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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Friday 1-28-2022
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00:00 Okay, now we're recording now I share a screen now. I can
00:10 my screen, look at your Sure. Mhm. I didn't want
01:01 do that. Okay there, I I pushed the wrong button. Did
01:12 . Okay, everybody can see that it's pretty clear, isn't it?
01:24 . Okay. The problem is you control of everything. Um So just
02:09 shooting system and then cheers share screen . So there's a slide right
02:25 So yeah, Okay, let's get , get the recording going, just
02:40 just now. It's still going. , good. Everything is perfect.
02:49 , thank you. Utah ! that even looks pretty good on the
02:58 . Okay, so we ended last looking at reservoir rocks and I talked
03:05 the fact that the rocks are defined rocks are defined by composition, sedimentary
03:13 and what else? But you texture a lot of us think about texture
03:20 than um I know when I was learning this, I think boy,
03:25 so simple. Why do they, know, why don't you come up
03:27 this stuff? But every one of elements actually relate to reservoir characterization,
03:33 relates to reservoir characterization, sedimentary structure in composition. So all the aspects
03:39 these rocks have something to do with actual, I'm gonna go ahead and
03:45 this off. I hope you guys if I do that, you do
03:48 or not? We're not. so um I think I'm far enough
03:55 , although I barked loudly. so started out looking at the composition
04:01 we were talking about uh terrain and they might affect some of these
04:06 And of course minerals coming from volcanic minerals coming from genius. Uh like
04:16 IQ type rocks are gonna end up different compositions in the residents. And
04:22 , one of the problems in it was not so much two completely
04:28 extent. Was it important where the were coming from? Because they had
04:31 of sands. The question was, the mixture of composition? Because some
04:37 the reservoirs had good processing and other had more cements in it. So
04:42 trying to get a handle on where was coming from around the Caspian
04:46 And this is the Caspian sea here here's a bigger, a bigger scale
04:52 of it. You can see rushes in this direction. Azerbaijan is here
05:02 I forget the name of this country because Uh I think that's hungry and
05:07 Romania. But I'm not 100% sure I can't read it. And I
05:12 know the central european countries as well I know the States. But I
05:20 , I did actually did some SAT wells out here actually on the Axiron
05:24 , which is what this is. a ridge that comes out of baku
05:28 it's a structural high And uh the itself gets really deep down here and
05:34 no deeper than about 50 m north that line. And then when you
05:38 into the northern part of the Caspian , which you can't even see on
05:42 map, but it's sort of this area right here, It's less than
05:46 ft deep Or 10 m deep. the whole thing and a lot of
05:50 a lot less than 10 ft. uh but from the northern Caspian down
05:56 the southern Caspian perspective, sands are different. You go from paleozoic to
06:01 because you come south and then here looking at stuff that's Miocene and Pleistocene
06:09 , mostly what I have seen, sand stones that we've produced. And
06:13 it's uh the A. C. . Azeri Chiraq initially field and the
06:23 person might say a little bit but not much, but it's a
06:27 big series of reservoirs. And so important to figure out where the sounds
06:32 coming from uh to help figure out the reservoir quality changed from one section
06:38 another. And one of the things , and I don't go into a
06:42 of detail, but using spectral gamma , we have lots of spectral gamma
06:47 . A couple of my students actually worked on this and one worked primarily
06:52 the on the the distributions of the belts and how to predict what's going
06:59 between wells, which will be part another lecture. But this this part
07:03 done for the student using yeah, gamma log. And um and he
07:12 trying to figure out when we get this area here, was it coming
07:17 the uh, the more deserted like over here, was it coming off
07:23 the more mountain like climate up Where was it coming from? The
07:27 boat, boga Volga river And most the uh most of the sand stones
07:34 do come from the Paleo Volga. we, we do think that there's
07:38 mixture of some of these things and were able to see what the mixture
07:42 of sediments, see the problem, way we're doing this is I've lost
07:49 my butts. Okay. I have be careful how I do this in
07:56 order I do it anyway, I change this cursor but right now,
08:04 from the east and the west we're inputs that are going to damage the
08:08 because of some of the different types mythologies coming. Whereas the more mature
08:15 coming from the Paleo Volga, we're lot cleaner than some of the sands
08:21 from these nearby and smaller drainage So that was just uh sort of
08:30 example of, of why looking at can help because it does affect the
08:37 of cement you get, the amount cement you get and uh, and
08:43 course the lack there of those things makes the ferocity through time and through
08:48 to be uh closer to what the ferocity was because you have less semente
08:54 going on. Uh, you probably the same amount of compaction de watering
08:59 presumably fluids would be hanging around for while before, before its oil
09:08 So next is texture. So why we interested in texture? Mhm.
09:19 these are the elements of sedimentary I like to ask questions like this
09:23 on the first test. Ah You , there's there's 33 characteristics that we
09:29 to define sedimentary rocks. One of is texture. And there's three things
09:34 we use to define texture and for , its grain size and grain.
09:42 and sorting as part of size. other words, you have a grain
09:46 . But is it homogeneous or does change? And how well, how
09:50 does it change from one sand grain to multiple sand grades sizes? So
09:56 as part of that particle shape we out from the earlier part of the
10:01 is is hypercritical. Uh and how grains actually might pack an infill and
10:10 pore throats and pours. And then course there's another thing in there that's
10:16 the fabric for the packing up those . So, particle shape can have
10:20 big big part, mainly because of it impacts this the fabric.
10:31 so when we look at grain um For me it's very simple for
10:39 to remember 2-62 and a half It's saying. And we're going to
10:44 looking at uh we're going to be at some of the flow characteristics of
10:54 rocks based on grain size and and of the most critical things here too
11:00 that particles of this size due to processes on the earth tend to win
11:08 better than things that are in this , because this takes massive amounts of
11:15 and flow to move particles that bit . The movement of waves can can
11:23 of win out uh can transport this from bigger things. But at the
11:29 time, it also when I was fine grain stuff so that you end
11:33 getting something that's like a pure sand deposit which ends up being for the
11:38 part very good reservoirs. If there's a lot of post de positional change
11:42 the process uh with carbonates, of it can be a lot or a
11:49 and uh and you can get a effect from it too, but in
11:55 it's extremely important. And uh so not sure you tied, can you
12:05 of any way I can get to cursory what? Yeah. Do I
12:12 to get out of everything or? here it is. That's how I
12:19 it. That's right. I just do the same thing with with my
12:25 and home. I asked her a and then figure out how to answer
12:27 on my own and she's grateful that can do that sometime. Uh I
12:37 her up on the phone and tell the traffic is bad. It clears
12:40 the minute I called her. so it's, I guess she's my
12:46 , Good luck chuck. Anyway, so where was the? Okay,
12:53 , so but one of the things we discussed and uh about grain size
13:00 that grain size doesn't control processes, , but these other things related to
13:04 do Okay. And so texture has big impact even though grain size by
13:12 , it's all spheres does not control . But the other issues within the
13:18 field of textural traits have a big on ferocity. And and uh and
13:25 there's another really interesting thing about the relative abundance of and I'll bring
13:33 up again when we do unconventional. uh, I think, have I
13:39 you this slide yet? Okay, taught this course too many times.
13:45 I'm thinking, you know, I , I just tell you. But
13:50 , sandstone and conglomerates Uh tend to up 11% lime stones and other
13:57 14 And silt stones, mud and shale, 75% of all the
14:03 rocks. Okay, just looking at chart, what does that have to
14:09 with hydrocarbon exploration? Mhm. exactly. And we we know we
14:24 get stuff out of limestone, some the biggest reservoirs come out of
14:26 but we have to almost always depend good uh, secondary ferocity to form
14:32 than primary for us. So this , this is usually decent ferocity
14:39 This is terrible. Two fantastic ferocity totally unpredictable in some ways. Not
14:47 , but someone's and, uh, the thing about just think frontier exploration
14:56 over 150 years, we look for and gas primarily here and some
15:02 some of the biggest fields in the are from here. And uh,
15:07 totally ignored 75% of the sedimentary rocks the planet. Okay. And so
15:19 bunch of oil company tax people, you come give a talk about unconventional
15:25 it must have been, It had have been like 2011, something like
15:32 . So the, the, believe it or not, That's kind
15:37 when the unconventional were taken off and they flooded the market by 2014.
15:44 a good technology. It works really , folks maybe too well,
15:51 but at that point in time, were kind of, I don't
15:55 and I made the comment. we've only, we've only been really
16:00 at this. And to a certain , some of this, if you
16:06 all this together wherever we're producing oil gas right now, almost every one
16:11 those places. And at the I didn't imagine the Peruvian mason would
16:15 have source rocks with anything left what do. And, but the statement
16:20 made is everywhere you're producing. Well now, there's an unconventional opportunity,
16:28 single place because wherever, wherever you're willing guest right now there's a source
16:34 . And if that source rock is drivable from where you're at because sometimes
16:40 migrates vertically long distances and it hasn't overproduced or over generated. And then
16:49 a good chance there's gonna be source . And, and I had a
16:52 of people tell me that I was arrogant to say something like that.
16:56 as it turns out, I was and we don't go everywhere. But
17:01 fact still remains. There's a lot places we have not uh drilled for
17:07 across the globe and even in the States that probably have good prospective drilling
17:14 do. Okay, so again, already kind of gone through this really
17:22 when I did some of the really stuff, but we all know that
17:27 sorting, um, uh, blocks throats and, and it can reduce
17:34 because it has the ability to infill and you can see here, the
17:39 sorting is, the better it It's a really hard thing. I
17:44 when you look at it objectively and , I think it's dead simple for
17:51 human eye to tell you what's poorly and what's not poorly sorted. And
17:56 , you come over here from this that, you can tell this is
18:00 better than that. But you can tell that this is worse than that
18:03 that this is worse than that. if you start doing point counts in
18:08 area, the problem with point counts the more point counts you do,
18:14 more data you get, it starts average the whole thing and and the
18:19 metric shell did a research project on because somebody that worked at Amigo worked
18:25 this and I think, I think actually was at south Carolina after
18:30 where I did my PhD, but she said the more point counts we
18:34 , the more it averages out of size. And uh, you
18:38 like here you have things that are lot bigger and smaller. But if
18:44 , if you start averaging problem with , it's depending on what else is
18:48 there. So if you average a of stuff, you may end up
18:51 the same meat. So, so of the things uh that becomes really
18:57 is looking for things like school, ketosis on the distribution curve. And
19:03 the same time, those are statistics things called central moments and whenever you
19:11 dependent variables, it blows the calculus it and therefore sometimes it, it
19:18 it impossible to really come up with good measure. And and this is
19:23 of the reasons why when robert a lot of people used grain size
19:29 , two patterns to try to uh faces are de positional environments that came
19:38 with these patterns, but they didn't is that patterns are related to the
19:43 and when you start adding more of thing and taking away from another
19:47 those become dependent variables and not independent . And it forces the results When
19:54 do average anything. Ah it has do with moments of central tendency,
19:59 all is affected by by whether or the variables are dependent if they're
20:04 it works great if they're not In other words, if if I
20:08 add more of the big ones here without removing some of the smaller ones
20:14 that would be independent. But if put a big one in here,
20:18 automatically includes a lot of smaller ones they're dependent variables. So the amount
20:27 small grains in here is there's gonna depending how many big brains and of
20:34 the big the more big range to in here, what's going to happen
20:37 I get bigger and bigger grains. is the thing about statistics. Most
20:44 geologists used geo statistics and they never trained in what the underlying calculus is
20:51 the assumptions are and they ignore them . But if yeah, just keep
20:57 bigger and bigger kinda have one big there and the average is big and
21:00 is it? It's well sorted but and that's on a slide but what
21:06 in the base in the base and wouldn't. So it's a very hard
21:10 to measure within sections. It's usually outcrop that we catch it with ri
21:15 like in a core uh the human is a really good subjective tool for
21:22 out what really is good sorting Okay. I've wasted a lot of
21:26 on that. Okay. But uh I think the points, the points
21:31 good point and there's several good points about about using statistics. And also
21:37 the significance of how hard it is to tell poor sorting from good sorting
21:44 you're looking at it's subjective. Okay we have um just two different shapes
21:52 there's all these different shapes in terms you know, is it ah is
22:01 in this case it goes from the spiritual type lady. But within there
22:05 can see that you're going from very spiritual to play d things. In
22:11 words, here's the cross section, isn't round, it's it's a round
22:16 . And uh but then the outer of these things becomes really important.
22:22 uh and of course you go from well rounded appear. And uh and
22:28 you go to and you do have can have conspiracy to in other words
22:35 can have ones that are around in three dimensions or you can have ones
22:39 are around in two dimensions. And in in the the other two
22:44 So it's less spirits. And but of the things that is shown here
22:49 that at a finer grain scale, roughness around the surface. Okay.
22:56 that roughness around the surface as it out, I worked with a team
23:00 jesus traditions many, many years And uh what they found is that
23:06 one bath lift over here, court are very, everybody in here should
23:11 that courts is a very highly, know, like courts the mineral that
23:17 know that's not not the, not , but courts the mineral uh is
23:23 resistant to chemical and physical weather. when when you get a bath list
23:29 in this county and a bath with in that county during the cooling process
23:35 the formation of the crystals in the . A particular bath lift over here
23:41 going to have more of this surface than a particular baffle over here.
23:46 it's also going to be different. so geo statistically this, this group
23:53 geo politicians and one of them was yards, who became really good at
23:57 uh sort of the leader at Halliburton reservoir characterization. Ah the way
24:07 this texture is imprinted, it's almost a fingerprint from each bathroom. And
24:14 you do 48 grain shape analysis, can figure out, you know which
24:18 if it came from. And uh so this could be, this could
24:24 instead of and we did this in harbor. And I probably shouldn't stand
24:31 because it's because then somebody watching it get to see it. So I
24:36 to make sure if this, for , were in the rock record and
24:39 had reservoirs in here and we had river with sand from one source here
24:43 a different bath lift than the river and a different bath lift from the
24:48 here. So we have these three coming into here, but we also
24:51 an interchange from the ocean back Uh If we had an interchange from
24:57 and these, so you have essentially sources of sands that are going to
25:02 different shapes and not just different but the surface textures are gonna be
25:08 slightly different. The in spite of I said about physical weathering, the
25:14 on the beach are going to have physical weathering because they've been bounced back
25:17 forth. And and uh maybe not much as alien dunes, but some
25:24 them, some of the sands would from alien dunes along the beach,
25:28 you're going to have more of a effect or more uh whatever it was
25:34 , it's more spirits in shape than grains coming down from the runoff.
25:40 uh and so we had four distinct bath lifts from the Ashley River and
25:51 there's the wash, the Wando the and the cooper rivers. And uh
25:56 then the ocean. So we have four different sources, just imagine if
26:00 was a reservoir rock forming the same could happen. The reason we were
26:06 to do it is because they were shoaling and they didn't know where the
26:09 was coming from because they tried to off the stuff with dams, the
26:14 electric dams, They're actually bringing a of water down and they thought it
26:18 all coming down the Cooper River. as it turns out, uh,
26:23 doing a lot of modeling, they figure out where a third of it
26:26 . And one of the things we out was that a third of that
26:30 , it was coming from entrainment from tides. Uh they would take channels
26:35 here and then when the tide came and brought the sand dumped it
26:38 became fresher and fresher and lighter and goes out kind of like this,
26:42 called entrainment. So you have have you saltwater come into that environment
26:48 the sands fall out into the into channels and then the water gets fresher
26:54 fresher as it goes up and in end title, it comes back
26:58 And so it's like a conveyor belt pulling sand in from the ocean.
27:02 uh, they were so upset when explained that to them, they,
27:08 US Army Corps of Engineer blackballed us ever getting funding again and we were
27:12 proud of that. And uh although like the Army Corps of Engineers.
27:18 have a lot of respect for Uh it's, it's a government agency
27:22 works sort of, you know, related to the military and the,
27:26 know, when somebody makes a you're not supposed to go against the
27:30 guy. And uh, we figured what they couldn't figure out. In
27:35 , doing the study. They they could have figured it out,
27:39 for some reason they wouldn't say it they had heavy minerals coming in from
27:45 ocean. That actually pointed to the that what, what we were gonna
27:50 was was going to be what we . Although we didn't know up front
27:54 this was even going to work. one of the things that we did
27:58 , for example, the ocean We did 40 grain shape analysis,
28:03 form. And this is the shape at the 14th Harmonic. So this
28:09 , this is like little, little little perturbations on the outer perimeter.
28:14 know, it's a high frequency. harmonica is, you know, it's
28:17 higher frequency perturbation. Um the the of harmonic is just a simple
28:27 I think. And then as you different shapes, you get something that's
28:31 , it's either the second or the harmonic. I can't, I haven't
28:34 on it in a while, but whenever you put a zero in
28:38 and start with zero, it throws my logic off, but I'm pretty
28:42 the square, like if you had had a cube shaped Grain, it
28:48 be really strong in the 4th Armand , it could be the sir,
28:54 you get you get the idea. uh, and these were the,
28:58 amplitudes of, of those particular And so we developed a fingerprint.
29:03 we had a fingerprint for the The cooper, most of the sediment
29:06 coming from the cooper and the, the ocean. We also knew what
29:10 fingerprint was from the window and the , but we didn't bother because it's
29:13 small input of sediment into the system the Cooper River goes all the way
29:18 the piedmont in south Carolina and uh big areas of the whole state of
29:24 Carolina and part of north Carolina and little bit of Georgia. Whereas these
29:28 rivers don't go that far inland and don't have that big of a
29:33 and most of what's coming off of is is reworked sedimentary rocks as opposed
29:37 baffle. It's okay. And and we did the same thing with
29:50 , the silt sized grains as And so you can see the pattern
29:53 we got, you can see that terms of sand, a lot of
29:56 contributions from the cooper and, and , coming in here, the sand
30:06 coming in from one direction. We've the river coming down from this direction
30:10 we, and we don't sort of a blend of it in the
30:13 So uh, really what we were was around the edges of the channels
30:20 there's another slide that we have I just didn't want to go in
30:22 whole talk. But what I'm trying make is that by using shape,
30:29 could do the same thing as we with the spectral gamma log and kind
30:32 figure out either the compositions of the were different from this source and this
30:39 and this source and that source. we could figure out that we were
30:42 different contributions from the source, but the shapes of the grains themselves and
30:47 they might pass. And this is showing you the all the way from
30:54 ocean too, 2%. You this is 100% ocean here all the
30:59 to 100 closer to 100% cooper. , so again, we talked about
31:08 and I don't have to go over again. But the grain shapes of
31:13 they have their their round where they packed really tightly like this,
31:19 at the same time you have a of 47.6 cubic. You slip it
31:23 Rome from behavioral packing, aerobic pack and you drop that ferocity down 20%
31:29 so, 21% precisely. But this sort of a theoretical maximum.
31:36 um, if you're looking at a and you have a fairly well rounded
31:43 And you end up with 50% processing going on to allow that to be
31:47 process. They're unconsolidated, Right? so there may be some fluid fluid
31:59 of some of the grains. So packing hasn't the de watering has
32:04 For the fluid ization to be a a more precise way to put
32:11 And of course you can see if are uh play T shaped um and
32:17 different ways these things can come together actually start forming cement sand and includes
32:22 . But particularly if you have re of minerals. But again, I
32:29 this on here to compare it to because if you have lady things,
32:33 they're stacked like this, it's one . But if they fall down like
32:36 , you can totally get rid of the ferocity and four throat channels that
32:41 be used and when it comes to , here's a sandstone with porosity and
32:52 throats all about. And here um have some sediment grains in here,
32:58 very fine grain but you end up more space. And what usually
33:04 how does that force fakes tend to in a and a source rock?
33:11 might be a good reservoir rock, a couple of ways to get more
33:19 , The color of the, the of it helps helps a little
33:27 Um Did dr basada talk about expulsion source rocks. Did he talk about
33:33 rocks with water in them seem to oil and gas better than there it
33:44 , wow sure, a certain amount water, yeah, there's too much
33:56 , it won't come out, it's to be hard for to get
33:59 But if they don't have, if don't have any water, there may
34:06 no initial porosity. And uh so imagine, and and if you read
34:14 textbook, there's like 10 pages on ways that people think this happens.
34:21 I think it's pretty, it's I if you think of the process,
34:25 fairly simple and I'm gonna come over , you may start out with ferocity
34:30 this because there's some watering. So if you're gonna, one of these
34:35 have been telling me, they're actually conventions, is that when they have
34:40 good producer of oil, it also a good amount. And the reason
34:45 , is that there's no water in at all. There's no initial
34:49 It's all kind of packed in really . There may still be a lot
34:52 process, but there's nothing potential for when this stuff starts to encourage and
34:59 to to go from solid form, liquid form. They started to create
35:04 and that their pockets run into one these pockets, then it's a bigger
35:09 . So the pockets of water and pockets of going to hang myself eventually
35:14 this, The pockets of water and pockets of oil. Get together,
35:19 they start making channels and uh, you can get expulsion and uh,
35:26 I think are the facade is the one to tell me, it's kind
35:29 like a burp, you know, oil, the oil in fluid form
35:35 usually liquid form, but sometimes it be gas depending on where, what's
35:39 on, but it starts to expand it just breaks, breaks through.
35:44 it's kind of like at the when you get primary migration out of
35:48 , it's, it's like a birth the sources. Can you tell you
35:52 something like that? Okay. Some really worry about that. But you
35:57 , from an expirationist standpoint when that's is really critical. So, you
36:03 , if you just start cooking one of the reasons why early oil
36:09 generation, maybe later. It's because there's less water in there, it's
36:13 to take longer for it to bubble burst. Okay, because that water
36:17 going to facilitate that action. And , and so that's a really important
36:24 . So if you know more about source rock, you know, you
36:27 predict if it could have earlier maturation ever seeing the rug. Like for
36:33 , if you have an hour, it up on an outcrop. You
36:35 kind of figure out what's going on , with, with and when they
36:39 the samples, I don't know if put it in ambient temperatures and pressures
36:44 try to figure out exactly how you know, how you get your
36:47 too and all that sort of but but it's something to think
36:53 Okay, and this is just showing also, another thing that happens is
36:58 only there's water that's in there creates of a background ferocity to begin with
37:06 it starts as a liquid start to and burp out of the rock,
37:11 leave porosity behind and because the solid turning into a liquid, so it's
37:19 it's sort of like if you have shell and a carbonate and it's being
37:22 out uh by just solutions. so, and I think that's as
37:32 expirationist. It's important to understand some that, especially if you're gonna look
37:35 unconventional. And again, this, whole thing of if there's any,
37:40 no water in the source rock at , it's going to be harder for
37:44 to to expel and actually have But even if you fracture the rock
37:50 have them interconnected. Okay, um okay, one of the things
37:58 we know about de positional systems, talk about these things in the primary
38:02 of, of a reservoir Iraq with . Uh it's gonna end up having
38:08 lot to do with sand stones for most part. And so understanding how
38:15 are normally transported is important, but we know uh as geologists, you
38:19 know that, you know, all things can transport sedimentary particles or plastic
38:29 uh, but one of the most ones of course is going to be
38:34 . And then we also know now we know more about turbine sites than
38:39 did In the, in the 20th now in the 21st century, In
38:44 , at the end of the 20th , pretty much like 1991, 2
38:48 three. Somewhere in there, the industry started dumping a lot of money
38:53 research and turbo tight. So now know a whole lot more about them
38:56 we did prior to that, that of time, you know, when
39:00 was in, in classes taken sedimentary , we knew what a turbo night
39:07 . We had one simple model and made sense and you can find turbo
39:15 that look like that, but they all look exactly the same. There's
39:17 lot of variation and uh, what found very amazing in the evolution of
39:24 de positional settings, is it prior turbine sites? We always try to
39:31 up with a, with a basic and for example, if you look
39:36 Delta's Delta models, uh, you , we have Tend to have three
39:41 on a triangular graph and uh, know, we have wave dominated tide
39:50 and what's the other way tied over . Done okay, as it turns
39:58 the one that we know the best kind of the flu viel system,
40:02 Mississippi River and those three corners are three main things. Again, there's
40:08 things, I don't know what it about sedimentary rocks, but three
40:11 is a good number ah but you , we have things that are on
40:16 , what we would call end ones that the occurrence and distribution of
40:21 sediments has a lot to do with flu Viel Energie, what has a
40:25 to do with the title and another has to do a lot with the
40:30 and uh, and everybody was happy have that system. Then we developed
40:36 simple model for turbine sites and then we were more advanced in the way
40:41 look at things at that point in , people realized that for almost every
40:47 type deposit, we find there's a type of turbulence and then everybody looked
40:52 at Delta's and go, you there's a different type of delta to
40:56 uh, there is, there is value trying to break things down to
41:02 members to try to get an understanding , of what the overall predictability
41:06 of some of these things when we're in the rock. And so I
41:11 when, when we started, when oil industry started dumping lots of money
41:15 the turbine sites, people realized there all sorts of different ways to
41:20 including ones off of parts of Indonesia there's a safe that rocks with the
41:29 and it actually brings, it brings up to instead of downing and builds
41:36 that eventually break through and they they get overloaded and then they collapsed
41:42 uh and that's really amazing. But john Bhattacharya who works on deltas and
41:48 going to have him in here uh semester, he started talking about the
41:54 foot delta that we have in the that's displayed real dominated, but there's
41:58 wave, there's a wave dominated component it that makes the the distributor very
42:04 bars form islands that start to go , drift with longshore drift in the
42:10 of energy that creates long, Okay, this is uh this diagram
42:17 me is anytime you look at plastic , ah you have to always think
42:25 this diagram in the back every, every time there's just there's almost no
42:31 around it and uh but here is size gone from fine to coarse and
42:41 velocity on a logarithmic scale and I this is slightly, yeah, this
42:49 logarithmic too. Anyway, um this hell streams diagram and then another guy
42:55 up with another one to kind of it a little bit more uh succinctly
43:02 some people, but I think this works just fine um when sediments of
43:07 certain size particle fall down in velocity this level right here, they fall
43:16 , what's going on over here at velocity that these, these really tiny
43:23 fall out, you're, they're just of floating all the time because even
43:32 they might be dense, they're really and they're just their volume, depending
43:39 their volume, that kind of the effective density might be less.
43:45 what is, what I mean by is they fluctuate a lot, they
43:49 together and their overall density maybe less if it was just water in that
43:56 space because it's kind of including so they just kind of float around
44:03 . So anyway, this makes a of sense to everybody. You
44:06 the higher the velocity, the bigger particle before it falls out. But
44:12 you get to this thing called what's going on over here?
44:24 what this is trying to say, it anywhere in this envelope particles of
44:28 size are still floating and they haven't yet? But then you get to
44:34 erosion one and the erosion one, kind of makes sense to it.
44:37 get the erosion one. Look at erosion uh of these fine grained particles
44:44 never settle, requires high velocity water erode. And why is that?
45:00 think it's real simple, Maybe you're to say it. That's right,
45:12 , okay, so it's, you , it doesn't even have to be
45:17 , What is it? What is about? Clay's for example, if
45:23 step in mud and you get mud your well, first of all you
45:28 to the beach and you have on boots, because someone told you to
45:32 boots on, you don't need to barefoot on the beach, Right?
45:36 um you go in there, you boots on and you get sand on
45:39 . You come come over before you know the Professor like me,
45:44 God, now shake your feet Children before you get on the on
45:48 van and you go like this, what happens to the sand, it
45:51 falls right off, right, you get all of it because some of
45:54 gets in some of these little and of course the minutes until your
45:57 it falls out in the van. uh and uh we have a good
46:02 with the people we ran our vans , so don't usually get mad at
46:05 if they have to clean clean because know students were there. But
46:11 um and more importantly, they knew Professor was, and because sometimes professors
46:17 make even bigger. So anyway, the sand comes up, but if
46:21 were to walk around santa marsh and get mud all over your boots when
46:26 stomped like that, it just sticks . And that's because there's that electrostatic
46:30 with those things that holds them Okay? So and then but at
46:36 same time, they also compact really , as Mac Dennis said. And
46:42 like if we have blood fine grained sediments, it's hard to erode.
46:50 there's floodplain sediments, what do they to our river? They try to
46:59 it. Okay, and why do do rivers be in there? It's
47:05 same thing. One side the velocity not high enough to erode the the
47:09 , but the other side is and you get these meanders. So the
47:14 and distribution of sediments, the shape reservoir bodies and their distributions on a
47:20 a broader scale is controlled by this . And uh so you should always
47:26 this in the background work. And of course we all know that
47:31 uh you guys just had built a thing and you went through all these
47:36 . And did he talk about hillstrand like that? I know he has
47:41 Tiger. I don't know what specifically . All right, okay.
47:57 Okay. The type of to erode . Yeah, but see uh and
48:04 right. But as petroleum geologists, know, whether he says it or
48:09 , it's like that affects the formation reservoirs that affects the distribution of reservoirs
48:16 affects everything I'm looking. And so think it's really important as people that
48:23 considering exploration geology and by the if you want to go into hydrology
48:26 look for water aquifers, it's the thing. And uh so it's a
48:32 subsurface understanding of de positional systems before even drill a well and uh and
48:38 understand how they form and therefore you how those different bodies um actually our
48:45 in the subsurface and preserve it also to do with if you have high
48:51 space, you're going to get a reflection of that in the clearest sense
48:55 there's low accommodation space. Some of systems will cut into the older ones
49:01 it's filling in and that can create porosity channels for hydrocarbons or would you're
49:08 for akron? Okay, and so probably went through this list right here
49:15 uh one of the reasons, I that's really important about this is because
49:21 look at turbo tights, gravity flows a really important thing and I think
49:27 kind of gets bed load is the that's rolling across the bottom.
49:34 When I was a student, I it was only Hialeah saying, you
49:38 , you can see salt station on beach when the wind blows and if
49:41 laying down on a towel you'll feel in your eyes because little wave of
49:45 grains come and hit you. But you do also get bouncing of particles
49:52 they're traveling down down the Euro And one thing I did forget to
49:57 out in this is it the velocity get something started, if something is
50:04 rest, it takes more energy to it than it does to be.
50:09 it's being transported it takes less energy it takes a little bit less energy
50:14 almost a sharp line correlation Velocity two size. Now one of the things
50:21 might be different. This is grain , but if I change the composition
50:25 these grains, then density takes a in this, in this thing
50:30 Which is why when we have sands have heavy minerals, like on the
50:37 coast, you can see the laminate the heavy minerals will fall out first
50:42 of the density. And uh and you'll see the quartz grains and then
50:47 minerals for another laminate event. And but in the gulf of Mexico,
50:52 don't have any the beach of there's no heavy minerals. So if
50:57 get lucky, uh if somebody has up a whole bunch of styrofoam and
51:02 a whole bunch of styrofoam in the that we I've actually seen styrofoam layers
51:08 the gulf of Mexico where entrenched and would be the opposite and that would
51:12 when the energy drops off, they settle down and then something else comes
51:17 . Barry's. Okay, So we all these. Okay, so we've
51:23 of looked at at grain size, shapes, everything about texture. Now
51:30 going to look at sedimentary structures and familiar with all of these, but
51:36 do you, why do you think sedimentary structures would be important to,
51:43 a reservoir engineer? Not necessarily a geologist, but a reservoir engineer.
51:48 would sedimentary structures being formed? I'm a hard time hearing, you could
52:04 perspectives, right? Where I would ? Okay, You're, I think
52:13 hitting a deposition environment, are you not? Okay, well, there's
52:21 things I said, reservoir engineer. reservoir engineer start out with, and
52:27 not an insult here, but they of look at things as a
52:32 You know, there's, there's there's a body of rock in the
52:35 and uh, I don't like but the geologists have told me those
52:39 of rocks have shapes, but now going to tell me their structure inside
52:45 shapes, but it's not all homogeneous you have sedimentary structures. There are
52:51 and barriers within that rock. It be a really good rock, but
52:55 , there's the structural components inside that that creates barriers and, and
53:02 The baffle is not a complete makes you have to go around,
53:06 you have barriers and baffles in which means that flow in one direction
53:10 be different than flow in another direction you get an eye socket in terms
53:15 permeability and that's, that's what sedimentary , why they're so very important.
53:22 know, it's, it's uh, a reservoir engineer, to reservoir
53:27 you should think about that. You be a step ahead of that reservoir
53:31 and know that he needs to know , but then also as a reservoir
53:36 , you know that those sedimentary structures tell you something more about how
53:40 how big that is, the direction , you know the shape of that
53:44 body or that reservoir body? How is that with awesome as we call
53:48 ? How big is that? Uh how is it related to all the
53:52 things? So if I drill into over here, will it tell me
53:56 should be north, south east or from where I just drilled? So
54:02 structures are really important and of course simplest ones are ripples and then the
54:08 can form into dunes and you you get higher velocities in here and
54:13 go from uh what they call two ripples and dunes to three dimensional ripples
54:21 dunes where they actually cut into the that they're rolling across like you can
54:25 uh this kind of is just tumbling and filling in whereas this one actually
54:31 to be cutting down in front of , this one is tumbling along but
54:35 one with a little bit higher velocity actually cutting down and it becomes three
54:40 . And if you have laminate are ways with heavy minerals, you can
54:44 this issue all the way through that . So the velocity gets higher,
54:48 get these sheets, sands, four , and then you can get these
54:54 and they're really weird and they're called dunes and that's because the sand grains
55:00 flowing down in this direction, but wave form itself that makes the ripple
55:05 moving up against the current. Did dupree to explain this to you
55:12 Okay. Did he show you examples it? What did he take you
55:19 the I guess he didn't take you in the field, but you can
55:23 most of the time now. It on the tides and everything in the
55:28 , but most of the time you go to Galveston's is a very fine
55:33 grains, see the squash of the come up and all the sand grains
55:39 up and it's kind of a it's almost like a a turbine.
55:43 gone uphill. And then when it to to settle down like this,
55:48 water, the water depth gets shallower shallower. And you start seeing a
55:53 , the surface of the water And if you look uh even though
55:58 water's muddy, it's usually shallow enough it's clear enough that you can actually
56:01 ripples of sand coming up the hill you because the particles are hitting
56:09 And so the this waveform moves in direction, but then the particles move
56:14 and hit this one and the waveform in that direction. So as it's
56:17 , the waveform of the sand is up and the ripples are moving
56:22 the water ripples are moving down, sand ripples are moving okay. And
56:31 since you did this, I won't into a big deal, but it
56:34 , it has a big impact on we call flow regime. And so
56:39 , rather than figuring out exactly what the velocity is, we kind
56:44 figure out what the flow regimes and of course, where we have
56:47 flow regime, we expect more Where we have lower flow regime,
56:51 less sorting. And that kind of but you know, when we get
56:57 into the upper part of the lower regime, uh, you can have
57:02 lot of uh sand deposits and thick . Accrete when you get up
57:08 A lot of times they're moving, moving somewhere. So they're they're eroding
57:12 as fast as they're being deposited. hmm. Two combinations. Mm
57:24 What's the big impact on what the impact flow regime is? Something that
57:32 can kind of recognize by the types ripples fairly easily. You know,
57:37 don't sit down and in uh some people have looked at the crowd
57:41 and try to figure out exactly where are on this chart. But you
57:45 kind of get an idea like, you have small ripples, you
57:48 it's it's not that high velocity if have, but at least you're getting
57:54 going on. If you have you're getting some winning winnowing going
57:58 So that's affecting ah, the, prostate and permeability and anything above that
58:06 making it usually a better sand, better and cleaner sand, but
58:11 but it changes what the environment of is, which could then indicate different
58:16 of sand masses. And it could , you can switch back and forth
58:21 here and you could have ah offense for example, like a turbo tight
58:26 you know, you start out up and you end up down there so
58:29 have that great in bed from a tight that relates to a drop off
58:33 the floors. Okay. And this just showing you lower velocities, you
58:39 the ripples, then you start getting with ripples ah but then and then
58:45 get these bigger things and bigger dunes me, a dune is this?
58:49 it took me a long time to the fact that a fairly small ripple
58:54 me is is a is a is doomed just because of the size.
59:00 you know when you get something greater a certain size and I don't think
59:05 really important that you remember these but it is important to remember that
59:08 we see ripples, we can go two dimensional ripples to three dimensional ripples
59:13 we know we're going up in the regime and I was sitting on the
59:23 this past october really wondering about you know when you we call these
59:34 ripples and um they they indicate, think they indicate tides and let me
59:50 back to this slide. Okay, is an asymmetrical ripple. So which
59:58 is the water flowing? It's flowing the right, right, just the
60:05 you pointed. Okay. Okay. um what would make me get the
60:17 reform in a time? Okay. what I think. We get taught
60:28 that's what I think we think. um often what happens when you're in
60:34 , here's, here's one in the record. But often what happens if
60:42 you're in a place that has a decent tied like I was in the
60:49 part of south Carolina and that it's quite macro title, but it's close
60:56 and uh it has a lot of features along the beach that relate to
61:02 . But when you um if you to switch the direction of this,
61:07 going to happen to the ripples, gonna start going the other way
61:14 Are they going to, are they to completely stop and look like
61:26 You know, to to form this 22 directional flow is gonna be really
61:31 to do. I think. what I noticed on the beach in
61:36 place that's, it's not low it's not really low tide range.
61:41 the gulf of Mexico, it's not high tide, like the bay of
61:45 or parts of northern Wales for But um it's it's high for um
61:55 the title? It's a high miss title page. What happens is what
62:00 stranded on the beach in the tidal and it escapes lateral. It
62:06 it finds like you have um if have, oh man, I can't
62:13 of the term right now. Um have these bars that come that come
62:19 sort of get pushed by the waves they start to accrete and if if
62:23 having ah a regressive event, it build up and you'll have programmed ation
62:29 these bars, but in a day day thing, what happens is it
62:34 of moves in a little bit and falls out. You get to like
62:38 mini berm temporary berms for the tide day and the waves that day.
62:43 you get sort of like a a flat area where the water ponds.
62:48 the water ponds. When the tide out it finds a low spot in
62:52 pond and it starts to erode and and it usually drains the pond
62:59 In other words, it doesn't all back out at the at the at
63:03 at the ocean. You have this pond and it finds a low spot
63:07 and it starts to erode and leak out as the tide goes down.
63:11 it gets to a certain level and starts cutting somewhere and where it cuts
63:15 fastest it becomes like a channel and it stops cutting over here because the
63:21 of the little pond disappears and you you actually get a little bit of
63:30 , a little bit of wind flattens surface and sometimes the ponding action will
63:36 that surface and then the water, was like this, it doesn't really
63:41 Which side was high or low at time you end up with two sides
63:46 the the sand is being smooth this and this way as its channel.
63:50 out at a smaller scale and I think that's how you get symmetrical
63:58 A lot of people say you know flips this way, it flips that
64:04 and you have a symmetrical one. it wouldn't happen because as the,
64:08 some of these low tides are really so it's really pulling in one direction
64:12 sometimes the high tides are really it's really pushing it in one
64:16 So whatever direction was there when the was coming in it gets it gets
64:21 and and turned into another one, these places exactly like this, which
64:25 why we don't see, you see of the tops of lots of barrier
64:31 ah that are in some sort of tidal range and we don't see
64:35 But if you get again as and is kind of like an ephemeral
64:39 it doesn't last that long and you , something has to come fill it
64:43 to preserve it to otherwise it'll get , okay and that's that's exactly what
64:50 looks like in the rock record. is, this is I think I
64:55 this out of a book, but think hank Chaifetz, this actual outcrop
64:59 in texas. And hank Chaifetz did lot of work on, okay,
65:05 here's showing lower flow regime and you see that you've got these two dimensional
65:10 features, but then as the flow gets higher to get this push forward
65:17 the center of these ripples, because , you're slowing the sand down.
65:21 they actually, they actually look, actually cut into into the underlying sediment
65:30 so you get three dimensional reforms rivers in this direction. This is looking
65:35 river river. So they're they're coming us at the screen and it's cut
65:39 into into the sand dunes and uh on the red river and I took
65:47 picture and uh you can see you can see a lot of the
65:52 , why can you see the laminate ? There's a lot of iron in
66:09 water. And so the iron is on some of the grains, they
66:15 denser and they become a little bit and so they're actually, they'll fall
66:19 a little bit quicker than the than cleaner sand grains. Another really unique
66:24 about this um do they look like sands? Have you been to a
66:35 like say like a beast that has white quartz, green sands, whitish
66:41 clear, even the red stains. , quite often a lot of flu
66:47 systems, not all, but a of them will have iron staining because
66:51 getting iron uh being pulled out by rain water in the, in
66:58 When we did our study in charleston , I worked with the sand,
67:03 could have done what we figured out the study by the color of the
67:07 greens because the beach ones were they were absolutely bleached. The the
67:16 stained ones were coming from the Why would, why do you think
67:21 would be hard to publish a paper prove anybody that that was true.
67:36 . There hasn't been a lot of , but one of the things that
67:38 happen is a lot of times if put that in marine water,
67:43 the staining could come off and can we did have mixing. But sure
67:48 I'm sitting in here, the samples turned out to be a big ocean
67:52 had almost no standing in them, ones coming from the, you
67:57 back in the back in the day we did this, we had to
68:00 , we had to get a get the maximum projection area of every
68:04 of those sand grains, one at time. And we had like a
68:08 drawing scope projector and we, we an outline of it based on what
68:14 could see, we could see our drawing it out, you could like
68:18 could look in the scope and you the grain and you could see your
68:20 actually drawing around that thing and making imprint on a piece of paper.
68:26 then we would take it to a about as big as that that had
68:29 electronic circuits under it. And we these uh these expanded things to get
68:35 actual shape of each one of those grains into the computer. The calculations
68:43 really quick because you had to be FORTRAN and uh but but to get
68:48 that point to get the data in shape that it took to to run
68:52 process of. It took a lot work. Yeah. Okay. And
68:59 some more iron standing. Um You be wrong but 99.9% of the time
69:07 a flu viel sandstone right there and supper flow regime. That's actually it's
69:14 it's got to be fluid if it upper flow regime on a beach it
69:19 be it wouldn't be that iron stand the most part. And there are
69:24 of the pleistocene in the intercoastal waterway south Carolina and north Carolina. And
69:29 can actually see cross bedded sand stones are full of seashells. And you
69:35 tell that it's marine in nature but top part of that sandstone will be
69:42 out and there'll be an iron stain it. And so you have these
69:48 sands up here where all the calcite been uh dissolved and the iron has
69:53 mobilized. And then below that you well preserved fossils and that irons the
69:58 is just stopped right there. So don't have much iron supplementation over
70:03 Okay, this is just showing you of those standing waves and I bet
70:09 build the prey. Actually showed you slide. Unless he's got better
70:16 They show you movies. A movie this would be better because you'd be
70:22 to see that the water was moving that way. But the brown things
70:27 actually, the little ripples would actually moving towards you. Mm hmm.
70:34 . Maybe you've already seen the like to see what are flowing that
70:39 These bridges are actually climbing and it's , it's just really wave theory in
70:47 . The waves, the sediment waves moving uphill but the grains themselves are
70:53 moving downhill with the water but they , they stop in front of it
70:58 pause for a while, which makes look like it's moving up to him
71:01 it actually is moving up to him this is what they look like on
71:07 beach. And this uh, this another south Carolina beach. This picture
71:12 taken by Miles Hayes and he was south Carolina when I was there.
71:17 he was at University of massachusetts before . And he got his uh PhD
71:26 the University of texas And he did study on hurricane deposits in um just
71:37 little south of corpus Christi. And was one of the first papers ever
71:41 on the effects of, of a on coastal geo morphology. He's probably
71:48 best coastal jim morphology ist that ever or will ever live. But the
71:53 was amazing. It's like what I telling you about just sitting down and
71:58 at these things and watching the process . He had done that as a
72:02 and when he was working on his did did even more. And uh
72:07 the guy just, you know, had pictures of everything, a great
72:11 and he even made a movie called lament out of slide shows Back in
72:17 60's when most people hardly even knew to put a slide show together.
72:22 actually turned it into a movie uh showed how some of these things change
72:27 over time. Okay, so we of looked at ripples in cross section
72:34 um these, these pictures right that iron scanning right there is iron
72:41 , which means you're getting vertical And so your flow, your vertical
72:46 is going to be limited. And is showing you three dimensional baffles and
72:51 , which could have a real problem create a real problem in terms of
72:56 directions ah for the most part, straight out of the screen or into
73:00 screen it's gonna flow better. But left, right or top or
73:04 you're gonna run into flow flow barriers baffles. Okay, so here's pleasure
73:12 lenticular betting and lenticular of course, to lentil shaped sand. Little sand
73:21 . And uh, I don't have scale on there because they can happen
73:24 different scales, but but most of time it's smaller now, this,
73:30 me, makes a lot of sense you're coming up with what would be
73:34 environmental deposition for this soccer player Hi, there would be a
73:57 Yeah, Yeah. Okay. um so you've got higher energy.
74:09 right. So one way to look it too, if you look at
74:13 rock unit by itself, it's very . Look at this one. It's
74:20 kind of, it's not as poorly , but it's got it's got some
74:25 uh fine grained material that can create baffle. Right? And this was
74:31 of in between. So, so go from what they call Frazier's or
74:39 these little wisps of play to maybe two lenticular relations. Okay. And
74:50 what would be, can we just just looked at um symmetrical ripples.
74:57 . So this could be something that happen in a title regime. A
75:02 title regime on the left and a for title regime on the right.
75:10 . one of the problems with sedimentary is this could be title, but
75:16 it be something else or second? when we have more the channels,
75:43 could be what a floodplain. Okay, well, it's not that
75:50 . Okay, but I get what saying, exactly. But this is
75:54 to be, I didn't put a on there, that can be a
75:57 bit bigger, but you know, imagine it's a block this bit.
76:01 , so it wouldn't be channels, uh that kind of relates to this
76:06 . Uh this for example, based the scale you were talking about,
76:12 would be low accommodation space. This be higher company. In other
76:18 the basin sinking and in filling faster the sand can fill it there.
76:23 sinking too slow. So the sand moving it around questions finer scale that
76:28 was thinking of. But this is you this, his phased energy uh
76:36 . In other words, it's it's , kind of like a pulse energy
76:41 . And uh and that could be , you know, it's second,
76:46 sand is when the tide's going in the tide is going in and um
76:51 settles uh in between the times. know, when you when you're getting
76:57 still in the tides, but there's title cycle, Place for that.
77:02 that's how you get that. You also get something like this on a
77:05 deposit completely different thing in a title . You can also get this in
77:11 certain part. Got all of this coming down and pulse and a turban
77:17 you get these pulses and there's a point in the very carbon of interpreting
77:24 when it starts to slow down and kind of going like this stuff stuff
77:29 out at the same time. and one of the distal ends,
77:34 the land of turbinate system in that right sequence. Just might see it
77:41 from something like this to something like . And one part of the bomb
77:45 sequence. So one of the problems sedimentary structures for deposition environment is that
77:54 can be very different deposition environments. the process that's important. If you
77:59 a few fossils in there, they tell you whether it's non marine or
78:03 water or whatever. So it becomes that kind of information. Plus the
78:10 structures, you have a really good . Okay, And here's great at
78:16 . And of course this happens a uh, with the slowdown of
78:21 of sediment loads that have a lot coarse and fine grained material mixed in
78:27 together. This one's kind of showing one is very gradual and this is
78:33 where there may be heavier, fine material that just sinks almost the same
78:39 , where it's just all dropped at . You get a heavy a dropping
78:43 one with a little bit of a segregation as this fall's the bigger grains
78:48 through the fine grains that are, are already stopping and here you're just
78:52 it's more gradual, the brakes, going on and you're getting the bigger
78:55 and the smaller ones and the smaller and the smaller, okay, and
79:00 fluid ice gravity flow and uh and won't go through this again all the
79:06 through this. You can look at yourself but but as you're looking at
79:12 or if you're trying to remember how of these things happen, have you
79:16 seen a film of of a snow ? The kind of snow avalanche?
79:24 . Um It's a different medium, different densities but the density ratio between
79:28 and snow might be Pretty close to same thing as classic particles of
79:34 And it's not exactly like this but close to. So what happens when
79:38 see Atlanta, one of these avalanches surfing, it starts off, you
79:42 a big sheet breakup, it's big breaks off and slides down the hill
79:47 it starts to pick up speed, starts to get more fluid like because
79:51 and more errors getting into it. uh and so you go from uh
79:57 of that swamp to something here. It's more of a mass flow deposit
80:05 you're starting to get a mixture of air in it. But not a
80:08 , you're getting a thing called dynamic latency where all the particles are spreading
80:13 because if you move something, it's it up, it's fracturing, it's
80:17 of it's falling a little faster than part. So you start getting more
80:21 here and then you reach a certain . But it's still it's still pretty
80:25 laminar flow. So it's still kind going with this. They always thought
80:29 flows like the laminar flow is his . So it's kind of like this
80:35 but you're getting more and more dynamic and all of a sudden there's just
80:39 much dill agency between the particles and just started rolling and coiling almost like
80:44 and water. And uh and if think of an athlete, you see
80:49 pacific sheet of ice go down, starts to ripple like this, then
80:52 starts to break up means cloud and all the movies that try to scare
80:59 about avalanches, they usually show that cloud coming. Only only problem is
81:04 a lot of weight behind that just like there'd be a lot of
81:07 behind the sediment and out in front main Pass. Uh That 10 years
81:14 I started working, they would have start to accelerate and start rolling down
81:22 hill and they would take out platforms the main pass area. So they
81:28 to put these divert ear's these metal so that when it came down it
81:32 go around the yeah, appears that up from the from from the really
81:39 fashioned style, Well, wellheads and platforms that were above and this is
81:48 this is kind of what it looks at the end. Big cloud.
81:51 it's it's a highly dense mass of and sediment. You know, if
81:57 have water in there, that's one sediment then there's 2.5, You might
82:01 an average density of 1.75 or something that. And it's gonna if if
82:07 happen to being that, it's going hit hard. Okay, here,
82:13 is the um the bombers sequence and you get the grated breads when one
82:23 these one of these things happens a in bed, you get the the
82:28 flow regime. Uh This is starting fall out. Here's a higher flow
82:34 . So you get the flatbeds, you get three dimensional beds. And
82:38 you get two dimensional beds. And you start getting this parallel thing.
82:44 in here you can get wavy lamination uh in this, in this c
82:49 here and uh and you would and then up here uh it's again,
82:59 slow, so it's just all settling slow. Ah These parallel lamination is
83:06 or high flow because it's it would out the if you had a
83:10 it would blow it out here, getting the vertical thing is like in
83:14 lake, everything is just kind of down slowly and here, they call
83:18 the politic division. This is going be even finer grain stuff. And
83:24 going to have activity of Biota on bottom. So that's why they call
83:29 political because you have ah marine floor pellets from organisms that live there.
83:38 you also have some bio temptation sometimes like that. And then we're talking
83:45 by occupations, different ways that things turbine. Uh you get a lot
83:50 different forms and and uh there is there has been a trend to to
83:58 this into a very complicated science where determine different positional settings based on whether
84:06 not they have a lot of vertical . Or this one doesn't show it
84:12 you might have raising patterns that you have in deeper waters because the oxygen
84:18 are going to be low in deeper . So you're not going to be
84:21 down in the seventh where the oxygen completely gone. Whereas when we're closer
84:25 shore, we're going to see these things. Reason I bring it up
84:28 this class is because uh sedimentary structures different types of battles and marriages.
84:40 , and here's another example out of textbook and this is showing you uh
84:46 was solidified unit sitting on top of unit. These were uh no oxygen
84:56 trace possible problem also, or no . And, and it's just showing
85:06 there's a lot of grazing going And this is probably from a more
85:09 water setting than the then say And here's something I did with the
85:17 and I thought this was amazing. had um we're gonna take a break
85:22 now, I know you guys are tired, but anybody want to guess
85:26 this is we were working on. looking at hurricane deposits. It looks
85:42 of like an X ray cat This is a cat scan. This
85:48 where we do use X ray energy you scan this thing and get
85:53 This is half of the core. it's it's put on a spinner and
85:57 got x rays going through it. it's taking pictures and mapping out these
86:03 and what it does. Is it on the return, It basically gives
86:09 you have this three dimensional feature in half of a cup and um it
86:17 you the density of all the material the way across it, down all
86:21 way. So you've got a window the machine and you can say,
86:27 , I want stuff insistence we're ready do that gives me down to,
86:32 know, this is all or have and in this case to keep it
86:40 falling apart. We had a couple and uh because it's unconsolidated sand,
86:47 we we had a couple rounds, we zeroed up and um and so
86:58 something higher than that. It's gonna gonna be blacked out, whatever it
87:03 . Uh So this light stuff, stuff that shows up is really um
87:10 show just the stuff in the So stuff higher densities, black stuff
87:15 densities black shows up. So what thought was, how about this again
87:23 give the rest for geologists. I a sandstone, I consolidate sandstone and
87:30 you look at it, you saw set of infrastructures and yet at
87:33 none whatsoever. It just looks like we call a massive sandstone and uh
87:40 that it was a consolidator. So said, how about how about
87:46 Just display that has no This is dancing Flatow. Great. So what
87:55 that mean? That means this massive with no structure. And fortunately Owl's
88:04 course that's it all the way That's why a sandstone supports. You
88:09 of sandstone and you look at the grains and you see little gaps through
88:14 . We saw gaps. We saw throws, we didn't see this intricate
88:20 of this was formed by this was formed by the plants and algae.
88:27 and maybe even some ostrich gots that into it. Ah as they're pushing
88:32 sand grains out of the way, growing down like this is this is
88:37 a major route. This was a route. There's a truncation right through
88:41 in the middle of it. If had more time to work with this
88:44 , I would have taken a slice big this, this is going all
88:49 way through half of them. So may be in the front and that
88:54 in the back, you know, if you can spread it out,
88:57 got a better idea of where we still haven't seen anybody publishing, but
89:03 think it's a really, really neat because it's showing you that a sandstone
89:07 looks totally structural as underlying structure in primary porosity, permeability is not destroying
89:14 . In other words, before all to go into. Um and it's
89:22 because, say, water gets oil gets in and starting with you
89:26 have a really high porosity and from highly effective ferocity, um a very
89:32 level of effective for us in the . Okay. And and then this
89:41 just looking at that bedding and the here and this, this is from
89:47 . But this is an East Coast and you get this kind of lamination
89:53 a on a beach slope and that of lamination, that's fine grain parallel
90:00 is caused by the high flow And this type of lamination over here
90:05 the lake is caused by no flow . It's just settling out fine grained
90:10 settling in and um yeah, I I've already explained this, so,
90:21 but this is this is these are are bedded. These are finally uh
90:27 very finely vetted. If you look it close, it's really fine eliminations
90:31 this and this might be uh over dry period and this is a highly
90:39 organic experience. And that's why you're lime stones versus organic rich shales.
90:47 again, it's a it's a larger version of the var ving that you
90:51 here. So with that I think going to take a 15 minute
91:10 Yeah, Yeah, resume recording, the screen. Okay. That's the
92:00 the book runs. Ah Chapter two is all about tools and then they
92:08 some later on, but I'm trying do most of the tools. Some
92:14 this stuff might be introduced later on other chapters. I'm trying to do
92:18 of the tools stuff up front so when we start talking about the other
92:22 and and doing things with the Um I'm sure that everybody is on
92:26 with with all these different tools and I think it's also it's a perspective
92:34 . It's like you can take to de positional systems, but and you
92:39 to understand the positional systems and carbonate . But sometimes the person teaching that
92:46 not directly tie it to the Petroleum . I think Jeff Davis probably did
92:52 he's always worked with oil company. and so that's another reason for me
92:59 ignore carbon use. Yes, because sure he explained it very well.
93:06 , he's a typical industry type presenter uh and he and he spent a
93:12 of work into it. Yeah, was not a topic. What about
93:17 , I did. But he made very interesting. Yes, mm
93:26 Yes, he's he's kind of a interesting person on top of that.
93:34 , so sure what's happening? I the wrong thing again. It looks
93:46 good to me. Lord. Let's . Is it sharing now?
95:02 Lovely. Mhm. Thanks. How now? Okay, okay. I
95:39 have to do when I see my and that sure thing. I need
95:42 click on my face apparently. So still looking good. Amazing. It's
95:54 okay. And I'm glad you're Okay. Now, everybody in here
96:00 have had structural geology at one point time. So I'm not trying to
96:02 your structure again. But sedimentary basins the habitat of petroleum systems and structure
96:13 a lot to do with the formation traps. And so the structure itself
96:24 a major component of the trapping which is a major part of petroleum
96:29 . And of course, all the system, every bit of it is
96:31 a is in a basin. So we, when we start doing
96:36 when we go to a base and kind of need to know what kind
96:38 basin it is because the fact that have different types of de positional systems
96:45 different types of bases, uh not suggests, but does impact the type
96:51 sedimentary deposits we're going to find within . And the types of arrangements
96:56 of the the deposition all fills themselves the basin uh is filled in and
97:03 developed. So the total development of basin over time is related to the
97:09 type. And some of these basins have different phases as a certain type
97:14 basin begins filling in. It sets certain types of structures and de positional
97:20 that don't occur later on in the of that face. And we'll look
97:24 some examples. I have to tell a front. Most of my experience
97:30 been in in um extension all And but I'll show you examples of
97:36 of these other types of bases because have done work and then to and
97:40 I don't I don't get into the on how to in this lecture ah
97:48 all the different aspects of these different . Because I'm really trying to get
97:53 ah sort of the rudimentary stuff that need to know or you need to
97:57 to make sure you understand the the of of working through the different styles
98:03 structures that we see in different types bases. And of course, everybody
98:10 . I hope that we have structural and this is a bunch of ah
98:15 examples of that. But structural geology deformation um are what kind of form
98:22 lot of these things, especially if realize that most sedimentary rocks are laid
98:28 . We can see their structure to layers and they're not all that.
98:33 there's there's an imposition of structure on trapping mechanisms right there. And of
98:39 this is a simple one where we an antique line and a sink line
98:44 a water system down there and and the anne klein above, underneath the
98:50 and gas. And the, the , if you've read the book or
98:55 any part of the book, you that this thing here is really like
98:59 upside down cup. It's it's really driven, but it's it's also buoyancy
99:05 and buoyancy is upside down from So you have to have an upside
99:08 cup to catch it. And of , you obviously, you can see
99:13 faults. And we'll mention things about , false seals and stuff like that
99:18 this, in this section. But , fall can be a major
99:23 Uh, something that's an antique line this, that dips on either end
99:27 going to be four way closure and sort of a magical thing. And
99:31 you end up with a triangle, three way closure. And, and
99:37 basically this would be called freeway closure you've got closure on this. The
99:42 aren't really dramatically different. But this supposed to be oil that's supposed to
99:47 gas. And that of course is and here is this of course is
99:55 system, A basin with a lot intentional features. Here's a base
99:59 It definitely has some compression all features it. Okay, so here is
100:10 , here is a two d seismic interpretation and here is a plaster experiment
100:22 try to mimic this type of depth , uh, when you have some
100:30 that creates tension in a in a . So you're kind of pushing on
100:35 sides, but at the same time creating tension where it goes up just
100:40 a rift basin, which is what this type of basin is. It's
100:43 type of extension or basin. And , any one of the things that
100:48 model is showing that you don't see this, this seismic line is the
100:54 detail of a lot of the fracturing goes on in terms of sub seismic
101:00 in this section. And uh as , we've gotten better at imaging,
101:06 smaller and smaller false can be but still sometimes at the reservoir
101:13 There's a lot that you can see uh, there may be a place
101:18 you can get a good uh, can image some what would generally be
101:27 seismic. You might be able to them. But depending on the the
101:32 between the beds overlying what you're looking and the structures that you're trying to
101:37 the absorption of energy through those layers has an impact on the ability to
101:41 higher resolution images, which definitely happens the North Sea because you've got the
101:48 the chalks above most of the Jurassic , which is uh, a lot
101:53 what you're looking at here. This mostly lower Jurassic in this section right
102:01 . Okay. And um and this showing you um large and then sub
102:06 faulting, looking in Matthew, that a cross section, this is a
102:11 . And so you can see there's lot there. And then we start
102:16 at pulling out different features in the uh in size, but especially in
102:26 D seismic, we can start to patterns that look like this, but
102:29 still is hard to image some of the most Uh the smaller ones,
102:37 places where a 30-foot fault can make big difference in terms of setting up
102:41 trap that creates a reservoir and this just included. So you understand um
102:50 of the symbols, it kind of me that um in academia you almost
102:56 do anything you want, it And of course in the new,
103:01 new mapping tools give people too many I suspect. That haven't worked for
103:08 company since people have gone mostly to Where I worked at America. We
103:13 computers on our desktop in 1980 And started working there in 1981. Most
103:19 didn't have computers on their desktop until least a decade later than that.
103:25 then work stations came in and of we were doing a lot of things
103:30 the workstation, but but when I at mobile and when I worked at
103:33 Amoco, uh, there were a of conventions in terms of colors.
103:39 uh, and there still are, oil companies have them. But but
103:44 I when I see um, maps stuff and cross section is done by
103:50 to get into software that has all options. You you know, you
103:54 make oil pink if you want But but I think the standard
104:00 oil is going to be green, is going to be red, weather
104:03 going to be blue, things like . And then of course, the
104:07 thing with these uh, false here uh, for example, a
104:18 And it's the hanging wall block is you which way it's going. And
104:26 , so which way would which way that fault be gone? Right
104:36 And you know, if you actually it flat, it's not really on
104:42 one of them go ahead. thank you. All right.
104:59 no, the hanging wall is gonna um right. Um, I'll just
105:05 , Yeah, I don't think the is your understanding the problem is map
105:10 . And that's why I think it's to kind of clear it up.
105:13 here the hanging wall is on the . Okay? And this is a
105:22 . It's saying this is a But the triangles are on the hanging
105:25 block, but they're not really because you draw that line, there's
105:30 there's it's defaults it. Okay, so which way is this thrusting?
105:40 it you know it's And anything that's way or the other is always a
105:47 too to sort out logically. But in a map like this, the
105:54 wall. So here's the person standing here. I drew this little diagram
106:00 or maybe I stole this but I I drew this. But here you
106:04 a little person there. So the is going to be this one that's
106:07 to be on the bottom and the wall is going to be on the
106:10 because you can hang a lantern Okay, but faults don't have gaps
106:16 that in the first place. Which why it's kind of hard to say
106:18 which one these triangles are. But depth of the, this is telling
106:24 where the dip of the fault is this is telling you where the dip
106:27 the fault is. But the symbols telling you ah this is down and
106:34 means it's a normal fault. This a thrust fall. Okay and this
106:41 down over here. Normally when you a symbol like this it means a
106:45 fault. So the hanging well block down and the football block goes
106:51 But if it's a thrust, the wall block goes up and the football
106:55 down. So so if I have like this, that means the thrust
107:01 is moving in this direction. It's coming up like, like
107:07 the dip of the fault is down this direction. But but the block
107:11 moving is moving is this hanging while and it's moving up, everybody see
107:20 . Okay. And of course a fault. You know when we talk
107:24 thrust faults, we like to talk ones where there's a lot of
107:28 whereas a reverse fault is kind of this, a thrust fault is those
107:32 that are typically low angle and and of real estate is being compressed
107:40 I just thought I would show this here is a this is really close
107:49 , this is almost the the the that we had ah and some of
107:56 diagrams I showed earlier with a couple wells being drilled and there was some
108:01 false over here. But here you see there's three way closure on this
108:06 and you can also see there are accessory faults or spider fault. Sometimes
108:14 call them a lot of different things radio faults even that'll come off another
108:19 because there's uh because things don't always all at once, it's like this
108:27 block may not move as a competent , it will break. Uh maybe
108:31 faster at one point here and slower the edges and it breaks and this
108:35 off and that drops off and the moves up a little faster there and
108:39 course the center is moving up here relative to what's on the other side
108:44 the major fault and here's when people maps by hand, you can do
108:51 , I don't think you can do with a computer, but the people
108:57 wrote the book on subsurface mapping at the the most recent and The most
109:05 one which which still has some mistakes it. But no, that's not
109:09 that important. But um this is to show you how you can get
109:15 by mapping stuff in this fault block mapping stuff in that fault block and
109:20 paying attention to this major fault right . You can actually draw something
109:26 It's also possible and I think it be possible with a computer.
109:36 if you have several wells in one , you have only one. The
109:43 has been trying to do that. plots separately from the style and structure
109:47 this ballpark still interrelated, the notion happen. Also pulled wells in here
109:53 can show more complexity in the broad as a computer with there's an average
110:01 down and turning up maybe one will make something completely different like this but
110:06 creating structure somewhere, it's out of not, it's not improvement with what's
110:11 the other side of the phone. never actually done that myself, but
110:17 think it could happen and I and do know from computer algorithms that they
110:24 to um well as you as seemingly supposed to, you should really put
110:31 lot of weight into that one data that you have. But the problem
110:36 in geology, if we can see fault, we know that there's a
110:41 and uh and we don't have to that dip, but if you violate
110:46 dip on one block versus the other , you can get something, it's
110:52 called a screw fault. And and the dip actually changes From one side
111:00 the other in terms of which side be up and down. Uh just
111:05 terms of the way it gets mapped , the pattern looks great, you
111:08 , you look there, you've got , this dip is slightly congruent with
111:12 dip. This dip is pretty congruent here, but they're not congruent with
111:16 other across that fault, so that's to keep an eye on. And
111:24 I went to a lecture with bob and he worked with, I can't
111:29 of the guys names now, but the mapping, it will come up
111:32 we start talking about mapping because I to the book a lot um There
111:39 a much older book published in the , uh that really goes into the
111:44 detail on how to do subsurface mapping a computer and it really goes into
111:50 lot of details, but it's it's a little bit drier read at
111:54 end of the day. If you back there, you get really good
111:58 . The new one kind of makes easier for people that are usually used
112:02 staring at a computer to understand a bit better. But still nevertheless
112:07 things can happen that create problems Um, when we look at a
112:12 in, we're looking at the front scale and we're looking at the possibility
112:19 the types of traps, styles and you're going to see them.
112:25 then we also, as we come a little bit tighter, we start
112:30 for major or regional faults like this be a major fault here and,
112:36 a fault, it's, in other , this may. MS may,
112:40 may be a huge fault lach on side of this moving up and
112:47 And a good example would be, you'll see some of them in the
112:51 of Mexico ah in the coastal You see a lot of regional,
112:58 east west, uh, major faults huge blocks that are dipping down to
113:04 coast, ah, that are filled all sorts of plays and layers,
113:10 of sediment and stricter strategic fee that all sorts of places that you can
113:14 oil and oil and gas traps. um, then when we look at
113:21 faults, uh, and minor faults folds, we're looking for traps and
113:28 and the smaller default, the more looking at the continuity of a
113:32 for example, I go back to one if I just had this major
113:37 here and the structures all the way here, and we don't have any
113:42 these smaller ancillary accessory faults. Uh uh, we have a bigger flow
113:51 . And here you have here, have a barrier that's a baffle.
113:55 long as you all water contacts down , the deeper that oil water
113:59 the less of a barrier it This is half a barrier, which
114:03 it a baffle for the upper production the upper part of the of the
114:08 . Uh, but if we didn't any of this compartmentalization is less the
114:13 compartmentalization of a conventional reservoir, the easier it is to produce all of
114:19 oil and not have any residual oil behind. Okay, and then fractures
114:28 course, can create reservoir enhancement. so we'll talk about that. So
114:33 sort of the ways that structure at scales has an impact on, on
114:39 petroleum system, and especially the and the traps that contain those
114:45 And that structure can also relate to development of seals and source rocks,
114:50 well as of reservoir rocks conventionally or . So, the main types of
115:01 , of course, are the divergent , then there's the convergent ones,
115:05 know, once predominantly intentional, but may be a congressional unit to it
115:11 you, as you post something like pushing this way, but not too
115:16 and it flexes up. That's going become intentional even if because like
115:20 there's gonna be some potential features related um and trying to, the part
115:27 bows has to stretch the boat so tension and then there's transformed settings which
115:35 be trans dimensional trans compression or trans . So, so maybe it's,
115:41 have things that are pulling apart like and it causes something to pull this
115:45 or they go this way and then or it can be twisting and b
115:54 here is always a tough thing to . It's always comforting. Okay.
116:00 it has a lot to do with life in our world. Okay,
116:05 divergence settings ah are as we go here, the divergence setting is going
116:15 be this extension. All basins and basically from divergent plate motions. And
116:22 that happens often with rift basins where have ocean for trying to be
116:30 Sometimes we have interpret tonic basins where sagging and it's it's stretching this way
116:37 a lot of times the underlying structure those basins has a lot to do
116:42 the rift being underneath it as as we look at. Um as
116:48 went out and viewed things, they always know what the underlying geology was
116:54 , cause it's so a lot of interpreter tonic sags might have been like
116:58 michigan basin, I think now we that there's some sort of an ancient
117:04 system underneath it, that caused that basin, The Bohai basin in
117:10 the eastern side of china, for , has something to do with the
117:14 rift. But you know, when in our geophysics doesn't penetrate very deeply
117:21 we're just drilling the upper surface of , we don't realize that that underlying
117:25 or weakness has something to do with there was a sag. And we'll
117:31 at look at the rift basin Um for the North sea, you
117:38 see a rift basin type development then as the, the thermal uh expansion
117:46 caused the rift in the first it kind of lifted it up and
117:48 slid off to the sides, so bowing and sliding off to the
117:53 But as that magnet magnetic ness cools time it goes like this and it
118:00 a sense. So, depending on deep your grilled, you saw stuff
118:06 the top, you see stuff that in a sag basin in the
118:11 you see what a sag basin And then at the bottom, you
118:15 what a rift basin can create after before it sagged and after it's
118:24 Okay, And of course this is start of a rift basin, which
118:28 , which is real simple model out the book and here's some looking out
118:34 of the United States where we have upwelling and is causing this to
118:41 Uh So it's not quite a rift in the western part of the
118:47 S. It's it's more of there's there is a magmatic source that's
118:51 stretching this one and not so much by um what's like the initial part
119:01 . Okay, um the North Sea a failed rift. Sometimes called an
119:06 oxygen. Some has anybody in here a lot of time with plate
119:16 Okay. Do you do you do you have any problem with me
119:21 a failed within a la kitchen? . What a failed rift?
119:35 Okay. A lot of times you this this mask that's that's related to
119:39 that's that's sealed off. But there's separate terminology can be complicated and what
119:45 means to one person is a little different than what it means to another
119:48 . And I know kevin burke made distinction between these two, but I
119:51 saw a reason to when I when use it, but failed rip works
119:57 . And uh one of one of things uh that reflect this of course
120:05 the pre salt in West africa. whether it's the North Sea and that's
120:12 that didn't happen. But then we to uh it would be like what
120:18 people call it a blockage in and uh west western part of africa,
120:25 pre salt would be part of a , but it's not a failed
120:29 And the east side of brazil is conjugate base in of of that rift
120:33 occurred. And so it's the same as well. And then the Bohai
120:39 is another uh there's an underlying uh there that not only created with the
120:46 basin is right now, but part the southeast china sea is related to
120:52 as well. And um here's, just showing you some of these more
120:59 less failed reefs or another way of at it is um have have you
121:04 of what a triple junction is? know, normally when you get something
121:09 up like this, things break it 120°, approximately 120°. And uh and so
121:18 get a, you get a a or um a triple junction they call
121:24 . And so you have this triple . So when this first started to
121:28 , um there was, there was rift cause being formed in the gulf
121:33 Suez european cause in the gulf of . And there was one in the
121:37 Sea, the one in the Red got more magma and it spread farther
121:40 faster and longer. And that's just of showing you how that happens.
121:46 the North sea was, was an off of the atlantic ocean and it
121:51 stopped spreading. But the atlantic ocean and this extension going on here in
122:02 in the southwestern basin here, or Basin sometimes. But it is it's
122:08 kind of like this, but it to the point where it gets like
122:13 , which is almost like the beginning a rifting event. But at this
122:19 we were expecting super duper volcanic eruptions than than an ocean to form yet
122:30 . But from from the sense I think it's important to point out
122:37 from an exploration ist sense. You , when you, when you go
122:41 drill something, it's buried with a more sediment. But at this point
122:45 time, what we can see, , these are major bounding faults.
122:52 if I have sandstone deposits filling in , we're gonna have these bounding faults
123:00 this. But then we could have fractures in here that makes smaller compartments
123:04 smaller prospects in our reservoirs. But terms of the development of the basin
123:12 the sediments inside of it, you see at this phase, we're getting
123:16 uplift here. These are mountain They're not just a little dip on
123:21 a on a thing that you've drawn a chalkboard. I find when I
123:26 this picture on the chalkboard, I it's hard for people to understand it
123:30 one side of this of this fault a mountain range and on the other
123:36 there's a deep basin and the tectonic enhanced maximum flooding surfaces in the North
123:43 happened when there was there was a sea level rise occurring at the same
123:49 , there was a shifting on that plane that made the basin deeper at
123:53 point in time. So you, you get a, you know,
123:59 this was underwater for example and sea goes up halfway up the mountain,
124:04 getting a flooding surface, right? if at the same time you have
124:08 subsidence, then it's a tectonic lee maximum flooding surface. In other
124:13 if they're if sea levels rising while base is falling out, it's a
124:18 a super duper drop in a very and so we go from, you
124:23 , maybe kind of shelf depth to that's path in maybe mid Matthew in
124:32 the, in the North sea uh when the lake was was still So
124:38 important to know on the update bend these, of these blocks. In
124:42 words, in the football block for fault, we're going to have a
124:47 sticking up and that peak sticks What happens when, when rocks stick
124:52 in the air on this planet, , they get eroded. So if
124:58 sticks up, it gets eroded, end is falling down, it creates
125:02 basin and it catches those sand So it's it's creating a source and
125:08 creating accommodation space at the same time create sediments and all of this isn't
125:14 down here, but there's gonna be lot of sanding. If you have
125:17 of these tectonic lee enhanced maximum flooding . You can also get something like
125:23 brace sands where you have fan deltas out across that fault scarf with recently
125:32 fault block jumping almost conglomerates into into the North sea that get covered
125:40 by organic rich, deep water And this has just shown you this
125:48 be at a big regional scale. um This is actually would be the
125:56 of the way the gulf of Mexico look in a way if if this
126:00 the coast over here and this was towards Austin, the beds would still
126:05 dipping in this direction. So it be a little bit different type of
126:10 rather than um the trap being on being on the football block trapped up
126:19 the hanging wall block. Um It be the other way around. So
126:24 , the orientation of of the the dip of the beds prior to
126:28 faulting and the faulting itself will have impact on what type of faulting relationships
126:35 the hanging wall and the football And here's here's what happens a lot
126:43 get ramping when these these things happen lot. And in fact in
126:51 when, when I was the Amica center, we funded Duke University with
126:59 a seismic acquisition vessel that would actually inside of us. A c
127:09 C134, I think it is, , transport military aircraft because there was
127:16 Ethiopian. Um, no, he a Ugandan, Ugandan Air Force pilot
127:24 this aircraft and he could fly it all over. He got licensed all
127:27 it, I think he paid people so he could fly from one country
127:30 the next. And, and uh of course, uh, Duke University
127:37 dealing with the legal parts of We tried to stay back from what
127:40 paid for it. So they could in there and uh, and he
127:44 get the, he could fly his in and actually land uh in almost
127:52 of these countries around the East African lake and then they could offload it
127:55 a flatbed truck and it was big to survive, barely survived the storms
128:01 the East African rift. Uh, from Nigeria. Yeah, so you
128:06 don't know that much about the East rift or having, have you ever
128:09 there? Yeah, Okay, so these things are north south in
128:16 lot of places and the winds tend in the evening go north south.
128:20 so they become these really tumultuous bodies water. They're almost like little oceans
128:26 uh lake turkana was one of them the local fishermen won't go out at
128:33 . These guys would be out there a seismic survey boat. It
128:37 It couldn't have been more than 75 long, uh, in in waves
128:42 a guy with 100 ft fishing we can go out and uh and
128:47 it's, it's a little bit But the one of the guys that
128:52 of commanded the boat was a professor Duke University was a Coast Guard
128:57 So he kind of knew how to it watercraft. And uh, but
129:01 showed pictures of uh 14 ft um swimming beside their boat in the middle
129:13 the night. So if you fall the boat, something may eat you
129:20 you just throw your life jacket away you can't swim that long, you're
129:26 be gone already. And uh, then, so sort of, it
129:32 sort of like dusk and, and winds were picking up and it
129:35 it was dark, but but enough through the clouds that you could see
129:38 , this 14 ft croc. And then they took this was off the
129:44 and then they took a shot from bow and you can see two water
129:48 coming up. And what are spouts dangerous in the water. And I
129:54 that because I saw a water spout I was on a guided missile destroyer
129:58 a midshipman and all the seasoned sailors for their life jackets. First,
130:04 didn't know what the hell was going . Then I saw the water spanning
130:07 . That can hurt this 500 ft And actually we're probably maybe more like
130:13 90-400 ft. And they got man those things hit you, you don't
130:17 what's going to happen. And uh so I ran for my life jacket
130:24 . But anyway, they were operating these kind of conditions but when they
130:29 lake turkana, I don't know if have a picture of it in here
130:32 not. No, I don't cut out because it's just too much.
130:37 a lot of the rifting going on the and at the early phase of
130:43 rifting is like this. It's, , it's ramping and on either side
130:48 may ramp like ramp like this on side, then it ramps like
130:51 another section and then it ramps like . So in the early breakup,
130:56 see all these, you know, go down there and you'll see all
130:58 ramps starting to form something so that can get get stop it.
131:05 let me go to a rift. gets more like this kind of
131:09 No, not this either. Mm . Was it here? I thought
131:19 like this. It starts to look like that. But but as you
131:23 into the map and out of the you get a lot of ramping going
131:29 about for that digression. Okay. then another thing that happens, ah
131:40 around diabolic dye appearance structures and uh and also sometimes with with riffs.
131:51 and this, this is, I this is west african. So this
131:54 the front of the rift system, you get, you get this cascade
132:02 um we call them Listrik, which spoon shaped and you get these things
132:08 are sort of spoon shaped and as tension is occurring, the load of
132:16 sediments pushes down here and so the hanging wall block slides down as
132:22 slides down. It creates more accommodation on this side and there's less accommodation
132:27 on that side, so it fills with sediment much faster. It's called
132:31 growth fault. And growth fault is one of one of the most significant
132:40 to develop a nice reservoir trapped up the wall. And here's one sort
132:50 showing you there's there's a toe over and something in the structure that's keeping
132:55 from sliding any further. But this from another person that kind of do
132:59 like this. So, I think thing to understand with growth faults is
133:06 the hanging wall is going to be down while depositions occurring. So it's
133:12 growth. And so you're going to more accommodation space here than you have
133:17 here and definitely a lot more than here. You might have erosion.
133:24 here, you can see the same , there's less accommodation space here.
133:29 a lot of accommodation space in here there's uh no, to a small
133:33 of accommodation space up here. And fault rollover can be concave convex or
133:44 . And this is, this is I'm talking about, convex here and
133:54 would be concave everybody see that when say that right, I think I
134:05 . And so what type of roll do we have here? Right.
134:11 at layer three major seismic reflectors So that'd be concave, Right,
134:30 . And that would be kind of this and a lot of it has
134:36 do with with the point of which can change through time as as
134:43 thing starts to move down. It be like this and then it may
134:46 here and it goes like that or could be way way back here.
134:52 so it kind of slides like this it goes up for a while until
134:56 gets more like this and then it to, to get more context.
135:03 um some of these slides come from a PG paper that went into it
135:09 uh I don't know if steve Norris , will talk about growth faults this
135:20 . But because of the significance of gulf of Mexico when mike Murphy taught
135:25 , he would, he would use paper to try to explain a lot
135:29 the details and growth vaults and one the reasons is because they're rarely important
135:34 . And he did work at America I was there for a while,
135:38 but he didn't have that much experience the oil companies. So a lot
135:41 his structural geology relates to a lot other the worldly structural issues. And
135:49 here's something uh similar to that in in the gulf of Mexico. This
135:58 actually the gulf coastal plain at the of Mexico, but the coastal plain
136:02 , of texas or Louisiana for that . And you have these major bounding
136:09 faults and we haven't discussed what a is yet again, because we haven't
136:16 to that part of the, of value chain. But but what you
136:21 see here, uh are these expanded here is um this is expanded fault
136:30 , expanded fault zone, expanded fault here is a slope and basin floor
136:36 . So I'm kind of on the at one point in time it was
136:40 enough that we were getting slope and floor type settings up on where the
136:47 plain is today. And as these faults kind of allow the sediments by
136:55 , drive slide down into the basin . Um and there's a little bit
137:01 uplift to the north and west. also are setting up within each one
137:09 these fault blocks a series of different of traps within this type of
137:16 So you're getting sloping base and four here is an expanded fault zone,
137:22 is uh pretty much up on the shelf here and here, you've got
137:31 some shallower water sand stones up here the top, so it's deep water
137:38 and shallow water stuff building up in . Okay, um convergence settings are
137:49 little bit different. Um I think also have to just say one thing
137:53 um uh this is a relatively stable , but the fault is the fault
138:01 as a as they grow and roll this direction. They're expanding the section
138:08 could have traps and and uh and and reservoirs. Okay, in convergence
138:18 , ah it's a little bit but not only do you get compression
138:24 structures, you also get some intentional formed from convergence boundaries. And uh
138:32 that's uh to some extent the result the compression, all motion causing
138:40 So that gets, there is a bit of tension related with it.
138:45 this is sort of like where you subsiding an act of um margin,
138:53 you've got subsidence going on, you're got in front of this diving with
139:00 plate, you're going to get magma volcanic sup in here, but at
139:06 same time, uh this is creating downward flow which uh and then you
139:11 get some upward heat flow going here get some tension behind it in the
139:16 part. So this would be the act for alcohol through here here,
139:21 get your getting compression and brush sheets fresh wedge developed in that area which
139:28 a certain type of faulting in ah build up. And of course,
139:34 are places along Indonesia where where you're getting terminates and some of these with
139:40 the sheets are like this, they ah they create a little pocket where
139:46 can be pushed in. They can be coming down and go out or
139:50 there's a safe sediments actually come up hill and into those little pockets.
139:56 then of course, this looks, could be what might look like a
140:05 sag because it's back behind this And then you can start seeing some
140:09 that looked like a a small rift in the back. And of course
140:15 it's compression will stress. Uh and key to it is that you lose
140:21 estate. And I know sometimes it's hard to remember hanging well in
140:28 but if you remember these really simple thanks. What what I always thought
140:34 really stunning is that even in the , which is started out with a
140:39 of real estate that was from here here, when you squeeze it,
140:45 problems, the small parts of this trying to meet the small parts of
140:50 . So it has okay, and has to be shrink and life like
140:58 opposite of that when it's a normal , you're trying to put this part
141:05 the blog. The wider part of block marked off to the wider part
141:09 the blocks that this would move down that would be but so we have
141:12 stretch. So there has to be stretching. And if you kind of
141:18 the simple blocks, it makes it for the more complicated things that you
141:22 going on and make more sense I . And um I think it has
141:30 value. I don't know, it me. Uh And anyway this is
141:35 showing you some small scale faulting that's on in a compression system. And
141:44 this bed here and this bed here obviously the same. And so the
141:50 the hanging wall block is moving up than down. So this is a
141:54 fault and what's going on down Yeah. And it's cold in
142:00 isn't it? That's why dr he's here and there's nothing you can
142:08 I mean you can you can go that thing and okay well it's I
142:19 think it means anything. I think put that on the wall and make
142:21 feel good but this cold air comes a source and it's not really controlled
142:29 at this point and there is a to do it but they don't always
142:34 it and uh maybe we should take . So we're gonna fall out and
142:42 starting to get I should have brought jacket, you look like me getting
142:47 to go to bed with my uh hoodie on on a cold night.
142:53 , so, um, so the down here, of course,
142:59 deformation is not is that you're not brittle deformation. You're getting plastic deformation
143:05 the rocks are not breaking. uh, at this point of time
143:09 time, uh, it suggests you know, you're pretty close to
143:14 thermal boundary, which changed the nature the rocks while this displacement was going
143:18 . And you're getting plastic deformation down versus brittle deformation at the top.
143:23 that's just a neat little picture. I probably could have left that
143:28 But this is what we mean by low angle reverse fault. Is what
143:32 call a thrust fault. And and a thrust fault. Because you can
143:37 an awful lot of real estate is on. And of course these are
143:44 uh, structural features here. if you had oil coming in
143:50 you're getting traps development on this side you've got to seal up here and
143:55 getting trapped up against the walls over . There's a lot of different ways
144:00 can happen. But there's trapping related this. But even though it's compression
144:09 , mm hmm. I think I figure out how to do it.
144:16 , Even though it's compression along when you start loading these stacks
144:23 this real estate, this this heavier , more against sedimentary rocks. And
144:31 Igneous rocks on top of on top of the crust here, you start
144:39 create in the first place you'll start create sort of a down working which
144:44 is again stretching. So you can getting some stretching uh vaulting features in
144:50 . But this downward call it down creates forlan base. And uh one
144:58 the things about foreland basins is they they can get very deep very quickly
145:01 this loading and and there's a there's buckling of the crust here and uh
145:08 it's local before we before we really plate tectonics and I kind of started
145:17 geology right about the time you There are a lot of people who
145:22 it was crazy but ah the this down working stuff is what we thought
145:35 happening. Uh and a lot of where um just the sentiment because there's
145:45 that's wrong and somehow somehow that became believable model and I don't know if
145:53 never heard of the GSM final but lines created. So so basically the
146:03 it would have worked differently. But download amusement personal pop up. That's
146:12 gonna happen. But what can happen you can load one edge of edible
146:19 but you can't actually pick something up the air ah bye bye level effect
146:27 rocks aren't strong enough to do And then of course to create a
146:31 uh any of you have ever tried lift up something heavy with a with
146:36 crowbar or something. Um if it's to the ground and you have a
146:42 , you hit the ground and you I can't lift it up anymore so
146:47 no reason to push it down. uh presumably this stag would have created
146:52 things to pop up in some of models. But they had my orgs
146:57 . You gs inclines had all sorts different sink lines creating them. But
147:04 and loading was a big part of . But in this case loading makes
147:08 because it's very localized because it's very . He's following bases, you
147:14 they're big relative to the and gone a lot of passive margins. And
147:24 so you have these things that form we see in the Denver area and
147:29 places on this side of the mountain that have lots of really good reservoirs
147:36 plenty of basin infill. But they're they're gonna in there because this thrusting
147:41 lot of times it's going to be rocks. Sometimes it's igneous and
147:45 but mostly it's a lot of places sedimentary rocks, they're going to be
147:49 mature sediments even though they're close to mountains which which helps in terms of
147:55 quality. But there um here here's subject doesn't matter how complex they
148:03 whether you have simple piggybacks or or going on here. And uh and
148:13 can get some extension when in general you get this consider parallel to the
148:25 of the process. And uh, , two km and km across,
148:31 it's still really size compared to hey, handsome hands up and they're
148:38 , very quick, but they have elongated features. So, so the
148:43 of where you're gonna be drilling is gonna be like all the way
148:48 from Austin two, miles offshore, we're doing here, you wouldn't be
148:54 that. So there their basins that big enough and deep enough and take
149:03 enough to develop to have oil accumulations them. And some of them are
149:07 good. When I worked for the, a big chunk of our
149:12 came from from these types of But I, I never worked
149:18 okay, then another type of basin be in transformed settings. So all
149:25 these really have to do with plate boundaries and you all know about that
149:33 we have transformed things that can be dimensional transport professional and trans rotational.
149:40 not gonna go into into this whole except that again, because I haven't
149:46 in a lot of these types of except for specific little problems. And
149:54 , but nevertheless, uh, you can see you've got something that
149:59 kind of a rift. But then getting some shearing going on here at
150:03 point in time along here. And getting some of these seats that just
150:08 of open up from the sharing of And this is kind of how a
150:15 rotational or pull apart can form. other words, you have a land
150:20 over here and land mass over there part of it gets hooked up and
150:24 pulled apart at the same time in place that might be getting pushed
150:29 It could be transgression. And just an example, I think this
150:38 kind of interesting cause when I was on the Customs Systems, uh,
150:44 , I needed to explain to people this wasn't a good face into drill
150:49 the past week sentence because We had 12 1000 m of segments and it's
150:56 deposits of short period. Um, , volcanic is coming in from
151:05 That's a requiems raining in from the over on this side. So I
151:11 of had uplift on both sides of volcanic on this side here, which
151:16 one effect on the, you can a significant effect after its weather on
151:26 chemistry this time was for frenetic based . It's direct just filling it in
151:37 a lot. So, just as exploration geologists and you haven't, we
151:46 gone through everything. Uh, why you think that might be even though
151:51 a very deep basin, 12,000 m sediments. Okay. And, and
151:59 got, you're going to have first reservoir riot drops potential source rocks.
152:08 two really major reasons why I just turn out for you, The basin
152:13 would have a lot of prospect and the way I like to look at
152:19 . But what about the basement? have a high propensity. Well,
152:28 pretty unusual. I'm surprised. Normally phone makes noise all day long.
152:36 get phone calls every five minutes. the number of people calling the University
152:41 History these days with like this Uh, can you think of a
152:48 why this basin is full of and is this is all happening sitting
152:55 Mm hmm. And a lot of in the clients see the finest and
153:01 of the stuff down here. What of being realizing some questions myself and
153:13 actually has fossils in it to tell it's safe. Uh, and salinity
153:20 important because the saline basin has better , isolated drainage basin in its
153:27 That means evaporation is going on. internally great. Which means there's a
153:32 chance through its history if they have , uh, chemo clients, which
153:39 create an oxen, um, like , which were preserved $13,000.
153:52 There's two reasons and one of them to do with not how much softer
153:56 compositions and most of its runoff from side. This would be more
154:05 Okay. Uh, this kind of it into the face and you have
154:18 primal, but there's a lot of dominating coming in here. And when
154:25 , when you, when you overload system with a lot of counseling and
154:29 in it, first thing that happens it precipitates out is you have a
154:35 done Madison was coming up here in also and uh in this case it
154:42 been right there. It's really So we would have less of a
154:52 . And so this one is mostly and rich. This one is mostly
154:58 carbonated, this dominated up here could have formed appetite in the phosphorus movement
155:05 to stay in the water column. that's one thing. But what's another
155:10 ? Even if even if it was other way around and we had a
155:15 of are big stuff coming from both . And there was lots of organic
155:23 in here. What about this And would also be another problem?
155:27 this is what I'm trying to I'm to get you to think in the
155:30 picture. Just you know, 100,000 here. Looking down, you can
155:37 out why this is a good base romantics. And uh without doing any
155:43 doing a whole lot. But here have something The Miocene. It's nine
155:50 Miocene in recent months. All So what do you what does that
155:53 in terms of product accumulation? it's very high. So the sedimentation
156:03 that right, by the way, mentioned this. But I just have
156:08 distinguish between market accumulation rates and sedimentation , sedimentation rates and what happened right
156:16 some of these get deposited a certain . But if we start looking at
156:20 , we're looking at like accumulation rates rock accumulation rate you have to take
156:24 effect different actions, actions from the . Okay, So, uh do
156:31 have this high sedimentation? Right. even if you have a lot of
156:35 and would dilute organic. So it's for you to get something that would
156:40 a bit source rock somewhere. It a high concentration of T.
156:44 C. Even if it's even if loud, hyper hi biochemistry blocked
156:51 So, there's two reasons why this be. You know, we uh
156:56 were trying to come up with a to tell people what kinds of basins
157:00 looking for. And one of the has got to be big and how
157:06 bigger than uh bigger than a small . You know, you can have
157:10 small pond, people see small ponds but that's not going to be a
157:16 reservoir because it's gonna be um so had to have these bases, the
157:24 , it would be sailing because email are very resistant to overturn the canucks
157:31 bottom reserve off. And uh and if you think the hydro chemistry,
157:38 need to have the sodium sodium which saving lee as opposed to the
157:45 sodium chloride calcium, which is like marines, you know, in the
157:50 environment, uh you can get docs to maybe 2% of the most like
157:56 because it was a restricted basement see there's other places in the direction that
158:01 happened. So there's something happening. get updated percent. And in that
158:09 , oh closed length of this Excuse me. The like this in
158:16 fight carbonated The T. S. over 25 and it's quite common but
158:23 the same time at the rock Five. Uh a really good comparison
158:31 that or explanation that is. Mm . San jorge basin in Argentina.
158:37 perfect for this. Except they had higher population. So there T.
158:42 . c. s. don't get of the 12%. But then uh
158:47 that basis from africa and brazil reports had CFCs over 25%. And that's
158:56 the sedimentation rate. Besides at the it was a lot less than it
159:00 in Argentina. Which was an earlier phase of the south atlantic relative to
159:07 north. Mm hmm. Okay. then we we know all about small
159:14 and how important they are. But , we'll talk about this a little
159:23 more but faults usually rather than just plane might be a fault zone.
159:30 so you can have faults like And if if you're getting these fractures
159:34 they actually in fill with cement they become ceiling fractures and uh and it
159:40 also be make that a ceiling But if it's not um then there
159:48 be communication across there and it wouldn't act as a trap. The other
159:52 that are shown in here are gouge we'll talk about gouge later on and
159:57 gouge down here and you can also ah cata classic zones where the pressure
160:02 things start to re crystallize some of some of the components and you get
160:09 that are worse than cement in some . And so you can have ceiling
160:15 the fault plane through gouge. And course gouges is like if you have
160:20 shell unit and you you slide it with it and uh huh sort of
160:27 subjective way or slightly objective way of out this is yeah, you have
160:33 take your totals same section into shale and uh the ratio of that,
160:39 higher the higher the shell ratios, sand, the greater chances there's going
160:44 be a shale gown along and But we'll talk about that more
160:50 But then uh then here's here's some . But what's the difference between a
160:57 fault and a fraction more? That's right. Just a pose.
161:24 . Okay. Um The I guess simplest way to put it, I
161:28 you you're thinking the same thing, the simplest way to put it in
161:32 offset. The beds are offset. a cult if the in a
161:37 there's no relative motion, it's just open, that's a gap. And
161:43 and that's how you do that. and I put this in because of
161:48 because of the unconventional uh when natural sometimes helps us a lot, like
161:56 the Austin chalk for a lot of live stones. Ah But there's a
162:04 of diagrams here with normal um fault stressful. And this is showing you
162:09 the skylights the joints the faults It's also showing you um Signal
162:18 which would be the greatest stress and to would be the second greatest and
162:24 three would be the third greatest And this is this is sort of
162:29 that looks like in a normal So what what is controlling the
162:37 Well, the Sigma one on this . Excuse me. The faults are
162:51 by that. But what what what in the world is causing that to
162:57 ? Gravity, its gravity. that's we call these gravity. These
163:02 faults. Sometimes we call them So those are gravity pump. And
163:10 and this kind of shows you you're uh skylights perpendicular debt. But but
163:21 things break in an angle the gravity , don't just go straight up and
163:26 like this, they break like break that angle. So they're at a
163:29 angle, slightly, perfect, slightly to but an angle off of what
163:36 gonna see. And then um there these, I'm gonna be perpendicular to
163:45 signature. These are gonna be the and the style lights um are also
163:53 going to be um perpendicular to the . And here's what happens here again
164:05 your stress. And here this is politics. So this has to be
164:17 . If you've got a professional forces are like this as opposed to it's
164:22 falling. And of course it's working falling at the same time.
164:28 but it shows you that the orientation the style lights, the joints and
164:33 faults are again related to this. is different. The Sigma one is
164:39 the horizontal and it's parallel to the forces itself. And it kind of
164:45 you that and there's there's 33 of blocks, one for each, each
164:51 type of stress regime, the different of thoughts. And there's three of
164:57 . Whenever there's three of them, makes a really good test question.
165:01 so you know, and if there's you don't understand about it, I'll
165:08 really hard to explain it. It's simple except that things that are simple
165:13 are hard for me to explain without at them for a while because I
165:16 things backwards all the time. It's of my autism, I guess,
165:24 I don't think so too much of extra group, but that could be
165:30 of the part of the So so this this if we if you're
165:39 we can look at the rocks and out what the stress balls and so
165:43 can also look for rocks, I , you know, now which way
165:50 I going to want to grow my to try to get get it in
165:53 with the joints which are the fractures I might want to try to
165:58 So it could be either one of kinds of things to the displacement
166:02 The fractures are going to be with joints, joints are our friends without
166:09 displacement. And so a lot of you want to get you're well
166:18 Okay, can we go back I want to get my my wells
166:27 hit these. You might want to them vertically and hit him hit those
166:36 . That's a fact. But why this? There's two reasons why this
166:40 always when it, one has to with structural geology and one has to
166:45 with real estate. The structural geology . The forces may have been this
166:57 at one changed that rocks may actually multiple stressful. So they might have
167:07 with different ways that museum. But real estate problem is as if probably
167:19 do this since I'm trying to What happened? All right, just
167:26 that you can hear me pretty sure when they normally do this.
167:33 people can you hear me, It's kind of describe what it Mhm.
167:39 have a bridges like this? This say 10 miles. This is three
167:49 . You want to get a good well, how are they going to
167:53 ? It's like, it almost doesn't . It was very practical this
168:01 The long range is, is probably most important. And uh but if
168:06 can export oriented a crime yes, a big block, that's maybe
168:13 you have the option of drilling in direction. Somebody gets a big square
168:18 like this. And he starts this is derek follow the direction of
168:25 story. So land use and management for stuff that we're going to hydra
168:37 may not be as important. You , it may not be as important
168:41 you're looking at the positive chocolate. of the things, sorry, one
168:49 the reasons Why those wells cheaper because don't have something to say dr challenge
168:58 , and depending on where it you may want, they're not to
169:03 natural fractures energy. Exactly. Because opposite problem have this. Yeah,
169:14 a lot of complexity to it. it really depends a lot of time
169:22 uh that are there in place as is right now. Another thing that
169:27 happen with the practice, sometimes the practice, black holes, mm
169:36 Some point in the so there's uh haphazardly without considering all the job.
169:51 that's why you guys will have um you know, um just because
170:02 like petroleum geology, you know, like knowing that people can still look
170:07 it and uh but I think more , based on one of the first
170:12 I gave you, I want you realize that while you're finding hydrocarbons,
170:17 not killing the planet trying to save because there isn't enough energy yet to
170:24 it. And if there was then that would be a whole different
170:29 But but I think it's really important remember that. Okay, you guys
170:35 to keep on going, take a , Okay, we can take a
170:44 break. How about that? Because want to get through another chapter.
170:58 is a diagram I used to use show you that those faults, scarves
171:00 be really big. You have to the recording, then share the
171:52 Is it sharing? Okay. now we're going to look at basic
172:03 tools and this is just to be everybody's on board. Um How many
172:16 you ever seen a wire line logging ? You have, you've seen
172:26 Only on slides. So I'm not do much good for you, but
172:30 I'll try to explain it, but early on, you know, we
172:36 just straight holes and so you could these tools down and uh the uh
172:47 good thing about it is is you wire, but you drop, you
172:50 something that's a piece of pipe essentially a piece of pipe, the size
172:54 a piece of pipe and has tools it. And uh and it measures
172:59 . And so this thing of course has a wire with the cable that
173:04 the signal coming up the wire. So, you know, you can't
173:10 use a wire to do it, have to have a stepped up like
173:13 real strong steel wire and then you usually wrapped in it or around
173:20 One way there's a there's a a uh wire that actually returns the signal
173:28 uh from the devices. So you so you actually have some bandwidth going
173:32 that table, yep. Okay, , so anyway, um you can
173:41 the tension that goes on. This pretty strong. So a lot of
173:44 they would break, the thing would and they'd lose the price. I
173:50 I just started doing that. Ah there you go. They
174:25 You have to be a real Also, whenever I get numbers on
174:30 top. Mhm. one time I water refs two oxygen's and kind of
174:42 I decided that or something, I trying to show people there.
174:52 But anyway, mm hmm. So can have a wealth for like this
174:58 straight hold, you have a cable then you have something that's likely to
175:04 kind of sense or something. Drop down. Some gravity's especially gravity.
175:11 Of course you have the casing in just kind of vows down there european
175:18 like this. And sometimes things will normally with a straight hole, that's
175:25 deviation from, from some things in angle like this washout, just drop
175:38 thing down. So one of the I learned how to do is
175:45 no, I didn't have to fish and geologists, what I learned is
175:49 you have to affect that. There's one way we're going to like this
175:56 some tools to that spring. It's long So this longer thing.
176:08 that's totally something he's episode. It a really good mm hmm.
176:18 Yes. Anyway, that's something, . Now you guys, so you
176:30 really use that environment, have a screen. It's got some questions.
176:36 it's part of, it's part of Philistines. And we just but we
176:43 end w w was that way But part of the problem with
176:48 how did you come up with? kind of helpful At one point in
176:54 . They have to just like Yes, we have the blood pumps
176:59 the city, that's fine. Like vibrations and the source, we're sending
177:12 . No, like one or 2 at the time of the best.
177:16 it wasn't that and now it's a lot better. But you can still
177:22 can still you can still vibrate And uh and of course with
177:27 you have to vibrate because once you it sets and uh and so there's
177:33 lot of, lot of stuff like when, when you uh I
177:40 when I was a young geologist always to go offshore because I thought it
177:44 great fun because you know, I a, I like, I like
177:48 kind of stuff, you know, going out in the ocean and all
177:51 kind of stuff and seeing how the works. But you, you get
177:54 feel for what, what you're really when you get out on that
177:58 And it's unfortunate that we, we to send young people out on the
178:01 all the time. Now that now all this liability crap and sometimes we
178:05 send people out at all unless we have to send them out and a
178:10 of stuff, you know, we , we can communicate now directly from
178:13 rig, but when you're on site really get a better feel for
178:17 And uh and it's a shame that people don't get, get the advantage
178:22 doing it. But this is just you kind of, you know,
178:24 get this drill string coming down here it's going, it's even got growth
178:30 back in here you got all these attached to the drill assembly and uh
178:35 they have sensors and and uh there a group when I was a chemical
178:40 center that actually worked with these, things were, there was a solid
178:47 material which is really strong by the . And, and it would
178:53 it would have these joints that will held together really tight with with special
178:57 rings. But parts of it would like this and you can take a
179:01 sample and it would turn one way it would open open it up into
179:06 part of the assembly that would check temperature. Then then he twisted another
179:14 . We check for certain for organic or just water chemistry. So as
179:20 just turn this thing into the would the sample would go through it
179:23 measure different things. It was really . So and that was that was
179:28 long time ago. So I know they have a lot of tools that
179:31 didn't have. I worked on a for example, uh when I started
179:37 and and we had magnetometers And you to be within 50 ft of it
179:45 figure out what direction was in uh have to be with I think close
179:49 150 ft to know how far away were from it. So you so
179:54 could tell you were getting close to but you didn't know exactly which direction
179:59 turn. And that made it really to do to kill a well because
180:04 have to drill and intersect the But nowadays the magnetometers, you can
180:08 150 ft away and I think you still tell exactly where it is.
180:13 , so it's not as important, , but when I did that because
180:18 , you have to be really close another direction when you were grilling the
180:22 , you had to log it a to make sure you know exactly where
180:24 were and how far you were in space. So they run a directional
180:30 and they stopped and so I I learned a whole lot from this
180:33 . Well because we had a log uh 500 ft we had send down
180:39 logs so we can figure out exactly we were vertically and laterally using the
180:44 drilling and the formations of entertaining. is really a good example. So
180:51 purpose of these logging tools for the part is to is to get these
180:57 things that you need to get out the well bore um because you know
181:03 are looking for porosity and permeability, you want to look at all this
181:06 stuff and and of course as you know, one simple thing,
181:11 know, you start getting more saline and you're still at shallow depths,
181:14 might be close to a salt dome something like that. There's a lot
181:17 different reasons you need this, this of stuff, but but the greatest
181:22 of the formation you get when you multiple wells and you can correlate them
181:28 uh and that sort of thing, but also ah some of the other
181:33 , we'll talk about, look at of the fine structure in the wells
181:39 and so these are these are kind things that you'd expect that we'd want
181:42 do it. But there the main for these logging tools, whether it's
181:47 line or the other type is it can evaluate a long length of the
181:53 with these tools pretty quickly without taking core. Now there are places the
181:59 industry does slim coring where the the well the exploratory well is very thin
182:05 they can actually core the whole It actually drills out of core and
182:10 the court. Just keep shooting it then you end up with too much
182:14 . You don't know what to do it all. But but but in
182:18 larger well boards that we're hoping to production tubing down in and that sort
182:22 thing. Uh We normally work with and of course there's issues with cuttings
182:30 this allows us to look at the in situ the whole length of the
182:35 in other words the formation exactly where is. Uh what you do is
182:40 drop it all the way to the and you run it while you're dropping
182:43 the bottom. So you can compare while you're pulling it up but then
182:46 start pulling it up in, tensing and once you get intense you can
182:49 out exactly how far off the bottom and start pulling it up slowly like
182:53 if there's any offset with the you can check against the drop to
182:58 of figure out if there was some or tension that made your scale go
183:03 a bit. So there's, there's lot of double checking Winston with
183:08 with the drill string, it's more . So you have a better sense
183:12 the actual death on that, then might with for the cable that can
183:18 , but normally the cables were, we waited on one end and then
183:22 were tensed when you pulled it up the other. Okay, um a
183:32 of times uh we did work because do wire line drilling that would be
183:36 you drill. Sometimes you have to or clean out the well bore before
183:40 drop these tools in there. And that could slow it down too.
183:44 there's a lot of advantages to MWd , and uh basically what I'm gonna
183:53 about or the the three main types logs that geologists work with in reservoir
184:01 to uh but they're uh your book it this way, so I like
184:08 keep it this way. There are different ways of doing this. You
184:13 do it by the type of like some people have said a real
184:19 , some people say density, but basically there's tools that were designed
184:31 and there are tools, they were designed for the permeability of the process
184:38 includes density tools and uh, and identification, which primarily uses to,
184:47 often have a test question and I'll you what, what are the three
184:50 types of and uh we're making, based on the logic that I'm going
184:58 go through these, these in this because it fits what's in your
185:03 I'd like to, I'd like to whatever is in the book when I
185:08 . And and that's why I do . And I think it's also a
185:11 way to think of it because this the, this is the reason why
185:14 tools were developed. Um and in gulf of Mexico, the rock mythology
185:22 that we're going to show were designed the gulf of Mexico for sand shale
185:29 . They weren't originally designed for but with these tools and these tools
185:36 these tools together we can figure out the pathology is a lot better with
185:43 in the computer can come up with . They're getting better all the
185:48 But again, when, when they started doing it, the algorithms were
185:54 on their experience as you go further and look at different conditions, different
186:00 of mineralogy, different combinations of permeability and different types of fluids.
186:06 getting a whole whole can of worms terms of variables that make it harder
186:11 it to always work right. But of the time when a lot of
186:14 tools were developed, they were being to the sand shale sequences that you
186:19 in the gulf coast to flank. just that's just the way, you
186:24 , Schlumberger was doing it primarily here then they would take it around the
186:30 . There's other things like pressure tools help us figure out the pressures and
186:36 of course uh what what would go with wire line would be these sidewalk
186:42 and uh I don't know but I'm would guess it and I don't think
186:46 would have, I think if you a sidewalk or it's got to be
186:50 line, I don't think you could that at 10 M. W.
186:54 . Yes. Do you think wire or not? Because because you're gonna
187:00 up with these things hanging out, would be rough, putting it on
187:03 drilling assembly. I mean you it's a pooling thing but you you
187:09 to the the sidewall court tool itself a lot thinner than most of the
187:14 too. That's another thing. uh so the gamma logs uh the
187:26 tools really the king of the rock , the rock identification tools are going
187:33 be is going to be the gamma and it's really trying to discriminate between
187:38 versus sand and how that relates to . Okay. And when you run
187:47 um we get a total gamma, the gamma. That's it's a it's
187:54 passive tool and so it gets the out of the formation and it's based
187:58 these elements. And a lot of when it's run it's just total gamma
188:04 most of it's going to be And because most of its uranium,
188:08 has a lot to do with organics in organics absorbed a lot of of
188:17 particles in the air. So they huh. So you get a high
188:23 when you have highly organic rich rocks it's just a it's just a natural
188:28 that happens now you get a high on a sandstone which is not organic
188:34 . What would that mean? You a hot sand? What is the
188:37 sand normally gonna trump? That's You have a sand that's hot.
188:49 other words it has a high gamma . What would what would that what
188:52 that almost always indicate? House Mhm. Now it's uh it's not
189:03 A. P. I. Uh know you have high for there could
189:07 some oil in it. Yeah, could be some oil in it that
189:09 have it. But normally when the are really hot you're gonna have um
189:18 because it's not a shell, it's the like you can go and you
189:23 go into a marsh right now and and you get a gamma signal.
189:26 gamma signal off of modern day But you but the reason it would
189:32 hot as if they were radioactive stands from a bad directly off of a
189:36 it or something like some of the stones that come off the Appalachian mountains
189:40 low grade um low grade uranium And that would be hot. And
189:49 another way it happens if if somebody a pit and the bomb plant and
189:58 an aquifer under it and it leaks it, that radioactive fluid can flow
190:06 into the aquifer. Okay, South , for example, has a bomb
190:12 and from World War Two. And they've been they've worked ever since World
190:18 Two. They've been trying to re it. It's a nuclear energy is
190:22 hard thing to store waste is hard store and it's it started to leak
190:28 the aquifers. And so we actually a grad student go out and uh
190:33 was working on the same project that was and she was getting these high
190:37 spikes down dip by the plant in sand stones. And we had to
190:44 down our operation because the Department of didn't want anybody to know what was
190:48 on. And but she was getting hot sands because the fluids were actually
190:54 down into the action. And the news is is people in charge make
191:00 that people weren't pulling well water out the area. But I wouldn't I
191:08 I wouldn't I don't think anybody could that someone didn't pull well water out
191:12 didn't have high radioactive water in Mhm. Okay, so um here's
191:19 an example of a typical gamma one thing that's interesting to note is
191:25 has priest quick return. Almost always this column. This is usually usually
191:35 , well, logs, you got column for depth, then the next
191:39 is whatever tool you want to put there and you can put multiple tools
191:42 one column. But normally they put rock identification tools in this column.
191:47 , if you're a student and you plot it anyway, you want to
191:51 confuse everybody. But the standard way doing it is to keep the rock
191:58 not only want to have The 3rd is gonna be a little ology column
192:03 anything else that you want to put here. I hear they're putting um
192:09 could be because of preparation symbols right . I'm not sure because it doesn't
192:15 , but the a lot of times this preparation circles on it, thank
192:22 . Perfect. A hole in But here we're getting a response.
192:27 inflections are pretty pretty quick. And this tool responds the gamma I damn
192:37 want 50s over here, Logan was this direction and they're calibrated. They
192:42 originally calibrated right here on campus. entire world have come here over by
192:49 organics, some cement slabs and the in the ground for some brazil would
192:54 and calibrate all the catalogs, all them, nothing. Now they've come
193:00 a way to do it with Uh, you know, electronically they
193:04 calibrate these things. It's a relative and it shifts can shift in
193:09 in the in a well as you go down for a month. So
193:14 they have to shift in the middle but the inflections in this direction,
193:20 high gamma reflections in that direction. if and if we have forgetting absorption
193:28 uh radioactive minerals, find great So, if I have an inflection
193:35 this direction, but miraculously one more going to be a shell sort of
193:46 half a dampened uh huh response to for a love response again. But
193:56 probably gonna be a sandstone and the , sandstone. And that's, that's
194:03 the tool was originally designed to really sands and ships. Okay, And
194:14 here's something I know all of you looked at logs. I'm sure you
194:19 uh I see something over here. isn't this sand over here? You
194:28 something over here that's got a real uh response. And normally when,
194:33 this happens on a well log, doesn't get drawn here. It gets
194:36 back over here and it recycles and of see a loop on it and
194:42 confuses. Oftentimes can confuse a student somebody that hasn't looked at him very
194:48 . But this one is just trying be straightforward and it's just lapped it
194:51 top of the column, that it slot in normally. And uh,
194:57 here's what a clean sand looks So this is, this is what
195:00 real low response would be in this and this, these are all shales
195:07 here. So this is way past 50% point on this. So these
195:12 all definitely shales. The reason why really, really high over here and
195:16 these look like santa's because this is Cambridge play, which is a very
195:21 rich um source rock and it has of the highest spikes in the
195:27 And uh, and this would be , probably a maximum flooding surface and
195:32 might be another service. And uh always, but that's what we present
195:39 . And of course depending on the of this, this could be The
195:44 of one major national flooding surface and also very thin. So what happens
195:52 sometimes this interval, you could actually been multiple maximum flooding surfaces come
196:00 If you go off, you go way out in deep water.
196:08 you haven't stepped up, you you have back to protectionism that
196:11 challenging, challenging. Yeah, I that multiple accident flight surfaces way out
196:19 with no standing in between and that's of the problems with using spikes to
196:24 back to work. If you're closer shore, you're gonna have some sand
196:31 . If you get farther off, get less and less and less than
196:34 seventh. The only thing out here deeper and this could be a maximum
196:41 surface, deepwater event, maximum playing and deep water, maximum flooding
196:48 It's still the deepening event here. out here. You know,
196:56 But the actual plates are set. hard to do. And that can
197:02 if you have a tectonic lee, , there could be multiple ones inside
197:08 that. That interval. Okay. probably too much detail. Okay.
197:16 other tool, the first tool that up with was the sp log the
197:20 potential. Like does anybody ever work sp logs? Good. Mhm.
197:29 borehole geophysics? Who taught it? ? Oh, jeez ! Howie,
197:39 . Okay. Okay. Um there are a lot of petro
197:47 you know, they always a gamble scandalize the new thing. And uh
197:53 , uh we did have a you're teaching formal geophysics. I thought
198:00 were insane with government. Do you why we listen with us? We
198:08 . What was that exactly? You , we can't afford to fill new
198:15 just because we have to. So geologists, especially if you work with
198:21 smaller company, they're gonna be in area where they're trying to get a
198:26 of information out of love four. uh and aside from that, you
198:32 to the criminal base, a lot the locks in the wells blocks and
198:37 want to be able to, You , when they go back into the
198:41 basin stuff that was built back in 50s and 60s, we go back
198:45 and get into the formation as we down in the source rock. Still
198:51 to have some directions getting there and the structure and you do that with
198:56 lines. Now these are also sand discriminator. Um so they become very
199:05 when working with older wells. and, and I think the most
199:11 thing for any geologist to realize is all data that's useful is what I
199:17 to get. And uh, there only be three wells and all three
199:22 them recipe and you're gonna have to those sp locks. Yeah, if
199:26 got two gammas and one sp go it. Um if you, if
199:32 have, and I used to do all the time because my boss told
199:35 why it was good because the gamma on the sp response and there was
199:40 time when they didn't think they could them together, but you can do
199:43 together. And uh the difference between things can tell you where there's oil
199:51 , and I don't know why it's highly advertised, but it actually can
199:55 you. And uh and that's even a resistive ITty, but normally you'll
200:02 a resistive ITty log in a So um, I tell you there's
200:06 there too because the reason activity will . Um So this this is this
200:12 really important thing to do. Uh doesn't work so well in freshwater because
200:17 need saline. And uh and if if you have a place where again
200:23 people that teach borehole geophysics closer to physicist or they like to think of
200:29 wilderness one for fresh one more which which it normally does. But
200:36 the surface can have freshwater between some the salt salty. You have something
200:45 just deposit is fresh water number five C section is gonna have salt in
200:53 . Then another something that some year exposed, we go down to Argentina
201:00 the same time every base and they some things where the links were absolutely
201:06 my terminated right sodium bicarbonate. The thing. Looks to the sp tools
201:14 it's fresh because it's looking for So different parts looking through that
201:22 The trade off between sodium and So it actually would reverse the
201:29 some fresh butter. Everything looks different a sodium bicarbonate, like deposit.
201:36 Everything is going to be reversed from you see in the normal response.
201:41 this log right here shows you a response. Um And here you can
201:48 and again the tool can sometimes be in other mythologies, but it was
201:53 for sand shell recognition. And uh so you can see here's a clean
202:02 and here's a clean sandstone and here's clean sandstone. What do you notice
202:08 this sandstone versus this sandstone or even yet? This sandstone versus that.
202:29 both say clean sandstone. Why is top one of that couplets going to
202:37 depressed in terms of the response and we're going to negative versus positive,
202:45 gamma response, but millennials. This the natural flow of of current in
202:54 in the ground. Let's do No, this has nothing to do
203:01 gambling. This has nothing to do radio activity. The reason in this
203:09 there's two possible reasons, but the likely one is the tool responds slower
203:16 a gamma log because it is, is looking at natural current. And
203:23 , so the inflections happen slower and you're pulling this tool up and it
203:29 to go up and then it starts come back down because it's getting this
203:33 . And so it doesn't quite reach . So this is this is it
203:38 clean sands down here. And you see it takes in a while to
203:43 if it was thinner and it started back down again and it wouldn't get
203:47 higher than that. But this one's thick one. So finally got over
203:52 the way over. So it's a benefit, there's another effect and that's
203:59 and and a lot of times this there's oil there that says there's gets
204:04 lot of times when there's oil in , it actually gets depressed. The
204:13 , sand response would be depressed. actually the is going if you get
204:19 to get hyper and if you have gamma log, which isn't affected by
204:27 fluid at all most of the then you then you would notice you
204:33 notice that the sp is responding to oil and the gamma is not because
204:38 doesn't. And of course it's just regular, the current flowing through the
204:47 . So you have this volt meter changes as you as you go from
204:50 layer to the next. And this sort of the simplistic way of explaining
204:56 , that everybody explains it. But basically the Ghanaians are bigger than the
205:07 ions. And so the analyze go like this, the negative and the
205:14 and they go positive in the That's kind of how you get that
205:20 to come up ah, when it's it's going down into the well bore
205:26 uh, you know, you know um mm hmm. And, and
205:34 I got that completely backwards. But anyway, the, the diffusion potential
205:40 up because because the chlorine has has a relative size of in blue
205:50 the relative size here is in red that's because I didn't get it
205:57 The, this confuses me all the , even though it's simple.
206:02 the cat iron has lost an So it's going to be a lot
206:08 Than a Cat of nine. And what we're seeing here. The indians
206:13 going to be coming through here. uh the I just said it backwards
206:22 , let me try to do this more time. The blue here is
206:26 is the enemy, the red here the cat iron. The the size
206:37 of these, when they're not cattle or an indians is different. But
206:44 you have a cat iron, it's to be it's going to be bigger
206:48 you have it in because it's got extra electron that the an eye in
206:55 , excuse me, It's gonna still on this one. This is a
206:59 and I and this is a smaller eye. You lose the electron
207:05 I don't know why I'm having so trouble with this, but I'm having
207:07 because it's late at night and it's another one of these things that's uh
207:16 , so anyway, this is it's because it has worked and has an
207:22 like this when it's positive because it fewer electrons. So that one's
207:31 just once more. Okay, I confusing myself. And so the smaller
207:39 um flows through Like that in the one Uh close the other one.
207:50 , so when we're looking at the volts on here, this is shallow
207:55 . Uh and this is Sliney of is greater than sliney the formation,
208:01 is fresh. So you get this , but here's a normal sp uh
208:07 you get the saltwater responds in this . And so this is uh this
208:14 intermediate depths where you have a mixture low salinity and in the mud and
208:20 salinity of the formation about the Then we uh this law, this
208:27 one right here, I'm trying to you the difference between the gamma and
208:31 sp and here, you can see strong gamma, excuse me, A
208:35 really low gamma over here. Or sand signal, I should say.
208:40 you know, in a week Gamma here. But here, you can
208:44 the sp is inflicting. And sometimes has more to do with permeability uh
208:53 just whether it's sand or shale. it's showing you that you're kind of
208:56 a drop off, You can see it's a fairly thick bed here,
209:01 reaches a peak, but some of drop off suggests there could be hydrocarbons
209:08 it, relatively deceit. Get a strong gamma. Excuse me. Good
209:13 sand signal over here. And uh here, you're seeing an inflection over
209:18 , and it's probably due to the that are there and that's why the
209:23 , it is going up. And also why they perfected their Okay,
209:29 ahead. It's an opportunity for Sure. Uh No. Um the
209:41 doesn't react like the S. This is the this the sp has
209:44 do with fresh and this one relates freshwater and saline water. But in
209:51 in this case, in the normal our normal sp log is going to
209:56 looking, it's gonna look like you're gonna have a low, you're
210:00 have low miller volts in the in sand because the chlorine is dominating and
210:09 going to have, and over here the shale, you're gonna have a
210:17 you're going to have higher levels. ? This only happens usually when you're
210:23 shallow. This usually only happens when in shallow because normally the formation water
210:30 going to be saltier than the Okay, Have you gone there with
210:34 real salty mud? You're gonna have , but they don't normally do
210:40 Okay, In um we're just gonna over just a little bit and uh
210:46 here we have the here's here's the log and this is shale. So
210:56 getting higher, Miller volts here, get lower miller lower kilovolts in the
211:02 levels, suggests that it's sand. ? And if you go over
211:09 ah here's a good sand, but got shells over here and there's there's
211:16 in here too, but but this mostly shale, these are mostly sands
211:21 here, but they're not really um sand sand signal you can see over
211:27 , the sp log is telling me shale. So uh the only reason
211:32 say that looks like it could have , they put perps in here and
211:36 , and they, uh, you , you're not, not really getting
211:40 lot of production out of that, here, you've got good permeability,
211:44 got a good sand, you um, because the flow of the
211:50 and the animal is high here, you've got a good um, good
211:57 here, but the permeability drops off the top. You can see the
212:02 itty log over here, it And here you also have ah
212:08 This is a ferocity log in here uh, and we haven't talked about
212:13 yet, but it's also showing you you've got probably got hydrocarbons in here
212:18 on that response. But here the is actually showing you versus that that
212:25 is a good sandy section in It's the best sandy section, but
212:29 dropping off because there's hydrocarbons, there's hydrocarbon effect on a, on a
212:33 log. And it doesn't really have do with it. Excuse me.
212:42 the, on this sp log, a hydrogen carbon effect relative to the
212:49 . Okay. And um, so next set of tools that we're going
212:53 look at are the resistive itty logs uh, the resistive. Itty
213:00 uh, basically come in three different , There's the normal, the latter
213:05 and the induction and uh, since know I'm getting tired and Confusing myself
213:11 though I'm sitting here on the board at it. Even even though I
213:15 to go a little bit longer, made it, we made it to
213:17 minutes. I don't want to keep this and confusing anymore but I understand
213:22 this all works, but sometimes it sound like I do and uh and
213:28 and we'll we'll come back to it tomorrow morning. Okay. Yeah.
213:56 ,
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