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GEOL 6390 3D Seismic Exploration - Day1 10-27-23 part1
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00:00 Mm Records in progress. Got Got it. And hey, now
00:09 is gonna be tricky. OK. here we are. What?
00:21 So you guys can here in the should be able to see the
00:26 I am going to minimize the the guys pictures uh who are remote and
00:36 is gonna make sure you're not falling and watch uh watch for questions because
00:43 may not be able to see the here. OK. So I'm gonna
00:47 to minimize that I'm successful there and I have to go through the show
00:54 Bar. I think I view which default. Now there we are.
01:05 . And you guys in the room , you've downloaded the lectures right
01:10 I may update a little bit as learn better. What you backgrounds
01:16 Is anybody working in the exploration or industry today like right now?
01:25 So where are you working? In Colombia. Which company? Oh
01:40 OK. Part of oh OK. OK though. Not actually I will
01:48 , oh I OK. OK. got a Khao in the room
01:55 right? And anybody else working for oil company. Or uh yes ma'am
02:01 am. Ok, cool, Ok, good. Anybody else?
02:10 , sir. Ok, great. else? Ok, so we got
02:18 who are between jobs, nobody be jobs. When you're in the oil
02:25 , when you're between jobs you call self unemployed. Ok. That's what
02:30 do. Ok. Uh, and some of you are students clearing
02:37 I know, uh Javier. He he's been to work for a uh
02:42 geothermal company here in two or three for, for a while.
02:48 So here's the, oh, Yeah, a show that they got
03:03 binder now. Yes, I I work for OXY patrol. Can
03:15 hear us? Ok. Alicia. , I can hear you. Can
03:18 hear me? Oh, at Ok. Cool, great. The
03:28 is on Ty's computer. So he's gonna do some high tech stuff
03:35 in a bit. Uh, the picture is much better now. You
03:38 look good up hour and Anthony, you working or are you between jobs
03:45 what? I'm currently not employed Just a student. I couldn't hear
03:50 response either. Ok. So this be a little challenging without the
03:59 I'm gonna depend heavily on you ty when questions come up. Ok.
04:05 offside and minimize this. There's a of, but to push here and
04:19 , oh, and how it, . I guess I have phone,
04:37 these live shows this way? And then it's wave setting. All
04:57 . So here's the objectives of the . After this class, I want
05:04 to be able to generate a good time structure map. OK? And
05:09 we're gonna, half of the grade gonna be all the labs. So
05:13 gonna be hands on. My feeling your generation of folks learn more by
05:20 after you do it, then you're interested in the theory. So we'll
05:25 do it that way. OK? just gonna do it. You're gonna
05:28 your eye out, then you're gonna why you poke your eye out.
05:31 after the class, you should be to generate a good time structure
05:36 If you have one that's not you recognize that it's bad. And
05:41 if it's equally important, when you a colleague's uh let's say, in
05:48 oil company presentation, and you see real ugly time structure map, you'll
05:54 able to recognize it. OK? you need to be able to quality
05:57 these things. Same thing with uh ball points. So probably many of
06:03 have seen faults in outcrop. Uh seen faults and photographs, you've seen
06:08 maybe on a two D display. you get into a 3d seismic
06:15 uh you'll start to see how folks in three dimensions. OK? So
06:21 the best way to see for uh . We're gonna use color even though
06:27 wearing gray and black today because it's seg shirt, I love color.
06:34 really picky about color. So today the lab, we'll start with,
06:38 color. OK. Effectively use 3d , vertical slices, time slices,
06:45 slices, 3d volume uh visualization co two and three things. At the
06:52 time using red, green, blue magenta yellow, uh U lightness
07:02 It's important to recognize noise and artifacts to seismic acquisition and processing.
07:10 this is a little bit harder for of you who have a geologic background
07:16 little seismic processing. No, I you've all taken Howie Joe's class
07:23 OK. So you know about seismic , you probably still don't know anything
07:27 seismic processing, right? Did he about seismic processing like multiple suppression de
07:39 ? Oh We did talk about OK. Good. So one of
07:44 things you need to do is when have a seismic data volume, you
07:48 to recognize what's geology and what's an . OK. So artifacts are things
07:57 multiples uh noise from another ship uh Houston. If I were to acquire
08:05 right here on campus, I would all the trucks generating sound into the
08:13 on interstate 45. OK. Uh noise, 60 Hertz vibration here in
08:23 US 50 Hertz where uh Jessica is Germany. So you wanna be able
08:29 recognize the noise and then ideally to it. But if you're an
08:34 you may not have an opportunity to it, your G is just,
08:40 just need to recognize it's not OK. That it's, it's
08:46 Then there are things that's a little . There are geologic features that look
08:52 noise, but it's actually geology. things like uh cars collapse features,
08:57 of a cave collapse where you're filling rubble, underwater landslides. We'll call
09:04 mass transport deposits. Salt diet gas chimneys. There are a lot
09:10 things in the seismic data that look , but they're actually telling us something
09:16 the geology. So not everything is nice smooth reflector with simple faults in
09:22 . OK. We want to evaluate quality of the interpreted sections of
09:27 So again, you're gonna be able do it and then you gotta be
09:30 to evaluate somebody else's uh predict which may enhance features of geologic interest.
09:40 an attribute, the seismic attribute is a process that we apply to the
09:48 data that extract some particular piece of . The simplest one is how strong
09:59 a recollection event. Another simple one understand is what is the dominant frequency
10:09 a reflection event? Is it a frequency event or is it a low
10:14 even we can get a little more ? What's the bandwidth of that reflection
10:22 ? We can go look at a in two dimensions of cross section?
10:28 see the reflectors aren't flat. What's dip of that event? They're
10:33 And then what's the curvature of that ? They're broken maybe due to erosion
10:40 a channel. Uh How coherent is event later? OK. So we
10:46 algorithms that measure all of that. the third week, we're gonna spend
10:51 of our time on the algorithms, you'll be using them certainly in the
10:56 week, maybe, maybe even the week. Thank you then. Um
11:03 . So now, so you're gonna out which once you know what the
11:07 do, then you'll know where where and when to use them.
11:14 if I have a, a rock for those of you remote, I'm
11:20 a piece of paper, you may may not see it. OK.
11:23 , here's a plainer piece of paper here's a flat piece of uh curved
11:29 of paper. And a structural geologist tell me the maximum strain is where
11:37 curvature is strongest. So not where flanks of the curve are. But
11:45 , if I make it horizontal, would say it's at the uh what
11:51 positive hinge of the, of the bridge and the negative hinge of the
12:00 . But now I can rotate things 3d that that's still true. The
12:05 where most of the strain, the is greatest is where the flexors
12:10 OK. And that's where fractures will . So now if I'm looking for
12:16 fractures, then uh that's where the is, I'm gonna make use
12:23 OK? As an indicator. And then we're gonna generate images that
12:28 be used for seismic geomorphology. Can just, can you define what seismic
12:35 form? Oh, hang on. my geologist here? Oh, nobody
12:40 to. Everybody is a geologist. I can pick almost randomly.
12:51 you were you, you did I , oh, you're appointing everybody.
12:55 . Now I know the geophysicist. . All right. So, uh
13:00 over there not looking at me, , what's up, Zach is the
13:05 in the corner of the room over . You know uh what's geomorphology?
13:11 idea you can buy a vowel Uh oh, let's, let's have
13:31 knob. Take a crack at Start with morphology, with morphology like
13:44 morph. Do you know what morph in Greek? Morphine shape?
13:52 So morphology is the study of Geomorphology is a study of geological
14:02 So think of uh a questa you know, in the, in
14:09 desert. Southwest doesn't have to be desert, but that's where you see
14:12 a lot. Think of a think of a, a river
14:16 a tall vague or a channel That's geomorphology. Think of a carbonate
14:23 , a build uh that would be . OK. So, defining those
14:27 then seismic geomorphology. Let's go use data to do that. And we're
14:35 come up with things like, if I have a fairly, fairly
14:43 slope and the channel that indicates that flow through that channel was relatively
14:54 And if I'm gonna deposit anything, gonna be coarse grains and peppers.
15:00 the other hand, I have a tortuous channel, OK? Something that's
15:07 like the river meander in Turkey, the flow is slow. Think of
15:15 Trinity River right outside here at If you go canoeing the Trinity
15:20 there are all kinds of uh ends curves and I suppose really easy to
15:26 lost in there on a canoe. . And now the flow is
15:31 very slow and the sediment gonna be , very fine silky type setup.
15:38 by looking at the shape of the , statistically, you could say whether
15:44 is more prone to be filled with or with clay, right? And
15:50 is what geologists do a lot. . Fracture delineation. I mentioned curvatures
15:57 so forth uh reservoir and looking for or what we call bles so barriers
16:07 flow in a reservoir. And then can't read the last one because I
16:14 this in the way. Mhm. . Before I do that, somebody's
16:21 chat ah I got in Javier which Graus Javier says the study of physical
16:29 of the surface of the earth and relation to the geological structure. Of
16:32 , he may have just grabbed that the web because he put quotes in
16:35 nevertheless, well done. OK. um OK. Uh place the horizontal
16:44 . So uh here in uh in United States, but in Colombia as
16:50 like in the John O Basin and forth. Uh horizontal wells is real
16:56 . OK. Uh for the production traditionally unconventional reservoirs. So where you
17:07 the, the well go horizontally through formation, you hydro and fracture
17:13 you increase the pressure so that the are able to slide past each
17:21 They're under stress. OK? So hydraulic fracturing, when you talk to
17:25 environmental b took them, no, , we're no, the earth wants
17:30 break. We're just helping it achieve karma by increasing the pressure. And
17:36 at the OK, that's what we . And then we put little uh
17:42 light those trains in there to keep cropped open. So it doesn't go
17:48 . So where are you gonna put ? Well? If I have cars
17:52 in caves connected to an aquifer, don't want a uh I don't want
17:58 hydraulically fracture near one of those cars . And then you may not wanna
18:03 fractured your fall because I'm just gonna a whole lot of water and I'm
18:08 have to shut my bo down. . Um Then um we won't do
18:16 in this course. But have you Fred Hilker Man's question? He'll talk
18:21 amplitude inversion and he'll emphasize more Gulf Mexico stuff where, and we'll call
18:29 process amplitude versus offset AD L but can actually, I heard that
18:37 Thank you. Um We can uh for some of the elastic parameters.
18:46 . So for P impedance, I'll about p impedance in a bit plus
18:52 you might remember from uh introductory geology , or physics. So the a
19:01 cost ratio will be associated with stands uh sands that are high in pork
19:11 a high possums ratio will be associated clay and ch. But what you
19:17 to do is find where the high ratio, where the low poum ratio
19:23 drill through the sand. If you , I drawly fracture it and then
19:31 out the oil from the more clay areas. If you drill through the
19:38 , it closes right away on you your hydroid fracture, it's more
19:42 more plastic. OK? So we all of that with se. Now
19:51 see, I'm not there we So here's the course online in the
19:55 . We're gonna start with data understanding the Society of Exploration Geophysics Y
20:02 . That's the way your data that already been processed or going to be
20:07 . OK? Um It's pretty but when you start working for a
20:13 , you have to load your own . It's not a standard, it's
20:17 suggestion. OK? So not everybody it. So there are lots of
20:22 of making mistakes, OK? For , the Segway Standard from 1977 which
20:31 software like Petrell uses, they didn't 3D data. So people would have
20:39 find a place to put the cross in the season. Well, in
20:46 , the seg said, ok, supposed to be in location 187 and
20:51 N line index 183 and patrol is be in like five and nine.
20:57 ? And landmark will be nine and and Kingdom suits something else. Thirteens
21:02 17. So there's all kinds of of poking your eye out and,
21:07 you'll find them and just, just it. Um Data quality control.
21:13 we're gonna try to look at signal noise in the labs, 3d visualization
21:17 display. This is, this is fun part. Then in terms of
21:22 , probably today, we'll start with attributes. Then the tedious part,
21:28 too tedious, interpreting faults and generating points. Thanks. And then we'll
21:34 do that starting tomorrow and then interpreting to horizon attributes. That's the part
21:41 takes the longer, especially if you've done it before it. But when
21:48 picking, if you have a difficult getting to sleep at night, like
21:57 Jessica, after she is in Germany two or three in the morning,
22:02 think of picking Horizon. It's like sheep. OK. Very, very
22:10 . OK. OK. Then uh we have our horizons pick, we're
22:16 generate a map. Now, there's associated with patrol. I'll probably use
22:23 pare vocabulary a lot just because that's we're using. But in patrol,
22:29 call a P the pitch, they'll it the horizon. And then when
22:33 smooth and interpolate and put a two surface through it, they're gonna call
22:39 a surface. Other software are they might call the first one
22:44 OK. Uh Generating horizon slices. means we're gonna take that surface and
22:50 through a volume and extract the data that body of volume, generating attributes
22:58 multi attribute rendering or visualization. And some of the pitfalls I I'll illustrate
23:04 of them. Um Most of them gonna, you're gonna do yourself,
23:09 ? You're gonna do something something Once, yeah, twice, third
23:18 you get mad at yourself, you've doing it. OK? But that's
23:21 way you learn just by doing Uh We're gonna use Patrol state of
23:26 art software. I won't say it's best, but it's certainly one of
23:30 top three or four. And um then this guy or can be
23:38 OK? And then here's a picture one of their advertisement as is it's
23:43 guy picture of them advertisement so you obtain enlightenment with the trust. At
23:50 that's what I'm thinking. He OK. Now, risk analysis,
23:55 do we evaluate drilling opportunities? We political risk like Somalia, Sudan,
24:03 , they're not good places to look oil and gas today. I
24:07 they're, they're high risk, they people problems, Louisiana and Norway are
24:13 political risk, but higher economic rise their taxation is much, much
24:20 Ok, then you have taxation So Kuwait is very, very
24:25 It might be 100 and 5%. don't think you can make any money
24:29 Kuwait. Uh, Norway is uh, transportation risk. Oil transport
24:36 offshore Greenland. It's really hot. . You got icebergs, uh,
24:42 water, all of that and far , um, transportation rich from
24:48 Well, Cushing Oklahoma, which is the price of oil is based
24:53 What does West Texas intermediate go for the Cushing Oklahoma pipeline. We got
24:59 lot of pipeline. Ok. So transportation risk is, is nothing.
25:04 And then you got technical risk and what most of us will deal
25:08 As geoscientists, you have drilling uh pressures, temperatures seal integrity,
25:18 fracture response and mainly the effort of engineers production risk, erosion of the
25:26 actually wearing out of the pipes with going through the pipes that can make
25:30 very, very thin. And then coax heavy oil which costs more to
25:37 . It might even have more sulfur it. Uh disposal costs. In
25:43 we have um way that was really 2015 to 2018 called the Mississippi line
25:56 and it was a tur limestone of age. Ok. So lower carboniferous
26:06 for every five barrels of oil, produce 95 barrels of salt water and
26:12 salt water was not like the ocean is 35 parts per 1000. Uh
26:19 was 100 and 40 parts per So hypersaline. So we had to
26:24 rid of that. Uh plenty of to put it, put it down
26:28 above basement in the formation called the . Another limestone, a lot of
26:34 and fractures and stuff in there just it in there real easy to put
26:40 in except that it started causing So that extra pressure in the subsurface
26:49 to the basement fall. So not much fall paint in the sedimentary
26:53 but in the basement from like 1.52 billion years ago, highly fall that
27:00 started moving. So for five years Oklahoma, we had more earthquakes than
27:09 . So the disposal of salt So that's, that's a cost,
27:14 ? Um Then, um of you got to worry about environmental damage
27:20 , right? Then the geologic risk , what's the volume of the
27:25 How deep are they? Is it ? Is it gas, is it
27:32 uh a mixture of the two like uh those kind of things? And
27:37 course, now in the new we might be interested in looking for
27:42 carbon dioxide, looking for hydrogen. . Things of that nature as
27:49 So, um after this section, gonna go through what some of these
27:54 are from a geoscience point of So there's seven components require hydrocarbon
28:02 I think you're very familiar with this then what you're less familiar with,
28:07 the value of seismic data and quantifying different components? Oh, two major
28:16 in mapping hydrocarbons. One exploration which the location of previously untapped Hyder
28:26 Now it may be in Oklahoma. . Where oil was discovered 1901.
28:36 why the SEG headquarters and the A headquarters and originally S pe were all
28:43 Tulsa, Oklahoma because they were super oil field. At the, at
28:47 early 19 hundreds, we still have boycotts. Uh Like I mentioned,
28:53 Mississippi Line, we've drilled through the Line for 100 and 10 years.
28:59 ever thought to drill horizontally, hydroly it and produce oil from. So
29:04 new play concepts uh throughout the world old areas. OK. Then there
29:11 new areas like Xia and South Then there's the development which is the
29:17 of the exploitation stage. And here you wanna do is uh efficiently
29:23 complete and extract the hydrocarbon. So , you know they're there, what's
29:29 best placement of injection well producing? , how many do I need?
29:33 far apart should they be, et ? So here's the components of the
29:39 system we have um as a Uh Here in this case, we
29:48 a gas cap, some oil and there's some water. OK? And
29:54 have a seal above it. We a sport rock down here.
30:01 Typically a black shale and then maybe have to get that source rock has
30:08 be cooked. So that would change into hydrocarbons. And then they have
30:14 get to the reservoir. Right. , ok. So the first part
30:22 the source rock migration pathway reservoir trap then uh seal timing and then
30:36 what's the product you're gonna need, know, oil or gas? So
30:42 the source rock? So it's an rich rock, usually shale, sometimes
30:47 like the Eagle Ford lime. In Texas, the limestone, we call
30:54 Eagle for shale, but it's 60% carbonate. So the black carbonate,
31:00 have to contain an tero and has subjected to the proper temperature and pressure
31:07 to generate and expose economic hydrocarbon. some of you probably have friends who
31:12 organic geochemist and they'll talk about fake . You know, I can,
31:18 put the bread in the oven and has to be in there for a
31:24 amount of time and a certain temperature you say, oh, I'm gonna
31:28 instead of a 400 degree oven that's hot, let's say 350 degree of
31:34 . I'm gonna make it 600 cook faster. Well, it doesn't work
31:40 I'm gonna make it a 200 degree and cook it for 20 days.
31:44 doesn't work either. So it has be the right combination. So it's
31:48 seeing process. Then how does seismic ? In conventional data? We can
31:58 the depth of things. We can the horizon, calculate how depth and
32:02 they are. It gives us no of the temperature. But we're gonna
32:08 colleagues who try to estimate the temperature the few well logs we have understanding
32:14 the thermal gradient, et cetera. we can ask the question is a
32:18 source rock deep enough to generate And has it been there long
32:23 Ok. And then unconventional, I'm , unconventional being more the shale
32:30 uh seismic inversion where we're trying to impedes and plus ratio. We try
32:38 differentiate between more ductile and which ductile toc rich rock. I'm using the
32:49 anisotropic. You may or may not of anisotropic but no everybody except Stephanie
33:06 probably very comfortable with anisotropy because you to take a mineralogy class,
33:12 And then in mineralogy, you had be able to identify minerals in an
33:17 uh microscope lab. And we had ordinary and the extraordinary rays and the
33:24 polarization. That means the velocity of gravel, one speed parallel to the
33:34 structure and at a different speed perpendicular the crystal structure, we have the
33:40 thing with rocks and sound waves. instead of two velocities, we really
33:46 three, we got compressional velocity that we talked about. He probably talked
33:51 a sheer velocity as well. But of a shale and think of the
33:55 that has got a lot of flat in it. OK? And the
34:00 of sound is gonna be higher parallel the flat minerals like mica and,
34:07 uh the different clay minerals. And if the, if the vibration is
34:16 uh parallel to the flat minerals, gonna be faster. And as the
34:23 is going perpendicular to flat minerals, be slower. For a P
34:29 the vertically traveling wave will be Then one's coming at an angle.
34:36 . We use all of that to understand. Well, do I have
34:40 shell? How anisotropic is it? is that related to whether there's carriage
34:45 it? OK. And then we want to know uh an isotropic rock
34:53 a sandstone, they're gonna be easier break, they're more brittle. So
35:00 of taking uh a water glass like , OK. Take a beer bottle
35:06 hit it with a hammer. It's gonna oh drink the beer first.
35:13 that we put in a quart, ? You're gonna break it. If
35:18 take uh a handful of clay and it with a hammer, it doesn't
35:25 , it just eats lunch. Uh . OK. The same thing happened
35:30 Port Rich Rock and clay. Rich . OK. So here's petroleum maturation
35:37 that's only been buried for a little , has to be buried deep and
35:40 and long enough you get oil, deeper and longer wet gas and then
35:45 dry gas and then you go too . All you have is carbon at
35:49 . Ok. So the geochemist uh, will call this uh and
35:56 window. Here's depth. Ok. then a gas window. And then
36:02 here I'm immature. So as you deep in the Gulf of Mexico,
36:10 and older you tend to find only and go where you'll find a little
36:16 oil. OK? I did want and uh here's one for the Woodford
36:24 , which is the big source rock Oklahoma. So we're um nominee to
36:30 plotted this with an energy attribute um found, oh, here's more qu
36:36 areas. So what you wanna do have more of your horizontal wealth in
36:42 green area instead of the magenta Oh And here she, she's
36:51 well, all data. She is geochemist and she broke it up as
36:56 , well, what's the percentage of ? What's the percentage of uh total
37:01 carbon? OK. Then we need migration pathway. It's a connection between
37:06 area where the source rock expulsive, hydrocarbon and the trap in which they're
37:13 . OK. So it's got to there. So how does seismic
37:18 Typically indirectly we can determine what barriers be between the hydrocarbon source and the
37:31 . And, but it can't tell it's been used. So let's say
37:34 have a fault connecting my source rock my reservoir. I really, I
37:40 map the fault. I can map source rock and I can map the
37:44 , but I can't tell from seismic whether oil is actually used that
37:49 right? And so we've got primary , secondary migration. Uh So the
37:59 migration can be through pores or And then you have this migration where
38:04 actually get escapes to the surface and evaporate. And in our uh here's
38:13 example of migration where we're filling in reservoir. Here's my gas at the
38:21 oil beneath and then there's a spill so I can only charge it so
38:27 and then the oil comes up further eventually gets to the surface and that's
38:33 end of it. OK. There's from uh the US and if I
38:43 get your OK. Here is the panhandle. Ah Here's a better
38:53 Here's Oklahoma. OK. Here is and then here's the top of Texas
39:02 here. So this is the Anadarko , the wood from shale. I
39:06 about one of the biggest gas fields North America, the Yucatan field
39:11 in Kansas. And uh what we're to do is show through mapping some
39:19 it from seismic, a lot of from wells, how have things evolved
39:24 time. So here is the OK. And then as we
39:30 we go deeper and the oil starts migrate up. So now I'm in
39:35 Cretaceous and then you early tertiary and the Coury is now. Ok.
39:43 you can see where is the, burial depth there's shallow in the
39:50 then wait cretaceous and then what the is and then early tertiary and then
39:58 tertiary, which is now. So are a little shallower and you can
40:04 it has oil and gas migrating. is about 400 mile. OK.
40:13 how far it migrated. So this Anarchal Basin is strong and rotated.
40:20 one of the deepest basins in, North America, it goes down 40,000
40:26 up against the Wichita Mountains. Reservoir. What's that? Well,
40:31 a rock. Usually a sandstone limestone dolomite has sufficient porosity or force uh
40:38 permeability that's connection between the pores and whole to contain harder carbons for storage
40:45 that allow them to be extract. . So in the convention, conventional
40:52 , if you have well control seismic , we're not gonna talk about
40:56 In this class. Fred Hill you will talk about it in a
40:59 class. Uh It's a good indicator poopy and mythology. We have a
41:07 or a dolemite. OK. But seismic data do not give any direct
41:14 of matrix quantity ability. So can can I allow things to flow
41:20 I can't tell that from seismic I I can statistically take ferocity and
41:28 it through well uh through cores and like that to relate porosity and permeability
41:35 a particular sandstone, particular limestone. from the seismic gate alone, I
41:42 tell permeability whatsoever. Just like I see if the rock is red or
41:47 or purple from seismic data. It is insensitive to color. It's insensitive
41:53 . No seismic an isotropy. What's velocity of the rocks in the east
42:01 direction and the north south direction is to whether the fractures are open or
42:07 . OK? Or if there's intense and the unconventional reservoirs, we don't
42:16 permeability. We're gonna make our own permeability. OK? We're gonna increase
42:22 pressure, rake, the rock stick a little sand grains and held,
42:30 , put them, hold them So we're gonna do impedance inversion and
42:35 either P MP S or Young's modulus plus long ratio that indicates brittle zones
42:41 are more easily trackable. And so an soy indicates the intensity and direction
42:49 horizontal rests. So the maximum stress the earth is almost always vertical.
42:59 then you can imagine in front of rocky mountains. In Colorado, the
43:05 horizontal stress is perpendicular to the rocky and not always the case, but
43:10 is true in Colorado. And then minimum horizontal stress is uh parallel to
43:17 rocky mountains. So the fractures that gonna be more open will be East
43:21 fractures and the one will be closed the north south fractures. OK.
43:27 we can kinda estimate that. And here is uh we've got effective
43:34 non effective ferocity, total ferocity. The effect of porosity, it is
43:42 ferocity that we can move the oil water and gas out of it.
43:49 the non effective is mhm uh The is trapped on the surface of the
44:02 . Now you guys in your if you're gonna spend more time on
44:07 , because when we put carbon dioxide an oil reservoir, which a lot
44:14 companies done for 40 years. But so now uh to get rid of
44:21 dioxide, trying to at least be neutral. OK. What happens is
44:28 CO2 sticks to the rock greens more the oil. So it actually pushes
44:36 out and it gets stuck there and can't move it out and it's there
44:43 , for all time. Right there's some, if you fully
44:47 then you can push it through. that's one of the goals of CO2
44:52 is let's get it in there and it stick to the rocks and,
44:56 not move anywhere. OK. So statistical relations between porosity and permeability and
45:05 can say, well, here's kind a log linear picture. And then
45:12 here in Texas, there's an upper and there's a Nakato sandstone. So
45:17 like each formation depending on how that was weighed down. The green
45:22 gonna have a different track, but engineers will try to correlate statistically permeability
45:29 philosophy, right? But we can't it from seismic data. Now,
45:35 an improved ferocity estimate from surface seismic got a time structure map, red
45:43 shallow, um blue and purple are . I've got some vertical wells and
45:52 I have ferocity from the whales and seismic competence inversion. OK. So
46:01 gives me an idea. Now, are the areas of high porosity which
46:05 going to be reds and yellows? are high porosity areas. This one's
46:11 low porosity. This one's a low . This one's high porosity. That's
46:17 of the products that we, we . OK. Number four out of
46:24 , you're gonna take a break at or eight. What's a trap?
46:28 a configuration of geologic formations and folks when bounded by an imp permeable
46:37 common seals are, are shale but is a, is a good seal
46:41 well. And hyd, right? . What's anhydride? OK. An
47:07 . Do you know what an hydrate ? And he's richer, I
47:11 but it's a type of salt. what's the formula for it? It's
47:25 . You don't remember. OK. a new gal in the distance.
47:32 what's your name, ma'am? Hi, welcome. OK. That's
47:38 I'm asking the question because I I know a lot of, you
47:41 , you just, you do it mineralogy. Uh And then you never
47:46 it again. Ok. Let's Oh yeah, see he's not looking
47:52 me again. So obviously I'm I'm gonna pick on Zach.
47:59 On what? So four calcium right? Ok. Um No.
48:10 . Since you're on the web, is the, if I'm gonna make
48:14 statue, do I call it an ? What's the like, not commercial
48:23 but the uh, the gem, not a gem because it's not a
48:29 but it's more valuable than an AJ. OK. Now, close
48:39 other direction. So Jim, you're looking on the web,
48:43 Come on, you can do That's OK. You can do
48:48 And so if you, if you 0.5 h2o to calcium sulfate, you
48:54 gyp. So, so yes, . What was your? No,
48:59 not gonna be dolomite. It's uh you ever heard of Alba or?
49:05 . Like the Egyptian windows and scarabs stuff like that. So Alabaster is
49:10 of like the um no, it's a gem but a valuable form of
49:18 hike, right? And so we a lot of an hydroid in this
49:22 then carbonate systems. Are you gonna any carbonate geology? You've already done
49:31 ? OK. Different class maybe. . So as you're evaporating the
49:36 what precipitates for? OK. Not ocean. Let's say you got an
49:41 . Um You're down at Galveston, know those little shallow pools of water
49:50 kind the sand dunes when I What what minerals drops first. It's
50:05 the first one really gonna drop is is gonna be calcium sulfate, it'll
50:09 anhydron. Then the next one will calcium carbonate. And then after that
50:15 . So, so what you have a lot of places in the
50:21 a layer of salt and hydrate, and hydrate and hydrate will have limestones
50:31 it as well. And it makes uh a very difficult layer to see
50:36 seismically and it's easily dissolved by meteoric , by rainwater. OK. Also
50:48 a good seal, West Texas Permanent . You got a lot of bugs
50:54 pores in the rock. You fill with an hydrate, makes a great
51:00 out of side. M help the . The major use of seismic is
51:04 map a trap. Let's map the , let's map the faults.
51:12 So different kinds of reservoirs. Uh is a stratigraphic trap. So I've
51:19 a carbonate. Uh Well, here's better example of a carbonate build
51:26 I've got gas, oil and This might be the an hydrate at
51:31 top of the carbonate boat. And the rest of this might be dolomite
51:37 this might be Rhinestone. OK? here is a uh uh angular and
51:45 . My reservoir is here that's oil and here's just uh maybe the edge
51:51 a, a sand fan or something that. So I've got shales around
51:56 and I've got sand, gas on oil water structural trap. Here,
52:04 looking at a dome, uh just structural dome and here might be the
52:11 water contact and have oil and gas the middle and water outside. And
52:17 here's a, this cross section Here is my seal. Here's my
52:25 , gas oil and then non porous underneath and then here's other things.
52:36 . So here I've got a I've got gas and oil. I've
52:40 a ceiling fault. We don't know the faults are ceiling or not from
52:44 data. And in this case, got a reservoir and a reservoir and
52:51 gas oil and water off it And then here's another structural trap common
52:58 the Gulf of Mexico where we have the salt comes up and the basin
53:06 go down. We have more accommodation in the middle and the sand layers
53:14 rotated and up dip is named for , salt. Salt. Salt is
53:20 dissolved by oil and gas and these uh the traps of the last 100
53:27 . Now, we're mainly in subs but ok, finally seal or almost
53:33 seal. What is it? Imperial Ko Salt and hydrate? Right.
53:42 how does it help conventional hard to heels from seismic data? We can't
53:49 whether it's got a perm because we know whether it's permeable or not.
53:52 can we tell him it's a However, if we have no risk
53:58 certain shale formation, we can track and we can assume it continues.
54:04 since that's not a bad thing that unconventional, we um we use seismic
54:13 lot. So we're looking for drilling to avoid. So I mentioned uh
54:20 features. So if my, if seal is all of a sudden eroded
54:26 an area above it, I don't to drill a horizontal well near
54:29 but I'll connect to the octopus, ? Likewise joint and then you have
54:39 . So all of these events have occur in order clearly, if my
54:46 migrates before I generate the trap, not gonna trap it. OK.
54:53 have to trap first. So this a major use of seismic data in
54:57 reservoirs. Um timing. OK. a big word, we're not gonna
55:04 doing this in the class, but others might do it. How plastic
55:13 is another term is. Yes, . Well, that I, oh
55:25 can do this. Oh, this , that one? There's only four
55:38 . Oh, here you're gonna fight I videoed him. Oh,
55:46 Good. And, but would that the, the chat? Oh,
55:51 does that. OK. We got chat question here. Yeah, so
55:56 . Thank you, Alicia. you're supposed to tell me when somebody
56:00 a check. OK. All I'll ask her a harder question
56:10 OK. So with palinspastic reconstruction, we wanna do is unfold the rocks
56:16 unfold them to see what the environment deposition was when they were laid
56:23 So we're doing backwards geologic evolution. , we're gonna on erode them as
56:31 . OK. So here you can in the first step, here's my
56:35 seismic data with uh some faults on . I'm gonna slide the data along
56:42 faults and then I'm gonna unfold and even. Yeah. And this shows
56:48 , oh, what the, oh had uh more accommodation space. I
56:52 a thicker formation on the left and on the right, right. Here's
57:00 balanced batic reconstruction. Today's geology, highly faulted and folded, unaltered a
57:09 unfold. It, you get a idea of what the geology looked like
57:14 the past. Now, this is easy to do in two dimensions and
57:18 three dimension, it is really difficult do. Ok. So here's an
57:24 used in evaluation of a North fatigue uh in the red areas which were
57:33 a good prospect was uh more than of the Jurassic fall blocks have rotated
57:43 lifted and, and uh lost their over geologic time. So let's not
57:49 that acreage and the yellow areas 30 50% have a breach seal,
57:56 rotated up, everything came out and they rotated it down. Looks like
57:59 good trap today, but it wasn't good trap 50 million years ago.
58:05 ? And then the green areas, , that's pretty good. This is
58:08 oil, one of the Norwegian Ok. Final one product, oil
58:14 , condensate water in the reservoir. of seismic Health. Conventional. That's
58:19 a bit for gas, like in shower part of the Gulf of
58:24 Um, and Fred Hilman will spend lot of time on amplitude versus
58:30 So I'm gonna let him talk about and minimal for oil because the impeding
58:37 oil and water is very close. , it's hard. You need a
58:41 of well control and for unconventional, a different, a different problem.
58:49 don't have five wells on the We have 1000 wells in the bridge
58:55 . We got a lot of So now we're gonna play a statistics
59:00 about, oh, this is the rich area. This is the gas
59:04 area. Oh, this is the grown area. And now we're gonna
59:08 seismic data to help Pate, Um Natural gas. Uh Oh,
59:19 this past year. OK. Terms uh price. So here's the
59:26 It's been $4 and then uh last it was up to $8 in Europe
59:31 uh the Ukraine war and now it's back to the 40 and then here
59:37 uh pricing oil. OK? There's bright spot. I'll spend some time
59:49 this. And so here is a spot here and then there's a glad
59:56 there. So uh this is the sand in the Gulf of Mexico.
60:03 our energy coming from? This is year, petroleum, 36%. This
60:12 in the US natural gas, 32% , 11% nuclear, 8%. And
60:19 here's all our renewal. Now, renewables growing, ok. Coal has
60:25 coal used to be 35%. Uh we're still using a lot of petroleum
60:31 gas. And you guys are gonna to figure out how to address
60:36 And then here's energy production and consumption and their prediction. So the prediction
60:44 uh dry, natural gas is going continue to increase coal is or oil
60:50 gonna flatten off renewable energy will It might grow faster than what this
60:55 was. Coal is going to continue drop nuclear black unless we change the
61:03 hydro flat because there's no new rivers damp. And then here's the energy
61:13 uh by type petroleum and other liquids gas, coal, nuclear, I
61:23 have it by application. Uh So is mainly for transport assets for electric
61:33 generation and some manufacturing um coal is electric power generation. OK? There
61:45 a us dry natural gas production uh around 2018. There's conventional gas,
61:52 way I used to look for OK? And gas, it was
61:58 conventional and then uh the biggest producer the world. But let's say North
62:04 , I think that's what this is is the Marcellus in Pennsylvania,
62:10 West Virginia. And then Barnett is Texas. The ban, which is
62:18 hess that just got bought by That's up in North Dakota.
62:25 Nares Colorado. Here's the Mississippian I talking about in Oklahoma. Um,
62:34 , the green. That's the biggest . Ok. That's why Exxon
62:38 uh, fine here. Thank And here's the crude production. So
62:49 can see the unconventional is more it's about 60%. So unconventional
62:56 there's more unconventional gas than conventional So which one convention? Right?
63:03 the um, crude production, the Camp, the Bone Springs, the
63:10 , they're all West Texas and New . Uh We go, we go
63:15 South Texas. Bacon is North Dakota . And then so all of this
63:25 is oil production in the United States then here is Alaska Gulf of Mexico
63:32 other. But these are the conventional . So we're producing twice as much
63:37 unconventional as conventional. Ok. So American shale gas plays conventional on the
63:45 . We have a source, we the oil and gas to the
63:50 We have to have a seal or . The source is the seal and
63:58 don't have to move the oil Ok. So here are unconventional reservoirs
64:05 in North America. So once you , uh probably familiar with, here's
64:11 , like Eagle Ford is down here here and all the way into
64:16 Uh And then here's the Barnett like Worth, Fort Worth basement. Here's
64:22 , Woodford, Fayetteville, Arkansas, . Woodford and West Texas. Then
64:28 have them in Western Canada. Here's ban and then the big one here
64:33 the, uh, the Marcellus played the Eastern US. And most of
64:44 are geologists and you know about four basins, right? We are quite
64:53 . Esaro de Colombia. So Columbia into South Texas. You know how
65:02 million years ago, maybe 2 50 years ago. So Columbia crashed into
65:06 Texas and formed the this thrust belt , the Wichita Thrust Belt and there's
65:15 and so forth in Oklahoma and Texas they can trace to Columbia. So
65:21 formed uh mountains, the Ouachita mountains front and then in front of those
65:27 , was this a fairly shallow 40 basin? And in that 40 land
65:33 , we had a lot of platonic . A lot of little animals growing
65:40 dying and growing and dying. The was not good. So when they
65:49 , they're carro of guts were And, and this happened throughout North
65:58 , other poisons in the world. North America has, is particularly lucky
66:03 we have all of these basins that shale resource place today. OK.
66:11 here's a conventional reservoir and unconventional. , and you're sub seismic uh determined
66:21 rock, not likely source seismic doesn't . If you're higher tech, you
66:28 determine the source rock and you can out what the toc rich areas of
66:33 source rock are in an unconventional migration hard to do in the, in
66:40 shale resource point. The oil doesn't anywhere. So you don't even have
66:44 look for the migration pathway uh reservoir the same for both trap by its
66:52 important for the trap. The reservoir the trap for unconventional because there's no
67:00 . The seal not very good. , we're gonna look at the co
67:06 where are their faults going through? shale reservoir cars collapse above or below
67:14 that rivers that have cut through. , we call them drilling hazards.
67:19 . So there are problems that the has to deal with timing really,
67:24 important for conventional, not very important her uh unconventional because the oil doesn't
67:30 anywhere and then product are about the . You need a higher techno.
67:39 . Got some word. So any ? Oh, on the um
67:46 I have notes pages on the bottom almost all of them. Not 100%
67:51 95%. So what questions do we from those of you who are long
68:02 ? And I'm looking for a chat a uh oh, I get their
68:09 up again. I or maybe I sharing. No. Ok. Ut
68:28 me here. How do I get pictures to show up again?
68:36 there it is. Ok. And . Oh, now I got.
68:42 , is that thing? Ok. . All I see is me.
68:46 right. OK. Any comments from Javier, Anthony Jessica. But ye
68:56 a in Deutschland. He's in Ok. She, she's getting another
69:06 . Ok. How about you Any questions here? All right.
69:11 take, uh, and then a . Oh, I got a chat
69:18 . Not all is good. She's ? Ok, good. All
69:23 Uh, let's take a 1010, minute break. Come back at about
69:29 . Our time. OK. Have cried? I normally I would skip
69:38 , but talking to several right now haven't had a big background in
69:46 So did, are you a OK. So I wanna ask you
70:03 . I like to pick on make sure he's uh paying attention.
70:07 Zach is in the corner of the here. Tell me all you know
70:13 impedes and reflection coefficient. OK. much. OK. I impeding reflection
70:40 . OK. You, hey, reflections in hydrology. OK.
70:47 So I'm gonna, normally, I skip that, but I'm gonna go
70:50 it so that we don't get All right. And, but I
70:55 skip the background material for the seismic where you've got forces and receivers.
71:00 can, you see them, those you who live in Houston, you
71:03 them going up and down the Uh They look like garbage trucks.
71:09 Viber size and uh Jessica there in , they've got a bunch of surveys
71:18 acquired for geothermal work in the city Munich. I don't know if you're
71:22 Munich or in South Germany. And um and Javier uh well, he's
71:28 learn all about sources and receivers when starts working geothermal. So do unmute
71:36 or is that? Ok? It's . OK. So I can just
71:39 rid of that. And so this gonna be section uh one c background
71:48 and oh I got a doctor sorry this. Got close like that.
72:00 ? For one background material here we . And I've gotta go, I
72:15 for being forward with this. But you're in zoom, I don't see
72:21 normal appearance. And then I also to reset the display setting each time
72:32 showing up on the screen here. . OK. And then I can
72:39 this. So here we, this uh section one C but we wanna
72:47 to the property and density OK. normal incident reflection coefficient from the P
72:57 imped just normal incident Fred Hilter in talk he's next semester, right?
73:03 . He'll talk about reflection coefficient as function of incident. And uh gonna
73:10 convolve a simple wave reflection series to a synthetic seism. Howie Joe probably
73:16 about convolution and de convolution 20 And Zach, you have no idea
73:22 convolution is, right? Think of as copy paste. OK. Copy
73:29 . Then we'll get, we'll get this and then given a template using
73:33 to estimate uh brittleness. OK. here's some P wave velocity. What
73:40 the sound? What is the speed compressional waves? So if you take
73:46 slinky, if I take the swanky expand and contract it, that's gonna
73:52 a P wave. If I take slinky and I rotate it uh in
73:57 vertical plane, that's a sh a polarized shear wave and I rotated in
74:03 horizontal plane that's a horizontally polarized shear . OK. So you can do
74:08 with a swanking the P wave The compressional velocity is going to be
74:14 than the sheer velocity or what we an isotropic material isotropic. If you
74:20 Leon Thompson for one, you you what isotropic and an isotropic is because
74:26 is the prince of an isotropy. . But anyhow, isotropic means the
74:34 is the same in all directions. . So the velocity is the same
74:42 all directions. So it's isotropic, permeability is the same in all directions
74:49 it's isotropic. So they they affectability to a sandstone formation perpendicular to advance
74:59 formation. I think you can see they would be uh different.
75:04 the speed of light of electromagnetic waves be anisotropic as well. OK.
75:11 talked about with optical minerality. So uh you know, people in sandstones
75:21 unconsolidated stand and if it's very, tight, like all the brains are
75:28 together with your ferocity, it's gonna a fairly high velocity quay and shale
75:34 a range as well up shallow, be very, very slow down
75:38 It can get faster. It it can be uh in the shallow
75:44 like the Gulf of Mexico, Fred will spend time on this as
75:49 In the shallow areas, the shale typically be faster. Then the sand
75:55 as you go deeper it turns then we'll go through a lecture with
75:59 . Probably tomorrow. Then here's the . They're faster. Ok. And
76:06 dolomite are faster. So, getting the names down here. Ok.
76:13 gonna stop and um, Zack. , hang on. Hey, but
76:24 dog license. Hey, what's the ? One of them? One?
76:44 , that's uh gypsum and uh, hydrate galaxy. Yeah. Ok.
76:54 . Now, what's the goal of ? Hm. Ok. Are you
77:03 for an oil company yet? on your performance evaluation, you'll have
77:10 say Hayden knows precious little about He needs to go to a field
77:15 in the Caribbean and, and take . Ok. Yeah, that's what
77:22 gotta do when you don't. So else can help uh, buy
77:27 he's gonna buy a bottle. So I Yeah, what? It's a
77:39 rocks? And what's the first part it? Calcium carbonate is, it's
77:49 magnesium in it too. Yeah. it's a calcium magnesium carbonate and the
77:56 ion is taller than the calcium So when you have a lot of
78:03 reef or carbonate anything it would come . It's typically by rainwater coming down
78:14 dissolving some of the calcium and re . You get about 8% poro,
78:20 about 8% more porosity in the dolomite in a limestone. Ok. So
78:27 are good. Ok. So you lay down your limestone and then I
78:33 it and you get to do. , if you walk along the beach
78:36 , uh Jamaica, you walk along beach and oh, so many of
78:42 Caribbean Islands and eight, you can't on the outcrop of the rock because
78:50 an extremely sharp uh rocks, you , kind of like little spherical holes
78:57 them and it'll cut right through your . OK. So that's, that's
79:02 you're gonna know what a dopamine is cutting your feet down thing. But
79:06 have a very new ghost purpose, rough purpose. Ok. Uh So
79:13 a carbonate reservoir, typically, the is figure out where the dolemite part
79:18 versus four of limestone. But then you need to do is have your
79:32 , you uh comes up round the , got the ferocity in it.
79:42 you want, we're gonna bury it instead, then really quick before it
79:48 in all the floors with more preserve that porosity. And the best
79:55 of preserving the porosity is filling it hydrocarbon right now, figuring it all
80:02 time is, is hard. Yes, sir. Ok. Where
80:11 my thing? All right. Got it. Ok. So,
80:28 those of you far away wai just my batteries. You're not, you're
80:33 falling asleep. Ok. Then, , other end members. Pure
80:41 Now, do we have Pure huh? Yeah, we might
80:45 um, a quartzite rock that's common the Middle East. Ok. And
80:49 very, very brittle and the porosity almost all fracture porosity. So,
80:54 big reservoirs in Kuwait tend to be . Then um gypsum is fast and
81:02 is really fast. Uh salt is and then over here, you might
81:09 uh granite and uh a diabase, know, some of your igneous
81:14 So statistically, you can plot uh , I've got density along the horizontal
81:30 . I've got velocity along the vertical . This is for P waves and
81:34 can see uh statistically you can kind estimate the density in grams per centimeter
81:46 by the velocity and 1,000,000 ft per . So it's some mixed unit.
81:55 . But salt is quite separate. coal was gonna be very slow.
81:59 don't think I had coal in the image. Let me see. Ah
82:02 cool. So coal is gonna be well, organic shales like we have
82:09 a resource place. They're gonna be , very small. Here's water 1500
82:14 per second. Unless we have more . Then what happens? That was
82:23 you know about the uh so far you're not, you're a different kind
82:32 , you're not an ocean hydrologist that . So the so far channel is
82:40 low velocity zone in the oceans about maybe two kilometers deep, a kilometer
82:50 two kilometers deep. And what we is a temperature gradient going down and
82:55 salinity gradient. So we have low down deep, like four °C,
83:02 temperature, you know, 25 °C the surface And then the salinity,
83:08 salinity at the surface. And then it kind of decreased because of
83:13 You get a low velocity zone in middle. And that allow in World
83:20 two for military pilots who parachuted in Pacific Ocean, they would have a
83:26 of dynamite, they drop it, would sink to about a kilometer
83:31 explode and then stations in the Aleutian , Hawaii, uh Chile and South
83:38 , they could actually determine where they . And that Sofa R,
83:48 It overlaps a lot. So there's simple differentiation. So here is the
83:55 density plot for different sedimentary rocks. the greens are like where the shales
84:00 . The carbonate statistically are higher velocities higher densities. The an hydrates are
84:08 highest impedes that you'll run into a of steel like the metal steel is
84:15 6000 m per second. Ok. here's where our gas shales are.
84:21 , the gas shales tend to be velocity because they're not really shales.
84:25 tend to be a lot, a of quartz in them. If they
84:29 have a lot of quartz in they might have oil in them,
84:33 we can't hydraulically fractured because they're not in them. So there's a engineering
84:40 on what we mean by a gas , I should say economic gas
84:45 Ok. Another picture P wave velocity one ratio. Yeah, let me
84:54 on one of my two geophysicists croissants . Do you remember what it
85:04 Let's see. Yeah. Squish squash good. Ok. Ok now
85:09 she says it's qu squash. That's . Yeah. Um ok so you're
85:21 take a cylinder and I'm going to it this way and then it's gonna
85:27 out radially that's ratio. Now if , if you think of it as
85:35 a rectangular prison, if I push down, let's say 10% and it's
85:44 filled with and that prism is made water, then it'll go out 5%
85:51 the two directions. Ok. And the volume. The water has a
85:58 of 0.5 right in. If it's , we're going to say it's incompressible
86:08 and shales have a pro ratio that's to water like 0.40 0.45 and quartz
86:18 a low plot ratio, close to . So it's a little bit like
86:25 cork. So I know all of people are very health conscious. You
86:30 drink wine except a couple of you Jack, he doesn't know about quark
86:37 he never has to put the cork in the bottle. He finishes the
86:43 . Ok? But if he he would say, hey, I
86:47 squeeze that in and it's not expanding , as I'm squishing and it's
86:52 What did you say? Splatting and does not. Ok. So
86:58 it has a ratio of about Ok? Uh Another one like that
87:03 um printing type. So like lead that they print newspapers with that they
87:11 hitting them. You you don't, actually have a personal, it's a
87:15 bit negative. You don't want it much as you keep printing,
87:18 printing. OK? Awesome. So uh coal and shale have a
87:25 high platonic ratio. Uh fluids have high platonic ratio and then here's
87:34 So quartz is a 0.10%. If fill it with fluid now it's gonna
87:39 between fluid and sand. Bye. you an idea of that. And
87:45 the frable gas sands dash shales gotta cords. Where's the cords come
87:51 OK. So here we got this . Blame it on Columbia.
87:56 So Colombia came in, crashed into Texas formed the Wichita Mountains. You
88:03 this uh basin in front. Poland Basin in front. Everybody is
88:12 reproducing, reproducing dying. They rain , their guts are carri but there's
88:21 pyst, their skeletons. If you to think of it as a
88:26 It's an exoskeleton work. So what is we get a mixture of quarts
88:34 uh organic carbon. Hey, that's . That's what we want. We
88:38 a high quart and uh and uh high organic carbon possible. We got
88:48 waves. Uh Fred will talk about a month, Fred Hilman, I
88:53 a P wave down P wave coming . OK. It's going to reflect
89:00 sheer wave, it's going to transmit key wave, it's going to transmit
89:04 shear wave. And this picture tries show at one time it was a
89:08 kind of animation but now it's not , right? Uh You can see
89:14 the polarization are different one polarized perpendicular the ray path. The other is
89:19 to the ray path, uh rare faction compression, rare fact,
89:25 I measure the P wave he cut this is now you gotta really
89:32 thanks are if I'm measuring only the weight and I'm not measuring the sheer
89:39 that sheer wave still exists. I'm measuring the transmitted P wave, I'm
89:45 measuring the transmitted shear wave. Those still exist the energy lost from the
89:51 P to the upcoming s the downgoing downgoing P impact the energy of
90:01 So therefore, we can estimate not vertical incident because the vertical incident he
90:07 down, you only get P wave . OK. But at incident angle
90:13 are now sensitive to sheer velocity and course density as well. OK.
90:20 , acoustic impedance is a function of matrix of the rock. What the
90:26 is, what the ferocity is the in the rock, what the fluid
90:31 inside the hole and maybe even the of the poor. So let's not
90:36 too much about that. But you imagine uh a very, very black
90:46 easier to compress than a, a four. OK. Just the
90:55 OK. So we have uh fluid velocity and density that fills the
91:03 And then one minus porosity is go a matrix rock, let's say quark
91:08 its density. OK. And then average those guys. So we're gonna
91:12 impedance of layer 1234. Here's what need to know the impedance of the
91:20 layer is the density times philosophy. , that's it, right? And
91:26 uh here's the impedance of layer here's the impedance of layer N plus
91:32 T waving. T we're not talking sheer waving. Got a wave coming
91:38 , refracted wave or transmitted waves, wave. Let's not worry about the
91:43 wave right now. I'm thinking close vertical incident. So for ver vertical
91:50 , the reflection coefficient is the impedance the lower layer minus the impedance of
91:56 upper layer over their. So so you need to know this,
92:01 ask you a question tomorrow. Got a practice quiz. And then next
92:09 , no, next Friday, I'll you a question if you can.
92:13 ? So you need to know So I have, if I'm going
92:17 low impedance to high impedance, I a positive reflection coefficient. If I'm
92:22 from low impedance with even lower in I have a negative reflection co So
92:33 is convolution and I, I know a Joe talked about convolving all the
92:40 and I could write it down mathematically I think you'll get a better feel
92:47 it if we do it graphically. convolution be a power point. So
92:54 my impedance profile. Remember I had formula lower minus upper. This is
92:59 be a positive reflection coefficient all along . 00 reflection coefficient. Why impedance
93:05 change? OK. Then I go to higher oh high or deeper positive
93:13 coefficient. Now I'm going from high a medium negative replacement coffi medium to
93:19 impede negative question. Oh I am positive reflection co so I go calculate
93:27 guys. There will always be between and one. I'm sorry, minus
93:31 and plus one and for it will like 0.1 is a big reflection
93:39 So here is the first reflection I'm gonna take this wave. I'm
93:45 scale it by that spike. I'm copy and paste. That's convolution.
93:54 think powerpoint copy paste. There's the one bigger copy page but I got
94:03 scale of digger. Next one, copy paste got scale it but make
94:10 negative see how it's upside down. these two actually interfere. OK.
94:20 then another pocket of one. So convolution. So if I add
94:24 I'll have a stronger negative guy That's my child play room. And
94:32 I have something that like increasing due compaction or diet Genesis where I have
94:41 gradient of cloth, not a discreet like in Oklahoma where we have paleozoic
94:48 , but here in South, not Texas coastal Texas where basically the deeper
94:54 go, the longer the rock has in the ground and the more lit
94:59 become, it's become lit mainly because diogenes a little bit from mechanical
95:07 But as you take your grains, pointy parts of your grains, they're
95:11 pressure, they dissolve and then re in where the core spaces are.
95:18 that's, that's what's really happening. . We say compaction don't use that
95:24 with a geo like this. That's call it increase in velocity due to
95:29 genetic alteration. OK. If we that problem and I might show you
95:35 an example of this tomorrow. But if I had a slope come in
95:42 , I would represent that stroke with bitty bitty stair steps and then each
95:48 bitty stair step would make a little bitty reflection coefficient and then I would
95:52 him just like I did here and have destructive interference all over and over
95:56 just at the two ends, I'll something kind of smeared convolution. Ah
96:03 it is. Here's that example. . Paper by Rebecca latter replace that
96:10 compaction gradient by stair steps all little spikes down here. OK? A
96:20 bit bigger spikes here. But, here's my source way. But with
96:27 wavel on it, see how they , I'm gonna get a lot of
96:34 destructive interference here. Now let's add up and we get her picture.
96:42 ? So this guy looks like a wavelet. This one is a more
96:47 wavelet. Uh and this one's this one's positive and smeared and this
96:53 so smeared. I just see a positive and this one, I just
96:56 a positive negative. Bye. And what we do with inversion in Peter's
97:05 , we take this data, we to understand what the way bullet
97:11 There's ways of estimating that. And need, we never measure data like
97:16 two Hertz or five HTZ because the we need, we need would be
97:22 big. We crush all the roads maybe five Hertz but definitely not two
97:28 . We need to interpolate that from control. We have to somehow estimate
97:34 . And then here's what we you know, hey, this looks
97:36 lot like this image except it doesn't the sharp edges. OK? I
97:45 have the sharp edges. We don't data at 150 Hertz made 100
97:53 Right. So, uh, and overshoots a little bit. Did Howie
98:02 talk about the Gibbs phenomenon? Stay in the line, stay in
98:14 line. You don't know who the are, the pgs. Ok.
98:21 guess I gave myself, you probably don't know what Disco is,
98:26 we grew up during the Disco time . So that's the Gibbs phenomenon but
98:31 actually the Bee Gees. But there's scientist who's scientist called Gibbs. And
98:37 he would say if you, if put a sharp filter at the
98:42 you're gonna overshoot and undershoot. We might see dedication. OK.
98:47 a synthetic seismograms uh age going down axis, velocity going down this axis
98:58 smooth. This is almost certainly a coastline. Uh you know,
99:03 Gulf coast kind of thing. Here's density that changes a little more
99:10 the density times the velocity and the uh that gives you your reflection
99:15 Here's my refreshing book. I got and Negatives. I take my wt
99:20 I have to estimate somehow and I pasted it. And here's my synthetic
99:27 . And what you'll do is especially you're working as a geologist, you're
99:31 have the well lo and you're gonna to take your whale data which is
99:37 in depth and t it through the data which is measured into a
99:45 OK. But that's another course. , Fred might talk a little bit
99:50 it, but, well, that's we want to get this stuff.
99:55 , dipping across probably o um Now, reflection coefficient can change in
100:05 due to different compaction between sands and , different digenetic effects between sands and
100:11 . So the shales will go from , Monte more one night, the
100:17 uh give me another one. So I OK. Yeah, you go
100:24 the different uh anti not an hydrate ankle, right? And you keep
100:29 on and on. So each time get tighter and tighter their crystal structure
100:34 wet fos. Um So here is gas hand, this is very appropriate
100:42 Gulf of Mexico, offshore Angola uh Asia. So we got a gas
100:49 and its impedes in Greece is pretty with debt. A water filled stand
100:58 change this much. A shale changes little less. OK. Then he's
101:06 , he talks about over pressure. won't worry about overpressure right now.
101:13 at this level, I have a uh negative reflection coefficient. So the
101:21 is gonna be negative and here you , I have, we'll go through
101:27 tomorrow. See I have red, , blue from negative to positive polarity
101:34 in the gas and we've got yellow, which is like a red
101:40 this color bar. We haven't talked color bars yet, but here I'm
101:45 say I have a positive question. vision and here I have a negative
101:50 . So, and then here he's a oil water contact, uh a
101:58 spot in the reservoir. See everything different to the lower, right.
102:03 he's got some flat coming across. the difference between oil and gas.
102:08 said oil water, I apologize, , water. And then here's another
102:16 here. Ok. We'll come back this tomorrow. Ok? So zero
102:23 wavelets, we want to use a phase wavelet. That means it's going
102:28 be the metric and the center of wavelength is going to be a
102:36 OK. So this is what we in interpretation. And the reason we
102:40 that here's my model uh impedance of one impedance of layer two, here's
102:47 reflection coefficient positive and then here is zero phase wavelength. So the peak
102:54 that wavelength or if it's a negative question, the trough of that wavelength
103:00 with the boundary. Now in seismic , we do something different. We
103:07 a minimum phase wavelength. That means the energy comes up is park
103:17 OK. And it has to do causality. So o uh oh
103:27 I got see a Javier is Is he there? I can't
103:34 I gotta pick on these guys. he there? OK. So
103:43 what is causality or give an example causality? Um I don't know.
104:02 , Jessica, you still awake? am still a fair do be
104:10 Yes. What, what, what causality? Do you know what causality
104:16 uh like cause and effect? kind of, but in physics,
104:21 causality? Um OK. So you mean you can't measure an event
104:39 it happens? That sounds obvious, ? So if you look at this
104:49 , this is the two way, is the two way travel time where
104:56 event occurs. But notice I have coming before it even reaches that
105:01 Like what the heck, how can happen? OK. So here is
105:06 causal event. So this obeys the of physics. Now, in some
105:14 these classes, you'll work about this . Thanks. And you know,
105:22 will probably talk about this version if hasn't already. And uh the low
105:29 and the highest frequencies might travel at different philosophy and your sound waves,
105:44 philosophy differences are due to or that . So let's say I have a
105:50 strike and the lightning strike is gonna like that. OK. Then I'm
105:57 count 1 1000, 2, 1094 1005, 1000. 0,
106:07 do I hear thunder? Well, the thunder sound, just rule.
106:19 . Non causal. Hey, take crack at it. They make the
106:26 sound. OK? Let me help . OK. So you guys,
106:32 , I, you know, I'm mathematical, I'm a physicist and so
106:36 . I like algorithm. Let me it more like here like,
106:42 one alligator, two alligator three. don't like that. Ok. One
106:51 , two, Mississippi three, four, Mississippi, five,
106:57 How do you guys count? And then we haven't done the boom
107:02 . I'm still kinda, I'm waiting the thunder because I want to know
107:05 far away it is. When do need to run for cover?
107:09 Because velocity is about 1000 ft per . Five Mississippi at 5000 ft
107:14 That's a mile away. I better find some place for shelter.
107:17 not that big tree. Ok. do you count here? What?
107:24 potato, two potatoes. That's upstate York or? Right and wrong.
107:28 don't count. You don't count for . You never learned how to do
107:34 and you don't know who the beaches . Ok? Somebody used that,
107:42 ? Ok. Oh, got a . Good. Thank you. I
107:49 . Ok. So Jessica knows how do that and in Mississippi,
107:53 Thank you, ma'am. So the I hear the thunder I don't
107:58 Clap, I hear. And you , oh, that's because there's
108:07 No, I live in Oklahoma. is like south where you guys here
108:12 in Houston. OK. There are mountains around. It's not echoes.
108:18 low frequencies have a longer wavelength. they go at the same speed as
108:24 high frequencies, it would be a , it would not be causal.
108:30 the high frequencies come fast and then low frequency so you hear sounds like
108:39 but it's not causality. OK. our waves are dispersed. So we
108:44 to worry about that. OK. physics, we need to, we
108:48 assume the data are causal because it's . And then we use that in
108:52 processing like de convolution, et At the end of the day,
108:58 do all this minimum phase wavel processing assumptions. We convert it for you
109:05 two P uh zero page. I'm I have vibrator data, did you
109:13 about vibrators anywhere where you take a and you shake the ground. So
109:20 Munich, this is what they run and down. Munich people do not
109:24 dynamite in the middle of the OK? So they're going up and
109:28 , up and down. They're gonna correlate to receive data with the
109:34 They're gonna get a zero page The processing doesn't work. Everything falls
109:40 . First thing you do, you your recorded data because it's not a
109:44 problem. I measure the data which causal. I then take it in
109:50 computer. I cross correlate with this wave that I'm driving a vibrator with
109:54 in the computer. That's not I have a non call whole
109:59 I have to go convert everything to base, do my processing and come
110:03 to camp. You'll run into these at one point in your career.
110:12 . So P impedance is P velocity density, sheer impede sheer velocity times
110:19 . We can convert these things into measures like we can have mama parameters
110:26 times row. Well, I'm the you'll probably cover these in other
110:34 Here's Juanda Ro Muro from North Texas uh Fort Worth ba. And now
110:41 can say, OK, I'm gonna a two D color bar. I
110:45 I told you I really like OK. So I got a two
110:47 color bar and the areas that are rich are gonna be red. The
110:53 that are calcite rich are gonna be to magenta, things that are clay
110:58 or green. We've done this data the prestack gathers the angles of incidence
111:06 oh here I'm in the Marble Falls , mostly magenta. Here's the Viola
111:13 , blues and magenta. Here's the burg limestone in the middle. A
111:18 of blues and magenta. Upper Barnett . Not a good part of the
111:23 green. Oh Lower Barnett. Ah the quartz rich. That's the main
111:31 drill through their hydraulically fracture to produce . OK. So these are the
111:36 of products you get and they uh uh Roderick uh Pacco uh re
111:46 It was with a electron capture spectroscopy . So it's a a rough measurement
111:54 the mineral, which there's better ones . And then look at the micro
112:01 event recorded by Devin Energy. Oh blue is the little dots are where
112:07 micro seismic events are, those green and orange dots, different green
112:13 Notice that here's my horizontal. here's my observation. Well, the
112:21 aren't centered around the, well, actually following the Court Rich Rock.
112:32 what that's saying, I mean, we can say to the engineers,
112:37 can't say that there's no fractures in Claridge rock. But what we can
112:43 , all of the fractions that we are in the track. We can
112:48 that with great confidence. The other is then maybe, maybe, maybe
112:55 like a a tree in the forest falls down. Well, does it
112:58 make noise? Oh, no, . So in pain, in terms
113:04 the function of mineralogy, foy and fluid reflection coefficients are functioning in the
113:11 and impedes. OK, between adjacent . And that's what we measure.
113:16 do not measure changes in conductivity, do not change changes in permeability and
113:24 susceptibility. We measure changes in P S and PS seismic energy band limited
113:31 the theoretical impulse of a sharp interface replaced by the wavelet through a process
113:39 call convolution, right? And the trace of the sum of all the
113:44 coefficients involved with the seismic wavelength and are commonly used to estimate brittleness in
113:52 resource place. OK. So any on that? It is about
114:03 So now the folks who are off of a couple of two of you
114:10 are offside off site, we'll have to the software and then the other
114:16 where you'll have to catch up. we'll do is we'll come back at
114:21 o'clock for a lecture again. Go 5 to 6. But I wanna
114:26 to the lab now across the Get in the patrol. Most important
114:33 , make sure everything's working. And that's usually a problem.
114:39 I, uh, I've already, , worked with Jessica and,
114:43 Javier earlier in the week and their is working. So we wanna do
114:48 first exercise. So, if you who have access, uh, start
114:53 exercise and Kai is very, very , he thinks he knows how to
115:00 , zoom up so we can project screen if you share it if you
115:04 a problem. And, uh, takes about 10 minutes to get over
115:09 and set up. So you guys another beer or whatever you drink at
115:14 ? Oh, wine, I gave . Ok. See you in a
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