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BIOL 2302 Human Anatomy & Physiology II - 2302_lecture22_0420
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00:00 OK. All right. Wow, , that's loud. I'm gonna have
00:06 back it up here. Um All . So today, what we're gonna
00:08 is we're gonna cover a lot of things. We're gonna try to bring
00:12 whole bunch of things together and help understand the process of reproduction, at
00:16 the first couple of steps. um when we left off, we
00:20 talking about the hormones of reproduction, where we're going to start. So
00:23 gonna look at what hormones are regulating uterine cycle. And then after we
00:28 that, we're going to look at development. In other words, how
00:31 we get the structures that we And this is really baseline stuff.
00:36 not, we're not going to dive deep in the embryology. Um And
00:39 what we're gonna do is we're gonna gears and we're going to talk about
00:42 process of sexual arousal really. Uh is the sexual response cycle? And
00:50 where it gets kind of uncomfortable because get to talk about stuff that you
00:53 really want to talk about with other , right? And then what we're
00:56 do is we're gonna shift. And reason we're gonna talk about that is
00:59 ultimately, what we're trying to do remember, we're trying to bring two
01:02 together. And so what we're gonna to do is we need to understand
01:04 so that we can then look at that bringing those two games does.
01:09 that's the process of fertilization. And that's kind of where our path is
01:14 . And I've kind of backtracked a bit because I know we're kind of
01:17 at the end and I don't wanna a lot of time on this,
01:19 I just want to kind of uh some of the thoughts or the ideas
01:23 we had with regard to the hormone . All right. And what we're
01:29 do is we're gonna use this as springboard to be uh to continue on
01:32 . And we said, all if we take this uterine cycle,
01:35 idea that uh the uterus are the over report of the uterine cycle
01:40 responsible for reducing hormones that affect both , the uh function and the,
01:45 control of the ovary. And it is responsible for the function and control
01:50 the uterus. And we said, we take this, it's about 28
01:52 long. And at the beginning, we have is we have F S
01:56 and L H are being produced at levels. Um really, it's pulsatile
02:01 they're, they're higher than, than see in the rest of the uh
02:06 the rest of the cycle and the S H is responsible for producing um
02:12 which regulates F S H. So S H levels are in a negative
02:16 loop controlled through inhibin. And then L H is acting on the cells
02:21 produce androgens. They then send those over to granulosa cells. The granulosa
02:26 use that androgen to make estrogen. the F S H stimulates those granulosa
02:30 , not only to produce inhibit, to produce more estrogen and to cause
02:36 those uh granulosa cells to multiply and . And so by the time you
02:41 to the late stage, there we . Uh So you, if you
02:48 , if you think of this as early and this over here, this
02:52 late phase, what we've done is turning off through negative feedback F S
02:57 . We're not releasing L H that suppressing that as well. But
03:02 you're building it up and building it inside the pituitary gland. But the
03:06 levels are just going crazy. And what you can kind of see
03:09 If you start off estrogen low as move up, it's just rocketing up
03:13 and higher and higher. So if think about what is the luteal phase
03:18 by, in terms of hormones, is dominated by the presence of
03:23 All right, that's the key thing you need to walk out of here
03:27 right F S H is a signal starts it all right. It's a
03:32 . It initiates the process of follicular . But what it's also gonna do
03:37 it's going to cause that little tiny , which is in the third
03:42 it's been going on for about 10 and for the next 15 days it's
03:46 to get big, big, big, big and as big as
03:48 ovary or almost as big as the . And then that estrogen is the
03:52 that's driving all of this. And what happens is is when the estrogen
03:57 reach a certain point, that estrogen longer becomes a negative signal to the
04:03 gland to say, hey, stop the uh L H. What we
04:07 to do instead is we want you flood the system with all that L
04:11 that you've stored up, we're gonna the dam and so the L H
04:16 flowing out of the pituitary gland and is what is referred to as the
04:20 H surge. Now, if you a lot of time staring at
04:25 you're going to see there's airs in if you, if you spend a
04:27 of time, so don't focus too on this. But you can kind
04:31 get the sense of like, oh estrogen now serves as a positive
04:35 Green means go. And if you're , that's a green, you can
04:38 it's an arrow instead of a flat , right? And so now what
04:42 have is we have this massive surge lutin hormone that floods out of the
04:47 or floods out of the pituitary gland down to the gonads and it's responsible
04:52 the signal that initiates ovulation. remember, we've got this big massive
04:57 , a little tiny o site in that's stuck in meiosis one. And
05:01 first thing we're gonna do is, , oh um my one, we
05:04 you to go ahead and uh go your division so that we become a
05:09 O site, right? So you're see the division taking place. The
05:14 thing you're going to do is those muscles are going to contract, you're
05:18 to see the breakdown of the walls all this these other activities that we're
05:22 going to go into detail about. ultimately, what happens is that causes
05:26 follicle to open up and it ejects propels the ovum outside of that
05:33 that's ovulation. And then the third that it does that's really, really
05:38 is that it says to all those cells stop making estrogen, we need
05:43 to change. And so instead of being granulosa cells, now, uh
05:50 poof, you are now a lutin or a cell is what we call
05:55 . And what we do with the cell is that the luteal cell no
06:00 makes estrogen at these high levels. , it changes what it's producing and
06:05 produces progesterone. And now progesterone is to be produced from now until either
06:12 pregnancy occurs and then it continues on some time or if no pregnancy
06:18 if no signals received from the uterus say, hey, we have
06:23 stop making it, you're just gonna producing that. So what we say
06:28 , is that the latter half of cycle in terms of hormones is dominated
06:33 the presence of progesterone. All And this is a function of that
06:39 , the L H surge. So have estrogen on the front end,
06:43 to begin with bigger at the middle at the end and then finally L
06:46 surge and then we go over and we have progesterone. All right.
06:52 you can see down here, progesterone dominant and it's playing a nega.
06:55 plays a role in negative feedback. , please don't make F S
06:59 Please don't make L H, please release this stuff and we're going to
07:02 it at all levels. So up at the hypothalamus with gonadotropin releasing hormone
07:07 the go uh gonadotropins in the middle say stop. And the whole purpose
07:11 is because we don't want estrogen to produced, right? We don't want
07:17 cause follicular genesis because the last thing want is if you started a pregnancy
07:23 to start another pregnancy, it's bad the second embryo. So this is
07:30 to shut everything down and say, see if we're pregnant and if we
07:34 , let's keep everything status quo. so what all these things say on
07:39 side when you go back and look them is just telling you what they're
07:44 . All right. So when we it all together, I'm just gonna
07:51 it one more time so that you , oh this is not a
07:54 right? It just looks hard because arrows pointing everywhere. Beginning of the
07:58 , low estrogen uh being produced as function of F S H and L
08:03 late cycle, lots of lots of F S H and L H
08:07 are being suppressed. In the case L H, it's not production,
08:11 released. In the case of F H, it's under control of Inhibin
08:16 Inhibin does what it inhibits. And then we have the L H
08:21 at ovulation that causes all the changes ovulation and uh the change of meiosis
08:28 the initiation of meiosis. And then latter half of the last 14 days
08:31 progesterone. Now, I had a asked of me a couple of days
08:38 . It said, hey, how birth control work? Chemical birth
08:42 there's all sorts of birth control in book talks about that. You can
08:45 through each of these if you're interested reading all about this. But in
08:49 , you know, chemical birth control uh the pill is basically what we're
08:54 do is we're gonna make our body we're in pregnancy. So it's high
08:59 of progesterone with a little bit of . And what you do is you
09:02 21 days, you basically say, , we're in the phase, at
09:06 that's what your body thinks. And it doesn't do the stuff that you
09:10 in the first half of the And then what you do is you
09:13 go to placebo if you have a day pill case, and those seven
09:18 are like, OK, we're gonna to occur and then we're gonna reset
09:21 whole process again. Not every pill the, the, the uh seven
09:27 reset. All right. So what looking at here is the, the
09:32 that govern not only the ovaries, also govern the uterus, right?
09:40 , while the ovary is simple, the sense that we have two
09:44 we have the follicular phase, which the beginning. I should do it
09:47 way because you're facing me, this the follicular phase. And on this
09:50 would be the alluvial phase. And the middle of the ovulation, when
09:53 look at the uterine phase, there's phases. And so the first phase
10:01 called the, all right. So three phases. And what we're looking
10:06 here when we talk about these three is what changes are occurring in the
10:12 . So the whole goal here is want to create an environment that is
10:15 for pregnancy for implantation. And so three phases, as I said,
10:20 gonna have the mince or the minstrel and then we have a proliferative and
10:23 secretary phase and they're basic, they're , they're pretty much uh simple.
10:28 Generally speaking, you guys think of the, the minstrel phase or the
10:33 as the last phase. But that's the case. It's the first
10:37 It's setting up the environment to start for pregnancy. It's not,
10:43 we didn't have pregnancy. So let's wipe the word clean. OK.
10:47 you need to think of it as is the beginning of the cycle.
10:51 so for 5 to 7 days, is the most overt phase. This
10:54 one that almost everyone is familiar So what happens is the uteral lining
11:00 down? So when we talked about two layers, we had the basal
11:03 and the functional layer, the functional breaks down because it's filled with these
11:07 arteries, there's bleeding. And so is a fluffing off of this
11:11 there's bleeding as a result and it's out the uterine lining in preparation for
11:17 reparation and, and preparation of So that's 5 to 7 days.
11:25 again, please don't come up. , my my cycle is different.
11:32 . The second phase following the Menzies around day seven, all right.
11:37 again, this is um it's a number. And here what we're doing
11:43 we're measuring up to the point of . So remember we're matching up to
11:46 ovarian cycle. So what you see going on in the uterus should coincide
11:52 the hormones that are coming in. so the proliferative phase phase is responsive
11:58 the dominant hormone that exists in the . And that dominant hormone is
12:04 And so estrogen is being flooded into tissue and the uterine tissue that
12:11 the one that responds to hormone. that functional layer starts multiplying the cells
12:16 there, begin multiplying and they begin and that function layer begins to grow
12:21 grow and grow and the arteries and glands in there begin to grow and
12:27 much, much more, not only , but they like the glands,
12:30 start producing glycogen. And what we're here is we're creating the tissue necessary
12:36 for implantation to occur. All And so we refer to this phase
12:44 proliferative phase. But what we're doing we're priming the uterus for implantation and
12:50 a function of the estrogen. So call it the estrogen primed tissue.
12:56 , the other thing that we're trying accomplish here during this period of time
13:00 actually trying to get pregnant. So to make that happen,
13:05 we said that the cervix has this of mucus that sits in there to
13:10 out the vagina from the uterus. so that mucus as a result of
13:15 presence of that hormone basically begins to down and becomes more watery. In
13:21 words, it makes a clear path which sperm can travel from the vagina
13:26 the uterus and then onward up to over duct and into the aula where
13:31 is going to take place. It changes behavior, estrogen changes behavior.
13:39 right, we're not, I don't , this is not something you write
13:42 . I mean, you can write down if you want to. It's
13:44 like it. But the way you , ladies changes in your cycle,
13:49 way that you behave changes over the of your cycle, you are more
13:54 to the idea of copulation when you ovulating than when you're not. And
14:00 that make sense? Yeah, maybe from a, I don't want to
14:04 pregnant point of view, but your is, remember I said, doesn't
14:07 agree with what your brain says. so these behaviors as well as I
14:14 , the studies that have been they're just, they're actually very
14:18 but they, they demonstrate and you see you can watch people when they're
14:22 to the clubs like, yep, one is hunting right now for a
14:26 . They may not know it but know it. Ok. So that's
14:34 on through the proliferative phase. Ovulation and after ovulation occurs, we're now
14:40 the primed stage. This is what refer to as the secretary phase or
14:45 progestational phase. And the name should you right there. Progestational. What
14:49 we looking for? We're for And here what we've done is
14:53 that tissue has grown as large as can. It's nice and thick.
14:57 basically uh has all these blood So it's able to provide nutrients to
15:01 that implants. We have these uh that are producing glycogen, that glycogen
15:06 is, there is like a free for any uh embryo that is going
15:10 implant after a pregnancy occurs or after occurs. All right. So what
15:18 have is we have a tissue ready receive a fertilized ovum. What
15:24 what, what we're gonna see a bit later is called a blastocyst.
15:32 , at this point, pregnancy is, in essence, not
15:40 but is you're, you're expecting to pregnant, right? That's why it
15:44 progestational, right? And so you're quite as receptive. You don't want
15:51 to be coming in and causing You don't want flora to work their
15:55 up into the uterus. So, essence, what you do is you
15:59 that cer uh that cervical mucus again basically close the door between the external
16:05 and the internal environment. Now, you were to put all this stuff
16:11 , there we go. And this how very often you'll see these things
16:16 you'll see up here, here's the cycle. They usually ignore all the
16:20 up here at the top. This where they get all the airs.
16:23 you can see here, here's a phase. What am I producing?
16:26 producing. The estrogen estrogen is rising a function of that estrogen. I
16:31 the L H serve here at What's going on in the uterus,
16:36 early stages when there's low estrogen, you have the breakdown, there's
16:40 there's no progesterone. It's the breakdown the MS or of the uterine
16:45 MS. Then I as estrogen begins climb, I'm gonna see proliferation.
16:51 is estrogen climbing? It's because of presence of that large tertiary follicle ovulation
16:58 the function of the L H L H surge happens and then now
17:02 going to start producing progesterone. So there was none. Now there's tons
17:07 so that is going to be maintained long as there's progesterone, no signal
17:12 from the uterus, back to the luteum. Ok. Pregnancy hasn't
17:18 All right, fine, stop making progesterone. You may stop making
17:24 Remember there's already low levels of So the tissue begins to break
17:29 You have the mensies again, you're in the next uterine cycle. Does
17:34 all kind of make sense? Is pretty straightforward? There's only like four
17:38 hormones to talk about F S H H estrogen progesterone. When progesterone dominant
17:50 the latter half. So if it'd be, or it'd be in
17:53 , depending on which, which tissue looking at. It's pretty straightforward.
17:59 right. Now there's tons of other going on and we're just not gonna
18:03 there. This is good enough for we're trying to accomplish here and what
18:09 wanna do if, if there aren't questions. And so first here is
18:12 question time. Do you guys have about this? Hm. Now,
18:18 it a little bit more complicated than reproduction and male hormone regulation? There's
18:24 stop start, but that's about It's all the same things. All
18:29 . So what I wanna do is wanna now jump and say, all
18:32 , let's talk about how the male system and the female reproductive system are
18:39 , right? So very early on development. This is there's a lot
18:42 chicken and egg stuff here going All right. So we're jumping back
18:46 way back when you have been you have been implanted, you are
18:51 and you are about five weeks into and you have what are called the
18:58 gonads are formed, right? And , this is a leap into an
19:03 we have not talked about at Alright. So embryogenesis is where do
19:08 tissues come from? And there's all of things going on. And so
19:12 kidneys and your gonads come from the structure. It's this primitive structure called
19:18 and a portion of that mesonephros is aside to form the gonads. All
19:23 . And in that little region, called the genital ridge. And so
19:27 is what this thing is trying to . You just like, look,
19:29 the genital ridge within this larger structure gonna become the kidney and the
19:36 And what we have here is we two parts to this genital ridge.
19:40 have an inner part and an outer . And when we have an inner
19:42 , we call it the mela, have an outer part, we call
19:44 the cortex and in the cortex. we're gonna see is we're gonna see
19:48 are called the primordial germ cells. things that are gonna be set aside
19:52 set apart as a thing that are to become gametes in the future are
19:56 to develop and they're going to migrate to the genital ridge. So they
20:01 even form here. They form in portion of the hind gut and they
20:06 out there and they come and hang primarily in the cortex. And then
20:11 you look at the Mandula, what see is you see this stringy structure
20:16 the stringy structure are a bunch of tiny tubules that are going to be
20:21 under the influence of specific genes being one time or the other. And
20:27 a little further down the road down here in the, you're gonna get
20:31 ducks, not quack, quack, little tiny ducks. One is called
20:37 , the mular duct. One is the wolf duct named by the guys
20:42 discovered it. The wolf in duct destined to become the male reproductive
20:48 In other words, the tubes that up the male reproductive track, the
20:51 duct is destined to become the track becomes the female red reproductive track.
20:57 it's either one or the other. it's really easy to remember if you
21:03 like the 19 fifties cartoons and how call it, what they call men
21:07 chased after women. Have you guys watched Tom and Jerry? Do you
21:12 remember the wolf? You know, chased the woman. He's got the
21:17 would pop out and stuff like They, they used the wolf because
21:21 what they called men who chased Now we have different words for
21:26 But you know, that was the . So the way I remember is
21:29 remember my Tom and Jerry cartoons, wolf duct is for men because it's
21:36 and then mular, I just, not wolf. So there you
21:40 All right. So let's look at reproductive. Now, what you can
21:44 here is this is a uh organ a reproductive system that is not developed
21:50 you can see all these structures, ? So up here you have what
21:53 called the bi potential gonad. It's male, it's neither female it has
21:58 in there but it hasn't developed one or the other. You can see
22:02 remember that's up there in that genital you can see here are the two
22:05 , you can see the red one it's supposed to be pink is the
22:09 duck. The blue one represents the duct. And so when there is
22:17 S R Y gene, whereas S Y, what does S R Y
22:21 ? It's just alphabet soup. the S R Y gene is a
22:24 that's found on the Y chromosome and is named sex related Y gene.
22:30 where the name comes from. And when you have a Y chromosome and
22:35 this gene is expressed, then what going to do is it's going to
22:38 you down the male track. So you don't have a Y chromosome,
22:41 don't have this gene. And so natural default of development for the reproductive
22:47 is to push down the female And so what will happen is is
22:52 those P G CS will stay in cortex, P G CS, primordial
22:59 cells and they'll stay in the And what you'll see is that the
23:04 will begin to degrade and kind of apart. So the tubules that kind
23:08 make up the mela just kind of exist anymore. They kind of break
23:13 and then the wolf in duct, gonna see it's gonna be broken
23:17 but then you're gonna see the organization the uh mular duct and it's gonna
23:22 rise to a whole bunch of fun structures. Things that we've already learned
23:27 , right? It's gonna give rise the uterine duct. It's gonna give
23:31 to the uterus and it's gonna give to the upper third of the
23:36 And so where the cortex was, where the ovary forms. So the
23:42 forms up high. It stays there next to it. That's where you're
23:46 see the uh over duct or the duct or the um the fallopian tube
23:51 gonna sit up there and then that uh mular duct is gonna continue down
23:55 it's gonna form that uterus and then upper third of the vagina starts from
24:04 track. Now, if you're looking here and you're going well, what
24:09 hell is a cloak cloe is an or primordial structure that many other organisms
24:17 as their combined. Um It's basically combined combined, uh reproductive track and
24:27 . Um uh end of the uh tract or elementary canal birds have these
24:37 it doesn't matter if you're male or , that's how you have sex.
24:40 just smash your clo aa together and happens or you poop or you
24:45 you know, whichever. So what have here as I'm trying to
24:51 trying to express here is that no R Y you're gonna get a female
24:56 anything that was supposed to be male break down and anything that's supposed to
25:00 female gets formed. And this happens around week eight. Now,
25:07 there is genitalia, right? And all start off with this really indistinct
25:13 . It's the indifferent stage of And so what we have is we
25:17 a genital tubercle. We have general folds and we have genital swellings.
25:23 just not a fun way to look, it's a swelling, all
25:27 . But you're talking about a structure , or an organism that's like this
25:31 . And so what happens is with absence of S R Y is that
25:36 will become the clitoris, right? really the glands clitus because the clitus
25:41 all that structure that's internal as The swelling has become the labia majora
25:46 the genital folds become the labia So you move down this pathway
25:55 with regard to the mail again, period of time S R Y is
26:00 . So S R Y activates other which activate other genes which activate other
26:04 . So it's not just S R , but that's like one of the
26:08 . And what's going to happen is the germ cells which are there in
26:11 cortex no longer stay in the what they do is they move out
26:15 the medulla, right? So there's migration into this different area. And
26:22 the cortex is what breaks down the no longer exists. So you're not
26:27 get an ovary instead. What you is a test and what you're doing
26:31 you're migrating these P G CS into little tiny tubules that are gonna become
26:35 seminiferous tubules. And then the presence the um um S R Y gene
26:43 the degradation of the Larian tube and the differentiation of the wolf and duct
26:49 that you get your test so that get your epito so that you get
26:54 uh vast def and so on all way down, you see the formation
27:00 the different uh glands as well. the presence of that gene on the
27:12 chromosome is what causes all these or all these changes. It's not the
27:17 it initiates. And what you do the certo cell that we describe,
27:22 producing a hormone that anti malarial which is what breaks down all the
27:26 stuff. Now, again, we producing testosterone fairly early on. We
27:33 about how testosterone is responsible for the of the reproductive tract. Right?
27:39 , again, we start off in indifferent stage, testosterone is there.
27:43 what it does is it causes that to become the gland's penis. All
27:49 , the genital swelling basically closes up creates a structure. We call the
27:55 , the testes descend down into that finally, the genital folds,
28:03 What you're gonna do is they form and fuse up and they become the
28:07 urethra. So if you think about we looked at when we looked at
28:13 perennial and when we looked at the , the urethra sits in the penis
28:19 in spongy tissue. It's because of changes that are occurring here. The
28:24 sits between the clitoris and the Why? Because of the things that
28:29 happening here and that's the early development . Someday you're going to be sitting
28:38 from your child who will be a age and you're gonna have to start
28:44 about the next subject. Ah, have four kids. I'm a,
28:53 is my field of expertise. I talk about reproduction 24 77 days a
28:57 . I told, I've told people know stuff about my closest friends that
29:02 don't tell their doctors. It's the stuff ever. People love to just
29:06 me, oh, this is what's on in my body. I don't
29:08 to know, but it's still interesting me. All right. The hardest
29:13 in the world though is looking across table with your son and trying to
29:19 what's going on with his body. ? And you probably heard puberty has
29:26 beginning earlier and earlier and earlier as has come on. Have you heard
29:30 ? You know what? That's not . Puberty has always begin, began
29:34 age 6 to 8. What's happened is we actually have identified when it
29:41 right now, there are astro mimetic can influence the latter stages of things
29:46 become more apparent when it comes to . But the first stage of puberty
29:52 called a achy. So when you the A R C H E at
29:54 end, it's Archie and a anarchy the signals from your pituitary glands acting
30:01 the adrenal glands to start the production those androgens, which are going to
30:08 to all the other stages. So happens very early. All right.
30:13 now everyone's gonna start puberty at different . It's not like, ok on
30:17 16 or whatever. No, it's somewhere between age six and
30:21 And then what you're gonna see is pituitary gonadotropins which started there in inducing
30:28 uh uh androgens from the adrenal glands gonna start acting on the gonads.
30:35 go, go Archie, go, , go, I don't know,
30:40 Archie A R C H E right. What they're doing here is
30:45 now seeing the changes that are going take place in the gonads so that
30:49 can become the um the endocrine organ for producing all those hormones. So
30:56 gonna start seeing all these gonna add ho hormones produced. That's when you
31:00 seeing the growth spurt. Right I've told you guys, I have
31:05 . My youngest twins are boys. 11 years old. One has started
31:10 overtly. One has not, and is wild looking at one who's kind
31:15 beefing up and getting big and the one still thin is around and looks
31:18 an eight year old. You and they don't know yet what's going
31:24 . Haven't explained it to them. is like, when can I start
31:27 weights? Dad? He was just, just wait. All
31:32 And so this leads us into the that you're most familiar with. It's
31:37 Puy. Right? So Puy is we think about puberty, this is
31:42 it is. It's hair grows where was no hair. You know,
31:47 go home in the summer, one undeveloped and come back and they're developed
31:51 guys are like, you know, . Right. And it's different.
31:59 start a little bit later or boys a little bit later later in
32:02 women start earlier. All right. just a, a reproductive strategy.
32:07 so age wise, this is the age, but these are not finite
32:11 . You can be a little bit and you can actually start a little
32:14 later. I've heard of and uh familiar with some young Children, not
32:19 , but starting late, like 16 years old, which sounds
32:25 but it happens. All right. , these are the outward signs.
32:33 with regard to males, it's gonna growth of the testes, right?
32:38 , or, or, or a me, orchid. All right.
32:42 basically what you'll do is usually you'll to the doctor for the first time
32:46 they'll kind of look down, you , like they'll do the cough
32:48 Ladies, you don't know the cough . That's where they get two
32:51 They jam it up there in between testicles and they say cough and they're
32:54 for hernia. Right? Or they're you. They, you just don't
32:58 . Um, thank you. But what they'll do is they'll look
33:03 that and sometimes they'll measure and they have little tiny uh uh like like
33:11 , you know, it's like on , it's like they're like on
33:13 but it's like, let's find the size. Oh, yeah, that
33:16 about right. And they're looking to what stage of development you are
33:19 and this is what this is, is actually a staging and you can
33:23 kind of like no hair, no , but you look at the
33:26 I mean, the scrotum is basically these pictures are trying to demonstrate,
33:30 , they're getting bigger and that's really outward sign. And then that's when
33:37 hair begins. All right, a bit later. Stage four, stage
33:41 . All right, in females. mean, in terms of the
33:43 it's primarily testosterone in males and there's gonna get the estrogen, you're
33:47 get the progesterone, there's all the hormones, growth hormone, et
33:51 et cetera, et cetera involved. there's two different things here that are
33:54 be observant in female uh puberty. is achy, which is breast development
34:01 the other is men achy, which the first mensies. And so
34:05 you may have been early, you have been late, but that's roughly
34:08 average age. So this begins as , as you're familiar, you've all
34:16 through it. Puberty was, you , that awesome period of our
34:19 Remember? Awesome guys remember waking up it was just nonstop zits,
34:25 Guys, you remember talking like it all day long. Hi. You're
34:30 at a cute girl and it's just it's just horrible embarrassment. That's
34:35 It's puberty. But ultimately, what trying to get to when we deal
34:40 reproduction is we're trying to reproduce right? We're trying to reproduce the
34:46 race. How long will it take the human race to die out if
34:49 stop having sex? If we stop how long one generation we are?
34:58 generation from extinction. Every organism is generation from extinction. All you got
35:03 do is stop reproducing and then everything die after that generation, right?
35:11 , reproduction is very, very And what we have is we have
35:14 sexual response cycle that we've characterized, we both share. It's exactly the
35:19 in males and females with one little that's different in males. All
35:23 And so these are the changes, anatomical and physiological changes that occur um
35:29 um during stimulation of the reproduction And so what we're looking at
35:34 the four phases, these are real excitement, plateau, orgasm and
35:40 And while we define them as understand that as you're moving,
35:45 there is no like, OK, , now we're, we're now at
35:49 , we've gone from excitement. We're at plateau. You really, it's
35:53 a smooth continual movement between one and other. And if you move through
35:57 , you can actually pause and come to the other. It's actually this
36:02 strange process. So in other if the stimuli is an inadequate,
36:07 later phases are not going to be . And we're gonna start with males
36:12 I think when we deal with uh sexual response cycle, it's fairly easy
36:16 understand males. Plus I'm a male it's easy to talk about it and
36:19 there and try to talk about something I can't really haven't experienced.
36:25 In other words, I'm not a , I can't talk about what it's
36:28 to be an excited female. I , I can describe it but you
36:31 , better. All right. So regard to the male, the thing
36:35 the excitement phase is characterized is by right here. What we're talking about
36:39 the penis is gonna stiffen, it's increase in both in length and
36:43 What we're talking about and why it is because of vasa congestion. So
36:47 we're doing is blood is being pumped arteries inside the penis, that artery
36:53 going to vasodilate, that um when blood goes in because of that
36:58 more blood goes in and that's going cause the spongy tissue, the erectile
37:03 to actually fill up and cause Now, this is going to be
37:09 by the effective, what we effective erotic stimulation. All right.
37:15 the erection center is located at the end of the spinal cord. So
37:21 not located in the brain, it's low, right? So it's an
37:26 response. And so there is two types of responses. The first type
37:31 response is what we refer to as . So that's basically touch physical
37:37 All right, that would be And then the second is psychogenic.
37:42 here now is the brain stimulating. things that could include auditory, gustatory
37:50 , visual, fantastical. In other , you're making up stuff, this
37:54 of stuff can be arousing and affect erection center in the cuddle center of
38:01 spinal cord, which would cause basal , which would cause blood to come
38:05 which causes erection. Now, you move back and forth, you can
38:11 partial, you can lose it, , it, lose it,
38:14 it, lose it so on and forth. It shouldn't be surprising.
38:17 just have different phases. It's the phase. That would be no stimulation
38:21 all, filling phase. That's when get basal dilation. Blood goes in
38:24 tumescence phase. That means blood is increasing in pressure and actually trying to
38:31 an erection. And then finally, rigidity phase is when blood is pushed
38:37 . And there's so much blood that collapses the um uh veins in the
38:44 . So blood can't leave, it only go in. And so it's
38:49 in its rigid phase. And there's of the bold sposa as well
38:54 as the isco cavernosal muscles, which looked at when we looked at the
38:58 uh perennial and then basically no blood is going in or out. So
39:05 being maintained. And then finally, blood finally leaves, that would be
39:09 D two sence. In other you're moving in the opposite direction.
39:13 , during the excitement phase, a of things are gonna happen, squirrel
39:17 skin is gonna become congested. In words, it's gonna basically get nice
39:22 thick and it's gonna uh pull the close to the body. That's a
39:26 of the cream master. You're also to see sexual flush. So just
39:31 of the skin all over. And surprisingly, your heart rate goes
39:35 blood pressure goes up, breathing goes , all sorts of stuff goes
39:40 Now, a lot of these events gonna be shared and so when I
39:43 through it with female, uh I'm use the same language. All
39:49 But what we do is we move excitement phase to the plateau phase.
39:52 the plateau phase is the uh orgasmic . In other words, it's the
39:58 just before orgasm. So, most the time during sexual arousal you're spent
40:03 the excitement phase. All right. here you might see uh what we
40:10 call pre orgasmic or pre ejaculatory missions being exuded on the surface out of
40:17 urethra. All right. And these secretions from the bulb urethral gland.
40:21 again, what is the purpose of bulb of urethral gland? It's to
40:25 the urethra in preparation for ejaculation. right. Now, the prostate gland
40:30 this point is gonna start swelling The reason that's gonna start swelling up
40:34 because you're starting to produce the materials are gonna make up the seminal
40:39 Again, sexual flushing, decrease heart , et cetera, et cetera.
40:43 finally, we get to orgasm. right. Now, this is what
40:48 trying to achieve. All right, is the fun part. And so
40:54 , what we're doing is a voluntary really a loss of voluntary control.
40:59 is why I have the o face . If you've seen, if you
41:02 seen office space, by the time graduate, you need to see office
41:05 to understand why you don't want to out into the real world. Because
41:09 space really does a good job of how horrible working for a living
41:14 Ok. But there's a scene where guy does the face and it's pretty
41:20 . So, loss of voluntary control the muscles and it's the release of
41:24 that pent up or built up neuromuscular . Now, what we're really accomplishing
41:31 is we're trying to create pressure to the semen to be ejected from the
41:39 . And so there's actually two phases , we just call it ejaculation.
41:44 really there's 22 parts of the The first is the emission phase and
41:49 emission stage or emission phase. What doing is this is that feeling of
41:54 oh, I'm about to ejaculate. it's not uh oh, it's
41:57 all right, I'm about to You can say it either way,
42:01 ? But now what you're doing is getting contractions through all these structures.
42:06 the testes begin to contract, the begins to contract, the vas deri
42:10 to track, the ejaculatory duct begins contract. And what they're doing is
42:14 moving that sperm up into the bulb the penis which is at the base
42:19 the penis. Think of it like baster. Can you think, you
42:22 a baster is a turkey baster? right. And that bulb, that
42:26 that you squeeze to pull in and out the fluid that's like at the
42:30 of the penis and there's a bulb in which it's, it's, it's
42:33 little bit larger than the surrounding And so what you're doing is you're
42:37 all the material that are going to up semen, right? So the
42:42 is showing up the fluids from the vesical are showing up, the fluids
42:46 the prostate are filling in. And what you've done is you're mixing all
42:50 things together and you're getting ready for it out. And so these muscles
42:56 tightening up and tightening up and tightening . And then finally, you have
42:59 expulsion phase and the expulsion phase is contraction to push all that mixture up
43:06 the urethra and out of the Now again, heart rate's up,
43:14 pressure is up respiratory rates up. an orgasm. Now, males have
43:24 unique that women do not have. right, it's a refractory period.
43:29 refractory period is a period of time which erotic stimulation cannot maintain arousal.
43:38 other words, you can go from excitement to plateau to orgasm, but
43:45 have to have a waiting period before can begin again. All right.
43:53 , how long this lasts is dependent age. Actually, young, reproductively
43:58 individuals have very short uh refractory Whereas the older you get, the
44:03 the refractory periods become the other thing kind of interesting about this is that
44:11 refractory periods and result in or at when, when you're talking about males
44:16 terms of subsequent orgasm. So the period is there to say, basically
44:20 and stop what you're doing, you've your job. And if you continue
44:26 happens is is that subsequent orgasms aren't as fun or interesting. They actually
44:31 be painful. And because even though sounds like we produce a lot of
44:36 , like we produce in an we're actually released about 200 to 400
44:40 sperm per ejaculate. Each subsequent ejaculation in less sperm and just basically becomes
44:49 . So it's painful and it's just . Now, other organisms can,
44:52 actually have multiple orgasms and maintain the of sperm in them. Humans are
44:58 , we, we are in terms fertility and fecundity. We are like
45:03 at the line. So it's, actually pretty difficult for us.
45:08 finally, the fourth phase is So here this is where arousal causes
45:14 to return back to or there's arousal happen if you're moving back to the
45:18 state. All right. So your is gonna become placid again,
45:22 red scrotum relaxes. And I mentioned already presence of Oxytocin which is uh
45:28 all this smooth muscle contraction causes men to exhibit an intense desire to
45:34 Not all men do this, but is pretty standard. So four
45:42 Pretty simple. Yeah. Yes. . Yes. Excellent. I love
45:48 . So you guys should be like up all the time. You're like
45:52 way. Yeah, excitement. He saying division cause his blood to grow
46:04 . So right. So the question is she's like, wait a
46:08 You said vaso dilation, but there's congestion. All right. So you
46:12 think of it as, um, space that has one door in and
46:17 door out. All right. So an artery and there's a vein,
46:21 vein is smaller than the artery. , if I open up the artery
46:25 , the blood goes into that space you get vaso congestion in that
46:29 it's not particularly in the artery, in the space surrounding it, which
46:32 why the, the tissue kind of up because it's stretchy, it's elastic
46:37 it's, it's, it's, it's not like an open space.
46:40 kind of a uh a network but it's still there's lots of
46:45 And so what you end up as congestion in that spongy tissue, that's
46:50 we're looking at. Good question. ready to go into the female.
47:00 . Same four phases exist. We excitement of plateau orgasmic and ultimately resolution
47:07 regard to excitement. Ladies get You have vaginal lubrication. Now,
47:14 does this lubrication come from? It's mucous membranes. What we have here
47:19 as the blood vessels open up, is a leaking of fluids from the
47:24 that are ultimately released into the All right. So this is where
47:30 lubrication comes from. Second thing that . All right, we talk about
47:35 becoming erect. We don't really think this all that often, but there's
47:38 tinting effect. So if this if, if this is the distal
47:43 thirds up here. That's gonna be , uh, the, uh uh
47:48 . That's how we're gonna refer to . All right. So the distal
47:52 thirds of the vagina actually spans upward outward, right? It lengthens and
47:57 also stretches and the uterus itself, normally lies over the bladder begins to
48:05 up and ascend. And why this this, it probably gives easier access
48:11 the cervix is probably the reason Now there's going to be vasal congestion
48:16 well. What do we see in of vasal congestion? It's going to
48:19 occurring in the uterus. It's going be occurring in the vagina. It's
48:22 to occur in the clitus just like does in the glands, penis.
48:24 going to occur in the labia The Lami Majora themselves are gonna flatten
48:29 and move outward from the midline. in other words, they're going to
48:33 to create access to the vestibule of um um 44 intercourse. Now,
48:43 breast cells are going to increase in . Numbers are all over the
48:46 but it's roughly around 25%. This again, through fluid accumulation, you're
48:50 see dilation of the blood vessels. you're gonna see the sex flush,
48:54 are gonna become erect, Ariola become and darker. Now, this also
48:58 in the male, but we have little tiny, pitiful, little
49:00 little pitiful little nipples. Women nipples a bit larger and so it's more
49:06 and then there's gonna be a general in muscle tissue or muscle tension.
49:14 many of the same things going on we get to the plateau phase.
49:17 , this is the orgasmic platform. the proximal third. So remember if
49:21 is the distal two thirds, that's proximal third. What we're gonna see
49:25 is that you're going to see as result of vasal congestion of the underlying
49:30 of the and the bulbs that's gonna cause uh uh congestion and uh uh
49:37 shrinking. Let's see. What do have here? That diameter decrease in
49:42 diameter in the approximate third of the , labia, menorah deepen in
49:46 Again, that's vas of congestion. blood going in uh all of these
49:51 are indicators of an imminent orgasm. uterus begins to flutter, there's a
49:58 fibrillation. So basically, it's shaking and forth like cells. Um And
50:05 gonna continue to elevate up high. Again, sex flush, heart
50:09 blood pressure, breathing rate, those all going to increase further increase in
50:13 tension. Finally, we get to orgasmic phase. Uh The orgasmic phase
50:18 occurs somewhere around 10 to 20 minutes in intermission. If you don't know
50:23 intermission is, that's just after penetration copulation. Not all women are going
50:27 experience orgasm at all the time. Next, uh you're gonna see strong
50:36 contractions within that proximal third. So same sort of muscles, the Bob
50:43 muscles that are responsible for the contractions the male during ejaculation are the same
50:49 that are going to be playing contractions that uh uh proximal third, the
50:55 two thirds are going to continue in tinting. In other words, you're
50:58 to be expanding outward in preparation for idea being I'm receiving ejaculate. So
51:06 basically serving kind of as a And then you're going to see rhythmic
51:10 of the uterus. You're going to the sex flush, et cetera,
51:13 cetera, et cetera. As we on. Now in saying all this
51:18 that orgasm is not necessary for reproductive in the female. Remember, ovulation
51:24 what causes the egg to be Uh released orgasm does not cause
51:30 What causes ovulation? The L H , right? And it's a time
51:37 thing. All right. So what's on here are responses to help bring
51:45 near or close to what would be an ovulated o them. But you
51:53 need to be ovulating to actually have orgasm or vice versa. Now,
51:58 one thing else, I want to out here, women don't have a
52:02 period. In fact, there are types of orgasms in women. All
52:07 . Um And I point this out some of you are sitting there
52:10 I don't know what the hell you're about and some of you are
52:12 you don't know what you're talking This is nothing like what I
52:16 And again, I can't speak to because I am not a female.
52:20 have male orgasms, right? I it's kind of weird to say that
52:24 loud, you know, but I a male. All right. So
52:32 about the different types of orgasms? right. Some women are multi orgasmic
52:37 because they have no refractory period. go from excitement, plateau to
52:41 to plateau, to orgasm, to to orgasm, plateau to orgasm.
52:45 just when they decide to stop, stop and then they'd go into
52:51 Some women never experience orgasm. That's 6% of the female population. And
52:57 some of them have these very large boom, big orgasms. And they're
53:01 , OK, I'm done and then go into the resolution phase.
53:06 unlike males, males, continuous one form or the other, it
53:10 harder and harder and more painful and pleasant. And females apparently later orgasms
53:17 more intense and much more pleasurable. I like to point this out just
53:24 it's interesting and I guess it's kind the jealous part of my brain that
53:28 can have a sustained orgasm. Some them lasting up to a minute,
53:32 called status orgasm. It's an actual . It's not made up, it's
53:37 documented and every guy in the room now is, is just going really
53:43 . Yep. I see how it's , I'm jealous. Anyway, I
53:47 want to point that out. the resolution phase. So at this
53:53 , remember with the male, everything just returning back to the pre arousal
53:57 and that's gonna be true as well females. But one thing that's actually
54:01 here is that when you look at cervix and you look at the
54:04 So that's the, the internal What it's gonna do is it's gonna
54:09 immediately after orgasm. And the the thinking behind this is that,
54:14 , this helps to promote um uh being pushed up into the uterus and
54:22 it closer and near to where the is supposed to be. Now,
54:29 of the things I'm just gonna mention and this is just kind of
54:32 So one of the things that we about is that the uterus were kind
54:35 raises up. Um And there's, been lots of studies on what what's
54:41 on. They imagine how uncomfortable this . They've actually pushed cameras in the
54:47 while sex is taking place to actually what's going on. So imagine having
54:52 with the camera inside you, you , I'm not talking like a
54:57 I'm talking or, you know, a phone, it's like a little
55:02 optic camera. But one of the that was observed is so if we
55:06 this tinting effect that's taking place at upper end of the vagina and the
55:11 or the uterus has actually risen itself like this, right? This is
55:15 look weird because this is your cervix , OK. That during orgasm,
55:19 they've observed that the cervix actually gets down into that tinting region. So
55:24 you can imagine the cervical ap being , the cervix being pushed down into
55:30 tinted, proximal or distal two thirds the vagina that's tinted out and imagine
55:36 a pool of semen sitting in You can imagine what you're doing is
55:40 literally pressing and pushing sperm up into uterus. So would you agree with
55:48 that your body is trying to get to where the oven is?
55:54 All right, you're ready to move . So the end result of
56:04 at least in the male is to to put the sperm in the female
56:08 tract in the vagina for the purposes taking it near to our closest to
56:15 . But what is, I mean talked about? We said,
56:18 well, semen is cells, semen the secretions from the seminal vesical secretions
56:24 the prostate gland. And we pointed a couple of different things a couple
56:28 days back and you're probably like, barely even remember what those things
56:31 right? But there are about 100 50 different materials that are found in
56:38 . Yeah, that's a picture I from Wikipedia. So, yeah,
56:42 the pictures I find I, I find them on the internet.
56:44 why do not post pictures on the . Right. I don't know who
56:49 brave enough to do that or, sick enough, whatever. All
56:54 So, I want you to think a moment. This is where I
56:57 you really uncomfortable. If I haven't you uncomfortable yet. This is where
57:00 is where we're gonna make you really . I want you to think about
57:02 for a moment. All right. want you to think of the actual
57:07 of sex. Ok. What does look like? And if you had
57:14 give up me a word and I'm you for a word, what would
57:17 the word that you describe? If you had to describe it?
57:22 had some really interesting ones. So throw it out when you have a
57:29 . You can be brave. Erect. Ok. Something else
57:37 I've heard that one, like every solitary time that I've taught the
57:41 So you see, you're not the class. I've asked this, what
57:46 ? Anything else we want to hear ? What? Tiring? All
57:53 From the male perspective. It's Ok. Yeah, I had 11
57:59 disappointing that one won. No one's gonna get beat that. But,
58:07 tiring and messy are, are really . But one of the things that
58:12 one really kind of thinking about I mean, maybe we do
58:15 and and, but I wanna use word that it's, there's, there's
58:19 a bit of physicality here and I hesitate to use the word but
58:22 using the word. It's a little violent. I mean, if you
58:25 about it, right? So if think about the penis, right,
58:29 end of the glance or at the of the glance penis, you have
58:32 corona, right? Which is basically gasket and gaskets are used to create
58:38 period of pressure, right? And actually serves as a point of,
58:43 pleasure. So the receptors on the of the vagina are are being rubbed
58:47 the glands, penis and being rubbed this corona, right? And there's
58:52 going both ways. But ultimately, you do is you have a piston
58:56 is being pressed in and out of tube over and over again, creating
59:00 of rare faction. And um um rare faction and compression is the other
59:05 , right? So it's basically back forth, back and forth, back
59:10 forth. And then the pleasure through stages, we just described ultimately results
59:14 an orgasm, right? And so the midst of this, right,
59:19 you, you've done all this hard , you're tired, right? It's
59:24 stressful on the body because you have things rubbing against each other. And
59:28 though there's lubrication and at the end all this, you've created this
59:36 you know, so you have this pressure and with the penis being withdrawn
59:40 the vagina, it's gonna create a pressure that's gonna pull all the semen
59:45 with it. So all that hard seems to be for naught. So
59:53 in and of itself is designed to that problem and there's not just that
60:00 , there's other problems as well. I'm gonna just kind of walk through
60:03 . All right. So if you this, what do we have the
60:07 of semen is, it's milky it's sticky. There's, there's a
60:11 of about 3 to 5 mils and has a whole bunch of sperm in
60:14 , about 205 100 million sperm. all you need is one. So
60:17 really like stacking the odds in our . All right. And the other
60:23 I've lifted up there is alkaline. right. So why alkaline?
60:27 the alkaline portion, remember we said as a function of the seminal vesical
60:34 the fluids that it's producing, it's because remember what we said about the
60:39 , it's acidic and why is it ? It right? It kills
60:46 it kills living things. Bacteria being primary thing, it's there to kill
60:52 . All right, living things don't acidic environment, they like neutral
60:57 And so having an alkaline semen creates environment that neutralizes a CIC environment.
61:03 it creates an environment that's positive for survival. So the first thing that
61:09 need to do is create an environment overcome the protective environment because you need
61:14 a protective environment because of all the and other horrible things. And let's
61:18 it guys are dirty and they're probably bacteria on their bodies. So
61:22 right? All right. Second what do we have here?
61:26 clotting factors. All right. So , we described sex, we said
61:30 there's a great deal of physicality. , there's this compression, rare
61:34 And, and then after ejaculation, the penis is withdrawn, it's gonna
61:38 that negative pressure. I said positive , but it's negative pressure and that
61:42 pressure is gonna cause sperm to follow . All right, we don't want
61:45 . We want the sperm to stay the vagina so that it can work
61:47 way up through the system and find over them. So we have
61:53 a clotting factor called Semino gellin that's in this and comes from the seminal
62:00 . And what happens is is this factor when the seminal plasma gets mixed
62:04 the semen, it begins the process clotting. So by the time a
62:08 place, you have materials that are there to hold the sperm in the
62:15 . That's the sticky part, And so the sperm is basically stuck
62:21 the walls of the vagina. While clotting factors aren't being activated. So
62:27 the penis is a uh withdrawn, leaving sperm behind, you're not pulling
62:31 the sperm out with you. But creates a problem. What's the
62:38 If all this farm were stuck to wall, what's the problem? They
62:44 go anywhere, right. I this is like Spiderman, they're all
62:48 on the wall. The bad guys stuck on the wall and it's just
62:50 we're just waiting for the police to up. All right. Well,
62:53 not any good. So, what gonna do is we're gonna break down
62:58 clotting factor. All right. So have a liquefaction. That's what P
63:03 A is. So, 10 to minutes afterwards, the liquefaction has been
63:08 and slowly breaking down the clotting And so those sticky strands that hold
63:13 sperm against the wall are broken down now the sperm can start moving
63:17 they can start swimming and so they start working their way upward through the
63:22 and so on and so forth. what else I'm gonna here.
63:25 yeah. Prostaglandins. We need those again. Female reproductive tract has reverse
63:32 going on from the Oxytocin that they've . But we're gonna help out.
63:37 . We're gonna provide prostaglandins which are direct activators of, of the smooth
63:45 and it's gonna help pull the sperm into the uterus and onward through the
63:50 . So that's gonna be found in as well. We're helping out
63:54 what else? Oh, yeah. Is sperm a foreign agent in the
64:01 body Yeah. And what does our system do? Kills things that shouldn't
64:07 there? Right. So it doesn't us just to deposit sperm and move
64:12 our way because the female reproductive track say uh this doesn't belong. So
64:16 go ahead and nuke it from you know, just to be
64:20 And so what we do is semen in it, agents that suppress the
64:27 system locally to keep the sperm Now, in doing so, if
64:33 keep the sperm alive by suppressing the system, you also make the female
64:38 tract vulnerable to infection. Well, not going to do us any good
64:43 . So, what we do within semen itself are agents that are antibacterial
64:49 nature. All right. So while suppress the immune system, they're providing
64:56 mechanism to protect during this short period vulnerability. And another thing that happens
65:02 be in semen is a no c . And I mention that word and
65:07 you go back and look at the , you'll see it. No c
65:10 word to say is a painkiller, ? So, during sex,
65:14 there's lots of, of rubbing of against each other that causes micro abrasions
65:19 over time are can be painful. , semen in and of itself has
65:25 no C, it's like a It is a painkiller, it acts
65:30 an aspirin. Now, I'm gonna you this now because ladies, you
65:34 use the excuse of I have a because guys now know in this
65:40 at least that they have the solution the headache in their semen. Thank
65:47 for smiling. Like three people smiled that. You're trying real hard to
65:52 serious about this, aren't you? right, you can have headaches.
65:56 fine. They're not in the mood , they're not in the mood.
66:02 . Ultimately, the goal here, see where we are in terms of
66:07 . The goal here is fertilization. right. Now, it's really easy
66:12 think that fertilization is this easy People get pregnant all the time,
66:17 . You know, somebody in high , they, they went on one
66:20 . I mean, I did, had a friend in high school one
66:23 stand pregnant. Now, why did happen? Because all the, you
66:28 , what is it? You're When are you gonna have sex when
66:32 ovulating? You know. And so was the lucky one, you
66:35 found the girl who was ovulating and , a freshman in high school was
66:40 dad. Oh Joy. Right The truth is you sitting in this
66:48 right now today is an absolute amazing because there are a million things that
66:56 go wrong. And I'm gonna just you this. I thought this was
67:00 funniest thing. Someone sent this to a long time ago. It's funny
67:03 it's true if you're ever having a , really bad day, right?
67:07 it's just like I'm tired of being . I, I don't like
67:12 I just remember this. You are result of the best sperm and the
67:20 egg getting together out of millions and of sperm, billions of sperm and
67:27 couple of million eggs. That's what you special and unique. And you're
67:32 see why this is true here in a second because like I said,
67:36 not just getting in the back of car having a couple. What do
67:39 guys drink now? It's not wine . We did wine coolers. Come
67:44 . What do you drink? Red ? That's right. The,
67:50 the, the, the life savers alcoholic beverages. All right. Couple
67:56 red claws back of a Chevy. not how it happens. All
68:01 First off what is fertilization? It's union of the haploid sperm and the
68:05 egg. Remember, sperm and egg not actual cells. They're half
68:10 They have very, very short life . And what we're doing is we're
68:13 mom and dad's genetic material to create genetic material. That's the easiest way
68:17 think about this. It's not mine until I give it away. So
68:20 a combination of both my parents and we're doing is we're restoring that double
68:25 , the diploid state. And what gonna do is as a result of
68:29 haploid diploid, we are going to the sex of the organism that is
68:34 formed and we're going to initiate a mitotic program to start a new
68:40 So, fertilization is the point of a new organism. What are the
68:46 ? Well, first step is we're have to go through this process of
68:49 . So there's this activation of the , then you're gonna have to pass
68:52 and penetrate through these protective barriers surrounding o and this is sounds weird but
68:58 sperm and the egg have to be to recognize each other. All
69:01 it's not like, oh, how you doing? No, it's
69:05 their surfaces. They have surface proteins if those surface proteins don't match
69:09 you're not going to get fertilization, ? So when they recognize one
69:16 they're going to see the fusion of plasma membrane, their membranes fuse.
69:20 is going to cause a significant change the block to polyspermy. And this
69:26 where you basically say we have accomplished first stages of fertilization. And then
69:31 what you're gonna do is you're going initiate meiosis too. All right.
69:37 we forget about it? I we only went through one, we
69:39 to go through a second one. we're initiating two after, after we
69:44 connect the sperm and they connect and , after meiosis two occurs, that's
69:50 you can bring the two nuclei together then the mitotic process begins all
69:56 So these steps are what we're going look at right now and I know
69:59 have like 10 minutes. We I don't know if we'll get through
70:01 all. It's pretty quick because I want to spend too much time on
70:05 single solitary step. The first step capacitation though. And this capacitation is
70:12 I kind of described on Tuesday when said that sperm get deposited in the
70:16 reproductive tract and are told to become in essence, what this is,
70:21 this is a preparation. It's a process of the sperm to make them
70:27 to do the final stages just prior fertilization. All right. So it's
70:32 conditioning state. So you can think , if the s is responsible for
70:36 the sperm viable, you have to capacitate in order to actually penetrate through
70:42 sperm. And really what you're doing you're doing two things here. You're
70:46 that acrosome, which is basically a of enzymes and you're destabilizing the
70:51 So that when it comes in contact the right receptors, it's just basically
70:55 release all these enzymes and it's going allow it to penetrate through the
70:58 All right. And the second thing you're doing is you're telling the sperm
71:03 quiet down and, and settle down wait for ovulation. All right.
71:09 what you're gonna do is you're gonna allow the sperm to work their way
71:13 the o. So this is in driven by the secretions that are found
71:20 the fluids that are found in the reproductive tract. There's chemicals within those
71:24 are basically causing capacitation to take but there's also chemicals within the semen
71:29 have initiated the original steps. So requires both fluids in order for capacitation
71:35 take place. Now, remember we sperm is going to be deposited in
71:43 vagina. It's going to have to its way through the cervix. It's
71:46 to pass up along the walls of uterus. It's going to work up
71:49 that upper region to where the over is. That's the is remember,
71:53 it's going to work its way all way to the over duct.
71:57 if you're talking about 2 to 400 sperm, you can use a chart
72:01 this to kind of figure out how is there. So if 100% of
72:04 sperm is deposit deposited in the vagina about three minutes and you'll start seeing
72:09 in the cervical canal. So these really impressive swimmers right within 10 to
72:15 minutes, they will have worked their into the uterus. And by the
72:18 about an hour later, they'll find way all the way up to the
72:21 duct. Now, some of these going to leak out of the
72:26 some of them are not going to able to survive in the semi acidic
72:31 . In other words, there's gonna patches of acidity and they're going to
72:34 their ways into it and it's just die off. They're not, you're
72:37 to see some sperm just aren't They basically are deposited and they just
72:41 there and some of them are swimming and not following a specific signal.
72:46 don't know where they're going. And they're just being pushed by the power
72:49 their tail. All right. But of the time what they're doing is
72:56 female reproductive tract is telling the sperm to go. All right, there's
73:03 within the myometrium of the uterus. so that's pulling the sperm upward.
73:07 have contractions in the oviduct, pulling sperm inward and then you have the
73:12 itself and the cells surrounding that These are granulosa cells that have been
73:17 during the process of ovulation and they're a signal of progesterone and that progesterone
73:23 the trail that the sperm are If you've ever watched, if you've
73:28 watched Shark week, and they show how sharks follow those blood trails,
73:32 ? It's like there's a drop of in the ocean, like all the
73:34 show up. It's like, how it get there? It was following
73:37 chemical trail that the blood released and the same thing that's going on is
73:42 the progesterone being produced by the surrounding radiata, those granulosa cells that have
73:48 released with that o is the big signal saying this is where we
73:53 And it's the thing that drives the to the o. So again,
74:00 more reproductive to act, not passive where are they trying to get
74:04 they're trying to get to that Aula they arrive, this is what they're
74:09 to find here. You can see is our, it's the plasma membrane
74:20 being defined by this first line that see here where it's kind of
74:26 And then you can see just outside there is another line that is a
74:32 of proteins. So it's called the Lucia. It's a layer of proteins
74:36 underneath that is an empty space and you have the actual oum itself and
74:41 outside the zoop Lucia, this is bunch of cells that have been ovulated
74:49 these are granulosa cells that's called the radiata corona crown rata radiating crown.
74:56 basically looks like a sun with all things radiating from it. That's where
75:00 gets its name. And you can that it's that these cells out
75:05 they're breaking down and, and, in and around it, you can
75:07 the sperm swimming, they look like tiny tadpoles. And really what you
75:12 here is not just a bunch of that are being bound up together.
75:16 you can't see in this picture is the glycoprotein. There's basically a network
75:20 proteins that are holding everything together that's breaking down. So the corona radiata
75:25 slowly breaking down as well and the have to swim through this mess of
75:32 . Right. It's like a whole of trash in the pool and they
75:34 to work their way. And so tails are helping them to propel themselves
75:39 all the proteins that you can't see all the cells that you can
75:47 So they're working through, let's There's number one up here, I
75:51 not. So they're working between each the individual cells like so and as
75:57 work through and they're following that they're going to start wiggling harder and
76:02 . And once they get up to Zopa, they're going to come into
76:06 with the proteins of the zona. are three proteins there, they're called
76:11 . One Zopa. Two Zopa three , very cleverly named. But the
76:16 is the acrosome recognizes these proteins. when it comes into contact with
76:22 it releases the enzymes and those enzymes start breaking down the proteins and that
76:28 begins wiggling harder and faster. It's of like a little tiny dog that's
76:32 after a ball underneath the couch, ? You see that he's in there
76:35 really hard to get down inside That's what the sperm is doing and
76:39 pushing and pushing, it's pushing its through the zone of pallida. So
76:44 has this hyperactive tail and this is this is trying to show you.
76:47 the contact I'm digging in, I'm really hard. And finally, what
76:51 gonna do is I'm gonna break through and I'm gonna work my way into
76:54 end of that space. And there the receptors that I, that I
76:58 use to recognize the are not on head, they're on the body,
77:02 down over here. And when I up against that o when those proteins
77:09 each other, that's gonna be the step of fertilization. And what you've
77:19 is that sperm that is able to that first has basically broken the tape
77:24 the race, touch the wall, ? And it initiates a process called
77:31 block apolo sperm. The blocked apolo basically is just preventing other sperm from
77:36 the same egg, right? Because we don't want is we don't want
77:40 have multiple copies of those chromosomes. have how many pairs, one
77:46 right? How many chromosomes per We don't want three, we want
77:53 . And so what we're doing is preventing that. And so the block
77:57 poo sperm basically removes all the surface off the oven and it prevents anything
78:04 from interacting. So if you have or three sperm in that space,
78:07 they haven't interacted yet, they're incapable doing. So at this point,
78:12 other thing that it does is it the zonal. It's mentioned that there's
78:16 proteins, you can imagine the proteins arranged like this, right? And
78:20 it does is it changes their arrangement that they're like this. And when
78:25 change their arrangement, the a the in those acrosome can no longer penetrate
78:31 . And so what you've done is basically said the race has stopped and
78:36 two, the sperm and the egg come together. And when that
78:40 this is what we describe, we that meiosis two division, we extrude
78:46 extra DNA that we have. And now what you have is you have
78:49 little tiny haploid nucleus from the ovum you have this haploid nucleus from the
78:54 and they're actually arranged on opposite sides then they are brought together, they
78:58 and then you initiate mitosis and that's you have that new organism and I
79:07 with one minute to go. So talked about a lot of things
79:12 I get questions about it. Yeah. So you've asked a really
79:23 question that even other professors I've talked teach poorly. All right. So
79:27 happening is that both ovaries are participating ? So you could have 10 over
79:32 and 10 over there, you could 12 over here, you have eight
79:34 here, you could have 20 on side and nothing on the other
79:37 But both ovaries are participating in responding the hormones. The one that ovulates
79:42 the one that responds to the hormone . So, like I said you
79:45 have 10, 10. But let's just say the 10 die on
79:49 side. Nine on this side become trick, but one becomes dominant.
79:53 it's just that one, I had person I was talking to at a
79:57 and they were like, oh isn't it? Like every other side
79:59 takes turns. It's like what would that my turn? It's my turn
80:04 month. No, it's, again, it's just a response to
80:07 hormone. So literally, it could this side, this side, this
80:10 , this side, this side, side, this side, this
80:13 this, you know, it's just . It's all about responsiveness. Anything
80:21 ? All right. How many classes got left? Oh, doesn't that
80:27 good? Finally, I'm done with . You guys have a great
80:35 When we come back, we'll finish all
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