| 00:01 | So today uh continue on Chapter finish it up on Thursday we are |
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| 00:09 | little bit a little behind but that's we got those, have you seen |
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| 00:13 | course schedule, there's like as we towards each exam there's like a ketchup |
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| 00:20 | so that's that's kind of those days for a little behind that we have |
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| 00:24 | kind of catch up. Okay so so you know um don't ever worry |
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| 00:35 | we get to an exam we may have covered everything that's gonna be an |
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| 00:41 | , I'll adjust okay so the exam only cover where we get to. |
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| 00:47 | so don't worry about that but of uh I'll keep informed that. But |
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| 00:54 | that's why I built in those capture for those kind of things that get |
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| 00:59 | . So uh any anyway so thursday supposed according to the last thing uh |
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| 01:08 | heart attack before uh if we get it and just be very very any |
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| 01:14 | it. So like they would just of do the bulk of that. |
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| 01:20 | Okay so uh do you try to um care for that, as mentioned |
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| 01:30 | emails I sent out already. So send send out another one on |
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| 01:34 | So remember the just kind of apparently going to see how you can do |
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| 01:41 | that way that will do a bunch questions here. So anyway just uh |
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| 01:48 | like I said it's likely most of chapter four will be next week. |
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| 01:52 | uh So again this weekend routine right weekly quiz and smart work. So |
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| 01:58 | that that will be uh pretty much week for if you go through this |
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| 02:03 | . Okay so again uh you know be facing you reminders so you don't |
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| 02:08 | these things uh you know frankly how can't not know when these things do |
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| 02:15 | because it's supposed to right in your when you go on the blackboard uh |
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| 02:20 | are reminders of kind of just uh on your cell phone calendar things so |
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| 02:25 | don't forget. So uh let's see kind of recap, you know? |
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| 02:36 | let's do this question first. So here is your session I. |
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| 02:40 | . Number then we'll kind of just recap the beginnings of this chapter. |
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| 02:46 | so look through here. Uh we four things um it's one at the |
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| 02:54 | . Uh we'll talk about that next very soon but that's that's more about |
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| 03:00 | concept of the importance, their concept that. Okay. Process if you |
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| 03:09 | . Um mm hmm So let me on a timer. So we got |
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| 03:19 | going. Okay, Brief, brief , posit five seconds and they just |
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| 03:47 | in and here we go. 432 . Okay there we go. Alright |
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| 04:11 | um yeah self interior hip, Okay that's um alright so remember |
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| 04:22 | water water route to the area of side. That's gonna be the hyper |
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| 04:27 | side. So these terms platonic hyper , they're always relative to each |
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| 04:33 | So you can assume that one is the cell exterior, the environment around |
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| 04:42 | cell is hyper fine then for the , Vice and vice versa. So |
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| 04:50 | are you taking pictures of each Okay, so bottom line water move |
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| 04:55 | the high side side. So why you move out? Not into |
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| 05:00 | Okay. Uh and then we talked the envelope, right? That term |
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| 05:06 | , we use that um in the of because there can be lots of |
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| 05:13 | in terms of what's beyond the Classic. Right? So that that |
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| 05:19 | boundary that basically defines the cell, membrane as a concept from any |
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| 05:25 | But then you can have stuff that's components infrastructures external to that and that's |
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| 05:33 | refers to So of course can be we learned today. It can be |
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| 05:37 | many different things. So a you have another memory can have cell wall |
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| 05:42 | this and that um simple diffuse. does not just simply just mark a |
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| 05:49 | through the membrane. Okay, so like small, typically small non polar |
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| 05:55 | of gas is not uh remember we to involve a protein that's your facilitated |
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| 06:04 | future. Right. And so this below. So this is this um |
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| 06:10 | is an ion Grady of course. . Both of these are but this |
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| 06:15 | here, okay. Is a very uh i on radiant used in we |
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| 06:27 | these as well. Uh it's it's form of it's a form of stored |
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| 06:34 | . Okay, so this is something into the next unit. Uh And |
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| 06:39 | concept really is about combining energy using with energy releasing processes. Okay, |
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| 06:48 | overriding concept here. So a proton , it's very common to use that |
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| 06:53 | a means to do very intellectual work particularly in bacteria and archaea. |
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| 07:00 | And so uh the the energy so to metabolism. So remember if you |
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| 07:09 | like policies and cell respiration. And so ultimately that energy, the |
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| 07:15 | you eat energy is used to basically a proton. Great. Okay, |
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| 07:23 | we can use this this I've circled as a way to do work in |
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| 07:32 | very attractive right? One of the ones is the couple that proton gradient |
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| 07:39 | a T. P. Production. , we have to expend a TP |
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| 07:44 | do that. But we're gonna get lot more tons back in surplus that |
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| 07:49 | using. Right? And uh hinges sustaining. Great. Okay. And |
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| 07:56 | example. Okay. Just looking at direction of the arrows, is the |
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| 08:00 | here. Right? So this is energy here, Right? We're shoving |
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| 08:04 | protons on one side of the right? And we're using a different |
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| 08:10 | , but we can use this for functions. Okay, in this |
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| 08:16 | manos is a sugar, right? can be an energy source for |
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| 08:19 | So um if we're pumping it this as shown that's uphill. My primary |
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| 08:27 | are going uphill. That's energy okay, how we doing what we're |
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| 08:33 | to find energy release of protons going way right going from high to low |
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| 08:41 | out in right to manage going the way. Okay so it uh this |
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| 08:51 | active transport as well. Okay with transport. But instead so we have |
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| 09:00 | it could do is put in a here doing a teepee hydraulics. Make |
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| 09:05 | make that give that the energy But then it's more efficient though. |
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| 09:11 | not do that. Let's not waste TP to that. This is the |
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| 09:14 | we get as protons travel down the because that does provide an energy release |
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| 09:21 | we'll see. Okay. So is that basic concept of energy releasing process |
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| 09:28 | ? To an energy requiring process? . And and from bacteria it can |
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| 09:34 | to transport things. They can look the transport stuff, they can link |
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| 09:38 | to um to make um A. . P. S. If you |
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| 09:44 | 80% think they can use it for . You can use. Right so |
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| 09:49 | of different functions for these things in uh in and so a very common |
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| 09:57 | to maintain these proton ratings for that . Okay. Again it's just a |
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| 10:05 | releasing putting those things together. We'll that a lot of metabolism how that |
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| 10:10 | in different ways. Okay. Very uh concept that you know how life |
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| 10:18 | . I'm buying these two processes. . Many questions about that. |
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| 10:23 | So basically inside the hippo tonic. basically, if the water moves into |
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| 10:33 | cell, which is false, that it will become hippo tonic. Uh |
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| 10:39 | to me would be a confusing way think about it, because it's hypertrophic |
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| 10:44 | of water, Reuven. It's gonna right, but it's actually become the |
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| 10:52 | . It's gonna be it's gonna be the bacterial tends to make itself |
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| 10:59 | you don't have excess here making too . You don't sell all too |
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| 11:03 | But so me trying to maintain a bit of, right? Yeah, |
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| 11:20 | little bit of back and forth. yeah, it's always it's always gonna |
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| 11:26 | some that goes back a long but it's all about keeping a certain |
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| 11:30 | there. Okay, so, this idea of energy, energy releasing |
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| 11:38 | requiring, that's something you'll hear a , especially when you get into the |
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| 11:42 | unit. Okay, um and okay, so, we went |
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| 11:47 | kind of here was here is appropriate and kind of overview fashion here are |
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| 11:51 | various parts and bits of it, like I said, we'll go into |
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| 11:55 | detail on things were gonna really focus this today. The nature of the |
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| 11:59 | wall variations in the cell envelope. not not all here have a cell |
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| 12:05 | , nor do all archaea. So gonna be variations, but we'll get |
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| 12:09 | nature of that we mentioned envelope. . And and then we went through |
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| 12:16 | uh areas, these constituents, the fossil lipids realized was already review for |
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| 12:26 | . You've got over the stuff Uh they looked at the membrane |
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| 12:31 | So those those is very very hydrophobic for your heat loving uh higher types |
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| 12:43 | uh then started in the transport uh basic types there. Okay. And |
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| 12:51 | just continuing on, continuing on. . And this is what that question |
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| 12:56 | question. Just we just had we through kind of the. Okay, |
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| 13:02 | again, we're gonna see uh use and use of proton gradient uh in |
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| 13:09 | ways. Okay, here's for super . Okay. Uh so again, |
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| 13:15 | efficiency here of not expanding more Different this skin, but rather harness |
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| 13:20 | energy release uh of the proton gradient they come in and then use that |
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| 13:27 | . Different. Super ocean. Let's waste more tp. So again, |
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| 13:31 | very efficient preclearance or anything. They super efficient. Right? Um and |
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| 13:37 | again, it's not just for this can be used. This process |
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| 13:42 | be used for something else over There's multiple functions for this. |
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| 13:49 | Um so, okay, so just couple of mechanisms um that we see |
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| 13:57 | preparing, Okay, transport mechanism. are both active, both active transport |
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| 14:03 | . So you can tell as we're a Tps to drive the process. |
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| 14:10 | this is one here is what we abc transporters. So it's very |
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| 14:14 | Okay, so you have a specific protein that interacts binds to the starch |
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| 14:22 | . This is common for acid these kinds of things. Um and |
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| 14:29 | structure will see this as we go the nature of the cell envelope. |
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| 14:34 | is actually a gram negative bacterium. I say that because we see a |
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| 14:39 | of cosmic space out here is actually outer membrane. Okay. Om |
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| 14:47 | And there's this space in between there it's often where molecules passing out apart |
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| 14:54 | then come in and then they kind sorted out and based on whether there |
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| 14:59 | a specific cell binding protein like it will then bind to it and |
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| 15:05 | it. Okay, again transport Okay, so it's gonna be certainly |
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| 15:12 | . Okay. Um this over Okay, relies on the concept of |
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| 15:22 | . Saw glute um move independent of other. Okay. Yeah, I |
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| 15:30 | that off of there. Um So is glucose. Right. We have |
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| 15:35 | examples glucose and mannitol both um illustrating same point. Okay, so |
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| 15:44 | Okay. And there's a specificity in of body to the transport protein and |
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| 15:51 | it comes in it's immediately false correlated glucose. Six phosphate. Okay. |
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| 15:58 | if that weren't the case right. just came as glucose without being glucose |
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| 16:06 | keep coming in until when. I told my glucose is the same |
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| 16:13 | both sides and there's no more. I you have the site started to |
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| 16:20 | independently. Two different Pakistani's keep coming as long as you keep cross |
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| 16:30 | So another kind of liberal way to the flow of glucose that haven't explained |
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| 16:37 | . Right. And just keep it it's and that keeps coming uh simply |
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| 16:45 | mental transport the same way again So it's really independent. Okay. |
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| 16:55 | this goes right away to Blackhawk It's an energy source, of |
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| 16:59 | Okay. Um any questions? Okay, so, if if glucose |
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| 17:13 | , there's a phosphate er if glucose in, uh let's say favored |
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| 17:20 | whether it's high glucose count, How long you can keep flowing in |
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| 17:27 | ? There's 10-11 glucose outside it will flowing and when Fine Fine. No |
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| 17:36 | . Right. Good for the cell want to keep more coming in. |
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| 17:40 | let's fast forward like this. And it's this one. This is independent |
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| 17:48 | come here as long as possible. that's different. Yeah. So, |
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| 17:53 | as medical. All right. um so I think so, this |
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| 17:59 | here, I just mentioned this uh could be an issue. It's gonna |
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| 18:04 | an issue for uh all kinds of in the environment. Uh whether it's |
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| 18:14 | or other type of uh issue. , here looking at what are called |
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| 18:21 | acids and bases that so a weak or base will only partially associate. |
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| 18:30 | , So remember something like hcl strong acid. Right. That goes |
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| 18:38 | to H plus and chloride ions. , completely. There's none of this |
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| 18:45 | hand solution always proton, right. a strong so only partially associated. |
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| 18:55 | for example, here over here you're have all three species in solution. |
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| 19:05 | . Right. That's really the exist this mechanism. So what we have |
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| 19:12 | we have a neutral species. And we have ionized species. |
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| 19:19 | Same. Whether it's a weak a weak base, that's what you |
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| 19:22 | . Okay. So it was the species should be smoked. And this |
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| 19:27 | this this phenomenon is for like a uh faces something like ammonium uh gas |
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| 19:37 | small. Uh And so it's because neutral species small size uncharged can pass |
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| 19:46 | . Sorry, can pass through Okay. And when it does it |
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| 19:52 | then associate inside the side pass. . Uh And so that can be |
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| 19:59 | issue. So now you have acidity in itself or it's becoming more basic |
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| 20:06 | coming okay. But it's the neutral that can it's huge. Right? |
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| 20:13 | then in the end it can either acidity or make it more basic |
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| 20:19 | So that's something to sell. You to be Okay, I'm sorry. |
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| 20:24 | the way they do that of course with buffers. Remember buffers neutralize acids |
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| 20:30 | bases and the primary buffers and they really didn't sell on the ability of |
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| 20:40 | of having utilization property. So that's tends to deal with this but it |
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| 20:47 | too much. And that's one of things about these memory, weak acids |
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| 20:54 | . They're often preservatives and foods and types of items of products uh antimicrobial |
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| 21:04 | . These things when they when they associate inside the cell that's a growth |
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| 21:12 | but okay bacterial it's too much bacteria I can't handle it and it kind |
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| 21:17 | just is not able to grow anymore guy but it's uh so you have |
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| 21:21 | concede that preserved foods and foods um other types of gasses and bases. |
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| 21:31 | you guys have that effect. So kind of help preserve food breads have |
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| 21:36 | things so kind of spoiling so. so kind of in that context. |
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| 21:44 | Okay. Uh any questions. Um Alright so gram positive about |
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| 21:57 | So we've all heard about this part the exposed to this weapon. Grade |
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| 22:04 | , your grandfather and high school I'm . Okay. Yes. Uh |
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| 22:15 | That's all right. So this is know this was brought about early |
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| 22:24 | or something like that. But still as old as live is still a |
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| 22:29 | um technique to for a number of . One is really kind of for |
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| 22:35 | tool. You can basically break apart into you know too large but you |
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| 22:44 | there are lots of prepares a number don't stand gram positive but a lot |
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| 22:51 | you can you can form the focus being the first way to identify. |
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| 22:56 | um of course it can be by depending on where the sample coming |
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| 23:06 | So for example, a you look a microscope and you see gram positive |
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| 23:14 | chains. That's probably pretty good. got okay um grande native pairs right |
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| 23:26 | from uh cerebral spinal food that you're an alarm system. You see them |
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| 23:35 | pretty much so in different contexts you certainly diagnostic as well. Okay, |
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| 23:43 | it still has a point that it has utility to this day. |
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| 23:49 | of course you're gonna do it lab well. But of course the nature |
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| 23:53 | the standing is all has to do the differences in the nature of the |
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| 23:59 | envelope. Okay, so and that's we'll look at here next let's look |
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| 24:03 | this question. Okay, it's one those before and after. So I'm |
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| 24:07 | look at it um and uh don't at it again like right through all |
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| 24:21 | today, it's not that one, one. Here we go. |
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| 25:12 | we got the timer going. 6543. Okay snapshot got it. |
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| 25:59 | , so uh we go we'll revisit in a few minutes. Alright, |
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| 26:08 | now I'm gonna focus on the bacterial on and they have and a typical |
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| 26:17 | that don't really fit fit either Okay, so um various layers so |
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| 26:27 | can have of course it's um Uh not something that's somewhat divine but |
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| 26:39 | still don't know a lot about I'll tell you why here shortly. |
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| 26:44 | of membrane that can be additional membrane the inter membrane. Okay. As |
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| 26:50 | see more complex arrangements. So micro , this is what causes tuberculosis that |
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| 26:57 | . Um This type doesn't stain in grand scheme but it does have so |
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| 27:03 | . It's kind of a bunch of stuff too. That's that's much |
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| 27:08 | Um Okay, so I think these are we don't go into hardcore taxonomy |
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| 27:17 | in all the various taxonomic groups names to point out because uh the first |
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| 27:24 | you get one of those impact. might actually see this from accused and |
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| 27:31 | bacteria bacteria a big group. Um they are characterized so yeah, just |
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| 27:40 | groupings. Okay, uh persecutes of . So the program positive. Um |
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| 27:47 | these are two main groups that have grandpa. Again there's groups that don't |
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| 27:53 | that the grandstands not really done uh nature just isn't a minimum to get |
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| 28:00 | of variable results are not consistent, having to do with a different type |
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| 28:06 | so on. But again, there's of news game either. So uh |
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| 28:14 | look at soil structure. So again uh plant cell wall, that's |
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| 28:22 | This is not what this is completely . Palmer these two types of sugars |
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| 28:30 | acid. You don't have the Okay. But you should be familiar |
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| 28:37 | but it forms uh the strength of two sugars. Uh tannic acid is |
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| 28:46 | the linkages occurred. So you have . So you do have of course |
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| 28:51 | bond together right in the form of around set around the internet. Um |
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| 29:00 | amount of this material is much more positive than Okay, um reinforcement of |
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| 29:08 | occurs by this cross bridge that you here right in between the strains |
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| 29:16 | occurring at the panoramic acid residents the here. Ok. The programs so |
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| 29:24 | is essential for keeping this whole thing . There's a large variety of antibiotics |
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| 29:33 | target uh different aspects of this cross . There's a number of enzymes, |
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| 29:39 | is lots of these are targets for to prevent from the current. These |
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| 29:47 | eliminated. Okay, the whole thing of falls apart so the underlying set |
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| 29:53 | , a memory begins to push out , and bubble out and then lice |
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| 30:01 | , remember try to keep themselves slightly tonic. So you're gonna have water |
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| 30:07 | . Could press against that cell wall it's it's all about keeping helping maintain |
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| 30:13 | and cell cell right? It's kind the cell wall helps do along with |
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| 30:18 | being hyper time inside. Right? so if you then break these |
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| 30:25 | prosperity is the whole thing becomes there's don't think it's a brick wall around |
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| 30:30 | set, it's flexible. And if going across bridges that really. Um |
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| 30:41 | so because it kind of forms of on itself, you can see the |
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| 30:48 | here, so hyper tonic interior water to maintain shape. Um So uh |
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| 30:59 | we're gonna look at kind of close now of the linkages between these |
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| 31:05 | Okay. And so uh here with uh peptide sequence that by to a |
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| 31:17 | sequence. Okay. No Mexican together fact. And so um the |
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| 31:25 | So and so sequence you see 12345. Okay. Uh is the |
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| 31:35 | found in a hero types but there variations, there can be differences in |
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| 31:42 | Okay. Um so depending is fairly sequence we see. Um and and |
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| 31:49 | linkages occurs by buying into this alley here. In fact there's two |
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| 31:56 | One gets cleaned up. Right? we use let's go. Okay, |
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| 32:04 | now you have a fully formed cross . So I said uh the enzymes |
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| 32:11 | in this or target for many. you've heard you methicillin than I think |
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| 32:22 | already done more than okay, all uh interacting with different components that bring |
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| 32:30 | So in fact. And so, . Okay, so tennis still does |
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| 32:38 | the cross one of the crossbreeding enzyme uh and so as we mentioned |
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| 32:47 | there is resistance to both of Okay. And the resistance of penicillin |
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| 32:54 | from a enzyme called beta. And that basically cleans the penicillin completely |
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| 33:08 | be great. Okay. Um and what I used to have a protein |
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| 33:14 | will basically do grade you're talking Okay, and that's what resistance is |
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| 33:22 | little different. Okay, so um much is this is how I'm sorry |
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| 33:30 | is how crossbreeding occurs. Is back the set here comes so it's an |
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| 33:35 | that will bind there and that will the uh cross bridge formation. |
|
| 33:42 | so we have resistance like that maybe you. Yeah um decreases the bond |
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| 33:58 | det. You're on the right Silver resistant bacterium. That would be |
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| 34:06 | target. Would be a target of what could it do to prevent? |
|
| 34:16 | Bank of change. Yeah. I um yeah you're gonna change the |
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| 34:30 | that would change this or something I think I've seen resistant don't have |
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| 34:36 | have black tape. And so what means is so the is built to |
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| 34:47 | the bind there and prevent the cross . Okay so change that. Allie |
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| 34:53 | something else and then can't recognize Can't find and can't do it. |
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| 34:59 | safe. Okay so it becomes So again, invitations to change here |
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| 35:06 | make it make it something else. find it recognize it. Then you |
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| 35:12 | have the effect. Resistance. Um . Yeah, recognize the terminal basically |
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| 35:29 | of present. But if you have else there you can't do that. |
|
| 35:38 | Okay so side by side grandma So electron micrografx can see this is |
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| 35:47 | easy. The grand negative basically has oreo cookie or something three layers. |
|
| 35:52 | ? And so you have an outer in the middle. That's so we'll |
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| 35:58 | so. So here we start at bottom here. So some membrane. |
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| 36:03 | we use this our inner membrane for negative because they have an extra. |
|
| 36:09 | in any case these are it's just psychopathic. All right. So then |
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| 36:15 | beyond that is very sick layer. the grand negative, 31 92 layers |
|
| 36:27 | most, in fact um the also . Right? You only see that |
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| 36:36 | grand positives, not negatives. it's like a it's a reinforcement. |
|
| 36:42 | a if if you forgot the And see these metal this rebar, |
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| 36:50 | It goes into concrete to help reinforce basically. That's what are they run |
|
| 36:55 | length of the uh the thickness of type of life hand. And basically |
|
| 37:02 | . Right? So these little lines here spanning the whole length there with |
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| 37:08 | we're looking at, help reinforce Um s layer shown there will mention |
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| 37:14 | in the second uh these other chains here, the gram negative more stuff |
|
| 37:25 | . So we have little proteins which the cell wall to the inner half |
|
| 37:31 | the out of it. This is kind of help stabilize it. Right |
|
| 37:36 | the so called sugar and lipids very in that. So uh and then |
|
| 37:48 | out here there's differences between you can a line through the here and you |
|
| 37:56 | differences between molecules that are on the half of the internet, right? |
|
| 38:02 | long um old policy make up the . So essentially in a nutshell, |
|
| 38:13 | Stating how stating changes between these two um both are subjected to this uh |
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| 38:24 | stain. Uh crystal island and iodine helps fix it himself. But both |
|
| 38:32 | be staying this purplish color in the . We both get And also get |
|
| 38:39 | . So it's then where you separate out is what we call decolonization that |
|
| 38:46 | not gonna test you on the you're see it matter. Give it |
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| 38:52 | But the uh so what you do this is the crux of the whole |
|
| 38:57 | if you take 95% ethanol. So will resolve memories. Alright, so |
|
| 39:05 | the has a lot of that member material at here that gram positive does |
|
| 39:13 | the basically kind of dissolves and makes . Right? And that's how the |
|
| 39:18 | negative loses that crystal alliance. So no longer purple after that. So |
|
| 39:24 | decolonization step with that. And so was after that step is gram positive |
|
| 39:31 | . A gram negative is colorless. , well this is where you add |
|
| 39:39 | called the counter today. Right? so that's negative. It's the grandstanding |
|
| 39:46 | . Saffron is pink. So you saffron and then that's it retains that |
|
| 39:52 | course. And that's paint that's the family, grandpa. Perfect. |
|
| 39:58 | So it's all about the nature of had this. Uh so um so |
|
| 40:10 | quick with gram positive then uh don't about knowing the chemical structure, showing |
|
| 40:16 | to you just for illustrative purposes. long polymer molecules. They can span |
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| 40:23 | width of the type of like reinforced walter? Okay, this is a |
|
| 40:33 | that can be somewhat hard to study remember that you know, you study |
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| 40:41 | bacteria these properties you're growing them Uh and you maintain them on growth |
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| 40:49 | . And under those conditions they can certain features. It's not uncommon for |
|
| 40:59 | a brand new quote. You call a motive. Okay you keep him |
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| 41:04 | a very rich road medium for Why would they lose motility over a |
|
| 41:13 | period? Why? Because there's no correct in the context of motility, |
|
| 41:31 | would I lose motility over time? what would be to find and look |
|
| 41:39 | ? What? So you're basically putting a super rich rich means lots of |
|
| 41:46 | and has everything it needs to And this is the requirement to actually |
|
| 41:51 | anywhere. Right? So you're sitting a buffet table. You know why |
|
| 41:56 | moved for us? All right Right. So keep it like that |
|
| 42:00 | a long period of time. It need to be motel and right. |
|
| 42:04 | efficiency. Right? Why hold on this thing that takes energy to move |
|
| 42:10 | here. So similarly s layer the of doesn't need to be maintained in |
|
| 42:17 | in that kind of broke condition. that's the point is there's features here |
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| 42:21 | there. And I currently have when keeping it uh maintained that if you're |
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| 42:27 | making me aware because again, why onto a feature that maybe isn't, |
|
| 42:33 | know, give them an advantage. anyway, the s layer for that |
|
| 42:38 | because it can be lost in their . It is proven that sometimes hard |
|
| 42:43 | find throughout. Okay. But they for those that have it um it |
|
| 42:50 | this kind of a kind of identity net sell flexible, very Horace. |
|
| 42:58 | . There's some space indicated made helped an even surface is okay. Um |
|
| 43:07 | may ride protection of some sort and that have it. Okay. Um |
|
| 43:12 | even something that says for those that their pathogens disease going that may maybe |
|
| 43:18 | various factor. Again, these are of I'm not saying he's comin future |
|
| 43:24 | all back here, that s layers you know, things that have been |
|
| 43:28 | , right? So uh unless it a uh can be a future uh |
|
| 43:36 | sometimes it may have the other uh nonetheless it can be out has a |
|
| 43:46 | around crystalline net around the cell. ? Um so the grant, that's |
|
| 43:56 | it for grandpa Right? That's essentially all their tech organizes maybe for that |
|
| 44:07 | , there's more stuff component. So have uh the liberal approaching and it's |
|
| 44:13 | term Myriad M U. R. . That's that term itself is your |
|
| 44:21 | was like and you see that term means okay, in this context is |
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| 44:27 | liberal protein associated with that which you see in grand negatives. Okay, |
|
| 44:34 | is kind of the somewhat I guess might say the analog of because it |
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| 44:42 | to anchor to anchor this pectoral. can too the outer membrane and keep |
|
| 44:50 | in place. That's what the proteins . Only see those names. |
|
| 44:55 | Um and so we by having this membrane we create now this middle |
|
| 45:02 | okay, that we call the para . Okay. And that can have |
|
| 45:07 | types of molecules. And amazon's floating in there that you may not see |
|
| 45:12 | the on the inside of the cell . So it can be kind of |
|
| 45:17 | own environment on itself. Okay, so a closer look again, uh |
|
| 45:26 | you do see here's the peptide involved that cross bridging. Right? And |
|
| 45:33 | looking into the liberal protein. Um you know the right? The lots |
|
| 45:45 | material, lots of sugary material. old a polymer units um we're missing |
|
| 45:54 | in a second what's called the o . Okay, so that's what that |
|
| 46:02 | to the party's old call sacrifice. , I'm sorry, these things. |
|
| 46:08 | , and so these can produce an react. Okay, um you can |
|
| 46:17 | can identify decades ago this was used in the context of e coli salmonella |
|
| 46:26 | the light That are that are you , obviously the ones of interest are |
|
| 46:31 | that are medically important. Right? one you know, you're familiar with |
|
| 46:36 | the 157 E. Coli okay so so it's a lot of time we |
|
| 46:49 | out that gram negatives had this material they do produce a reaction. So |
|
| 46:56 | can have anti producing antibodies to And it's a it's a means to |
|
| 47:02 | . So we will there's a operator E. Coli or salmonella. Okay |
|
| 47:09 | what kind is it? And then can um taking an antibody specific idea |
|
| 47:19 | everybody is 157 are only gonna buy that particular that particular 1570. |
|
| 47:27 | Very specifically allowed to idea relatively. . So that's kind of what the |
|
| 47:35 | h uh same same thing. So is okay but for the same purpose |
|
| 47:45 | reaction way because we also have various numbers and each number. So um |
|
| 47:56 | so focusing on uh this what we lipid a. Okay so limited |
|
| 48:05 | Is both the plus the sugar sugar kind of anchors it in the membrane |
|
| 48:15 | fatty acid chain. So this is of the part that anchors in the |
|
| 48:19 | . That's what you see here. . And so that in itself has |
|
| 48:25 | particular property as well this endo cox . So all the negatives potentially have |
|
| 48:37 | . It's only an issue like when cells delights when they die they |
|
| 48:44 | Okay because that this material released on the cells intact. Not an issue |
|
| 48:52 | when it dies and then it breaks then that could be an issue that |
|
| 48:59 | this endo toxin effect. Okay again that. This could be a new |
|
| 49:07 | . Right. And so when it's from the south to sell guys that |
|
| 49:13 | throughout the body um your new system can pick this up and detective. |
|
| 49:22 | . And this themselves a little bit . They did chemical cities. |
|
| 49:29 | And these chemicals will then give directions other souls in your body. |
|
| 49:36 | Which basically is called response. And that's all fine. And well |
|
| 49:43 | the response is a localized responsive in certain part of the body, that's |
|
| 49:48 | it's meant to do. If this grant has become sustainable blind wine, |
|
| 49:58 | in your blood circulating throughout and then it and it gives off these lipid |
|
| 50:05 | now circulates around the whole body. , potentially all the assistants. Even |
|
| 50:10 | tax. Okay, now you're finishing that can overwhelm the body. |
|
| 50:18 | Cause localized problem. That's what you're to handle. But body wine. |
|
| 50:26 | . Uh this is over. This overproduced immune response that so very negative |
|
| 50:35 | that's covered in blood and certainly that's good. So that's when it's most |
|
| 50:41 | . Right? And so that's got be careful of and if I like |
|
| 50:46 | ministering what types of antibiotics etcetera. , well we'll talk about this. |
|
| 50:53 | get the last part of the course medical microbiology but this is where the |
|
| 50:58 | is part of this part of the an issue only when license get killed |
|
| 51:05 | it was released. Have the In fact rio the Okay, just |
|
| 51:17 | family mention here about the velocity effect uh and it's something that's it's not |
|
| 51:29 | stuff can Okay. Carbohydrates but not up. But I remember I remember |
|
| 51:42 | gonna have some selectivity generally gets more as you get closer to the |
|
| 51:48 | So whereas you know, you may proteins that will let you know some |
|
| 51:54 | in from the membrane and I guess inner membrane more selective more specific um |
|
| 52:02 | has you know, proper monitored Okay. But again, the point |
|
| 52:08 | that selectivity gets more. So you that. Um Now and then again |
|
| 52:20 | in the grand data we have now space in between remembering paragraphs and I |
|
| 52:27 | have its own environment and enzymes. specific research processes whether transport or |
|
| 52:34 | Okay, but that's that's not Okay. Uh Any questions. |
|
| 52:44 | Alright, so here's an example. What kind of So this is uh |
|
| 53:00 | a grand native Catherine. Okay, experiences fever and nausea. An antibiotic |
|
| 53:10 | is provided to stop the infection. , a few hours later the symptoms |
|
| 53:15 | to worsen the maximum inhibits cell wall . Okay, additional testing, confirmed |
|
| 53:24 | was effective. It didn't work um clubs yellow from the patient and a |
|
| 53:31 | antibiotic mixing Bt was given this proves . So what happened with the |
|
| 53:42 | Yes. Program. Uh Right. . Right. Yeah it was bad |
|
| 53:59 | it was back back so we're maybe . Uh So uh that's the thing |
|
| 54:15 | it that to specifically for counteracting this of effect. So the climates and |
|
| 54:24 | actually bind bind the eliminated so that then negate the this this indoor toxic |
|
| 54:32 | the actual that's that's why that has set. So uh not uncommon to |
|
| 54:43 | to use the that's not a common . Um The really work against cells |
|
| 54:52 | are actively growing. Okay. And better when they do work with uh |
|
| 55:02 | things in fact but collectively together they uh even better. So I guess |
|
| 55:09 | will talk about that. But this an example of that. So um |
|
| 55:16 | so word about synthesis and can. so um real get to it |
|
| 55:25 | But next time we're gonna talk about uh psycho skeletal. Um So you're |
|
| 55:37 | of course if you carry out a cell structure, right carriers have a |
|
| 55:43 | organized extensive network of filaments. There might be two your act and |
|
| 55:50 | intermediate films how they organize and you yourself. Um it's been found 10 |
|
| 55:57 | years ago. Their bacteria have these well. Not as extensive. Okay |
|
| 56:03 | involved in things like cell division uh shape itself and M. R. |
|
| 56:10 | . B. Is one of us in family in rod shaped bacteria. |
|
| 56:17 | and facilitates the synthesis of pepper Okay so you see the and so |
|
| 56:27 | we're dealing with the grand negative. ? See the outer membrane inner |
|
| 56:32 | Okay, so in the middle here see the M. R. |
|
| 56:36 | B. So it's kind of like scaffold in a way holding holding place |
|
| 56:42 | these components. And so here is petrolite camp being synthesized. Right? |
|
| 56:48 | are all so you see the term binding proteins. These are all targets |
|
| 56:53 | uh for for antibiotics. But so petrol I can synthesized here and |
|
| 57:02 | complex moves it moves on this Okay. And so in the rod |
|
| 57:09 | cell it's there's bits of these R. E. B complexes. |
|
| 57:18 | , that are throughout the length of set. Right? And these will |
|
| 57:21 | eventually link up. Okay, We'll connect right to form the whole strand |
|
| 57:32 | the set. Okay, and so it's like a scaffold to kind of |
|
| 57:38 | the whole organizes the whole process. , think of it as like someone |
|
| 57:43 | arrives on the kind of effect Okay. And in different cell types |
|
| 57:50 | it can vary. Okay, so is what the rod shaped cells, |
|
| 57:53 | is what basically what this is showing . Okay, um kind of throughout |
|
| 58:00 | of links. Okay. In cells a center skeletal element in the |
|
| 58:07 | Okay, that facilitates synthesis. there's other types that do it either |
|
| 58:13 | one cold or the other. This again gonna be specific for rod |
|
| 58:18 | Okay, so variation. Okay. it just depends on the type. |
|
| 58:25 | . Now um these types down here either format one pole or the |
|
| 58:32 | These are types that tend to have of these weird shapes like branching forms |
|
| 58:38 | this like that. Okay. Like or club shape this that kind of |
|
| 58:45 | kind of civil since this kind of that kind of weird shapes. |
|
| 58:50 | Uh Right. And of course our . Okay as a as a girl |
|
| 58:58 | in fact there's a term again that not sure if I mentioned this in |
|
| 59:03 | course but it's called play a more . That means a shape that is |
|
| 59:12 | uniform kind of they're not all uniformly same thing or the caucus or |
|
| 59:18 | Um They're like irregular forms and branching . That's terrific of what is |
|
| 59:27 | Okay any questions about that right Here's a question that relates kind of |
|
| 59:34 | . Okay so again its susceptibility to of silk. Okay. Which bacterium |
|
| 59:42 | going to be the most. You three points there. We have opened |
|
| 59:49 | . Um So this is uh something spending a couple of seconds on had |
|
| 59:58 | answering here. Um is that whatever testing antibiotics or even answer questions you |
|
| 60:12 | uh examine the effect on gram negative pop because there are no differences and |
|
| 60:18 | all about the nature of that cell . Okay and this is certainly one |
|
| 60:24 | those and the relationship to growth is that can affect the uh effectiveness of |
|
| 60:36 | for sure, try. Okay. mm 210. Alright, okay. |
|
| 61:17 | across the board there. 1 17 . Okay. Um hit um b |
|
| 61:34 | saw you. And why did you me? Just go Right, |
|
| 61:39 | I'm sorry. Yeah, is that only logic you had be over |
|
| 61:49 | Give me that. Why? you're on the right track. So |
|
| 62:10 | else? Okay. Okay. So like you're alluding to it really boils |
|
| 62:19 | to when when? So you're saying , let's say that you're saying there's |
|
| 62:25 | targets available really when it's growing Right, So in the grow fast |
|
| 62:32 | well in gross form period. we're talking about this. Okay. |
|
| 62:39 | that so that's obviously a bacterial do I? Right, so you're |
|
| 62:44 | see lots of those forms in a growing culture. Okay. And the |
|
| 62:52 | wall synthesis of course, in the shaped cells occurring right here. |
|
| 62:58 | And so that's what that's what we cetaceans occurring there of course. So |
|
| 63:03 | synthesis is occurring as we saw, , little scaffold things across the length |
|
| 63:08 | the rod. Right, so when the and that? And the and |
|
| 63:12 | cue to begin cell wall synthesis is course when the cell is divided, |
|
| 63:19 | ? That's when new several materials moves be made, we're gonna make a |
|
| 63:22 | new cell. You gotta have a wall around or whatever the envelope |
|
| 63:26 | Right? And so that activity is be maximal when a cell is rapidly |
|
| 63:33 | . Okay, so fast growing population lots of cells obviously in that dividing |
|
| 63:40 | , right? Less so in the growing population. So there's gonna be |
|
| 63:45 | targets right, in the fast growing . Okay. And so that's where |
|
| 63:51 | antibiotic really have its effect. Best on a fast growing population, |
|
| 63:57 | so much in the slow growing. And uh that's triana for penicillin but |
|
| 64:04 | other types of antibiotics as well growth it works better when the growing |
|
| 64:09 | Right, there's more targets available. . And so in fact this is |
|
| 64:16 | a strategy that enables bacteria become They can sense the presence of antibiotic |
|
| 64:26 | if they're growing rapidly that that sense that antibiotic will cause them to slow |
|
| 64:30 | to actually not grow to kind of viable but just sitting there. Not |
|
| 64:36 | . And then of course once you it right, there's a there's a |
|
| 64:41 | life, you know that it's in body goes away. So the levels |
|
| 64:46 | reduce then those those so that we're growing now kick in. Right then |
|
| 64:53 | begin to grow multiply. So that's a strategy uh that that text can |
|
| 64:59 | it's kind of okay with antibiotic. want me to grow. Well I'm |
|
| 65:02 | gonna stop and then when it passes I was growing, right? So |
|
| 65:06 | uh that's what they called a persistent persist. You know antibiotics there they |
|
| 65:14 | and then once it goes way and they multiply. So again very |
|
| 65:19 | Okay. On behalf of the. uh So the thing be aware of |
|
| 65:26 | is not only the slow growth, growth difference. But in terms of |
|
| 65:34 | negative and positive difference is the pencil cannot actually penetrate very well through the |
|
| 65:43 | membrane. Okay, so grand negatives that reason I tend not to respond |
|
| 65:49 | of the I remember when you got that's not as amenable to penicillin getting |
|
| 65:54 | there very well. Okay so you to use antibiotics that work better. |
|
| 66:02 | So that means, so that's why always test your testing these kinds of |
|
| 66:07 | you always have because you know, won't necessarily work the same on both |
|
| 66:13 | . Um Any questions. So so in this question, so like the |
|
| 66:24 | like like the more fast growing population it can be yes. Oh |
|
| 66:36 | To sell that outer membrane more more , more hydrophobic chemical structure not officially |
|
| 66:45 | through that as we go into Because there's no balance limiting grandpa. |
|
| 66:52 | um yeah. And so if if has like gram gram negative. So |
|
| 67:00 | third. Okay um there's pencil. so atypical souls, right? So |
|
| 67:11 | , not everything. Not all for I would say among kingdom or domain |
|
| 67:20 | . Okay. I would say the have Or uh let's say 64/7 3rd |
|
| 67:35 | . It's um like 50 50 in of having a cell wall. Okay |
|
| 67:42 | back then. So if pro material bacteria bacteria overwhelmingly they have sold |
|
| 67:53 | That's what I said. Okay um me. As one might so might |
|
| 68:02 | back to two totally different in terms detective bacteria. Okay. Micro planets |
|
| 68:09 | a cell wall altogether. Okay. among the smallest uh bacteria, the |
|
| 68:15 | genome. Uh they call his repertoire in your lungs. Um But they |
|
| 68:21 | so welcome. Okay among archaea I'd likely about 5050 have a cell wall |
|
| 68:29 | doped. Okay. And so but our Kia they have it's called a |
|
| 68:38 | Mirian, a like identical to a bit different. So use the term |
|
| 68:45 | Mirian. Um So the mycobacterium so these have um unusual, unusually thick |
|
| 68:58 | very hydrophobic hydrocarbons. Okay. And it's so prominent that it actually affects |
|
| 69:13 | they look, how they grow, they look when they grow up. |
|
| 69:17 | can see that here in the liquid that they kind of scrunched together and |
|
| 69:25 | on top of the interviews on the . Solid media. They have probably |
|
| 69:31 | crusty looking weird morphology. Okay you your touch it it's like it's like |
|
| 69:41 | flakes off, it's a very weird . Or it can be kind of |
|
| 69:46 | well and so this all relates to nature itself. Okay. And so |
|
| 69:53 | does. Okay but you can't stand branch. Won't stay consistently or give |
|
| 70:01 | up? So you do what's called diffuse heat and very concentrated dye to |
|
| 70:08 | it in itself. Okay, so a fast stable developed for this particular |
|
| 70:14 | . Right? Um And so but much more so of this. |
|
| 70:22 | My colleague gasses basically very long hydrocarbon . You see here mixed in with |
|
| 70:28 | possibilities here and they're very thick and see the thickness of this. Uh |
|
| 70:34 | , so very hydrophobic. So that's these cells tend to stick together and |
|
| 70:39 | this kind of weird growth. Um also means characteristically this group grows grows |
|
| 70:49 | . Alright. You collect growing 10-14 you have Brazilians to sell, |
|
| 70:56 | This takes about 48 hours to get . Okay. And so and it's |
|
| 71:03 | because of this fat. Okay, it also takes time for materials to |
|
| 71:09 | views into that thing and get himself ? So that that leads to a |
|
| 71:13 | growth. Great. It also means these are not easily because my guys |
|
| 71:22 | to penetrate through. So a tuberculosis not a condition you get over |
|
| 71:29 | And 10 days 10 day course of you have the can be a chronic |
|
| 71:36 | years. So that again all goes and it's very thick Cylon below pit |
|
| 71:44 | okay, so again they have the hand but it's far less than what |
|
| 71:50 | have in terms of this other So, um, okay, so |
|
| 71:59 | gonna revisit question again. Any So we're gonna revisit? Here's the |
|
| 72:05 | one we had before and open that , silly yes or no. |
|
| 73:30 | Messed it up. Here we five seconds to go. 321 and |
|
| 73:43 | , we have 1 10 went up 1 70 for uh, f is |
|
| 73:54 | . All right. Thanks folks, . See you guys. Perfect. |
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| 5999:59 | |
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