haircut and trust me, I |
|
| 51:49 | people mistake this all the time. not sure what it is. |
|
| 51:55 | you're what you watch, that's all . Um and so this kind of |
|
| 52:12 | us to this question. Okay, leads us into. So if you |
|
| 52:20 | at this. So ski, Okay slide is a call him the one |
|
| 52:29 | the founders of soil microbiology. Gonna soil anthropology about that. Well it |
|
| 52:38 | out you find different types of metabolisms there than than our types of |
|
| 52:45 | Okay so this is the type of called enrichment media. And we'll learn |
|
| 52:53 | this in public enrichment media. You formulate the components you you make a |
|
| 53:02 | components that growth certain type of bacteria you want to start over others. |
|
| 53:11 | . Very common. And that's what . Okay and do it. So |
|
| 53:16 | found these unusual metabolic types. Okay what's what's over here? Okay What |
|
| 53:27 | grow on this of a three You said B. That's correct. |
|
| 53:37 | little tropes. Okay so little tropes unusual type like they never heard of |
|
| 53:42 | things. Okay but they are their is really critical okay in the environment |
|
| 53:51 | to us and others what they do they use something as one example |
|
| 53:57 | Two S. Okay they can use like ammonium. Okay they can use |
|
| 54:06 | iron. Okay. Um and other other types of organic. Okay remember |
|
| 54:22 | has what in it? Yes. . Carbon. Okay is there something |
|
| 54:30 | from those ingredients on the left? how does it how how these how |
|
| 54:37 | folks get their car C. U C. 02. Okay. |
|
| 54:47 | there carbon? Okay remember carbon based forms, base base because our main |
|
| 54:58 | are made a part D. A. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins |
|
| 55:05 | all have a base structure of carbon they have different tabs to it to |
|
| 55:10 | to make each of these types of . So carbon based carbon based life |
|
| 55:15 | . Okay so everything's gonna have carbon that's really what what this here is |
|
| 55:25 | about autotrophs. Right? What is carbon source that differentiates? What type |
|
| 55:33 | are completely complex organic material like us leave your hair? You C. |
|
| 55:42 | then you're okay. And that's We consume these complex organic materials and |
|
| 55:50 | off the 02. Use that use to make complex materials like starch, |
|
| 55:59 | , store starch, things like And so we can uh you can |
|
| 56:06 | can differentiate and again we'll get into in Chapter five. But whereas hetero |
|
| 56:14 | a carbon source not the energy, photo life energy, chemo, chemical |
|
| 56:21 | . Right? Um We can we add those terms like photo et |
|
| 56:28 | Right? But now it's really you basically it sounds okay because when you |
|
| 56:40 | microbiology perspective will change what you have provide to grow these types. |
|
| 56:49 | And so in terms of the ecosystems uh so any ecosystem because it's ecology |
|
| 56:58 | on one, right, what's the abundant kind of reform and ecosystem |
|
| 57:04 | plants and terrestrial ecosystem allergy freshwater Okay, there are the producers, |
|
| 57:15 | going to use the organic materials that consumers, you know different levels typically |
|
| 57:25 | you have carnivores that rewards and so and so forth. You have palm |
|
| 57:29 | . Right? That's what we are . And so but but ultimately what |
|
| 57:40 | is both forms consumers and producers end becoming compost of the speed decomposition is |
|
| 57:48 | to occur. You're gonna die. compose. So um the composition provides |
|
| 57:58 | right, breaks down organic material and provides that a source for us. |
|
| 58:04 | so when we look at this basic , breaking down better Gangotri at what |
|
| 58:11 | our microbes Presidency of producers, So where do they fit in? |
|
| 58:23 | all three of their producers or They're decomposing. Right. Um So |
|
| 58:29 | that's that's the diversity of bacteria are . They lots different lifestyle so they |
|
| 58:36 | them all. You find types that in all levels. Okay. And |
|
| 58:41 | it's it's their activity here. And do not don't memorize this triangle over |
|
| 58:48 | . Okay. But that that nitrogen nitrogen cycle critical for life because not |
|
| 58:57 | do they do microbes especially bacteria cycle different elements. Right? Here is |
|
| 59:03 | cycling of nitrogen. Right? They also cycle carbon phosphorus sulfur. These |
|
| 59:09 | especially N. S. And Especially NNp. Right. Those minerals |
|
| 59:16 | critical for producers. Right? Planks are great, right? |
|
| 59:21 | 02 of water, they're good to but they can't make their own nitrogen |
|
| 59:26 | phosphorous, right? You know a growing crocs right? When they have |
|
| 59:32 | have phosphorus to promote. So um they're not provided to it artificially is |
|
| 59:41 | natural cycle phosphorus cycle driven by bacteria provide so. Supercritical. Okay. |
|
| 59:50 | of course if plants aren't happy environments plants are happy ultimately would not happen |
|
| 59:57 | because we need to eat the plants or we eat the things that eat |
|
| 60:01 | plants. Right? So were affected affected by it as well. So |
|
| 60:07 | I just threw in. So we've talking about little troughs right? This |
|
| 60:12 | where they fit in in this part the cycle. So they use things |
|
| 60:18 | ammonia and that's their that's their That's how they get energy but they |
|
| 60:26 | C. 02. That's the nature check and so yeah this this is |
|
| 60:34 | of illustrate you know what we've done microbes how we use them to benefit |
|
| 60:42 | . And so they kind of high processes. One that typically use microbe |
|
| 60:48 | some sort to get rid of the soil or other toxic chemicals many bacterial |
|
| 60:56 | can use can eat things like uh chemicals and things and get rid of |
|
| 61:03 | environment. Wastewater crete in the process all familiar with. Um not only |
|
| 61:09 | technology. Right? That's right this drinking water um bacteria that break down |
|
| 61:16 | material in wastewater can provide clean Um the common DNA technology biotechnology. |
|
| 61:26 | so this has led to. So know common technology relies on producing basically |
|
| 61:36 | What's the utility of that? Well the source D. N. |
|
| 61:42 | Can be many different things. The Covid vaccine that was rolled out |
|
| 61:49 | is a product of the common Um You can have the gene itself |
|
| 61:57 | be an antigen, right? A agent of some sort and you can |
|
| 62:05 | a growing up and that can be a vaccine of some sort. Okay |
|
| 62:14 | that's just one example. So we this technology for all areas stuff you |
|
| 62:21 | you wouldn't believe okay the enzymes that putting laundry detergents right? It would |
|
| 62:27 | wrong to using this technology. So it's everywhere. You you wouldn't think |
|
| 62:35 | something you would think but it's uh been going on for half a |
|
| 62:40 | Okay uh so that kind of comes biotechnology, biotechnology basically uh it's taking |
|
| 62:48 | biological process which can be whole cell . It can be a reaction in |
|
| 62:56 | self it can be a protein other from that cell. But those entities |
|
| 63:04 | used to make things that we want need. Right different applications applications across |
|
| 63:11 | areas whether it's pharmaceutical, medical uh industry. Levi Strauss uses bacteria to |
|
| 63:21 | their their die for their genes. um So many areas. Okay. |
|
| 63:28 | a lot of benefit to us agriculturally well. Okay So um so I'm |
|
| 63:37 | of closed down chapter one with talking little about you know they have this |
|
| 63:42 | on this course. certainly the second for medical medical event. And we've |
|
| 63:50 | mentioned about the microbiome and how um know microbiome we possess members our own |
|
| 64:00 | . And so they obviously must have kind of a benefit. And so |
|
| 64:03 | see that in different types of symbiotic and so I won't go through more |
|
| 64:10 | detail later. But you know, the most part they fall into two |
|
| 64:16 | , commence elastic or mutually stick. . And mutual is um I think |
|
| 64:22 | of that is both benefit we benefit that. So production of vitamins, |
|
| 64:30 | of bacteria. They produce very intensive that we don't produce. They break |
|
| 64:38 | certain food materials, we can't break um They boost the immune system. |
|
| 64:44 | they have that's certainly an individualistic for because they always have a home, |
|
| 64:49 | food. They provide these services to . But many are also commenced |
|
| 64:55 | So they don't have or harm. course they do. Right. So |
|
| 65:02 | most fall into those two categories. . And so there's always some types |
|
| 65:07 | transients. So you're born. It boring microbiome. Okay. You heard |
|
| 65:13 | you get it from your mother basically you're the birth canal. Okay. |
|
| 65:19 | then it changes over time you begin eat food of course inhale microbes and |
|
| 65:25 | but it can change that kind of down the base microbiome like your first |
|
| 65:32 | years of life but then it can you can change periodically if you're on |
|
| 65:39 | antibiotics having to go through some kind chemotherapy treatment that can change temporarily your |
|
| 65:47 | . Um uh even geographic you can somewhere prepare the time and just being |
|
| 65:54 | that environment can suddenly change your So point being is that you |
|
| 65:59 | parts of your body can change here there over time. But it's with |
|
| 66:06 | , it's there. It's it's a thing. Okay. And uh but |
|
| 66:11 | are types within your microbiome that can on you on occasion. Okay, |
|
| 66:18 | infectious disease of course it's all about types. Okay, producing uh there's |
|
| 66:25 | there's a process they go through the has to uh there's a sore |
|
| 66:32 | Okay then has to go from that to you. Okay, transmission then |
|
| 66:40 | if it does get to you then to overcome a number of obstacles right |
|
| 66:45 | then set in multiply policies. So it's not easy, there's obstacles |
|
| 66:51 | the way. Okay. But so know, is the infectious agent part |
|
| 66:57 | your microbiome. That's what we call pathogens. So opportunistic types are normally |
|
| 67:06 | of your microbiome. Um but conditions change that they become infectious. Very |
|
| 67:14 | category or things like a staph Okay, staff or mucous membranes. |
|
| 67:21 | skin inhabitants. But if you provide access to a part of your body |
|
| 67:28 | have and they can cause a problem you don't clean it very well, |
|
| 67:33 | can get in there and cause an maybe or holding nothing more but usually |
|
| 67:39 | opportunistic types. So they normally don't problems, but you know, if |
|
| 67:44 | gain in creating a part of your by accident or by a wound or |
|
| 67:49 | you're on antibiotics and the resistance is that can happen to you. Now |
|
| 67:55 | with a primary pathogen. That's what Stafford oftentimes an opportunistic pathogen. But |
|
| 68:06 | persons if you have that, you have that accent. Is is this |
|
| 68:11 | is not part of your normal Okay. So if you've got that |
|
| 68:15 | required mechanism motive transmission and it's there cause problems just like you had |
|
| 68:25 | Right? That's not a opportunity. a primary, it's a professional disease |
|
| 68:33 | if you will. Okay. And course, you know, in terms |
|
| 68:37 | your Whether one or the other you can okay. Um and you |
|
| 68:50 | how simple they are. What's the of your immune system? Right. |
|
| 68:54 | what is, what is the package ? What is it, what |
|
| 68:58 | what's with it, you know, many numbers are affecting you? Um |
|
| 69:03 | it uh what are the various factors something will happen a lot because those |
|
| 69:09 | the are the features that possessed by pathogen that enables to cause disease. |
|
| 69:16 | could be a number of different Okay. And how dangerous uh an |
|
| 69:22 | agent is relates to what are factors many Okay uh there could be things |
|
| 69:33 | can be toxins, that can be general factor. So it all depends |
|
| 69:39 | the type of agent and uh and know, bring those factors combined with |
|
| 69:46 | york immune immune system, health all together to determine whether you come down |
|
| 69:52 | . Okay, so these are things talk about as we go through the |
|
| 69:58 | . Okay, So any questions. . Uh good question. So uh |
|
| 70:16 | the question was about our current make us has the diversity of our |
|
| 70:23 | mind, I guess more successful. tend to think yes, because they |
|
| 70:27 | to be more of a bubble we want to expose ourselves to. I |
|
| 70:32 | I see my step daughter was there kind of feeling in the bubble and |
|
| 70:38 | and stuff. Right? I'm a believer in expose yourself that not always |
|
| 70:47 | . I know you jump in a either. Okay, But don't, |
|
| 70:52 | know, it's okay to interact with environment and I think that a lot |
|
| 70:56 | truth in what you say, so be a I guess what I'm |
|
| 71:00 | Okay, but don't go to the either. Right, Any other Alright |
|
| 71:06 | , we just got one more, we'll save that for next time |
|
| 71:09 | So uh thank you and see you |
|
