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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture03
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00:00 live. All right. So if wondering from home why it's taking me
00:04 long and I'm doing weird things, because I'm trying to get it so
00:08 can actually write on my screen. I don't know if you guys like
00:12 better or not, but we're gonna that a world and see what
00:17 My screen just turned upside down, there we go. All right.
00:23 , so welcome to the third day class. I hope that everyone survived
00:26 hurricane. Thank you for the That's for those of you who are
00:33 out to the east. Yeah, was tough for those vesicular middle of
00:36 city or westward. It was a of hot air like that. All
00:44 , Today what we're gonna do, think we got everything. So they
00:48 going to do is we're gonna talk Ah, a couple more examples of
00:53 , and really Well, we're going looking at our to specific things.
00:57 gonna be looking at vesicular transport, , if you're not asleep and tired
01:02 , that should probably get you And then we're gonna move to osmosis
01:09 we learned about that every semester of lives. How many guys think you
01:13 , osmosis? How many of you think that you could explain it to
01:17 bunch of people? That's usually what , like, Okay, I can
01:22 it for a test, but I don't understand it. So we're gonna
01:25 to make it so that you guys understand it from now on till the
01:28 of time. And just to be , I didn't figure it out until
01:31 was in grad school. And then it was explaining meanwhile. Okay,
01:34 makes so much more sense. And after we get out of osmosis and
01:38 finish with this, we're gonna move cell communication because ultimately you are a
01:43 or a big mass of cells that all talking to each other and telling
01:48 other what to do. And so gonna learn how that goes about.
01:51 going to start dealing with how sales . Then on Thursday will continue on
01:56 that. And so you can see in this picture. What we're looking
02:00 is what we will call the secretary . All right, now, simply
02:04 what the secretary pathway says is, , when I make proteins because proteins
02:08 big and they can't just be made spat out of the cell, there
02:14 to be a pathway that we can through to get them out of the
02:18 all right, so you've learned a bit about this. At least in
02:22 biology says, Look, um, are in a transcript for a secreted
02:28 is going to be made in the , applies with particular from the supplies
02:32 particular omits either embedded in the membrane it's actually inside. The end applies
02:37 particular, um, And then there's to be at a budding off of
02:40 and applies in particular, that's going send it to the Golgi apparatus.
02:43 does some magic, and then from you're going to get another vesicles that
02:48 . Then we'll move to the membrane release the protein, either out into
02:53 interstitial fluid or if it's meant or to be part of the plasma membrane
02:58 . Because it's already embedded in that , it joins up to the
03:03 All right, so that's a pathway already learned about. All right,
03:07 if you're soluble right? In other , you are a molecule that's gonna
03:12 excreted. You're always gonna be inside best ical, which means you're always
03:17 of the cell. That's kind of saying that in that I mean,
03:22 about it this way. Right. , your cell. See if I
03:26 draw now. Your cell is out , right? I mean, this
03:32 the outside of your sell out right? So if you're in a
03:35 ical, you're not in the cytoplasm the side is all you are separated
03:40 it. So you're away from the the cell, your compartmentalized. And
03:45 if you're soluble molecules, that's where going to be, so that when
03:50 vessel goes to the surface, you're on the right side. You don't
03:54 to be flip flopped or anything like . If you're a membrane bound,
03:57 or sorry, not been made vessel bound protein, you're already embedded.
04:01 in the process of being created and not going to go through the process
04:06 protein production, But I think your probably talks about it. I
04:10 talk about everything is probably in right? You're already embedded in the
04:15 , and you're actually facing in the that you need to face. So
04:19 you're going to be facing outward like then you're already facing in that direction
04:27 that vesicles, and depending upon how going to be released, you're either
04:33 be regulated or constantly produced, which called Constituent of Path is referred to
04:38 a constituent of pathways. All so you're a molecule. All
04:43 you do something. Could all molecules something in theory, right? So
04:49 am I going to be, how my told what to do?
04:53 , if I'm constituent Vly made, means I'm always being made. And
04:57 I'm going to go into that vesicles then if it's something that the cell
05:02 produces, that I'm just gonna move the cell membrane and I'm gonna be
05:07 . That's regulated that vesicles is going stay inside the cell, sequestered until
05:13 signal comes along and tells that vesicles move to the plasma membrane. So
05:20 the material that the cell is sick is gonna follow one of these two
05:24 always made and always to create No regulation or I'm always being
05:29 but I'm being regulated by when I'm secreted. And so I'm being sequestered
05:36 . So how do we get That's the question that we're dealing with
05:43 . Once I press the right there were all right, This is
05:47 particular transport, all right? Proteins too big to go through channels,
05:52 they're too big to go through They have to be moved through these
05:57 vesicular structures. All right, so is a membrane bound compartment, so
06:02 made up of the same material. pilot membrane is meaning that it is
06:06 bunch of lipids, right? And might have protein that actually inserted in
06:11 surface as well. This is gonna depended upon energy. These are very
06:17 structures, and they're not just floating like bubbles inside the cell. All
06:23 ? And if you watch videos of things you'll see vesicles or you're not
06:27 textbook, but the other textbooks, have, like, pictures of
06:29 like they look like they're freely Moved? No, they're being pulled
06:34 and moved around by molecules like kidney and die Ning's. All right,
06:39 they're actually being manipulated and this requires teepee. They're being moved along
06:45 All right. Now their basic That or you're gonna be looking at
06:49 . When I was in your shoes long time ago when the dinosaurs roamed
06:53 earth is we referred to the to . We refer to there being two
06:58 . We called it Indo psychosis and Toast isn't Life was good and everything
07:02 simple, right? Indo psychosis, air coming into the Salvi events called
07:07 does that Things were going out of salvia xrbia vesicles so simple. But
07:13 we had molecular biology come along and learned that processes are far more complex
07:18 there's uniqueness to a mall. And we're now starting to divide them
07:21 And so one process that was first out was called Figo Psychosis.
07:27 Fage to eat. Site toast is to the same sort of process of
07:32 a vesicles. All right, this an out process Indo site.
07:36 sis are started. It's an in , not out. You eat.
07:39 put it into the body, all ? And so this is the same
07:43 . It's The idea is I'm bringing in. But it's different in terms
07:46 the mechanisms that general Indo psychosis is site. Oh, sis is very
07:52 to Endo site. Oh, says kind of the reverse process. But
07:56 of coming in, things were going . So one of the things we
08:02 to understand at the cell level, a molecular level, for though you've
08:06 cell biology, your learning all this already or you will be or if
08:10 take him electable, all these same , right? You're gonna learn at
08:13 level, but nothing happens on its in a cell. All right.
08:18 are molecules upon molecules upon molecules, interacting, forcing the things to
08:25 So here we have this plasma The plasma membrane is nice and flat
08:31 to the size of the proteins. right, we look at, we
08:34 a cell, we see it nice round, right. But when you're
08:37 a little tiny protein on there, looking at this very, very,
08:41 large surface. Kind of like the of the earth is relative to
08:44 We look at the earth, it's , OK, it's flat. You
08:46 out in the space. And what the earth? A round spherical.
08:51 right, so it's the same sort premise. So you can imagine I've
08:54 this flat surface relative to the and if I want to bring something
09:00 , I have toe bend that flat . I have to have some sort
09:03 force to that, and that's what proteins do here. These co
09:08 co dimmers and clattering. These are different types of coding proteins, and
09:12 they do is a help. Been membrane all right. They form the
09:18 shape to cause the bending and enforce best culture. Create that shape,
09:25 right? And so you can at least in this little cartoon right
09:28 , what they're trying to show you is I think this is class
09:32 right? So you can see there's series of molecules that are basically
09:36 their soc eight with a ah receptor this particular case that gets bound up
09:42 that receptor gets bound up in it the clattering on the other side.
09:46 the classroom get together, it starts a little bit, and you get
09:50 class through it. It causes enough for the vest, called a
09:53 and it forms. And once it's , it now could separate from where
09:57 started. And then you have another that causes a classroom to release itself
10:02 the receptors. And they used to the classroom, all right, and
10:07 can do this over and over and again. That's what this is just
10:09 to show you. See, I'm I'm recycling and I'm able to bring
10:13 in. And now I brought something the cell that I wanted to bring
10:17 the cell. Now, as I , this is an investor call,
10:21 it's not technically missile. It's in vest, ical. But I can
10:23 something with that stuff that's inside that , and that's what we're gonna kind
10:27 look at a little bit here. , this is the fun one.
10:32 is going a little bit more in , all right, and not in
10:35 depth that I want. You memorize the little tiny parts I want.
10:38 just kind of look at the big of the in depth. All
10:40 Things want you want to move things a membrane? You need to have
10:44 that guides it. Anyone ever been a boat? No. When you've
10:48 on the boat where he parked the at the dock, right. You
10:54 park the boat at the dock. gonna fall in the water where you're
10:57 to get the water, you're gonna to slide up on shore, which
10:59 a real pain. The button damages boat. So there's a boat.
11:02 come to the dock. Do you leave the boat at the dock?
11:06 do you do? Rapid. You tie it off. Okay.
11:11 could do with a horse, your , and get off the horse.
11:15 ? You diet high the horse to to the post, right? Same
11:18 of difference. Have a bike. off the bike. Do you just
11:23 it over there? Parked outside? if you want to own it.
11:28 . You need something to tie it . You have to have something to
11:31 . Tune something tie off. And is what the snares in the snap
11:34 snares are the things that you're attracted . So the vesicles remember of being
11:40 to the membrane and they have proteins bed, their surfaces air called the
11:45 V snare for vesicles, snare and those steers do. Those proteins that
11:49 part of that snare. They're attracted another molecule that's its on cell
11:55 right facing inward. These air, T snares, right, the T
11:59 air. The target snares simple. should point this out just if I've
12:04 if you never taken one of my . Biology could be very, very
12:08 with all the names, and the gets really, really scary, especially
12:11 the molecular biology. And it's all alphabet soup. Biologists are incredibly
12:17 People were not like chemists, you , where they use ones and primes
12:21 commas and threes and very long words are very descriptive. But you have
12:25 know their language. We tell you . It's just sometimes we're really
12:30 So we abbreviate stuff so that actually a long term has been abbreviated
12:36 kind of makes Someone sat around for couple hours and said, What sounds
12:39 something that grabs always snare. So we've got this acronym. We've got
12:43 make letters to match the acronym, then that's how they got the
12:47 All right, We're like that. just simple. So you have to
12:54 staring the T stare. The stare a T stare that brings the vest
12:57 it brings of ethical right to the . Now you can have the
13:01 There are other men cause the fusion the vestibule to the plasma membrane material
13:06 through or passes through. So that's secretion process. And now you have
13:11 stuck on the membrane. So what you got to do? You haven't
13:14 it. That's where Snap does snap all the materials so that it can
13:19 back and we recycle. So you back to the next Jessica and do
13:22 same thing all over again. So have mechanisms that do all this
13:27 All right, now again, there's lot of stuff going on here,
13:31 energy dependent so you'll be burning 80 or GTP, depending upon the
13:35 Looks like this one's GDP n a . P. So Endo psychosis
13:43 big family name of a mechanism of things into the cell notice Vegas Santos
13:49 been pulled out. It no longer Indo Scientist is its own process which
13:53 look at in the next life. with fake horse with Indo psychosis,
13:57 have three basic types that we're gonna dealing with. I'm sure if you
14:01 and look hard enough, you'll find there's 20 different types because that's just
14:05 nature of science. From when we something, the moment we find out
14:08 it's obsolete. All right, so first type is the easiest type.
14:12 called Pino site. Oh says literally means sell drinking. So back in
14:16 day when we had figure psychosis is of Indus, I toasted. They
14:19 him. I noticed we have this process here. It's kind of like
14:23 opposite of the eating. It's like drinking, so we're going to call
14:25 piano psychosis. In essence, what is is that the membrane using those
14:30 Immers basically pitches off a little bit the cytoplasm or scaling the side is
14:34 inside the cell whatever, or on outside of rescue, the interstitial fluid
14:39 brains in a different place today. kids have started school this week.
14:46 think this is tough? Try to fourth graders to focus in on a
14:51 education. Anyway, my apologies. not site is all. It's pinching
14:58 a portion of the interstitial fluid. what's in the interstitial fluid? Lots
15:03 stuff. So this is a non means of bringing materials into the
15:09 It's just I'm just gonna take whatever's , however, is in there.
15:12 I can use that, I can it. If I'm not, I'll
15:14 secrete it again. This is Pino . Very, very basic, non
15:19 imagination of the plasma membrane to bring into the into the vesicles former vesicles
15:26 we think about the most is receptor into sight toast. And that's where
15:29 showed you in the previous lot, ? You got a bunch of receptors
15:32 on the cell surface. Something binds receptor. When that something binds the
15:37 , it gets a track. It that class Rin or another customer that
15:41 of the imagination. You get enough these together, you're going to pit
15:44 form, and that pit ultimately forms a vest ical. Now you pulled
15:48 the materials that bound your receptor. this is targeted. You're looking for
15:54 and you're bringing it in right. like a glue trap, except it's
15:58 to whatever sticks to it, all , and we have a third
16:03 This is Cal Viola or Indo What is also called poto psychosis.
16:08 the distinction here happens to do with type of proteins that are involved.
16:13 again, remember discovery happened. Where think is how the world works.
16:18 as people begin investigating, they start differences. And so one find something
16:24 or exciting in science. They think they're special, and so they get
16:28 name it something special. And that's happened here, all right, but
16:32 the same sort of mechanism, their identifies that are able to bring certain
16:37 in right, but what you're using different proteins that are found, then
16:42 other types of types of Indo Typically, we find this type this
16:48 I Tose is at the level of capital Aries, and what we do
16:51 these is we bring things from one of the Capitol, every wall to
16:55 other side of the Capitol, every , so you might move something from
16:58 blood stream to the outside of the stream right into the interstitial space.
17:04 they use these Calvi Alor, Calvi ally to do so. And
17:08 has a different sort of molecules. can see if you look at this
17:12 here, you can see right It's just trying to show you.
17:16 , we got a special type of called Kalbe oland. How very clever
17:20 them. Right? That's just the . And so this one just kind
17:25 shows you here is the, um inter site or exercise toe sits in
17:29 middle, right? Just exercise. is over here. There is
17:34 um, fluid phase or Pino And right there, there's receptor mediated
17:40 . Here's number one over here. phase number two Right there. There's
17:44 three right there in the middle of picture. That's exercise Texas. And
17:49 the distinctions here are simply what am trying to bring in and how am
17:53 doing it? That's That's the only . What makes receptor mediated a scientist
17:57 different than put aside testes. The that a president all right, but
18:02 mechanism wise, it's very, very . Vago psychosis is fun for those
18:10 at home and playing this game. can get on Teoh YouTube and you
18:14 type in Mac riffage eats bacterium something that, if you want to.
18:21 can do that here at home as . But in essence, it is
18:24 , really cool. Video to black white Basically, they got a
18:27 Ah, whole bunch of actually neutrophils macrophages neutrophils. They put a bacterium
18:31 there and that neutral Phil is chasing bacteria and it's the coolest thing
18:36 You just like kind of watching it eventually catches it. And it goes
18:39 this and it pulls it in and now inside of vesicles. It's gonna
18:44 the bacteria. It's a lot of about 30 seconds long. All
18:48 now what I just described there was cell that has no mind that is
18:55 . Horror has identified a form letter the bacterium in in the image and
19:00 hunts it down like a dog. then it reaches out, even though
19:06 has no arms and then ultimately engulf encompasses and ultimately engulfs the bacterium.
19:13 is Vegas Psychosis, Figo site. , sis, is what these immunise
19:19 due to foreign cells, right? used their side of skeleton to extend
19:27 plasma membrane around the thing that they're to bring in through Indo sight
19:33 Or really, through this, this of figures scientists that this is what
19:39 trying to show you. There's your . Do you see how the planet
19:42 is reaching out as opposed to just vaginal dating? All right, And
19:48 , with Endo psychosis why they separate . It's because of the specific mechanism
19:52 site the membrane in vaginal weights and the Vesco in Figo site. Oh
19:58 , the membrane projects that word all , it's And that's what we're kind
20:05 seeing here right now because you're excited and you're moving things in time.
20:10 have to move something because energy. this is usually in the form of
20:13 PP, and typically figure psychosis is by the substance that need to be
20:18 , that new trophyless basically sitting around nothing, and then it either picks
20:23 a chemical that the bacterium has or that bacterium has come across it
20:27 touches it. And so it recognises that's up that substance. So
20:33 if you want to watch the It's really kind of fun to see
20:37 your body responds. So figure psychosis different now, once we put something
20:47 , weaken, do many, many things with it and no questions,
20:50 presume at this point, nothing. . All right, What are we
20:56 do with it? I've caught the here is like the dog that catches
21:00 car. What is it going to with the car once it catches
21:04 Dogs don't know what to do with . But bacterium we know what to
21:07 with All right. Bacterium's are bad us. Would you agree with
21:12 We don't want bacteria just roaming around bodies for giggles. Not once it's
21:21 the body were talking on the surface the body. So on surface of
21:25 body. Just to make sure you understand, this just isn't aside.
21:29 not testing on this. Outside the is anything that is external. That's
21:34 and anything that's exposed to the outside includes the elementary canal, mouth to
21:41 . It also includes the short portions the urethra. So basically the first
21:47 millimeters all right in the case of vagina. And that's about it.
21:54 , and basically, this portion of , a little bit of your
21:58 everything else. You don't want Their immune system gets really, really
22:03 about it. So All right, a good question. A lot of
22:07 don't think about that. We think the body's anything I can't see.
22:11 mouth is inside my body. it's external. All right. So
22:17 that bacterium in that cell. What I going to do with it?
22:20 , I want to destroy it. so what I want to do is
22:23 want to join it up with light . Life Zone is a type of
22:28 filled with enzymes that helps you to down materials that have been brought into
22:34 cell. All right. And so next, like, just kind of
22:37 you that. All right, the ism is formed in much the same
22:43 that we move vesicles to the surface four secretion. All right, so
22:50 we have the Golgi. So you imagine I have made stuff. It's
22:53 you I made stuff in the in plasma, particular I'm adding components that
22:57 to be in that vest ical. ? And so what am I going
23:01 do? All right. In this , I'm carrying things like,
23:06 this is basically gonna be a pump . And, uh uh, some
23:14 looking for the word I'm looking for enzymes, like, said today.
23:18 so what you can see here that my enzymes already in the vesicles.
23:21 how do I get the vestibule to that shape? What do I
23:25 I need a classroom, Something like code. Um er, and that's
23:28 they're trying to show you. So Xiang. Look to foreign the
23:32 I need something informant. And then it's formed, what I do is
23:35 just start merging them together. I pumps in the system. I'm gonna
23:40 in protons. Protons make the environment acidic. Create the environment that set
23:46 specifically for that enzyme. Now, got this big, nasty digestive vesicles
23:52 I can use to break down other . So the mechanism is very,
23:57 similar, right? Have to have to form the Vesco. What is
24:01 vessel do the vest cool carries the for its purposes. secretary. Vesicles
24:09 leis. ISMs, for example, there for digestion. You have other
24:13 of vesicles that you're gonna come across the course of your lifetime.
24:17 yada, yada, yada. Whatever jobs. It's basically formed the same
24:21 . And and they do whatever the or the molecules that are found in
24:26 are four notice. We also have cycle, right? It just keeps
24:35 so I can recycle the bits and as they go. So we're kind
24:43 don't that first part. The way we move molecules in and out of
24:47 cell that are large, like proteins through vesicular transport. We have specific
24:54 of vesicular transport to come in and times to go out all right.
24:59 really kind of the key thing that want to pick up there. So
25:03 questions about particular transport. I suspect there's not. It's pretty straightforward.
25:10 , osmosis, how to get something and make it confusing. That's what
25:16 should title osmosis, because in chemistry like to confuse the hell out of
25:21 in freshman biology. We like to the hell of it. If you
25:24 about osmosis and physics because they do , in some cases Oh,
25:28 they will just abuse your world because like to talk about the physical laws
25:31 government. And that's just like all , but what do you know about
25:35 ? You guys here can tell me . If you want to try to
25:39 me, you can. Yeah. . So typically, we're talking about
25:46 of what I saw, you Yeah. See, there you
25:51 It's water, all right. And usually talking about remembering, because that's
25:56 the problem. Use usually some sort YouTube that they show you,
25:59 They put a membrane, and there's membrane, a membrane that is impermeable
26:04 salutes and waters permeable. And then have water in there, and it
26:07 of does this weird stuff. You there, scratch your head, going
26:10 member for the test, hopefully will asked me about it ever again.
26:14 , All it really is. All . For the simple definition, you
26:18 just take this one to the Osmosis is the diffusion of water down
26:24 concentration grading period. It's moving dams, concentration, Grady.
26:30 Now, if you want to get . Start talking about memories and
26:33 That's fine. But you don't need . It's keep it simple. All
26:37 . So what do you know about down a concentration, Grady? In
26:41 direction do you go high to? . All right. So notice
26:48 We're talking about water. So we're where we have a high water concentration
26:53 a low water concentration. All I'm gonna pause here, and I
26:58 you to think about how has it explained to you before? What is
27:01 thing that we're ignoring right now that typically used when you're talking about
27:08 Saul Utes, Right? Because how they teach it is it's water
27:12 from an area of low salyut concentration an area of high solute concentration.
27:18 all of a sudden, now you've twisted everything all up, upside down
27:21 backwards, haven't you? And that's easy to confuse. Especially if you
27:25 congrats the concept of that in the place. Which is what's going on
27:30 freshman biology. Right? So the here is you have some sort of
27:36 right now, I'm gonna try to this. That is really, really
27:39 can see all the words on the will come back to him in just
27:41 moment. So I'm gonna go to white screen here, try at
27:50 No, that's the black screen. , come on. There was a
27:55 white screen, and let's see if can draw on it. Penn,
28:00 . Come on, Dodges In my , I think I probably just ended
28:11 show. It's still up there. . All right. But I can't
28:18 me, and that's the problem. I've got to figure out why I
28:22 see my stuff. Well, maybe can. Regular water. Yes,
28:37 so let me. I want I explain why it is what you're
28:42 OK, so Oh, here it . There's resume, slight show,
28:47 it's still not letting me do what want. All right? It's I'm
28:54 gonna kill this real quick. It's gonna affect you guys. Just ignore
28:58 for a moment because I'm killing what can't see. Oh, come
29:13 This is why I hate technology. this is why you should take technology
29:17 except it does keep us safe. what I have here is I have
29:22 that says, Resume the slide show to do that slide show. And
29:28 not letting me Did it just crash me? It's showing it. All
29:52 , well, I'm killing it All right, one second. Folks
29:59 be back in running in just a . Fine. Here we go.
30:22 . So you guys could still see . Presumably everything is still recording.
30:27 to get back to the screen that wanted to use white screen trying to
30:32 on my white screen. There we . It's not showing up there,
30:37 ? OK, one second. switch pickers. No, no,
30:41 , no, no, no. ! Oh, no, No.
30:48 did you just kill? Trying to three million things at once. All
31:09 ? I should be back. everyone's there. I am so
31:13 folks, for this trying one more . At least it's recording, and
31:24 guys can't hear me. My microphones . I'm talking to myself like a
31:27 man, which is not surprising. can you see the screen,
31:36 No. No, thank you. moment. Screen to there we
31:41 You should You can see it Yes. All right. Excellent.
31:48 you. all right. Back to is, in theory, the
31:52 All right. Here, screw I'm looking at you guys.
32:00 You're not gonna be able to see I'm gonna do here online. I'm
32:06 you guys again. As you're an . No. All right. So
32:18 I want to do is I want to pick your for moment a
32:30 All right. There's your membrane for . You love that, right?
32:34 side A for society. Be side has. No. Let's make up
32:40 number. 75% water. Sigh bead 25% water. Okay, So if
32:48 the case, what do we know Side A Has seven lives in
32:52 but it's missing something. What's it ? Salyut, Right? It's
32:58 Saw you 25% Salyut. Right. what, is this side missing over
33:05 ? Yeah, You're not seeing what drawing because it won't let me.
33:09 , guys. Online. Yeah, we'll take a picture and somehow posted
33:15 something like that. Yeah, I . Trying to show it off.
33:20 right. So what do we know water? Moving from side A to
33:23 B? If side A has Waterside B has 25% water. What
33:27 we know about water? What you do? You guys learn this
33:32 This is Is it going? If membrane is permeable to water is what's
33:38 going to do? It's gonna go way. It moves to side A
33:42 side A to side B. Simple the membrane permeable to Salyut than
33:46 So you're going to do? All , That's called the fusion,
33:49 So this is water moving down. great insight moving this way. All
33:54 , so there, that's that's the thing, right? But if this
33:58 is impermeable to sell you right, is gonna move in a direction where
34:06 always less water, that's all. , Moses says, is water always
34:11 to try to quill a break the All right, so water is constantly
34:18 to be moving in this direction until force prevents it from moving.
34:25 here's the example where you don't need on the screen. Okay? You
34:30 seen a smart car. People in room are nodding if you know it's
34:36 many people can you fit in a car? No, you guys aren't
34:40 your college students, You and all friends want to go out dancing before
34:44 it. Six. We got Can you fit more than six in
34:47 smart car? If you try really , you might get seven in there
34:53 they're really small people, maybe But at some point, the volume
34:58 the car is gonna become greater than volume of people in there. Or
35:04 could put it another way. The external pressure or moving stuff out is
35:12 become as strong as the pressure moving in. So you're gonna get that
35:16 person we're gonna put in their small . We got eight of them.
35:20 get that nice person you're gonna shove in and what's gonna happen? Somebody
35:25 pop out the other side, So osmotic pressure is simply the point
35:34 the number of water molecules move in the pressure that they're exerting the hydrostatic
35:39 they're exerting the opposite direction prevents the movement of water down its radiant.
35:46 as mumps is, is a simple . It's simply water diffusion.
35:55 Normally there Salyut and a lot of like to talk about this all
35:59 But ignore that. Just think about water. Is there more water over
36:03 ? Less water. If there's more than I'm gonna go that direction,
36:06 there's less water, is gonna come me. Right? And then when
36:12 it stop moving? As soon as pressure in the direction I'm moving equals
36:18 pressure that is driving me forward. , That's that. All right.
36:26 those were kind of the rules that looking at right here. All
36:30 When membranes probe with water and saw both of a move when a membrane
36:34 only permissible toe water but not the water is gonna move from high.
36:40 Ute, right. Our research water to the area of higher saw
36:45 Right. So look here it is water. It's going to low
36:49 but normally, especially in chemistry, they like to confuse us. They'd
36:54 to talk about this. So water moving to a high, solid
36:59 When you have I saw it concentrated . And you just have a little
37:01 concentration. Keep it simple. All . That's what all that stuff
37:06 is what it's saying. down there the bottom. All right, Now
37:09 gotta go back to my slide so can see what I'm doing.
37:25 Water new. It's the opposite, ? So again. So think about
37:31 a mixture. It's water. Saul, you'd right. The more
37:36 you to have the last water you in that mixture. And so if
37:42 were introduced to a membrane that allows to go into that mixture, it's
37:47 be really, really attracted down its . Grady int. That's what I'm
37:53 to get you to think about I don't think that the water is
37:56 to the Sol. You recognize that water is attracted to a lower concentration
38:02 , just trying to find its own . That's the idea. Now,
38:09 working with the Salyut is helpful to , if I have lots of Salyut
38:13 lots of water on opposite sides of and what is gonna move to where
38:16 more Saul you? That's the definition Kim it's like to give us and
38:20 confuses everybody. But I'm trying to it simple so that you'll never,
38:23 forget this, because the worst thing can happen on an exam or when
38:26 trying to figure out solutions and stuff that not on exam, but actually
38:30 the laboratory. Is your sitting there ? Okay, I can't remember.
38:33 is going to do which in what . And how's it going because you're
38:36 stuck on the Sol you thing. you when you have an option to
38:41 apples to apples rather than apples and , which would you rather do apples
38:47 apples? And that's what I'm trying get you to think out here.
38:51 . The reason we talk about Osmo and as most or as most is
38:54 similarity. Because that's how your body with the movement of materials in your
39:01 . It doesn't care what the substances . It's keeping track of the ah
39:06 . And if you're not sure what Clarity is, it's simply the number
39:09 particles that are found in solution. right, so there Oz Morality and
39:14 Malaria, which is similar to morality polarity, which is one is measured
39:17 kilograms. One is measured in All right, so wait versus
39:21 So similarity is the one that deals volume. Mulally I think is
39:27 Wait. All right. Now In our definition here, does it
39:32 anything about what's in that solution other the number of particles? No.
39:38 we don't care what the particles We just care about the number,
39:41 that's what your body is looking all right? And just so that
39:44 could be clear here. So if take glucose and put it in the
39:47 , glucose stays as a whole and it sits in the water,
39:51 it's happy cause the polar molecule and one mole of glucose in the leader
39:56 is one. No, I just not only one Mueller, but it's
39:59 osmo. Okay, that's the ah one Osmo. Take sodium chloride,
40:08 . Take one mole of sodium Put it in the water. You
40:12 one mole of sodium chloride, but have to Oz moles of sodium chloride
40:18 sodium and chlorine associate and each of individual ions are now floating by
40:24 attracted to the water. All said association, is you now have
40:29 mole of sodium have a mole of together to mull of sodium chloride,
40:33 to Oz Mel's all right. So . This is a different way of
40:40 things. Your body is looking at . All right, so let's see
40:45 the body takes care of of itself these lines. All right, We
40:52 talked about that. They're in the fluid and inside the cells, we
40:56 sodium. We have chlorine. We potassium. We have a whole but
40:59 . But those are kind of like big players, all right? And
41:03 we needed We're gonna be focusing our around that question from the gallery.
41:17 will go over that in just a . So all right, so that
41:24 is really asking here and I'm not to put words into the question,
41:27 the question is, is really What hydrostatic pressure? I hear the
41:30 What does it mean? Hydrostatic pressure simply the pressure that a liquid puts
41:34 the walls of the container. What got here Perfectly pure water.
41:40 it's not. It's water out the , Its Houston water. Who knows
41:43 in it? Right. But what the water want to do if I
41:47 this on the table? What does water want to do in that
41:51 Does one escape? Yeah, it's trying to escape, but it
41:57 Right? Why can't escape? Because , because the plastic Sorry, guys
42:02 see. This is why it sucks be online. All right, start
42:06 of President. We want to come to school. I'm not gonna get
42:13 . The pressure by the plastic is than the expert in the hydrostatic pressure
42:20 outward. All right and asset. water stays in the container. But
42:25 happens when the pressure becomes greater than walls of the container? It's gonna
42:30 outward. Then what is the water do? It's going to keep its
42:34 . No, it's gonna keep moving in our in that word. Because
42:38 hydrostatic pressure is basically the pressure of is to try to spread out basically
42:43 molecule thin. Now I want to out a molecule thin. Why?
42:47 doesn't want to do that? Hydrogen , 100 bonds, hydrogen bonds.
42:53 , we learned our chemistry for That's exactly exactly right, because there's
42:58 attraction between water molecules. But if was ethanol, it would keep spreading
43:03 until it gets a molecule thin and because there's nothing holding it there it
43:09 , right? So off goes Pressure is going in this direction,
43:15 direction and that directions in every So what is osmotic pressure than
43:20 Pressure is simply hydrostatic pressure, except the pressure that opposes the movement of
43:30 into that space. So it's still pressure. It's just the opposite
43:34 So if my flow is from A B in our little picture here,
43:40 the osmotic pressure is the approaching opposing from B to A that prevents movement
43:46 A to B. Okay. All , so it's the opposing pressure.
43:52 , think about the car again, ? I'm shoving people in the
43:56 One person, No problem to No problem. Three. Get a
43:58 uncomfortable for people are stacking up in . 5678 Now we've got that ninth
44:04 . We push him in. Does person want to get in there?
44:07 , the person on the outside but the eight people on the inside
44:09 there's no more room in here, I push that person in because I'm
44:13 strong person. Look, all these that I have you're not supposed to
44:18 on that one. All right, push that person in, there's no
44:23 pressure is so great that it opposes movement. So how'd oh, I
44:28 it back so that I'm now at ? Someone has to pop out,
44:33 ? So the osmotic pressure of poses hydrostatic pressure in the opposite direction.
44:40 all it means. It's just it's point where equilibrium is met. All
44:45 , now I'm gonna take it one step just to confuse even further.
44:50 that's my job, right? I a lot of Saul. You'd over
44:55 . Is water attracted to the The answer is yes. But you're
45:02 gonna reach equilibrium. And my going this particular case, if this membrane
45:05 here, it's on Lee permeable to . Will I ever reach equilibrium with
45:09 to the amount of water? because it's a finite space,
45:14 There is a volume in here. molecule I have is not only dealing
45:18 the hydrostatic pressure, but the pressure the presence of the other material.
45:24 ? And so that's why they show that YouTube in these cartoons. Here's
45:30 YouTube for Lucy who can't remember it and they'll show it to you.
45:38 is like here is the fluid And over here, here's the fluid
45:42 why is it out of balance like front? Why? Why does it
45:48 like that? Well, the reason is that the water is flowing in
45:51 direction. This would have the high low water to start off with.
45:58 would be the low Salyut high water start, So water is flowing in
46:07 direction. But you can imagine is pressure rising on this side?
46:13 it's going up. It's going going up in at some point,
46:16 gonna move enough water so the pressure so great. In other words,
46:20 find that point of osmotic that it and then you've reached a point of
46:25 if you measure the volume. Obviously volume here is a lot less than
46:28 volume there. But in terms of , the osmotic pressure is balanced with
46:35 going on over here. And that's upon the presence of the number Saul
46:39 . Which is why the chemists like talk about it because they want to
46:42 in on what's in the water? all their experiments are done in the
46:49 . Now, what we're looking up this picture right here is a sodium
46:53 pump. We've I'm sorry. Could repeat that, please? You're not
47:02 We're still on this one. We even got here. We were just
47:04 a question. Yes, that's the . Yeah. So we've all learned
47:11 sodium and potassium. We learned about pet potassium 88 80 p. S
47:15 . What is doing? It's creating disequilibrium with regard to the number of
47:20 owns. All right, so that's we're seeing here. See, it's
47:23 showing you in the picture right That disequilibrium. Okay. And when
47:30 have that disequilibrium, the cell is to move water back and forth until
47:36 finds the right balance between the two e external and the internal environment.
47:40 that's what saying so that's all the of what that setting potassium pump
47:46 Or it's not all the funds, partly what that sit in protest.
47:49 if I kill that sodium potassium 80 palm, I have other channels in
47:54 membrane that allows sodium potassium to leak so that we can reach an equilibrium
47:59 the inside outside of the cell with to those ions. But when that
48:05 , what happens is we're bringing in ions, set draws in water and
48:11 causes the cell to swell. What done is we've disrupted not just the
48:19 of the ions, but we've disrupted that water is going to go are
48:25 . So what? What do I about this? So I can see
48:28 look on your face and I sat your seats. It's like I don't
48:31 don't understand why this is important because cell, this is why this is
48:37 . A cell is a compartment where ALS specifically specific chemical reactions occur.
48:45 once you start mucking with that you muck with the chemical reactions and
48:50 can't happen. All right, so the cell is desperate to do is
48:56 only maintain the proper ah similarity, ensure that the amount of space,
49:02 amount of water in the amount of in that cell remain constant. All
49:09 , so ah, similarity becomes incredibly because it not only ensures that you
49:13 the right ions in the right but it ensures that the chemical reactions
49:18 allowed to occur. So let me you here, this right in your
49:24 , you have a new osmo clarity your entire body. No matter where
49:28 are. Inside a seller outside of of roughly 200 million, 290 millions
49:33 , there's only one exception to this . That's the inner parts of the
49:37 , and we'll get to that when get to the renal system. So
49:40 now, I just want you think 300. All right, that's what
49:43 is trying to show you, saying right here around 300. There's a
49:47 balance if I put this cell into environment, or actually five, create
49:51 environment that has a greater on similarity it was. What do you expect
49:54 happen? Well, if I have solid on the outside of the
49:59 which is what this is saying, , that water is going to move
50:04 there's less water, and that's going cause a cell to shrink until balance
50:10 maintained or reached right so you can here I start off at 300 both
50:15 and outside outside becomes 450 because I and nasty to the cell. So
50:20 gonna happen? Water is going to out and it's gonna reach equilibrium.
50:25 , Nice chemical balance. Except now have I done to the cell?
50:29 have concentrated all the materials and stuff mucked with the activity of the cell
50:34 doesn't like this. So what it's to do is it's going to turn
50:38 pumps so that the volume of the changes back to its original size so
50:44 it can do the activity that is to do. Even though the Osma
50:50 is different. In other words, cell has mechanisms in place to ensure
50:55 the cell doesn't shrink or get too in order to function properly. Kind
51:01 cool, All right, because you your entire life about the shrinking and
51:06 of cells. That's red blood We're gonna get to that in just
51:08 moment. All right, so here's opposite right here. I've created environment
51:13 the outside the cell becomes less osmotic lower. Ah, similarity. So
51:20 gonna happen is water is going to the cell, too. Um
51:24 move in, right, cause there's solid concentration, so the cell gets
51:29 big. Well, now what? basically don't diluted out the chemical reaction
51:33 not gonna work. So what you to do is you want to bring
51:36 cell back to a normal side. what you do is use pumps and
51:39 to move those components so that you bring the cell back to the right
51:44 . You'll deal with the ah, later. That's what the kidneys air
51:49 for is to help you maintain the as malaria in your body. But
51:54 just put this in the context of . I understand we all live in
51:57 . Is it kind of hot? . Do you sweat a lot like
52:01 you like? Look outside, does just like you burst into flame?
52:04 mean, I think I went outside go move like three bags of groceries
52:07 my wife. I'm just like, is insane. I feel the hydrated
52:11 by walking out here, right, your water is leaving your body so
52:15 can imagine myself. What should they doing? Naturally shrinking, right.
52:20 they have to balance out. So actually maintain size of that. They
52:24 work and function. So what you're affecting is General Ah, similarity.
52:28 just like the size of the So you drink water because you get
52:34 . You go grab that gallon of . Look, look, look,
52:36 , look. An extra gallon of . How much fluid do you have
52:39 your body? In one way? a wager. A guess here roughly
52:42 much fluid you are by volume. were about six leaders. You
52:49 women for a little bit less. put it put. Put a gallon
52:53 water in your body. What's gonna ? Gonna delete yourself out really,
52:57 quickly, aren't you? So what's body going to say? Gotta get
53:01 of that excess water. But in meantime, are all your cells going
53:05 swell up? Yeah, because there's water around, but we got to
53:08 it out. So there's these natural in place. One of the things
53:15 helps us to do this is looking Yuria. You all heard about
53:19 What is your from Sigit urine? It's a major component of urine.
53:27 a byproduct of what type of metabolism remember. It's amino acid,
53:35 Right. So uric acid. His , you're, is from breaking down
53:41 . All right, so meanwhile, All right, So you you have
53:45 all throughout your body and you're trying get rid of it because it is
53:47 waste or a by product. But also permeable across supplies, membranes.
53:52 this is one of the ways that able to help maintain Our equilibrium is
53:58 you can see here. Here's an where you produce told Monteria, put
54:01 the so outside is over here on left side. Right. So you
54:05 a whole bunch of Yuria Alright. you've done now in effect, is
54:09 lowered the Oslo hilarity, right? more water now on the inside cells
54:14 to the outside because Yuria takes up of that volume. So what is
54:18 are going to do? It's gonna down its concentration grading out of the
54:23 . Okay, so the inside the short shrinks and there's now more
54:28 But Yuria is also soluble. It's like this solid right here where it's
54:34 , and so it slowly moves back the cell and water follows down its
54:41 Grady int so that it kind of an equilibrium. So while we're still
54:46 rid of your re in our it also helps to maintain on similarity
54:49 inside and outside the cells. It's of those Salyut that we don't
54:54 but we use. This is stance the question that came up earlier.
55:01 about the swelling of cells and there'll and the ethnicity and stuff like
55:05 If you're planning on going to health , this comes becomes kind of
55:08 All right. Person comes into You give them a whole bunch of
55:11 to rehydrate him. No people shaking heads know what's gonna happen, all
55:18 , that water is going to move its concentration, greatness faster can.
55:21 gonna move so fast that's going to the red blood cells to start
55:26 So we don't give dehydrated people plain water Instead, what we do is
55:31 give them a sailing drip, a bit of salyut in the water so
55:36 the water moves more slowly and that can cause the cells to slowly take
55:42 the water and become hydrated. You . I'm gonna ask you how do
55:46 have you revive someone who's dehydrated? right, that's a class you get
55:51 take when you have to Professional But it's based on these principles
55:54 So we're talking about a solution that's tonic. Hyper means mawr. The
56:01 refers to the Salyut again, making nice confusing. So what we say
56:04 hyper osmo. All right, Hypo less so hyper more hypo less.
56:12 so is saying all right. And typically water moves back and forth because
56:21 the effective Oz mill allergies, In other words, when you add
56:25 pure water, water is gonna go its concentration Great, where there is
56:31 water. All right, so if you're adding something into if you're adding
56:37 around a cell, you're talking about movement of water back and forth into
56:42 self. Typically, when you see terms, these terms are being used
56:48 refer to what happened when I put cell into a solution and you're referring
56:52 the solution of self falls into But you've probably if anyone here,
56:57 advising one sec advising. No, you look at if you advising for
57:02 red, I write dripping in may clear eyes. If you look at
57:05 it will say, it's a isotonic of sailing crime isotonic, meaning it
57:12 the same concentration of Salyut as your tears do. So you're adding
57:18 but it's it's It's the same, , the same level of salts.
57:25 first get. Okay, So a has to do with water leaking out
57:33 naturally contained spaces. All right? so where does the demon come
57:38 Well, either the capital areas aren't their job. So you have weak
57:41 Aries, Right. Um So, example, in you guys, you're
57:46 all healthy. You're not old like . But if I stand here for
57:49 while, my feet will start So will yours. So why would
57:53 be? What's what's causing my feet swell Other than old and out of
58:00 ? These are easy answers here. trying thistles. Not like I've got
58:03 know my science. This is like kindergarten stuff, so don't be
58:06 terribly confused. What's drawing water towards feet? Yeah. So I've got
58:15 this water in my body. Like said, you're almost six liters of
58:18 . Water is being pulled by gravity , right? And then So you've
58:23 that pull. But then you have , very small capital, Aries.
58:27 so all that weight causes that pressure here in the capital is like,
58:31 , rather than being torn apart, gonna relax and allow the fluid to
58:35 outward. Now that's an example of demon. There are lots of different
58:39 of a bee sting. Why? do I get localized? Idema?
58:42 , again, it's the There's a allowing the fluids to escape the
58:47 All right, so you're basically allowing to flow in a direction that is
58:52 being inhibited to flow into. I that answers that question. It's probably
58:58 what they're looking for, but all , so the most common types of
59:07 Utes that you're going to be seeing helped move water is basically the sodium
59:11 the plasma. So that's either hyper hypo. Nutri Mia, right?
59:17 in the plasma, right or Yuria doesn't have an effect because Yuria doesn't
59:24 all that much. So I'm just to show you this. And so
59:28 some principle that we're gonna learn today we're gonna come back to over and
59:31 and over again. All right, is why we learn this stuff,
59:34 right? And it's not. This not the day I'm gonna teach my
59:41 spiel, um, about this. I have a way for you to
59:46 this. Okay, but stay is the day to do it. All
59:51 , First off, let's just think ice tonics sailing. All right,
59:55 here's our compartments. All right, got extra fluid. Interstellar Florida.
59:59 nice tonic solution to the extra cellular . So if it's isotonic, what
60:03 what is the salt concentration? Oz Mulally relative to the environment that
60:09 putting it into ST All right. notice that be here, they're showing
60:15 the ah similarity in both compartments is the same. So I add in
60:20 volume into the extra cellular compartment. swells? Well, it's where you
60:26 the solution. Why isn't there any into the other compartment? It doesn't
60:33 it, right? In other remember, the size of the cell
60:37 trying to be constant because I'm putting outside of the cell that's made up
60:42 the same components. Saying Sama's There's no net movement or flow between
60:48 two compartments. I just increase the of the extra cellular space.
60:54 an explanation of the money. Same , eso it's the it's the same
61:03 similarity is what I was really trying go for, because it's not always
61:06 to the same stuff. So looking at Visine advising is a 0.9%
61:12 solution. It's sailing, plus some stuff, not necessarily the same stuff
61:17 Aaron your tears. But it's the odds Malala Lee as the ast.
61:21 tears are and reason being as many the things in your tears or biological
61:26 would be destroyed in that solution. right, so when you see
61:32 it's the number of Salyut you in terms off the oz morality.
61:37 not the same kind of salutes. necessarily, at least so does.
61:43 will make sense right here. Is this easy one isotonic. If I
61:48 more of the same in one there's no net movement. Is that
61:52 simple to understand? Yeah, cause are trying to keep the same
61:57 So you don't need that net All right, people here nodding.
62:02 presuming the people online or knotting All right, What happened if you
62:07 pure water, we just mentioned I put Here's my again. There's
62:10 initial condition. Inside and outside. can see state Ma similarity. I
62:15 pure water over here 1.5 later. water into the exterior fluid. Obviously
62:20 expands initially because that's where I put . But where is the water going
62:24 go? Is there going to just in that compartment? No, I
62:28 diluted. In other words, over the blue zone. I now have
62:34 more water than I have in the Zone. There's this equilibrium,
62:39 What is gonna move down its concentration osmosis. It's gonna move from the
62:44 cf over to the I C f we get the same Osma Larry t
62:50 . And once that happens now, in equilibrium again. Does that make
62:56 ? Okay. If you take a blood cell and put in a pure
63:00 , water's gonna Russian in the cell it pops right. That's just one
63:07 here. This is your entire body what it's trying to get at,
63:12 ? I put the whole leader water their water is going to rush into
63:16 cells until equilibrium is met. Now, in a plug hole,
63:27 of salted. You've got these nice tablets make you look the other direction
63:30 I shove into your skin in your . Really, really quickly. What
63:35 I just do with the the similarities here to your extra cellular
63:41 Increases or decreases increased it. So mantle water in my extra your fluid
63:46 now lower. So what's gonna happen ? Initially, there's no increase in
63:53 because remember this assaults, it's just . Right? But there is a
64:00 in terms of the Osma Larry If you're not seeing that, this
64:02 right over here, guys. All . See the disequilibrium. So
64:08 what is water going to do? is going to move from the area
64:11 higher water? Concentration to the area lower water concentrations fluid. Move out
64:15 the east are the I C f the e cf until equilibrium is
64:21 So DCF shrink Korsky in the i f shrinks The e cf grows.
64:29 , good people. Yes, About part? Similarity. So Osmo
64:44 And as morality is simply the number Saul youths in a solution. Don't
64:50 you what's what. The Soviets are simply how much. Okay, so
64:56 all it's asking. Is there more less? Saul, you? If
65:00 more solid, that means there's less . There's less sell you theirs.
65:06 water. So water moves from an of high water concentration to an
65:11 Low water concentration. All right. so what? This is basically saying
65:17 is I have an environment that has lower water concentration versus a higher water
65:27 . So what's water wanting to do this case? It wants to move
65:32 that direction. Yeah. What do guys think? If we had a
65:44 of isotonic solution asking the class in , we already looked at it.
65:49 I had a whole bunch of isotonic to one compartment, what's gonna
65:53 Is there gonna be water movement? , The answer. That question is
65:59 here. If I have, Here's two compartments. Se ma similarity in
66:07 compartment. I add a whole bunch fluid so you can see I've added
66:11 whole bunch of fluid. All but because it's isotonic, there's no
66:16 movement of water. So you just the volume where you injected the isotonic
66:25 . Yeah. Pearsall, There we . Okay, it's uh huh,
66:42 what's moving? All right. Try use something that you gotta understand.
66:47 going to parties. Okay? You , like, on the parties?
66:51 right, We're gonna assume a couple things here. Just make life
66:57 right? Equal number, males, number of females, males and females
67:00 attracted to each other. Okay. , that's not the world. But
67:04 gonna do this just for the sake easiness. Go to a party.
67:07 guys. Five girls. All You put five extra guys into the
67:12 . What if you have? What you have? You have disequilibrium,
67:16 ? So basically what you're going to going to see flow or movement,
67:20 ? And so this is terrible because it's not balancing out the way
67:24 want about balance out. Right? what I've done here is kind of
67:28 same thing in the E cf compartment at a whole bunch of salt,
67:33 ? So what is the water want do? It wants to go where
67:36 more Salyut, right? But as water leaves, it's leaving behind
67:43 right, because there's already a sort balance. It may not be
67:48 but there's a balance, right? it might already be at the race
67:51 that it can be. But as leaves, that's leaving behind that lonely
67:57 . And so the concentration of saw goes up. It was a terrible
68:03 . The party example just did not . It was No, no,
68:07 , it didn't because it didn't make . They needed to be more
68:11 All right, it be as if was another party next door and people
68:15 leaving, right? It would make sense that way. But that
68:19 like, six minutes of lead you know, maybe something. So
68:28 is just starting to make a little of sense here. Water is going
68:33 there's less water, all right, they're Zeke water, no water
68:38 When there's higher water, you're moving water. And how does he do
68:46 this? Well, when you're moving substance like water or anything else saw
68:54 . It has to pass through. All right, So what we're looking
68:57 in this particular thing is we're looking the movement of these ions across a
69:04 . Now, over here in the area, it looks like orange that
69:11 . Okay. In the orange What we're looking at here is we're
69:14 at, say, your gut. right, so we're looking inside the
69:18 track. The blue area is the space. The green area is the
69:25 that divide the two. All So you eat something or drink
69:29 and you put these ions and these into the digestive tract. How do
69:34 move them? Well, when you're across the Lumen right into an organ
69:41 across the digestive tract into the this is referred to as absorption.
69:46 right, there's just terminology. All . So she would be in the
69:51 direction when pushing things out. All ? So you can think about the
69:56 . All right? I'm going to pushing things through tubes when I push
70:00 into the body. That's gonna be when I'm pushing it out of the
70:07 back into the tube. That's All right, absorption and secretion.
70:14 right, so what we're gonna be we're looking at now. How do
70:16 do this? I can actually absorb a cell or can absorb in between
70:22 cells if I'm going through the cell called trance cellular transport. And to
70:28 so, I need to be ableto one step that is going to be
70:33 and one step that's going to be in terms of energy consumption. So
70:38 moving from an area of high concentration an area of low concentration. And
70:43 I'm being pumped back out, usually an area to an area of higher
70:48 . Right? So one hit step what we refer to as being
70:52 meaning it requires energy. One step back downhill and which one comes first
70:57 depend upon which substance you're looking Paris cellular transport refers to going in
71:03 the cells. So in this particular , right here, that's an example
71:10 Paris cellular Here, the chlorine is him between the cells. It's
71:15 Hey, look over there and sneaking between them, all right, But
71:19 cellular requires you to go into and out the other side of the
71:23 That's where you need the up in down now. Different islands have different
71:28 of movement. Depending upon what you're at, it has to do with
71:32 concentration. And so what I want show you here is just some examples
71:35 this, so sodium is typically absorbed the body. All right, so
71:40 is sodium absorption. Usually what will They will have a high concentration of
71:44 right on the outside. The cells moving into an area of low
71:49 and then we're using a pump to that sodium right back out again.
71:54 you can see there is this and then it's back uphill again.
71:59 is the opposite, because remember pumping in itself so we have high concentrations
72:04 potassium into the cell. So potassium out down, its concentration secreted because
72:09 moves down, its concentration graded. how do I get so much potassium
72:13 that cell in the first place? , I'm pumping it in, so
72:17 first step is uphill. Second step downhill, so you see how it's
72:21 of what sodium is glucose? glucose is is hard to kind of
72:30 , because where do I want to glucose When I'm dealing with glucose,
72:33 in the body Where do I want put it inside of cells or keeping
72:37 of cells inside? Right, because is fuel, having it outside of
72:43 useless. So when you look at , you have high concentration of glucose
72:48 the cells, so you want to it into the cells as fast you
72:51 . But do you want to spend moving energy? That's bad investment
72:55 right? So what you want to is you want to use something like
72:58 active transport. So here, that's we're using. We're using something like
73:02 active transport to move glucose from an of low glucose concentration to an area
73:07 high glucose concentration. But you don't to just keep all your glucose in
73:11 absorbing cells you want. It won't around the body. And so what
73:15 can do is that you can use carrier downstream to move things from the
73:20 concentration of low concentration. It's just example, and chlorine is very similar
73:27 that effect. In terms of what you're doing is you have higher
73:32 of chlorine here, so it's basically channels, but using a pump to
73:35 it inside the self. And this just examples. So the thing I'm
73:41 to get you to pick up here that things are transported into and out
73:45 cells using an active mechanism and a mechanism and which one comes first depends
73:51 the substance. All right, But we're trying to do is we're trying
73:56 move things around so that our cells be functional. So this is where
74:02 pause. I'm looking at the time , and I am so far
74:05 This is part of the problem teaching is I can't see you know,
74:09 questions that you will have when I 100 50 people in classroom hands
74:13 I can see where you guys all that look on your face like you
74:18 write the whore face. I don't what he's talking about, face,
74:23 right? And of course we know all the people online right now they're
74:25 watching the video, you know that . Maybe six of you are.
74:32 , I told you there's one. you for paying attention. You get
74:36 Gold star for the day. All you who just responded? Yes,
74:39 . We're not freaking. I gotta typing, you know, But it's
74:42 online. You can't see what we're in here, and it's and it's
74:45 to stay awake listening to Dr Winning on about stuff. Aren't you glad
74:49 don't talk in a monotone like this day long? I can't even deal
74:53 the inflection. What I want to is just very, very briefly.
74:57 know we have five minutes here, I just I just want to introduce
75:00 to the concept of cell signaling. deal with the specifics in just a
75:05 . I just wanted to find It'll take us a couple of seconds
75:08 . All right. So cells talk each other. That should be number
75:11 . Just understand it Sells like to to each other. They do so
75:14 of two ways they either use ion . Oh, so that would be
75:18 communication writes a movement of islands across membranes. Second Way is a use
75:24 , which is like 99.9% of the that the communicate is through chemical
75:29 And this is using molecules that are through the extra cellular fluid, either
75:34 cells directly back and forth or across body. All right, and there
75:38 different ways to do this. And this is that kind of that lifts
75:41 gap junctions, contact dependent local and distance. That's how we break it
75:47 . We have names for these right? The first type is just
75:51 Quran. When you see juxtapose beginning , it means next to all
75:56 So just a Quran, signaling literally to I'm communicating to the cell That's
76:01 next to me. But there's a to it. In just a Quran
76:05 . You're either doing it through gap . So this is literally two cells
76:08 are connected together, and they're passing and chemicals back and forth through those
76:14 junctions so that those cells are telling other what to do. And they're
76:18 in the same way that that would one type of just a Quran.
76:22 type is this contact dependent, signaling so you can see here, these
76:26 cells are interacting with other there, by side. One has a receptor
76:30 would be the one on the right the yellow. The one on the
76:32 would be the ligand, or you flip it around if you want
76:36 And the idea here is that these cells are specifically communicating to one another
76:42 of their nearness, and they're using contact as a form of communication,
76:48 I tell each other what to Typically, we refer to these as
76:53 sets and Stella adhesion molecules that are that this type of communication. But
77:00 the two cells are side by talking to one another. They're not
77:06 information to their near neighbours. This what the local signaling is.
77:13 surprising building. No, all And that's what we're gonna get to
77:19 here, that that's a fair It's an easy thing to get
77:23 so Peregrine refers to communicating to your neighbours, but it's more of a
77:31 . So an example of Peregrine signaling we actually call local signaling is kind
77:36 the catch all. Now there we what we call the autocrats signaling autocrat
77:40 simply talking to yourself. You ever yourself doing that? Yeah, and
77:46 seems like Why would cells do Well, it's because they got thousands
77:48 thousands of chemical interactions and pathways, so one thing might be being released
77:53 what it's communicating other cells. It's self communicating to regulate, so that
77:59 be autocrat. And that's what you're of seeing up here. In the
78:02 , you can see how the chemicals released and binding to a receptor on
78:05 same cell but notice what we're doing is we're releasing a signal into the
78:09 environment, whereas with just a there's no release of chemical to the
78:14 environment. Instead, the cells are with one another, directly peregrine,
78:21 what the question is really asking about this lower thing. And so
78:25 it's a release of a signal molecule the surrounding environment that can affect nearby
78:31 and, in fact, actually effective . That's right next to. But
78:34 difference is, is that the chemicals released into the environment and isn't specifically
78:41 the cell? It's next to It's targeting any nearby cell that has
78:44 appropriate receptor crime, but here noticed these signals are limited by their
78:53 It's kind of like a whisper. I whisper that sound could only travel
78:57 certain distance before it's lost, and the same thing that's going on in
79:02 signaling the signal only goes so far , very short distance. The last
79:07 of signaling is the long distance and this is where you're going to
79:11 some sort of chemical message that's released into the external environment around the
79:17 But it goes into the blood stream is carried in the bloodstream, some
79:22 away toe act on the cell that the proper receptor. We typically refer
79:26 this as hormonal signalling, all It's not just hormones, though.
79:31 are other cells that you other cells use this kind of pathway. So
79:34 why it's now long distance. Both nervous system in the endocrine system uses
79:39 type of signaling to sin a long signals. So just as an example
79:43 this right now, your brain is a lot of electrical signals,
79:48 but also releasing chemicals to communicate to organs in your body to behave in
79:55 specific manner. This includes your adrenal , your gun ads, your digestive
80:01 , all sorts of fun with renal , just to name a couple of
80:05 right. This is how you communicate the blood through these chemical messages.
80:10 is one question. I think there's be our last slide. Yeah,
80:19 in the Quran, signaling typically is signal needs to be passed into the
80:24 . Usually there's a carrier involved, if some sort of molecule that kind
80:28 holds onto and protects the signal so it doesn't get destroyed, that doesn't
80:34 that it's always going to be the . But that's typically what happens with
80:37 to the nearby neighbor. The signal only gonna defuse a certain distance
80:43 so it's not being diffused into the . And typically, if it does
80:47 into the blood there enzymes in place actually destroy the signal. That's
80:51 for example, chemical messages from I don't know, just say from
80:55 big toe like, because your big communicates this way right from your big
80:59 , doesn't tell your heart how to . Even though the message may be
81:04 by the heart and the toe in same different way. It's just a
81:07 mechanism that prevents those things from doing . I think that's the last I'm
81:13 just cover for right now. that's that's That's where I'm gonna
81:18 So just to be clear so that understand you guys can get wrapping up
81:24 a Quran is not released into the . There is direct communication, either
81:31 touching or their attach via gap Pere Quran is released, but the
81:36 doesn't go very far. It diffuses dies off, whereas long distance signals
81:43 into the blood and finds its And the key thing and all of
81:48 is that the target cell always always has the receptor. If you
81:53 have the receptor, can you No. Very good. Alright,
81:58 , that was Tuesday. Come Let's see what want Sit for saying
82:02 want to take a picture. You
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