| 00:03 | Now we're recording. OK. I of glossed through this because I was |
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| 00:12 | of uh lost my marker on But um basically, when we |
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| 00:17 | we've gone through some basic terms, know, I wanted to bring up |
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| 00:21 | and the fact that grain size didn't a lot to do with it. |
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| 00:24 | , but uh and then after when we get to reservoir rocks, |
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| 00:27 | just look at a few things in few more in a little bit more |
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| 00:30 | , but it kind of went through one kind of quick because I was |
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| 00:33 | to figure out exactly where I was all this and I'm exactly where I'm |
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| 00:37 | to be. Uh But one of things that we were trying to show |
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| 00:41 | here was that um uh these were end members here uh in the |
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| 00:49 | And uh this is the most uh , more or less the Cooper River |
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| 00:54 | bringing most of the down. And was the closest to uh ocean in |
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| 00:59 | of those uh fast uh the amplitudes those last harmonics. And uh and |
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| 01:05 | the, the uh 14th harmonic. uh we saw similar things in some |
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| 01:10 | the higher harmonics as well. Uh if you look over, see if |
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| 01:18 | can get this. You look right , you know, here we have |
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| 01:26 | coming in in the channel and uh can see all these sands are going |
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| 01:31 | here and then um the Cooper uh you can see going all the |
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| 01:37 | up the Ashley here with sand and uh the marine entrainment and that, |
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| 01:43 | sand is marine sand. Uh This looking symbol is greater than 67% ocean |
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| 01:50 | sediment. And um and here uh it gets kind of shallow, the |
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| 01:59 | it's sort of 50 50 but then up up the channel on the Cooper |
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| 02:03 | uh gets farther up uh in And of course, we had um |
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| 02:10 | this is the grain, the sand particles. And then if we switch |
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| 02:15 | um the silts and see something similar for this mass, that kind of |
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| 02:21 | was stuck up here at the bifurcation the, one of the uh the |
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| 02:27 | and the uh excuse me, the and the Aisling. And uh here's |
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| 02:32 | Wando over here, but you can that uh whatever was holding up a |
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| 02:36 | amount of that in the silts is a little bit farther out over |
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| 02:42 | And part of that's because um the are deposited at lower energy. And |
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| 02:48 | it's a different uh sort of flow for when it's gonna fall out. |
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| 02:53 | uh it was interesting that a lot the silts set it up along the |
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| 02:56 | banks of it as well. Um , uh it all had a lot |
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| 03:01 | do with the dynamics of the but it was, uh it was |
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| 03:05 | clearly indicated did a lot of the . It's coming into the harbor and |
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| 03:11 | size of silt and also the size sand, sand size particles which are |
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| 03:17 | all the way up in here. you've got some silk on the side |
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| 03:21 | sanding gets way up here. Uh Corps of engineer proposed uh red diverting |
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| 03:27 | Cooper River which was already a diversion uh the river and it sent it |
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| 03:33 | to the San San River. It a billion dollars and it cost them |
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| 03:39 | billion dollars to do it. And what this shows you is that entrainment |
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| 03:43 | what's really filling it up. And is what they're really uh had to |
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| 03:49 | excavate. And it was also uh their biggest problem is. Now, |
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| 03:54 | they did the red aversion of the of the, of the Cooper waters |
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| 03:59 | came down uh Lakes Mulry and uh they sent him back to the |
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| 04:05 | River drainage basin where there was a where you have a lot of uh |
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| 04:09 | during the spring. But uh uh cost a billion dollars. And after |
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| 04:15 | did that project, it didn't do good turns out. 10 years |
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| 04:19 | it wasn't any better and 20 years it's not any better. And now |
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| 04:23 | , uh, quite a few years . But, uh, the, |
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| 04:30 | , the sports, the sportsmen and of, uh, of South Carolina |
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| 04:34 | all the canals and stuff that they to build and, and the waterways |
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| 04:37 | went with it to, uh, get into things, it, |
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| 04:40 | it disrupted the Biota too. And Cape Romaine uh harbor, which is |
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| 04:45 | a natural harbor. It's a wildlife . And this, uh this |
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| 04:53 | uh you know, kind of how plot it up 100% ocean where the |
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| 04:58 | is on the 14th third line uh , are no, um at this |
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| 05:05 | of it. And then, and then as you get more and |
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| 05:09 | , um less and less ocean, gonna get more and more of what |
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| 05:13 | the river. And uh the funny about this is we looked at the |
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| 05:18 | and, you know, you how sometimes when you, when you're |
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| 05:20 | to prove something scientifically, you have go to a lot of work to |
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| 05:24 | it as it turns out the sand and these samples, what do you |
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| 05:29 | was obvious about the sand grains in samples? They iron stained their iron |
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| 05:41 | and all the santa grains out of that were from the ocean. Turns |
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| 05:45 | they were crystal clear to uh to , a little bit, uh, |
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| 05:52 | from a wave impact. And, , and you can imagine, |
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| 05:58 | if we try to do this by counting the number of, of, |
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| 06:03 | , iron stain grains versus the number , of uh nonstained grains, we |
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| 06:08 | would have come up with the exact results and it would have been a |
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| 06:12 | quicker because back then, uh, didn't have a lot of the tools |
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| 06:16 | have. Now, we actually had hand digitize it. We had |
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| 06:19 | um we'd have sand grains on a and we projected it on a, |
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| 06:25 | a digit uh digitizing table. And and so there were electronics underneath the |
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| 06:31 | and it could pick up where you put in the pin and it would |
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| 06:34 | it that way. OK. That all be automated today. OK. |
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| 06:44 | , you know, a lot a lot of uh the porosity, |
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| 06:46 | and permeability that develops in um resource has to do with the fact that |
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| 06:51 | of the oil has been expelled and of the oil has escaped and it's |
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| 06:56 | this porosity and, and uh forth uh system that can allow uh some |
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| 07:03 | some of the oil that might be around here or even just around this |
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| 07:08 | get into that, that flow system get away. And so uh it |
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| 07:13 | of uh um a reservoir that's been oil and gas, it's gonna have |
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| 07:20 | little bit of an open framework just it's gotten rid of some of the |
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| 07:23 | that was in, its turned into gets pressurized when it goes from solid |
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| 07:28 | li liquid and uh and expels but eventually it's gonna be leaving uh |
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| 07:33 | space in there for, for uh still under pressure going from solid to |
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| 07:39 | phase and uh being able to move the pore system. Ok. |
|
| 07:50 | um most of what we look at uh I see a problem here again |
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| 08:14 | did it go there is get up of there? OK. Well, |
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| 08:41 | put, I didn't put it there there it is. OK. Um |
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| 08:48 | uh most things are transported by Um And uh gravity flows uh many |
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| 08:57 | ago, uh we, we knew flows were happening, but we didn't |
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| 09:01 | the uh a lot of the um systems related to turbo. And uh |
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| 09:09 | basically had one model that was a for model and uh and everything was |
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| 09:15 | to fit that. Now, we no less than 500 models. Uh |
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| 09:20 | of the most interesting things I found uh when we started to uh |
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| 09:26 | when scientists started to investigate turbine plus that they realized they were more complicated |
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| 09:32 | some very simple things like the delta . Uh delta model, we had |
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| 09:37 | things that were dominated by the fluvial , dominated by the waves were dominated |
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| 09:42 | . Uh uh So um, so had these things actually on um, |
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| 09:49 | the different uh systems and, and so it's kind of an oversimplified |
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| 09:56 | , but models are oversimplified on And so you would have a lot |
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| 10:01 | oversimplified it. And then they got where, uh somebody who came |
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| 10:04 | came up with a system of about of submarines that can turn into and |
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| 10:11 | the person came up to, the came up to 40 the person came |
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| 10:16 | with, I think they, they over 200 miles to um and but |
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| 10:25 | fans rather and uh and so it's it's pretty and uh but the same |
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| 10:31 | is true for delta, the complexity deltas is, is massive. And |
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| 10:35 | although we, we do know that three things that they put on a |
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| 10:41 | uh and help you lump them in categories and give you sort of a |
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| 10:46 | model. They're never sufficient in terms all the details and, and the |
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| 10:50 | the faces are developed around, around mass of sediment, uh that's found |
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| 10:56 | accommodation space and it has a source sediment. And, or uh |
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| 11:00 | tide is the other thing that uh it, terms of the uh the |
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| 11:04 | and arrangement of the deposits you get the water reaches uh the uh ocean |
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| 11:12 | . And uh we'll be talking about a little bit later on. Tries |
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| 11:17 | say too much, too soon. ? Here is something that I |
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| 11:23 | Um And of course, there's also ice transport and stuff like that. |
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| 11:29 | uh in the oil business, most what we looked at is predominantly uh |
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| 11:34 | to be deposits that are moved by water. And then there are |
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| 11:38 | AO deposits, sand dunes and stuff that that makes some pretty significant to |
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| 11:44 | post are a lot better than what see uh with uh water transportation. |
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| 11:51 | is Helstrom diagram. Tell me you see this. And Bill de Praise |
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| 12:01 | , how can I get rid of ? You don't remember this? I |
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| 12:10 | sat in his class multiple times. he decided not to show it |
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| 12:16 | So what do you think? Uh do you think about this is uh |
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| 12:21 | know, here is velocity first, is going up and uh and uh |
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| 12:33 | size is getting bigger in this So bigger things need higher velocities, |
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| 12:43 | ? One second. So, um then if you drop that uh velocity |
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| 12:50 | these certain critical levels, they drop your deposit. It usually takes more |
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| 12:57 | to make things erode. This is erosion line then and they stay, |
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| 13:04 | stay floated even at a slightly Once, once that frictions overcome, |
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| 13:08 | drop out and at this point, all start to drop out. It's |
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| 13:12 | dash line because shape can have something do it and density can have something |
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| 13:15 | do with it. But based on size in general, uh, this |
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| 13:20 | , this is how it works the thing with this. So, |
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| 13:23 | here, uh, bigger things fall sooner, right. That, but |
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| 13:32 | happens over here when we get to , this what's happening in the |
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| 13:50 | So when we get smaller than, , uh, some of the, |
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| 13:55 | , medium size silt, the stuff stays in suspension for a long |
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| 13:59 | So it doesn't, doesn't really just out, it will settle eventually if |
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| 14:03 | , if there's no current, but it's still moving around, it's not |
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| 14:07 | drop out. Uh Again, you the velocity and uh and you can |
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| 14:15 | from this point on you increase the and you can see bigger things get |
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| 14:21 | over here, you would think decreasing vastly get smaller things, but you |
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| 14:25 | have, then you can't, you erode things uh that are fine grain |
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| 14:32 | easily as you can, things that in. Um In other words, |
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| 14:38 | a window here that's between things that kind of loose and more easily eroded |
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| 14:48 | things that are um small and very to, uh it's a hard, |
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| 14:55 | hard to erode this as it is move this and that little picture right |
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| 15:06 | is the whole reason why we have and systems this, this has to |
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| 15:13 | with why shields are widespread. This to do with if the energy is |
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| 15:19 | enough to move this it's gonna move . The sorting is gonna be |
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| 15:26 | Um This is also why rivers and streams are, are they channelizing the |
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| 15:35 | because the mud is more resistant than sand? The sand at this |
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| 15:42 | all of the sand at this all of the sand um is, |
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| 15:49 | basically, um, you look it's, it's in transport so the |
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| 15:54 | can keep moving. The sand gets at this velocity. It stays in |
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| 16:00 | um uh until you know, you to drop down into, into these |
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| 16:06 | over here. So if you drop to one of these velocities, then |
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| 16:10 | fall out. But sand, this , we call sand, the coarse |
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| 16:16 | and there's kind of a plateau right . Most of the sand size particles |
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| 16:21 | the easiest to motivate the last And that's why sand moves so much |
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| 16:29 | sand moves so much if it's Uh when you're on a beach, |
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| 16:34 | the sand is moving back and but the clays are still in suspension |
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| 16:39 | they just get winnowed off. Any clay that makes it down there |
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| 16:43 | gonna still be in the water column it's gonna be winnowed off. And |
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| 16:47 | it's concentrating the sand. In other , this diagram explains to you why |
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| 16:53 | often are well sorted. This explains conglomerates are never well sorted. This |
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| 17:04 | why clay is the confining uh material keeps channels, scanner and channels in |
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| 17:13 | in other words, they have things there's play signs and the point, |
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| 17:17 | point bar there's deposition because the velocity down. But the only during flood |
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| 17:23 | you get erosion over here on uh on the thing. And, |
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| 17:28 | , and that's because it's hard to . It's mostly like playing plays. |
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| 17:33 | there's the flood plain, you the river fills up when it |
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| 17:37 | the planes hit, covered with this , which is hard to. And |
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| 17:41 | it's actually, it's like a, natural instructor of uh of all these |
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| 17:49 | um features of a river uh of pluvial system. And it's pretty amazing |
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| 17:54 | it, it also relates to, don't have time right now. But |
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| 17:58 | you come to uh the velocity dropping , when somebody comes down a river |
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| 18:05 | hits the ocean, that also explains sand falls out first and the place |
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| 18:09 | keep going 100 miles off. And helps winnow it too if uh you |
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| 18:20 | won't, won't ever think about it much as I did. But if |
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| 18:23 | do, you'll, you'll get the that a delta is almost like a |
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| 18:26 | creature even though it has a lot creatures on it. But it's |
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| 18:31 | it's almost a living breathing thing that builds itself and repairs itself during flood |
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| 18:38 | , it repairs itself during storms, builds up sand uh that acts as |
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| 18:43 | barriers. It's uh it's just an thing. And it all has to |
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| 18:46 | with, with uh the difference between two lines with big things which were |
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| 18:55 | close transportation and deposition are very close , but they're very far apart |
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| 19:06 | And guess what? It has a impact on porosity permeability and good sorted |
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| 19:13 | . And it, it always, always bothered me. Well, if |
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| 19:15 | doesn't make any difference, why is size so good? This is why |
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| 19:19 | size is so good because of the uh uh things that are transported by |
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| 19:25 | . Uh In one case, takes lot of energy to move the big |
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| 19:28 | . In another case, it takes lot of energy to move the |
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| 19:32 | the fine grain stuff. But once in the, it's in the water |
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| 19:36 | , it keeps moving. When, this slows down, it falls like |
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| 19:41 | rock. Ok. So uh we these different things in uh sediment transport |
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| 19:53 | um as, as, as it in a um in the oil |
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| 19:58 | it's not so important uh that we understand this but, but it has |
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| 20:03 | lot to do with uh why the center of the channel is full of |
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| 20:08 | horse or green things with bed Uh Then if you get uh if |
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| 20:13 | come around the bend, it starts drop out the sand size particles on |
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| 20:17 | point bar, things like that. you're getting some of these faces are |
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| 20:21 | developing because of it. And the load is why a lot of times |
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| 20:26 | clays, once that clay gets it goes straight down to the drainage |
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| 20:32 | and lots of mud comes out of Mississippi river is probably 95% mud and |
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| 20:37 | rest of sand, it's, it's amazing amount of, uh, don't |
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| 20:41 | me on that, but it's it's a huge amount of mud, |
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| 20:44 | , coming down that river as opposed , uh, sand and it's, |
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| 20:49 | a mud rich delta and that has lot to do with the way. |
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| 20:52 | a pro delta clays and, and that the, that the, |
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| 20:57 | pro grading sands actually build up on of which creates all sorts of actually |
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| 21:03 | and whatnot with mud diapers and that of thing. Ok. Um, |
|
| 21:11 | flows are a really different thing. , um, and, uh, |
|
| 21:17 | you've ever seen an avalanche of, , of snow, it's sediment is |
|
| 21:23 | much the same thing. There are densities, different, um, carrying |
|
| 21:29 | . But, uh, but at same time, if you've ever |
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| 21:32 | uh, ice avalanche when it breaks , it's like one solid slump, |
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| 21:37 | of like a solid thing. And it starts rolling down the hill it |
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| 21:41 | up speed as it picks up it starts to have this thing. |
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| 21:47 | , um, it kind of looks it's plastic and it kind of does |
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| 21:51 | thing and if it's got, if full of water, like what sediment |
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| 21:54 | be, it's very plastic in nature some point in time. Um You |
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| 22:01 | imagine if you're doing this, the are pulling further apart and more water |
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| 22:06 | it's, um, it's called dynamic latency. And so you end up |
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| 22:11 | a dilated dilated mass and that dilated is just a jumble of things uh |
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| 22:18 | down, but it's still, it's got low lungs. It's, it's |
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| 22:22 | of gone like this. So it's spread farther and farther apart at some |
|
| 22:26 | in time. You know. Um let me just explain. This, |
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| 22:32 | me a while to, we know is a straight line, right? |
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| 22:36 | is also straight flow line of all flow lines are moving together. In |
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| 22:42 | words, some parallel, it it might ripple a parallel. And |
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| 22:47 | so what happens is once these flow cross each other, they get t |
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| 22:52 | when it starts to go and uh what happens when you get that turbine |
|
| 22:58 | . And if it's coming down off a pretty significant uh shelf edge like |
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| 23:02 | Gulf of Mexico East, uh the of 100 miles, 200 miles |
|
| 23:09 | And uh the way they were first recognized was um we had uh we |
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| 23:15 | have a lot of cables but we to have nothing but cables to go |
|
| 23:18 | the ocean uh to communicate across uh Europe. And uh sometimes they would |
|
| 23:24 | in the middle of the night. , uh, it took him a |
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| 23:27 | to figure out they weren't monsters, weren't sea monsters that were down there |
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| 23:30 | the plugs. But, uh, was turbidity currents that went, ripping |
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| 23:35 | them and, uh, just, snapped them sort of like a tornado |
|
| 23:40 | us. But not, not quite . Anyway, with all this |
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| 23:48 | Yeah. You know, in, , in addition to, um, |
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| 23:55 | and composition, we also have sedimentary . And these are a lot of |
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| 24:00 | sedimentary structures that we get. And are kind of small scale things for |
|
| 24:05 | most part. But you know, else is uh incredible about sedimentary structures |
|
| 24:11 | that they absolutely definitely have an impact uh and uh all of all of |
|
| 24:20 | ripples and uh these other types of uh laser and betting and cross |
|
| 24:28 | Uh because, because they have um , essentially, they have not, |
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| 24:35 | not, I wouldn't call it stoic , but they have structural architecture that |
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| 24:40 | it possible for um laminate to There can be uh baffles and barriers |
|
| 24:45 | flow and that's really the key of all. Uh And what I'm trying |
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| 24:51 | get out too is that is that all of these little details about sedimentary |
|
| 25:01 | are important to a reservoir geologist. uh if uh if you have a |
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| 25:07 | big uh homogeneous sand, it's Uh But if you, if you |
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| 25:12 | one that has ripples like from the off uh off Galveston Island. A |
|
| 25:19 | of these uh boundaries between these uh that are forming uh will not be |
|
| 25:27 | or barriers. But if you were this off the east coast, you |
|
| 25:30 | have heavy minerals in there. It's vary. These heavy minerals can turn |
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| 25:34 | the seine and seal it off and it more difficult for oil and |
|
| 25:46 | And um this is just showing you the velocity has an impact on, |
|
| 25:52 | uh the types of sedimentary structures we and the size of them. And |
|
| 25:58 | you know, to begin with, get ripples, then we get bigger |
|
| 26:00 | , we call dunes and uh then get things that are flattened or washed |
|
| 26:05 | fins and uh and then we get uh to a point where we have |
|
| 26:10 | plainer beds forming and uh and sometimes standing waves or anti dunes. And |
|
| 26:19 | this is uh just showing you how some of the uh lower velocities |
|
| 26:25 | form ripples the way they are. of course, turns moving in this |
|
| 26:30 | , we get, you get asymmetric ripples like this. And these are |
|
| 26:36 | two dimensional ripples. And then uh if they get a little bit |
|
| 26:43 | you know, we can have ripples on top of games and this is |
|
| 26:47 | two dimensional. And um to be dune is not that big. And |
|
| 26:56 | always thought of dunes as something that like a big, a alien |
|
| 27:00 | But uh but dunes can uh aren't smallest of dunes are not that |
|
| 27:05 | And, um, and uh here could see ripples and of course, |
|
| 27:10 | said that here's some really big dunes uh these are mega ripples uh between |
|
| 27:18 | two extremes. And, uh and the thing is, is that dunes |
|
| 27:24 | , can get to be uh very . And uh this is just showing |
|
| 27:32 | that, you know, one of reasons uh geologists like ripples is because |
|
| 27:36 | can tell whether they think they can whether it's tidal or not. And |
|
| 27:40 | normally get these asymmetric um ripples like . Uh And basically, uh you |
|
| 27:50 | , if, if you just have going in one direction, you're gonna |
|
| 27:52 | those asymmetric ripples, it's gonna be in the direction of uh the |
|
| 27:58 | But the idea is that if you the tides going in and the tides |
|
| 28:02 | out, it kind of even it doesn't always happen that way. |
|
| 28:05 | what happens is uh the tide comes and creates a normal uh two dimensional |
|
| 28:11 | going in this direction. And then it starts to come back out, |
|
| 28:15 | starts to erode this side. But when it gets shallower, it, |
|
| 28:19 | uh kind of erodes it on the to these little channels here. And |
|
| 28:25 | sometimes people step on the sand and help it get out. But uh |
|
| 28:30 | it's, it's sort of a, slight complex. It's not just the |
|
| 28:34 | going one way and the tide going other way. It has a lot |
|
| 28:37 | do with the way the water When the water level goes down, |
|
| 28:40 | gonna um circulate around the, around uh these little spaces here in |
|
| 28:46 | in the um between the ripples. , uh I, I think this |
|
| 28:52 | is from something Hank Chaffetz uh published in a Paleozoic uh title uh sandstone |
|
| 29:00 | somewhere here in Texas. It's been while since I've looked at that |
|
| 29:05 | And of course, you know, start out with these lower flow regime |
|
| 29:08 | where we have straight crested ripples, dimensional features. And uh eventually we |
|
| 29:14 | get things uh where you get these more sinuous ripples and they become three |
|
| 29:20 | . In other words, uh they're just stacking up like this, but |
|
| 29:23 | also cutting down into the ripples underneath . And uh and they have that |
|
| 29:28 | feature uh with it. And um there that is, and here are |
|
| 29:38 | uh big uh he says, large uh ripples uh but they're 3d, |
|
| 29:48 | actually dooms. Uh They're, I this is from Bill De Prey. |
|
| 29:51 | you see in this picture? And this is just showing you how |
|
| 29:58 | you know, they cut down into , as they progress, they cut |
|
| 30:01 | into the ripple before them. So , there's not just a ripple on |
|
| 30:05 | of a ripple, the ripples that cutting into the. And um uh |
|
| 30:19 | you just look at this, this probably some of our Gulf Coast |
|
| 30:24 | So there's limited things, but you see a lot of lamination in |
|
| 30:28 | And if, if something falls this course is denser but finer |
|
| 30:34 | it could cause a baffle or if , if it's uh like a heavy |
|
| 30:38 | , it could actually uh create cements become a barrier. And uh iron |
|
| 30:44 | one of the most famous things for . This is uh a picture I |
|
| 30:48 | in the Red River and uh north Dallas. And this is um you |
|
| 30:56 | see here some of the um uh uh had concentrations of iron along |
|
| 31:02 | And sometimes these things, sometimes it be the exact opposite of what you're |
|
| 31:07 | of. Sometimes it's more porous and uh water that has a higher concentration |
|
| 31:17 | iron is passing through it and it out. And other times it can |
|
| 31:21 | , there's a concentration of grains that uh higher and higher and uh we'll |
|
| 31:27 | that homo just because the iron is right there in the first place. |
|
| 31:35 | here's an upper flow regime uh thing you can see iron staining that helps |
|
| 31:40 | helps you actually see the laminate. many have you ever gone to |
|
| 31:50 | OK. When the tide goes um when the tide goes out, |
|
| 31:56 | you don't even have to have a an out wash. Um this |
|
| 32:03 | you could also see it on the along the uh the coast when the |
|
| 32:08 | come up and they break, they that velocity and then they start going |
|
| 32:12 | really, really fast and they get really high flow regime. One thing |
|
| 32:16 | didn't show you in the flow regime is is when the, the depth |
|
| 32:19 | the water goes down, the flow also goes down because you're kind of |
|
| 32:23 | the flow. And uh so the the depth of the water goes |
|
| 32:28 | the flow regime goes up and uh that velocity. And so, um |
|
| 32:34 | is more like what I see Um this is from South Carolina and |
|
| 32:40 | normally um Annie dunes will um will like this. They'll, they'll be |
|
| 32:49 | like this. And uh you're sitting you see the wave coming in and |
|
| 32:53 | breaks, you know, it'll go like this and as it starts to |
|
| 32:56 | back down, uh you'll see exactly what you see in this thing that |
|
| 33:01 | just showed you in this picture, call these uh standing waves because |
|
| 33:08 | there's a wave, it's just, just uh going down in the uh |
|
| 33:12 | happening is if you're standing here, flow is going that way. But |
|
| 33:18 | dunes migrate this direct and the dunes back filling on the back side, |
|
| 33:24 | is why they're wrong. So uh it gets over this dune, it |
|
| 33:28 | down, but that particle it comes here hits the back of that |
|
| 33:34 | And so they each keep building out this and you get that standing wave |
|
| 33:38 | allows that to happen, sort of you know, you get that ripple |
|
| 33:42 | it creates a, a, an and a break, some acceleration and |
|
| 33:46 | and the, the ripples that the actually, you can actually sit at |
|
| 33:51 | beach and watch yourself come climbing up the base of the beach beach cha |
|
| 33:57 | uh the water is going that way water's going out, sand is going |
|
| 34:01 | . The word ripples are coming in um go down to the beach and |
|
| 34:07 | if you can find that and then uh grab somebody and show it to |
|
| 34:12 | . So it's kind of freaky. that was uh when I took freshman |
|
| 34:17 | the beach, that was one of fun things I had to do when |
|
| 34:20 | went out, there was look at dunes coming up the uh shore |
|
| 34:35 | OK. Another type of uh uh under uh ripples. And uh you |
|
| 34:44 | , we had ripples and cross cross . And uh and the other thing |
|
| 34:52 | we can have is um there, is uh we can have leisure in |
|
| 34:57 | betting and that looks like uh this um this one is called Blazer, |
|
| 35:17 | one's called Lenticular and this one's these are N members. This one |
|
| 35:24 | more sand, that one has less . But uh what are you |
|
| 35:31 | What do you think causes a structure that or better? Yeah, let |
|
| 35:48 | ask you. Did you guys realize uh we use sedimentary structures to determine |
|
| 35:54 | environment? Are you aware of OK. But it's really complicated. |
|
| 36:05 | . So um but be, but you answer any questions, just look |
|
| 36:10 | that, which one of those do think would have the best uh permeability |
|
| 36:14 | porosity? A B or C? many people think the best porosity would |
|
| 36:20 | porosity and permeability would be C? about B eight? OK. So |
|
| 36:31 | is it, so that's, that's I'm showing you this picture uh wavy |
|
| 36:37 | uh different types of uh laser and . Sometimes we just call it wavy |
|
| 36:44 | that's the middle one. Uh wavy uh occurs. You remember Hilton's |
|
| 36:55 | So what do you think this means it alternates between sands and, and |
|
| 37:02 | ? Excuse me, it could be . Yes. Sometimes these are tidal |
|
| 37:10 | . When do the clays fall It was title one with the fall |
|
| 37:28 | positive. Yeah, it's for so it, it waxes it, |
|
| 37:33 | there's a point in the, in point in time where there's sort of |
|
| 37:36 | standstill sort of half between high and tide and, and that's when it |
|
| 37:42 | out. That would be, that be what would happen for title |
|
| 37:47 | ok. This can also happen uh a um uh in and around crevasse |
|
| 37:55 | . So you have a levy deposit water just goes a little bit over |
|
| 38:00 | edge of the levee deposit. It's pull a bunch of sand in some |
|
| 38:03 | will go down there. That water gonna be muddy, right? The |
|
| 38:07 | is gonna drop out right away, the muddy water that builds up and |
|
| 38:11 | settle down and then maybe the flood kind of tip over the edge |
|
| 38:15 | And so, so you might uh maybe more on this end between |
|
| 38:20 | of standing water that let the clays out and periods of water flowing over |
|
| 38:26 | edge of the levee, bringing sand it. Ok. Uh Can you |
|
| 38:32 | of anything else? So we got , we got tides. Fluvial systems |
|
| 38:37 | be a long way away from the and alluvial systems get closer. Excuse |
|
| 38:43 | , loal systems can get close to away from the tide. And |
|
| 38:50 | excuse me. Well, I was talking about flooding events. So, |
|
| 38:54 | , that, you know, that's the water comes over the edge. |
|
| 38:58 | uh and, and because if you AAA levied channel, it's more likely |
|
| 39:04 | , to be something like that. could also have some of these |
|
| 39:08 | Um, this is very similar to you might see in a rated stream |
|
| 39:14 | . And uh and what, and thing that another place that you could |
|
| 39:18 | these, uh, when you're, you're drilling well into something that's relatively |
|
| 39:24 | water, you know, say at 100 m deep. Um, or |
|
| 39:30 | little less, you may see something looks like this. And what do |
|
| 39:36 | think would cause that? Uh, , there are, there are, |
|
| 39:53 | are part of the Boma sequence actually wavy eliminations in it. Yeah. |
|
| 40:00 | , uh, but I was thinking something else. I'm just thinking of |
|
| 40:10 | , say if you're on a coastline there's a lot of storms, storm |
|
| 40:14 | wave based storm wave based and do most of the time, uh fine |
|
| 40:19 | stuff settling out. But when storm base comes in, it stirs up |
|
| 40:22 | sand and it winnows out some sand of the, you know, there |
|
| 40:26 | be sand and place it on the , it winnows out that sand, |
|
| 40:31 | it gets the clay out of it then you have a nice little sand |
|
| 40:34 | and uh so you get this type a wavy lamination. So, uh |
|
| 40:38 | on what coast it might be 50 deep, 25 m deep. But |
|
| 40:43 | you might see stuff that's um deeper that, that storm wave base and |
|
| 40:50 | got mostly clays and silts. But when you get to that wave |
|
| 40:54 | you'll start to see things that look this. The storm wave base good |
|
| 41:03 | was going on in the car well, it has to do with |
|
| 41:15 | and uh but, but um but what you said, this could be |
|
| 41:19 | very easily be a graded stream, it could also be a very sandy |
|
| 41:23 | stage on a, on, on the levee of a river. |
|
| 41:28 | uh but normally uh a river is look something like this. Tides. |
|
| 41:34 | depend on what's, what's in, in that part of the, of |
|
| 41:38 | channel. You could have any of kinds of things. And uh uh |
|
| 41:43 | I, I don't know if this the point you're making the point I'm |
|
| 41:46 | to make is without any other It's hard to tell exactly what it |
|
| 41:49 | . You have to have some kind relevant uh information. If you, |
|
| 41:54 | you know that you're in water that 100 and 50 m, uh You're |
|
| 42:00 | gonna see some wave wave base type like this. And, um, |
|
| 42:07 | on a, on a larger the Chandler Islands, you have this |
|
| 42:12 | mud delta called the Mississippi River. program it out. It's got little |
|
| 42:17 | with sand, lots of faces to . And when the, when the |
|
| 42:20 | coming in dramatically new and so the islands are big loads of the delta |
|
| 42:28 | , that river in the sand, little bit of sand that runs down |
|
| 42:30 | river, it just winnow down and into bars and then on a more |
|
| 42:36 | scale, uh a lot of when a storm comes through, the |
|
| 42:41 | has just starts to collect on it there's that part to collect it that |
|
| 42:45 | to collect the shell. And then to get, um, to get |
|
| 42:52 | to become emergent, you have to sort of a little bit of a |
|
| 42:55 | there already. So you get these sand ripples and waves uh that build |
|
| 42:59 | like that from winnowing out the, the low sand concentration, but high |
|
| 43:07 | concentration, the the storm will winnow enough sand. It starts to pile |
|
| 43:12 | at a point and uh and then shell hashes will get caught on |
|
| 43:16 | and start building up. Ok. is this one? What do you |
|
| 43:35 | causes this? Yeah, something that's flash event that's carrying all the fine |
|
| 43:43 | stuff along with the coarse grain And uh and this obviously is not |
|
| 43:51 | . So this might be some, shelf sediments uh that have that |
|
| 43:56 | they're fairly mature in a sense of reworking and whatnot. But you have |
|
| 44:01 | , you have shale and uh it starts to move together. It gets |
|
| 44:05 | that turbid flow, it's all mixed and then it starts to settle out |
|
| 44:09 | this grated bed. It's poorly but the grated bed goes from the |
|
| 44:14 | stuff to finer and finer uh poorly sediments as you get to the |
|
| 44:20 | So it's, it's high energy. big stuff starts to fall out and |
|
| 44:24 | energy drops off dramatically really quickly in finer grain sediments fall out. |
|
| 44:33 | Now, let's look at uh Turbin . And um so we're looking at |
|
| 44:38 | sedimentary structures and trying to explain some the processes, but uh these uh |
|
| 44:44 | i gravity flows have a lot to with it. And this is sort |
|
| 44:47 | a, a rock example uh where can see, you know, things |
|
| 44:51 | sliding down a slope, uh they're coherent. Uh Here's something that's slumped |
|
| 44:57 | it kind of gets flipped over. But here you have a mass that's |
|
| 45:01 | down and this, this pretty much be a uh a debris flow and |
|
| 45:05 | grain flow put together. And then you have the turbid flow and uh |
|
| 45:13 | of course, the turbid flow, no longer have this parallel flow |
|
| 45:20 | You have these turbid flow lines that together it gets roiled. And of |
|
| 45:24 | , you've got coarse grain, fine all mixed together and it's moving at |
|
| 45:27 | high velocity and that allows certain types features to fall out. And um |
|
| 45:38 | is uh the Bama sequence and when start getting these, these fine grain |
|
| 45:44 | with a little bit of ripples in , uh Sometimes uh this little interval |
|
| 45:48 | here looks like wavy lamination right in that, that the C value of |
|
| 45:54 | . But uh this isn't where the of, of the sediment falls, |
|
| 45:58 | it's where all the fine grain sediment out. And this particular model, |
|
| 46:03 | the one point on this model will us identify, oh which is the |
|
| 46:12 | of the record of a sub But as it turns out, after |
|
| 46:18 | , I more, more work, we were able to figure out that |
|
| 46:23 | is on the distal end of a of a submarine fan. It's not |
|
| 46:29 | it's not like in the submarine fans faces to them as well. They're |
|
| 46:33 | just all Boma sequences. The Bama is one faces on the distal part |
|
| 46:38 | the fan. And uh I think important to point out to some people |
|
| 46:45 | haven't um gotten much of a background this. I don't know. Did |
|
| 46:50 | talk about Turbos a lot and build price well good. And uh and |
|
| 46:57 | but again, uh if you can that this is, this is fighting |
|
| 47:04 | because this is a thing, high , a low energy break, high |
|
| 47:09 | , low energy break. Uh We uh we're not looking at this in |
|
| 47:16 | yet, but when, when we um one of the things that's uh |
|
| 47:22 | what did he tell you what happens a, to a submarine fan or |
|
| 47:26 | turbo? Does it fine upwards or of course and upwards, each |
|
| 47:37 | of the sequences is gonna fine upwards now. This is it the distal |
|
| 47:43 | if you get more proximal to where sediment is coming in, it's gonna |
|
| 47:46 | coarser and coarser grain, right? if I prograde something out like this |
|
| 47:54 | it's finding upwards, if there's another turbidity current that comes out and sits |
|
| 48:00 | on top of it, because this built up on something. The next |
|
| 48:04 | gonna build out a little bit farther the next one is gonna come on |
|
| 48:08 | of it and build out a little farther. And so the faces that |
|
| 48:12 | see here that are distal will be away as, as the turbo events |
|
| 48:19 | occurring. So, so it keeps further. So we have finding |
|
| 48:24 | finding upwards, finding upwards, finding . But when we're, when I'm |
|
| 48:27 | here, the distal part is farther . So you're getting coarser grain |
|
| 48:33 | it'll be coarser and coarser this So, so when it just goes |
|
| 48:37 | and then here, what, what out of this one is gonna be |
|
| 48:41 | than the one below it, then next one's gonna be coarser than the |
|
| 48:44 | below it. Not, not the of it, but the point, |
|
| 48:48 | part that's over top of it. a uh submarine fan deposit uh with |
|
| 48:55 | series of uh turbo currents is gonna each event is gonna fine upwards. |
|
| 49:03 | each, each element will be fining , but the, the overall sequence |
|
| 49:08 | be coarsening upwards. So this sequence fining upwards but and it's the, |
|
| 49:14 | it's way out very distal, this less distal. So it's coarser, |
|
| 49:18 | it's still a fining upward sequence. one is less, still uh distal |
|
| 49:23 | that. It's finding upwards, but coarser than the one below it. |
|
| 49:26 | the one below that. OK. . And just imagine how complicated stacks |
|
| 49:39 | these things would be if each one these is, you know, maybe |
|
| 49:43 | more than a half a meter you have another one and another |
|
| 49:48 | look at all these things that could barriers to flow and permeability and |
|
| 49:56 | OK. Other things uh biogenic Um some people live and die on |
|
| 50:03 | if no fossils they call them and and I find them interesting from a |
|
| 50:10 | standpoint and that, that um biological can do a lot of things. |
|
| 50:16 | of the things that can, you , build structures and cement things up |
|
| 50:20 | these can, can cause bales and sort of thing. You can also |
|
| 50:25 | pull organic minerals and stuff in here organic derived minerals that might react to |
|
| 50:30 | things and, and create cements and like that. Uh So you can |
|
| 50:34 | all sorts of things like that but don't know, but I got the |
|
| 50:39 | slide I can. OK. so uh that's kind of what it |
|
| 50:47 | like. And uh so these uh the bottom and uh this is like |
|
| 50:53 | you take one of these rocks and it up and look at some of |
|
| 50:56 | stuff because there are, there are fossils oh and biogenic structures that where |
|
| 51:05 | graze across the surface. And sometimes you see the bottom of that, |
|
| 51:08 | have a nice surface. And of , that could cause a uh a |
|
| 51:12 | barrier uh in that sense. And what this one is. And um |
|
| 51:19 | in some ways they can cause baffles barriers. But uh what I did |
|
| 51:24 | we were, we were looking at deposits, recent hurricane deposits uh down |
|
| 51:29 | um the island that's just south southwest uh of uh Galveston Island. And |
|
| 51:40 | you know, Freeport. And uh sand right here was, this is |
|
| 51:46 | uh micro ct of the sand. a micro CT do is see things |
|
| 51:53 | just a few microns. Uh but a, it's an x-ray machine and |
|
| 51:57 | you can, you can do a of uh so you need to just |
|
| 52:02 | to display very nice things or um that are um high density things that |
|
| 52:09 | um sort of intermediate density. And and I don't think this is ever |
|
| 52:15 | place of anything like this, but had one, you know, probably |
|
| 52:18 | by now, I get crazy I mean, and I thought what |
|
| 52:22 | , what if uh I took my on and moved it from something really |
|
| 52:28 | over here all the way from zero almost nothing. So plant material it's |
|
| 52:36 | be much lower density than the, core. When you look at this |
|
| 52:41 | , it looked like what we would call a massive sands. And there |
|
| 52:45 | , there were no structures in it all. You didn't see any |
|
| 52:48 | nothing. Uh It was just sandstone uh it was, it was actually |
|
| 52:55 | to keep it in, you in place, but it was, |
|
| 52:58 | was primarily sandstone with some, some stuff that kind of held it |
|
| 53:04 | you know, you, you hit like that, it could have |
|
| 53:07 | it would have been gone. So , we kept it in the |
|
| 53:11 | And so, you know, we out, we zeroed out the density |
|
| 53:15 | , of the core tube. Uh I thought, why don't we just |
|
| 53:21 | ? Just, just the image with to 1 with. And that's what |
|
| 53:28 | , this is, this is this is um x-ray uh micro x-rays |
|
| 53:35 | helping you image channels and portraits of . This is all ferocity in this |
|
| 53:43 | . Everything outside of this would have seen or been seen. Some of |
|
| 53:49 | things might be actual routes, some them might just be spaces or spaces |
|
| 53:54 | are open right now. But even the, even if the roots uh |
|
| 54:00 | , there's gonna be that big space . In other words, there's all |
|
| 54:03 | different but very complex series of channels through here. It's hard for us |
|
| 54:10 | understand exactly what's going on because this this is looking through something that's about |
|
| 54:16 | , that big. And so you're the little channels here here here and |
|
| 54:21 | all over layered on top of each . So it's a three dimensional thing |
|
| 54:26 | you see a lot going on. what you can see is there's a |
|
| 54:31 | of something really big right here, is interesting, which could have been |
|
| 54:36 | surface. In other words, this have been um the, uh, |
|
| 54:43 | flood of the hurricane and maybe coming out, this might have been |
|
| 54:48 | uh, the, of the And, uh, I, there's |
|
| 54:51 | enough there for me to say uh, one thing I didn't have |
|
| 54:54 | to do, we have the machine there now, but when I was |
|
| 54:57 | on it, it was a Uh, but another thing you could |
|
| 55:00 | is you could, could, uh, with the computer or |
|
| 55:05 | you could, you could actually take volume that we had. Let's |
|
| 55:11 | get a clear picture of what's happening the way through it. In other |
|
| 55:16 | , if I just have the outer or four millimeters here, uh, |
|
| 55:21 | know, 34 to 56 of all noise and it would disappear and we'd |
|
| 55:26 | able to see, see where the is and we can move back and |
|
| 55:31 | in it. But I, I had time to, it's really expensive |
|
| 55:35 | , to work, but that's, , I think that's really interesting. |
|
| 55:43 | I think that's something um that we to consider too when we're thinking about |
|
| 55:48 | complexity of poor throats and, and channels through something that looks like a |
|
| 55:56 | porosity sandstone or higher. And uh got all these channels in there that |
|
| 56:02 | uh uh probably create even more porosity more permeability. OK. Then we |
|
| 56:09 | to bedding and lamination and um Laina less than a milli a centimeter |
|
| 56:16 | And uh uh now beds can be as small as that and go up |
|
| 56:23 | , you know, um, meters meters, hundreds of meters thick |
|
| 56:29 | And uh, but all beds have surfaces and they're generally flat in |
|
| 56:35 | And uh these are some fine grain . Uh This is something uh from |
|
| 56:42 | beach slope, beach facing, probably on the Atlantic coastal plain because |
|
| 56:47 | can see the laminate and uh, know, you take a, you |
|
| 56:50 | a, you dig a hole and take a machete and you kind of |
|
| 56:53 | it and get it just really straight that. This one looks like they |
|
| 56:57 | have had a, an air hose , and uh, blew it a |
|
| 57:00 | bit to, uh, to get of the, the, um, |
|
| 57:04 | parts of where the heavy minerals are stick out a little bit farther. |
|
| 57:08 | , uh, and this is a deposit that's very similar to it. |
|
| 57:12 | smaller laminate here. And uh, , when you see something that looks |
|
| 57:19 | this, say, say it's a organic rich, really dark sail that |
|
| 57:27 | a dark shell and you saw it that. Um There's a good chance |
|
| 57:33 | have high to CS. But what you saw a shale that's just as |
|
| 57:37 | as this. If you saw that relates to what I was just talking |
|
| 57:49 | the books. Bye. Ok. , um, the reason we get |
|
| 58:14 | lot of these, these are barb lamination from probably a lake deposit. |
|
| 58:19 | um and so um different things are the water column at different times and |
|
| 58:24 | forms these kind of lamination. But , if you have of us that |
|
| 58:28 | falling to the surface, now there's be uh seven falls, some organic |
|
| 58:35 | , seven falls, some organic So if it's undisturbed, you're almost |
|
| 58:40 | gonna see la. Now in this deposit, it's probably like this because |
|
| 58:46 | water and this was in oxygen, low oxygen levels. And that would |
|
| 58:53 | there would be nothing falling around that biogenic starts. And if you get |
|
| 59:05 | well, is it C Wilson? think so. Um he was looking |
|
| 59:10 | the Midway, some of the midway and they're really dark and very organic |
|
| 59:15 | , they have to CS and the of and uh he was sort of |
|
| 59:26 | and we had a core that we looking at and we thought it would |
|
| 59:29 | very helpful. But when we looked the, the really dark sales. |
|
| 59:34 | , no eliminations at all. The for that is the iota as it |
|
| 59:40 | being deposit, we eating all the material and it was stirring it up |
|
| 59:44 | some. So the sediment was getting with the, with the organic |
|
| 59:50 | So if that was going on whatever is discriminating this, the uh |
|
| 59:56 | lemonade would be mixed in with with the background mass and you wouldn't |
|
| 60:01 | any lamination at all. And, , you know, they're only, |
|
| 60:04 | may only be eating a little bit a time, but, you |
|
| 60:07 | over hundreds of years and whatnot or uh they would be consuming most of |
|
| 60:14 | organic material. It might still end with a dark shale. It's really |
|
| 60:25 | . So when you're looking for source , you're hoping there is no bio |
|
| 60:30 | , you're looking for uh water conditions restrict the flow and enhance the probability |
|
| 60:38 | having low oxygen levels. OK. so, um, this is just |
|
| 60:56 | of an end slide, but this showing you this is actually, uh |
|
| 61:01 | talking about beds eliminations. Um Here's , here's a limestone bed, here's |
|
| 61:07 | shale bed, here's a, a bed, limestone bed. So I |
|
| 61:11 | to kind of see what I a bed looks like in, in |
|
| 61:16 | a smaller sense. And, uh could even call something like this unit |
|
| 61:24 | here that seems to have a lot limestone in it. And that unit |
|
| 61:27 | there has, seems to have a more shale. You could, you |
|
| 61:30 | actually say that's a bed of this and this is a bed of that |
|
| 61:36 | rather than just this being one two beds, three beds. It |
|
| 61:41 | be one big bed down here that more carbonates in one big bed up |
|
| 61:47 | and has less carbonates, by the . What do you think the TOC |
|
| 61:58 | in those rocks or those gray What would you guess the TOC would |
|
| 62:06 | in those gray rocks? You can't the fine scale of this one, |
|
| 62:13 | you can, can you kind of that there are lemonade in it so |
|
| 62:19 | the to CS of these were probably 18 to 20% and no bio turb |
|
| 62:27 | when these were deposited, uh they being deposited in a water depth, |
|
| 62:31 | have to be too deep. You a chemo cline. Uh The oxygen |
|
| 62:35 | much gets used up below the chemo and, and there's no way to |
|
| 62:39 | overturn it like a lot of lakes or they'll overturn when the density of |
|
| 62:43 | water shifts in the winter and in , in the spring? Ok. |
|
| 62:50 | we're done with that. Any comments or thoughts? Do you um |
|
| 63:01 | you getting a picture that sediment technology really important to reservoir geology? Hope |
|
| 63:16 | . Ok. You guys just had course in this So I'm gonna, |
|
| 63:19 | gonna breeze through this, probably. . Ok. Yeah. Anybody want |
|
| 63:26 | take a small break. It's been an hour, right? Yeah, |
|
| 63:30 | think in the afternoon you almost have break every hour. Yeah. Whether |
|
| 63:35 | for the bathroom or whatever. The power cord wasn't turned on. |
|
| 63:57 | was approaching imminent, uh, Ok. And, um, |
|
| 64:14 | this is just showing you some of , uh, fault traps and, |
|
| 64:20 | this of course, is a normal here. But uh you can see |
|
| 64:24 | the up front side, uh we've um the trap a lot of times |
|
| 64:32 | on the, on the, on side. Of course, the Strat |
|
| 64:34 | have to be going in a different like this relative to the fall. |
|
| 64:39 | uh over here, you can see thrust uh that creates some structures. |
|
| 64:43 | , did you look at a lot different things like this in uh in |
|
| 64:47 | geology? Because, because that's the , the only one we're gonna look |
|
| 64:53 | there this, but there's a lot configurations. This is um this is |
|
| 65:02 | a plaster experiment to try to recreate rift valley that looks similar to um |
|
| 65:07 | where they have uh some of the uh stuff. And um I'm not |
|
| 65:15 | , I don't, I think this , I think this is in the |
|
| 65:19 | Rob and, and uh uh but very similar to the central grob and |
|
| 65:24 | a lot of ways and it just you how the faulting occurs. And |
|
| 65:29 | course, you can see that um you get these offsets so that there's |
|
| 65:36 | for some flow to go across some them. And in other cases, |
|
| 65:41 | uh there's limited flow that could possibly across it. Uh in that |
|
| 65:45 | if these, these uh dark things to be reservoir rocks. And um |
|
| 65:53 | it, it is very, uh a cartoonish type thing. So it's |
|
| 65:57 | to tell exactly what's going on in sense. But I think what's interesting |
|
| 66:00 | this model and this is a part reality is, and I was trying |
|
| 66:05 | point this out, these things end becoming mountain peaks. And uh I |
|
| 66:10 | when you look at a model or a diagram like this, you |
|
| 66:13 | really think of, of that as a mountain. This is a mountain |
|
| 66:17 | and that's a deep, that's a hole and a lot of the combination |
|
| 66:21 | and something could erode into your fans , or fan deltas. They come |
|
| 66:26 | off the um off the uplift and it in. And uh that happens |
|
| 66:30 | lot in uh in uh in Lake and uh and the other East African |
|
| 66:36 | lakes right now. But it happened all of these things when, when |
|
| 66:39 | when the rift was pulling apart, early on in the development of the |
|
| 66:44 | Sea, which, which is sort an arrested riff um system or an |
|
| 66:51 | uh spreading ridge. Ok. Here um just showing you um how |
|
| 66:59 | you know, with, with uh seismic, we'll, we'll see a |
|
| 67:05 | of these bigger faults, but we miss uh some of these smaller faults |
|
| 67:09 | of course, the 3d uh seismic , uh they're, they're working on |
|
| 67:14 | to filter attributes uh so that they actually see some of these smaller faults |
|
| 67:20 | is uh or what they were normally them as lines until they know what |
|
| 67:25 | , what's actually causing the lines. you can do things even like this |
|
| 67:29 | the gravity and Magnetics. And um always uh show this to make sure |
|
| 67:40 | remembers what I um what a normal is versus a thrust fault. Uh |
|
| 67:46 | think it's important to point out uh there's a lot of different symbols used |
|
| 67:53 | uh a lot of times thrust faults use this. Um Here we have |
|
| 68:03 | , this one's kind of pixelated, it's the same kind of thing. |
|
| 68:06 | This, this is uh out of of the same books. This is |
|
| 68:10 | normal fault. This is a, thrust fault. Usually the ones that |
|
| 68:14 | the, the pointy diamonds are gonna uh thrust. And of course, |
|
| 68:19 | as you can see here, you , here's the, here's the foot |
|
| 68:25 | and this is uh the one that's which way is the thrust going? |
|
| 68:42 | doesn't even show you all these stupid , but this is, but |
|
| 68:52 | the arrows are usually gonna be something gonna be flinging uh to the dip |
|
| 68:56 | the, of the bed. uh the thrust fall, this is |
|
| 69:00 | be dipping down the or the dip the fault or here's the dip of |
|
| 69:03 | fault, but it has to, this is the wall and so it |
|
| 69:07 | to come up over top of And uh I mostly work in um |
|
| 69:15 | have work and when I did hand maps, which by the way, |
|
| 69:19 | got pretty good at um this is of the symbol. Sometimes the symbols |
|
| 69:25 | just have a box like this. times, they'll kind of make it |
|
| 69:28 | a little bit three dimensional like And uh but again, this is |
|
| 69:32 | down block, the fault is dipping way and it's down and this one |
|
| 69:37 | up. So it has to it has to be like that or |
|
| 69:42 | the normal, I don't have a normal P I. Here it |
|
| 69:46 | here's the normal I remember as an then you just, you just |
|
| 69:58 | well, and it's, and it's of reversed in a way. |
|
| 70:01 | it is reversed. That's why it's reversal. And um and the um |
|
| 70:08 | people have trouble understanding why it's a wall and that's because um this is |
|
| 70:17 | , a reverse or press, but is gonna be the hanging wall because |
|
| 70:21 | above your head in the football, the one. So if this is |
|
| 70:26 | football, this thing up and I another thing uh that helps uh people |
|
| 70:38 | what's going on even three dimensionally Yes. Um And uh if |
|
| 70:45 | if you look at um this just if you look at the block |
|
| 70:52 | itself, this is the shortest part the block. This is the shortest |
|
| 70:56 | of the block when they move like , the short ends get closer, |
|
| 71:01 | means the crust is shrinking. And in this one, um this |
|
| 71:08 | goes down, this one goes up here you have the uh the |
|
| 71:14 | the long parts of the blocks are close, which means the crust is |
|
| 71:23 | and it's just a, you a little thing that helps people remember |
|
| 71:28 | again. Sometimes things are so It's easy to get it backwards 100 |
|
| 71:31 | 80 degrees. And here is an interesting map. And um if |
|
| 71:42 | were mapping something like this in the , you wouldn't see this, you'd |
|
| 71:48 | see something that was flattened off and see the top of this sand and |
|
| 71:56 | a little bit farther up in this , you'd see the top of another |
|
| 72:00 | . But this is a surface that been pen. And that's why uh |
|
| 72:05 | uh mapping can often be confusing to with a lower than surface. It's |
|
| 72:10 | of a different game you, you're to look at say a surface that |
|
| 72:14 | deposited at a certain point in time it's moving up and down. But |
|
| 72:20 | um field mapping, you know, have a whole bunch of layers and |
|
| 72:24 | they tilt like this, they get pena plane off and you see, |
|
| 72:27 | you, you're gonna be marching from youngest to the oldest. In this |
|
| 72:30 | , it was dipped in the other , You see the opposite. But |
|
| 72:33 | this case, we're trying to look one surface of one age at a |
|
| 72:37 | . In other words, one of layers at a time, not the |
|
| 72:41 | of what it looks like when it eroded. And uh that's why three |
|
| 72:45 | can be uh a little bit uh complicated than what you see. Uh |
|
| 72:52 | you're mapping things on the surface and cross cutting relationships can be very |
|
| 72:57 | And I I you have to have to show people what I mean. |
|
| 73:02 | the uh uh when faults cut, go against the uh when you have |
|
| 73:10 | fault here, a normal fault here a normal fault here like this and |
|
| 73:17 | the um the surfaces uh normally would offset by the um by the younger |
|
| 73:26 | , but it's the opposite when it's , when it's just a surface. |
|
| 73:31 | , the only way to show it you would be with blocks. You |
|
| 73:37 | , you think, you know, normal cross cutting relationship in a |
|
| 73:44 | not on a surface but a Uh, the, uh, the |
|
| 73:49 | fault is gonna cut the older But in, in the, in |
|
| 73:53 | case, it'll look different the opposite you're just looking at a surface which |
|
| 73:58 | is a surface, this isn't in plane surface and it's not cut in |
|
| 74:04 | rock like this. It's something that's across at this point in time. |
|
| 74:11 | , uh, so what you see again is, uh this is probably |
|
| 74:15 | normal fault and uh see, we to assume it is, I guess |
|
| 74:32 | here, this is deeper you, a normal p so, um this |
|
| 74:38 | the uh the hanging wall block and a football block. Is that |
|
| 74:45 | You got it right? No, got it wrong. Um This |
|
| 74:51 | this side is sliding down, this is popping up. So this would |
|
| 74:55 | the, and um this, this kind of uh different from what uh |
|
| 75:06 | see a lot. I see it the opposite of that, which is |
|
| 75:08 | it just looks a little funny to . Uh I normally see things traffic |
|
| 75:13 | the uh the down the and here , um you can see the closure |
|
| 75:22 | . You can see these complex uh these complex uh a faults coming |
|
| 75:29 | of here, but uh see the of this vault right here, it's |
|
| 75:35 | a surface in which right? Do think the fault is curved. It's |
|
| 75:51 | . It is, but it's also that it's relatively straight because you're, |
|
| 75:56 | walking down, you, like if a straight fault here, this structure |
|
| 76:00 | actually walking down, dip along the . So like if you have a |
|
| 76:11 | to pick up a book, what at it in cross section, here's |
|
| 76:29 | fault and it's a straight and you uh features, one of the contour |
|
| 76:35 | there with the other contour, one that's way up here and uh 10 |
|
| 76:53 | conor on the system. So that's 40 10. So something's hitting it |
|
| 77:01 | 40 10 and this one down here hitting it. Let's go all the |
|
| 77:17 | down to here. 41 50. . So if you were, if |
|
| 77:35 | were to look down on the you know, this is a |
|
| 77:40 | a straight line, this could be straight line, this part of it |
|
| 77:45 | hitting here. This part is sitting here. So the P has to |
|
| 77:54 | around to reach that point. In words, sure, if these structures |
|
| 78:04 | lined up like this, then it be flat. But because this is |
|
| 78:09 | and it's going down, the structure you see here is uh you're going |
|
| 78:14 | the fault plane, you're not hitting fault plane at the same point. |
|
| 78:18 | words, this, this part of circle down here, it's not hitting |
|
| 78:23 | here, it's way out of So makes the, you're on a |
|
| 78:30 | surface and you're, and you're becoming like this one going down and |
|
| 78:37 | So the curve, the is a curve one minute. So you have |
|
| 78:41 | curved surface and this is a curved , curved surface hitting a flat plane |
|
| 78:47 | gonna make, it's gonna make that look curved. And uh when we |
|
| 78:52 | mapping, you'll, you'll see a bit better when you have some more |
|
| 78:56 | to show you. Uh And what means. Uh Here's something that the |
|
| 79:01 | that wrote the book and she uh with him on uh uh some surface |
|
| 79:09 | . Uh uh They have this they call a screwball where people start |
|
| 79:17 | on their contour lines with the data they have on one side and the |
|
| 79:21 | lines with the data they have on side and they end up thinking they |
|
| 79:26 | have some kind of closure in And uh uh this is, this |
|
| 79:33 | a normal fault, it's down thrown here. Uh Here's 59 50. |
|
| 79:44 | And uh here's, you know, 5900, 59 50 here. And |
|
| 79:49 | is, this is actually uh gotta higher than it's supposed to be. |
|
| 79:58 | so you can't get disclosure across here uh this is actually uplifted on uh |
|
| 80:05 | that side of the block. And let's see, actually looks normal to |
|
| 80:26 | . Can you see, can you the problem with this or not? |
|
| 80:36 | it's so it looks ok here, what's happening right here, this |
|
| 80:50 | uh, this looks normal and you focus on this part and that's part |
|
| 80:54 | the problem. And then, then look at here, this is |
|
| 80:58 | Now, what's that? In other , the, the direction of the |
|
| 81:06 | changed. And that's, and that's , uh what he means by a |
|
| 81:10 | ball. In other words, it , it looks like it's OK when |
|
| 81:13 | draw it like this. But um uh but it's, it's not, |
|
| 81:20 | has been drawn the proper way and , somebody's been, you know, |
|
| 81:24 | their concours this way and coming up way, drawing their concours and coming |
|
| 81:28 | with this and there's a reversal of contour lines across here. And |
|
| 81:33 | they forced the, uh they forced closure there so that they could have |
|
| 81:37 | reservoir, but it, it can't be that way. So there's a |
|
| 81:40 | mistake in how it was mapped Mhm Well, this side is higher |
|
| 81:53 | then this side uh over here is . So you, you've actually, |
|
| 81:57 | works through, it's, it's um know, he's got one well there |
|
| 82:02 | he's, he's drawn a map away this uh and then it starts to |
|
| 82:07 | back up on this side. But , uh you can see here, |
|
| 82:11 | is, this is much shallower than there. This is even shallower. |
|
| 82:16 | the contours that have come off of are making them look really strange. |
|
| 82:21 | right here it looks like you um, this looks like it's on |
|
| 82:26 | high side, like it's supposed to on a normal fault. But when |
|
| 82:30 | get over here it's kind of twisted . It's, uh, it's what |
|
| 82:34 | calls it screwed fault because it looks . But it's just, uh, |
|
| 82:41 | , misinterpreted. Ok. So, , if you, uh, another |
|
| 82:50 | about us in structural geology and especially frontier scale, you know, we |
|
| 82:55 | at these basins because they help us um the different types of trap styles |
|
| 83:00 | we're gonna find in the, in basin to uh for uh prospect. |
|
| 83:07 | uh we start looking at the major faults and blocks and uh and we |
|
| 83:12 | start getting at the scale of what would call a fairway, which we |
|
| 83:16 | talked about. And uh what and have uh so, and here we |
|
| 83:38 | , um, you know, uh becomes important to look at different faults |
|
| 83:42 | folds. And uh there's also uh geometries that happen around faults. It |
|
| 83:48 | that we were trying to talk about uh and I was trying to point |
|
| 83:51 | about the curvature of faults over there uh and how it's different when you're |
|
| 83:57 | a surface and not, not a of plane surface, a surface that's |
|
| 84:02 | that has not been eroded versus one has, and so it gets a |
|
| 84:06 | bit complicated. And then of there's uh uh fractures can be a |
|
| 84:12 | of uh of the structure in a because we're gonna have these stress fields |
|
| 84:18 | uh can enhance uh fracturing in different directions relative to sigma 12 and |
|
| 84:29 | OK. So, um in I'm gonna probably show you mostly tension |
|
| 84:33 | things because that's what I've mostly worked . But I, I wanna, |
|
| 84:38 | know, just go over it really um in the divergent settings or extensional |
|
| 84:46 | , we're gonna see a certain set things that we're used to seeing in |
|
| 84:50 | of the vault arrangement and the formation reservoirs and traps and uh conversion |
|
| 84:57 | uh compression and extensional things are gonna a little bit different than, of |
|
| 85:01 | , transform settings are, are the ones where we can have um uh |
|
| 85:08 | where the bottoms just uh seem to out of them. So, uh |
|
| 85:12 | we'll take a look at a few these uh divergent settings and um uh |
|
| 85:18 | , of course, um uh shows kind of the, the uh configuration |
|
| 85:24 | what you might see in a very uh rift valley or groin like |
|
| 85:29 | And of course, again, these tend to uh rotate out and you |
|
| 85:35 | a high end over here and a end over there. And uh in |
|
| 85:39 | rift valleys, they actually have mountains them and the uh the riff valleys |
|
| 85:45 | uh become air tunnels and you can really high, uh, wind speeds |
|
| 85:50 | through there too. And here is one that's a little bit different. |
|
| 85:55 | , this is from the basin and and, um, you can see |
|
| 85:59 | this is, uh, this isn't rift but it's, uh there's |
|
| 86:04 | uplift going on and it's, it's causing that whole area to be |
|
| 86:10 | uplifted and, uh, and it's of stretching uh the crust and you're |
|
| 86:15 | Robins with horse. So you have and valleys uh forming in, in |
|
| 86:22 | in this particular part of the, the US and other places that are |
|
| 86:26 | that. And uh here is uh at uh a few important rip |
|
| 86:35 | Um The North Sea is a fail . Uh Sometimes these things are called |
|
| 86:41 | lack the GS, but sometimes the the GS are very specific to shorter |
|
| 86:46 | groups. And here is uh West West Africa. The Pres salt in |
|
| 86:52 | Africa was part of that. And the East uh Brazilian stuff that we |
|
| 86:58 | was part of basin when the most countries separated Africa, South America. |
|
| 87:04 | of course, there's some other basins are uh sort of like sags that |
|
| 87:09 | uh failed drifts on the margins of . And uh and uh in the |
|
| 87:15 | Basin and places around that. And is just uh showing you a triple |
|
| 87:23 | with the Red Sea is, is , is a spreading, has a |
|
| 87:28 | rip, but it's uh they both a and we both as a kind |
|
| 87:33 | uh slowed down quite a bit. you can see that the elements of |
|
| 87:37 | triple junction extend all the way up the north here. And uh and |
|
| 87:44 | it's kind of a, a triple is kind of a uh standard pattern |
|
| 87:47 | we see. But uh at the time, we have uh this uh |
|
| 87:54 | rifting going on here where you can the high spots. And uh if |
|
| 87:59 | above uh wave base, you're, gonna be having erosion go on and |
|
| 88:04 | high spots filling in accommodations down If sea levels a little bit |
|
| 88:09 | it would be all the way down , say to there. So |
|
| 88:12 | you're setting up a system for the and delivery of sediments and a place |
|
| 88:19 | uh where we have accommodation space depending where sea level is at any point |
|
| 88:24 | time relative to those blocks. And is uh what the basin a range |
|
| 88:31 | I was trying to show you, an extension there and you can see |
|
| 88:34 | you're getting horse and um first blocks , and uplifts and uh and here |
|
| 88:45 | of it actually works like this and actually shows what I was trying to |
|
| 88:48 | out. But sometimes these blocks rotate when they're extending and you get mountain |
|
| 88:54 | on top of them from a you know, I think much of |
|
| 88:58 | . But these are, this is how mo similar amounts are formed. |
|
| 89:05 | again, you're creating um on the end, you're creating these uh sorts |
|
| 89:12 | sediment, you can run off this or that way into these um these |
|
| 89:17 | . Now, this is well above level. But uh you can imagine |
|
| 89:20 | similar feature for the uh for the valleys which are a little bit different |
|
| 89:25 | this. Uh It, those it's a different type of extension. |
|
| 89:30 | the rift valleys, uh they have , the fault blocks will rotate like |
|
| 89:34 | where you have the high ends that in the mountains and then the low |
|
| 89:39 | here. And because it's a uh you typically either have uh in |
|
| 89:45 | early stages, you have lakes in later stages, you start to have |
|
| 89:49 | sediments in there and you can go uh a mountain cliff to a uh |
|
| 89:55 | a um a basin full of accommodation down, dip in and into the |
|
| 90:00 | itself. And uh here's uh showing again, uh what happens with uh |
|
| 90:08 | compartments. And uh again, uh o oftentimes I'll rotate like this. |
|
| 90:16 | uh in uh when you get off passive margins, it kind of shifts |
|
| 90:23 | a little bit differently like in the of Mexico. But here you can |
|
| 90:28 | the football block is gonna be the . Here's the football block over |
|
| 90:33 | the draft and here's the football block here, this trap on these normal |
|
| 90:38 | . A lot of times I see just a completely opposite when, when |
|
| 90:42 | not necessarily at something, um, , that has rotated fall blocks like |
|
| 90:48 | extensional basin or a, a rift . There's a different attitude of, |
|
| 90:59 | , the dip of the beds and , uh, and the vault |
|
| 91:05 | Ok. And, um, sometimes get these sorts of things, |
|
| 91:10 | with complex ramps and that sort of . And, uh and then the |
|
| 91:17 | the rift valleys, when they're first out, they have a lot of |
|
| 91:21 | ramps on either side. They're kind like in echelon, they go back |
|
| 91:24 | forth from one side to the next the rift and eventually they start uh |
|
| 91:29 | and they lose the uh the relay . There was a, a huge |
|
| 91:37 | in the Jurassic sands in the North . Uh that was on one of |
|
| 91:41 | ramps and, um, and it up. Uh I don't know if |
|
| 91:46 | remember the um slide that I showed with the Jurassic sequence photography. Uh |
|
| 91:53 | were having a hard time uh correlate from a Jurassic sandstone here and one |
|
| 91:59 | was here and one that was up here, uh because uh b the |
|
| 92:08 | uh was a little bit different as might imagine. You know, this |
|
| 92:12 | uh probably catching more sediment. This would be catching less sediment and this |
|
| 92:17 | be catching sediment somewhere in between, terms of time. And, |
|
| 92:27 | here's, uh, sort of the of thing that, uh, that |
|
| 92:35 | , uh, see a lot. , um, and again, it |
|
| 92:42 | on the, um, where you're . But, uh, I think |
|
| 92:48 | is, uh, probably West Africa , um, what you're seeing here |
|
| 92:52 | a special kind of fault and, , it's called a growth fault |
|
| 92:59 | uh, just take a look at , what you can see here and |
|
| 93:09 | look on this and this is really of an important thing. Uh Here |
|
| 93:13 | have a relatively thin section and this include the sediments from the same amount |
|
| 93:21 | time is all of this one. may be uh some condensation or |
|
| 93:28 | but you can see here that this section expands to be this big. |
|
| 93:37 | uh and that's called uh a it's a special type of quality. |
|
| 93:41 | has a shape or spoon shape. it's sometimes called a list fault. |
|
| 93:47 | Sometimes there is there is salt for to slide on at the bottom. |
|
| 93:53 | a key component of this is it's a growth fault because uh while |
|
| 93:58 | fault is moving, it's creating more space here, it is here because |
|
| 94:06 | creating more combination space. The uh column is growing, essentially growing |
|
| 94:12 | So where's the depa center on It's gonna be right over here. |
|
| 94:17 | , the Gulf of Mexico uh they again, the rotation of these things |
|
| 94:23 | a complicated uh thing to calculate, they can rotate a lot differently in |
|
| 94:28 | places. And uh uh you have funny brand like teacher here that kind |
|
| 94:36 | holds things up uh over on that of it. And, and this |
|
| 94:40 | uh I think the continent of Africa over here. So uh here |
|
| 94:45 | you're seeing um some of these sediments going down like this and there's gonna |
|
| 94:52 | terminations up here and pinch out. could be reservoirs but probably not a |
|
| 94:57 | good reservoir because it actually could come the way out here until it gets |
|
| 95:01 | something like this and it catches Um There's uh a bunch of these |
|
| 95:07 | bolts uh that have a slightly different than this. And you see trapping |
|
| 95:12 | this trapping in the trap is actually the um uh the hanging wall |
|
| 95:23 | excuse me, the football block and the uh hanging wall block. But |
|
| 95:26 | we have to like you might have traps over here. It's really hard |
|
| 95:30 | see it. But here uh uh in, in the uh the hanging |
|
| 95:36 | block here is moving down like So if you're gonna get a |
|
| 95:41 | it has to be OK. Here's one similar to that uh drawn in |
|
| 95:56 | different direction. And uh and you can see uh that this is |
|
| 96:03 | growth fault and here, the way rotating, you can see that you |
|
| 96:07 | have some traps up on this end not on that end. And, |
|
| 96:14 | , but, uh, the rollover be different in with different rotational |
|
| 96:19 | And, uh, you can get that, uh, that a trap |
|
| 96:23 | this where you'll have traps up in . And, um, and that |
|
| 96:28 | of thing. And here, here's of the plane, the growth plane |
|
| 96:31 | here and you're getting this rollover, is convex rollover. And here, |
|
| 96:37 | , this is what I, I'm to seeing more frequently than not is |
|
| 96:41 | concave rollover. And you can see on the hanging wall block, |
|
| 96:49 | that's where you're gonna get the, traps and, uh, it's gonna |
|
| 96:53 | hitting up against that fault here. so, uh, this happens a |
|
| 96:58 | . Uh, if you have, example, a salt dump coming up |
|
| 97:02 | here and you have things, uh sliding down in this direction, |
|
| 97:07 | often get this sort of a, drag like, uh, get a |
|
| 97:13 | over in this concave rollover where there's drag on the. And, |
|
| 97:18 | and so you get the traps up and, uh, that's, that's |
|
| 97:24 | uh configuration I'm used to seeing more than not in, uh, and |
|
| 97:30 | these parts and there's, uh, another example of that. But another |
|
| 97:38 | that's uh interesting about them is that also get, uh, you get |
|
| 97:43 | faults uh forming two. And so have faults over here, uh, |
|
| 97:49 | come across like this. Uh, you can get traps up along where |
|
| 97:54 | anesthetic faults are occurring. And here , um, uh, the down |
|
| 98:05 | expansion of the Clayburn units. uh, this is a really good |
|
| 98:10 | from, uh Hackley and Ewing. , Tom Ewing is, um, |
|
| 98:18 | really good, uh coastal plain geologist , um, can see here |
|
| 98:24 | uh, we haven't talked about plays play fairways, but there's a lot |
|
| 98:29 | uh you have a series of these growth vaults bounding with growth vaults. |
|
| 98:35 | You have a lot of places where can have different configurations and anesthetic faults |
|
| 98:40 | get traps along here and even up way. But through this whole |
|
| 98:46 | what you're seeing is that while you're creating this regime that's full of |
|
| 98:51 | these are the major bounding ones, there are gonna be other faults uh |
|
| 98:55 | across like this that are anesthetic to fault. And you'll have a lot |
|
| 98:59 | traps developed and you'll also have a of um sediments pouring into this |
|
| 99:07 | So you're so you're getting all these centers. So you get a series |
|
| 99:11 | depot centers like from here to here here. Uh You get basin for |
|
| 99:16 | in different places and uh and uh slope slope to basin uh fans. |
|
| 99:23 | in some cases, they're not as as some of the ones that we |
|
| 99:26 | further offshore. And uh and um point I'm trying to make is when |
|
| 99:32 | you have a, you have very sequences of sadness and we have lots |
|
| 99:38 | ways to get the fall trash developed through through um uh roll over up |
|
| 99:45 | this thing, roll over, roll here. That might be um you |
|
| 99:49 | , just no rollover at all. that end, we can get anesthetic |
|
| 99:53 | in here. Uh Make a long short. Uh These types of growth |
|
| 100:00 | create accommodation, space and sediments. create fault fault, accessory faults, |
|
| 100:08 | traps and uh it's just a, just a gold mine of places to |
|
| 100:12 | for oil and gas. And um always have a test question on um |
|
| 100:20 | growth faults uh about, you why is it such a, a |
|
| 100:28 | habitat for uh for finding hydrocarbons and vaults are really a good habitat because |
|
| 100:35 | all those things because of the development a lot of structures, which is |
|
| 100:40 | we're talking about here. But at same time, uh that growth is |
|
| 100:44 | a nice thick wedge of sediments. a depot center, you're gonna |
|
| 100:49 | you're gonna have higher net to gross uh coming across this fall. So |
|
| 100:55 | gonna be a lot of sandstones in . And uh and because it's because |
|
| 101:02 | a relatively rapidly developing basin, uh gonna be pushing the potential source rocks |
|
| 101:08 | and deeper and quicker and quicker. there's obviously gonna be some sort of |
|
| 101:13 | rock. It turns out in the of Mexico way before all of this |
|
| 101:18 | , we had the Jurassic source box uh but through the process of |
|
| 101:24 | well, we got some midway uh rocks developing uh because of, of |
|
| 101:28 | subsidence of all these units going down getting deeper and into uh the oil |
|
| 101:37 | . And so I get really excited um you can't tell. OK. |
|
| 101:51 | And then of course, uh we more complicated things from convergence settings and |
|
| 101:58 | and like I say, I I've very rarely worked on uh on |
|
| 102:04 | things. Uh but you know, need, you need compression. And |
|
| 102:08 | , and I think one of the that I appreciate the most about it |
|
| 102:13 | understand what's going on in the for , in terms of compression. But |
|
| 102:18 | the back arc as the way it um um the uh underlying parts of |
|
| 102:27 | mantle and the lithosphere, uh you up getting crystal uh crystal stretching in |
|
| 102:33 | back arc. So this again is , is a realm that has um |
|
| 102:39 | and extensional features too. So it's uh mostly compression up here and |
|
| 102:45 | extensional back here. Um The uh I worked at Amico and Mobile, |
|
| 102:52 | both had um uh big holdings in types of areas. But uh uh |
|
| 102:59 | were very special places where uh we able to get um something that would |
|
| 103:04 | into a petroleum system. Uh just of, uh the way some of |
|
| 103:09 | things work. But at the same when they found them, they were |
|
| 103:11 | big. One of the uh biggest fields that mobile produced from was |
|
| 103:16 | uh, was a compression system uh Indonesia. And uh a lot of |
|
| 103:23 | they are associated with uh limestone reservoirs well. And uh, but uh |
|
| 103:30 | that I would work on would be here in this uh back art uh |
|
| 103:34 | it's a little bit different. One um that's uh I think important is |
|
| 103:47 | when you're in these kind of systems , that are essential because the press |
|
| 103:53 | is stretching by this kind of falling into the Gulf of Mexico in a |
|
| 103:58 | . Uh You're, you're creating a volumes in terms of area and uh |
|
| 104:06 | number of opportunities on the, the coast because of the, the large |
|
| 104:13 | sediment, uh basal sag that's going underneath us. Um The um the |
|
| 104:22 | of sediments and oil that can be produced out of this tends to be |
|
| 104:26 | pretty significant on a, on a scale because it's, it's uh as |
|
| 104:32 | know, the coastline of Texas is , very, very broad and uh |
|
| 104:36 | not just isolated uh features that we in, in a few places that |
|
| 104:40 | oil and gas. It's, it's most of the coastal border. And |
|
| 104:54 | again, you know, this is hanging wall football thing. And you |
|
| 104:58 | see here the hanging wall goes up , uh, and, uh, |
|
| 105:04 | here, uh, here's another close thing of, of a uh reverse |
|
| 105:10 | . Uh, but the, the crucial thing here are the thrust |
|
| 105:15 | and, uh, sometimes these can associated with, um, a lot |
|
| 105:20 | the thrust can be associated with, oil and gas that might be on |
|
| 105:26 | of the, um thrust sheets. one of the things that it does |
|
| 105:30 | uh from a different uh type of . But uh here we get these |
|
| 105:34 | land basins. And um the key on the four land basins is that |
|
| 105:41 | oh obviously, you can get some crustal sagging due to this loading |
|
| 105:47 | And of course, these thresh sheets massive amounts of acreage being thrust on |
|
| 105:52 | of each other. And um like said, sometimes the thrus sheet, |
|
| 105:57 | bi were, were very deep enough they might have gas research and stuff |
|
| 106:01 | that. But a lot of times looking for uh these, the four |
|
| 106:06 | of these things uh that create these very long uh basins. And um |
|
| 106:14 | the uh the four La Masons tend be narrow in one dimension, but |
|
| 106:19 | extensive in another dimension. So you have these really long things that |
|
| 106:24 | that are close together and uh also a lot of the features in |
|
| 106:30 | Uh in terms of traps and uh accumulation and reservoir rocks, you |
|
| 106:38 | seals and, uh and often uh very deep enough that could be a |
|
| 106:44 | rock. And, uh again, , I don't work in, I |
|
| 106:47 | worked in them a lot. Um know uh a lot of current uh |
|
| 106:54 | is being done also outside of these , but there are certain areas where |
|
| 107:00 | they're extremely productive. And, and, uh, and, and |
|
| 107:09 | again, I think, you if you think of the scale of |
|
| 107:12 | of these, of course, the , the front uh basins of uh |
|
| 107:16 | of the ba the ranges that we in, in North America create some |
|
| 107:21 | uh large areas uh that make these Orlean basins. But again, relative |
|
| 107:27 | say, the whole coastal plain of of uh of Texas, you |
|
| 107:30 | it's a really small uh area in comparison. So I think, |
|
| 107:38 | know, and if you look at the um the, the rift basins |
|
| 107:42 | the um and they um extensional margins , of like the Atlantic Ocean, |
|
| 107:50 | extensional margin of the Gulf of uh you're, you're looking at tremendously |
|
| 107:55 | areas. Uh And of course, there are some complex basin and structures |
|
| 108:02 | in Guyana and uh and Serena where also finding some uh pretty enormous |
|
| 108:09 | Uh But again, I, I work in that area but uh and |
|
| 108:14 | uh there's another place uh that we for, uh, right these things |
|
| 108:22 | it's, it's along these rift basins of course, um, uh, |
|
| 108:27 | already looked kind of at, at northeast samples quite a bit, I |
|
| 108:31 | , um, kind of get the from that. Uh, but, |
|
| 108:36 | , this, uh, trans rotational are full of parts are pretty interesting |
|
| 108:42 | , uh, I did, did on one, uh, that was |
|
| 108:48 | to the LA basin project and, , that was the Riff Basin |
|
| 108:54 | And uh the thing is uh a way to settlements. And uh and |
|
| 109:06 | it's uh it's basically uh nine kilometers and uh sediments are just dumping into |
|
| 109:12 | thing. And here you can see the custard shales, you can see |
|
| 109:18 | sandstones uh that pour into it. And you, and you can think |
|
| 109:24 | , you know, uh nothing gets into a wedge like this without having |
|
| 109:29 | accessory vaults somewhere in here to help develop traps. Maybe there could be |
|
| 109:34 | uh other types of traps and this uh was very, it's really large |
|
| 109:41 | system. And from a, a oil company perspective, it would have |
|
| 109:48 | uh a very prospective area uh to for hydrocarbons. It's, it's uh |
|
| 109:56 | some extent, you know, it's fairly young, you can see |
|
| 110:01 | the way down here in biasing. , um it's uh it's not, |
|
| 110:09 | not, you know, the scene an awful long gap in time. |
|
| 110:15 | uh but uh it's not gonna be than 25 million years or so |
|
| 110:21 | Uh, for those sentiments. So is, there would be one concern |
|
| 110:25 | things being buried deep enough. long enough. Uh, not, |
|
| 110:29 | , they're plenty deep, but how have they been buried if you had |
|
| 110:35 | rocks? Um, but it's it was a very large base and |
|
| 110:41 | very large lake. And do you know why it wasn't uh wasn't prospective |
|
| 110:46 | the end when you wanna wanna But there were a lot of |
|
| 111:01 | a lot of uh potential reservoirs. Good chance, you know, you're |
|
| 111:05 | seeing major faults on here. There , there definitely would have been some |
|
| 111:09 | box in, in this. Uh we got to uh looking at it |
|
| 111:14 | but um see all the sand short of time, 9000 9 9000 m |
|
| 111:25 | nine kilometers of sediment too fast. , the speed has something to do |
|
| 111:31 | it. But yeah, but, , if you have a lot of |
|
| 111:35 | in a short amount of time, do you call that? A |
|
| 111:39 | what lots of sediment, short amount time, high depositional sedimentation rate, |
|
| 111:47 | or the other? Ok. If have a high sedimentation rate and you're |
|
| 111:51 | it into a water mass that has , what do you think is gonna |
|
| 111:55 | to the concentration of the organic matter gonna go down? So there's |
|
| 112:06 | I I think I mentioned it, might not have been paying attention. |
|
| 112:10 | , but the San Jorge Basin has right hydro chemistry for high organic product |
|
| 112:16 | . But normally it didn't get much eight or 9% which is a great |
|
| 112:20 | toc. But the San Jose Basin a sodium bicarbonate basin. So it |
|
| 112:26 | you wonder why is the toc so ? And it's because of San Jo |
|
| 112:30 | is in some ways like this it had a really high rock accumulation |
|
| 112:35 | and it diluted the organic material, even diluted because it was a latrin |
|
| 112:41 | that was sodium by carbonate enriched. still had eight and 9% which is |
|
| 112:45 | the best marine, the best marine sort of rock you could ever find |
|
| 112:51 | . Two things were against us. was that high sedimentation, it was |
|
| 112:55 | out. The other one was the that um the uh the chemical, |
|
| 113:03 | height, the uh um the paleo geochemistry was such that it was enriched |
|
| 113:11 | calcium and sodium and chlorine. So more like a, a more a |
|
| 113:15 | type uh uh hydro chemistry. So would be lots of appetite in |
|
| 113:22 | And uh and you would, in , there is, and you would |
|
| 113:26 | a lot of the phosphorus that could helped the productivity was, was absorbed |
|
| 113:31 | the in the uh sediments or deposited sentiments it was sequestered. OK. |
|
| 113:41 | uh and then to go further on we are looking at, uh, |
|
| 113:46 | are considering unconventional, these little things fractures are really important. Right. |
|
| 113:53 | so, um, what's the difference a fracture and a fall? |
|
| 114:05 | Excuse me? Well, that's small . So they could be small |
|
| 114:12 | But, but what do you see these fractures hanging wall block or a |
|
| 114:21 | block? There's no offset. You , it's just, it's just |
|
| 114:27 | it's like a tear. Uh It's , it's not like this or like |
|
| 114:31 | . It's just a and, and a lot of times that |
|
| 114:37 | uh when, when the surface is and uh it can also happen when |
|
| 114:42 | things contract when they have thermal you can get fractures like, uh |
|
| 114:48 | those neat, uh the devil's mountain whatever it is where you have |
|
| 114:52 | the basalt columns, there's fractures in them, they're not moving up or |
|
| 114:58 | . But, uh, it's shrinkage , uh, and so you get |
|
| 115:02 | fractures in between it, then they're dis and Hexagons too. Ok. |
|
| 115:11 | another thing to think about with, any kind of uh faults and |
|
| 115:16 | um You have to worry about whether have uh communication across and uh by |
|
| 115:28 | large, a lot of uh faulting occurs and we'll talk about this more |
|
| 115:33 | the future. But uh has to with, you know, you can |
|
| 115:37 | , um, here you have cataclysm uh in here and uh that could |
|
| 115:44 | this thing even though there isn't a shale smear or anything like that |
|
| 115:48 | it. And um, and uh , and other things of that |
|
| 115:54 | uh but this, this fault can sealing the thing about uh faults though |
|
| 116:01 | especially a growth fault is gonna keep . And when that fault starts to |
|
| 116:05 | , it dilates a little bit so can have uh ceiling faults that actually |
|
| 116:10 | open channels. And uh there was , a huge growth fault in front |
|
| 116:16 | a shale ridge on South Marsh Island 28. And that huge fault uh |
|
| 116:23 | an event where it opened up pretty in the oil column. The hydrocarbon |
|
| 116:30 | from the very bottom to the very uh is really it, it's, |
|
| 116:36 | a huge uh hydrocarbon column. It of equilibrated such that the sands that |
|
| 116:42 | once it's sealed, the sands at top were full of gass. Uh |
|
| 116:48 | sands in the middle had gas and and the sands below that had just |
|
| 116:53 | . So it was almost like a a single column of oil uh across |
|
| 116:59 | fall will build up these sands on other side of it. Uh with |
|
| 117:05 | , gas, gas, gas, gas, and oil, gas and |
|
| 117:07 | , gas and oil and oil, , oil. You know, it |
|
| 117:10 | , it was densely segregated almost from to bottom. And um it was |
|
| 117:15 | good fault to, to ask people the fault ceiling or the faults um |
|
| 117:22 | . And of course, when, that uh hydrocarbon column was created, |
|
| 117:27 | had to be dilated and it was moving a lot and it moved to |
|
| 117:32 | certain position and stopped, frozen, in and it, and it saved |
|
| 117:37 | reservoir from leaking out to the And um there might have been more |
|
| 117:42 | at the top of it to keep from leaking out at the top. |
|
| 117:45 | But some of the things that were might have gotten a little bit and |
|
| 117:49 | up and, and uh when it , uh you have a lot of |
|
| 117:54 | in the, in the fault uh you end up with more shale |
|
| 118:00 | and you know, the end of course, we'll, we'll look at |
|
| 118:03 | of the algorithms that they use to the uh an estimation of, of |
|
| 118:11 | uh seal across a ball based on like uh the amount of shale that |
|
| 118:17 | be uh smeared into it based on the net to gross. And then |
|
| 118:22 | this case, you're looking at a net in the shale to uh to |
|
| 118:26 | that seal. And uh here's one one uh where uh you can see |
|
| 118:41 | gouge going on down here and there's gouge here. Uh This one with |
|
| 118:45 | , this might be sealing it. uh this is a small scale |
|
| 118:49 | But if it was on a large , uh maybe hydrocarbons could be trapped |
|
| 118:53 | below here. But if they were here, they might slide up this |
|
| 118:57 | that doesn't have anything sealing it in , in the gap. I thought |
|
| 119:01 | was an interesting picture just to show on a small scale what how some |
|
| 119:06 | these things could be worth. So this is uh this is a story |
|
| 119:17 | a simple little diagram. Um It of assumes an awful lot. But |
|
| 119:23 | if you have, you have rocks are under a certain stress field that |
|
| 119:28 | change through time. And so you have multiple series of fractures. But |
|
| 119:33 | they did these uh block models uh to try to get an idea. |
|
| 119:41 | um and so I have these three models then I, I think this |
|
| 119:50 | uh something interesting and, and uh shows uh uh joints, uh faults |
|
| 120:00 | ST lights uh that could, could barriers. Uh And um and it |
|
| 120:07 | the um the stress regime, excuse , the stress regime uh uh |
|
| 120:16 | with stress versus strain going on you can see uh the vertical, |
|
| 120:19 | this case is one s one here vertical S two is gonna be in |
|
| 120:25 | direction S3 is gonna be in that . And um uh what kind of |
|
| 120:34 | do you see here? And it you, it says normal faulting. |
|
| 120:44 | trying to get you guys in, to, to engage here. But |
|
| 120:49 | but you can see here, you tell here, but you can see |
|
| 120:52 | . It's, you know, you've this normal quote. So there's gotta |
|
| 120:55 | some tension here. So this direction is the Sigma three is gonna be |
|
| 121:00 | lowest stress can, can you have uh the vertical, what is the |
|
| 121:09 | ? That's the one who's causing What's the, what's the other name |
|
| 121:21 | ? Um art? Um But even basic than that, um what's another |
|
| 121:27 | for a normal fault? Did? . So, but it's not the |
|
| 121:35 | of the gravity. I hope you , you said I get that in |
|
| 121:49 | more general. Why is it There's a profound part of the universe |
|
| 122:05 | means a lot. So these are gravity faults because that's, that's what's |
|
| 122:13 | making them happen is, is that push. So o overburden would be |
|
| 122:17 | to it. But uh but uh basically slipping due to gravity and uh |
|
| 122:25 | not because of compression, it's because gravity. And uh and that gravity |
|
| 122:30 | , is allowing you to extend and course, if you work something up |
|
| 122:34 | this, um it's gonna split and gonna have normal faults, even if |
|
| 122:40 | compression and you have the SAN, gonna have the normal fault because it's |
|
| 122:44 | it. If it stretches of the have to fall into the space, |
|
| 122:48 | have to stretch it. So it's gravity fault. So, um does |
|
| 122:54 | here work on horizontal wells in the fracture. Yeah. Ok. |
|
| 123:01 | you can imagine these stress fields sometimes really important to figure out. |
|
| 123:08 | um, and the reason being is if you, if you have a |
|
| 123:18 | field like this, right, you're get, get these faults happening, |
|
| 123:25 | that are going like this and gravity usually bounce off, you know, |
|
| 123:29 | an end, you know, you're gonna bother. And uh so you |
|
| 123:33 | these, these things splitting like OK. Uh And when um but |
|
| 123:43 | you start getting joints and fractures and joint, these fractures are gonna be |
|
| 123:50 | a plane like this. OK? that's, that's, in other |
|
| 123:56 | that's the lowest, it's tension. it's just breaking open like this. |
|
| 124:01 | if I was drilling, if I drilling a uh horizontal well and I |
|
| 124:06 | to working, I wanted my hydro in concert with the natural practice. |
|
| 124:13 | way would I want to do Get that? Yeah. Oh I'm |
|
| 124:29 | . OK. You were, you uh I, I was hoping you |
|
| 124:32 | interested in what I was sent. OK. So, so you, |
|
| 124:38 | gonna, you're gonna drill a horizontal and uh if you're gonna do this |
|
| 124:44 | tracking and it's, it's gonna be way or this way, it's gonna |
|
| 124:48 | on a plane like this. So oftentimes we like to think the reason |
|
| 124:56 | this doesn't and sometimes we like to that if you are across that |
|
| 125:05 | then we're gonna enhance the natural fractures the fractures. We're trying to |
|
| 125:10 | we have less stress on them. this, this is your sigma three |
|
| 125:16 | . And so it's creating gaps on a plane like this. So |
|
| 125:21 | direction would I want to drill? to, to take advantage of |
|
| 125:27 | what direction would I want to drill this blog? So where you can |
|
| 125:34 | one of the acids, which acids you're gonna on to do the, |
|
| 125:39 | enhance the hydro relative to the stress that's creating natural fractures on this |
|
| 125:49 | See it's on, it's on that popping up here popping up there. |
|
| 126:00 | words, which one, which one the uh which one of the Sigmas |
|
| 126:04 | gonna line up your, that's what would do. Great. OK? |
|
| 126:18 | know, if you go this you know, you might miss the |
|
| 126:22 | , but if you go this you're cutting into all the fractures. |
|
| 126:27 | ? Now, there may be a why you wouldn't want to do |
|
| 126:29 | What would that? You have a of natural fractures? And one of |
|
| 126:36 | happens to go into an a or and you wanna look inside. |
|
| 126:49 | they can. But we're not, not looking for the fault services. |
|
| 126:52 | not, we're not looking to line with, with these surfaces. We're |
|
| 126:57 | to line up with the natural And if we're gonna line up with |
|
| 127:01 | natural fractures we would go in the . In reality, here's what happens |
|
| 127:05 | people started doing that. But if have a stress regime, people started |
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| 127:12 | with these blocks when you started looking anything. But uh say this is |
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| 127:21 | just to make sure it's clear. So say that our S3 is uh |
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| 127:27 | more so ok. Um Like a of it. But anyway, um |
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| 127:56 | have uh acres. It looks like . I could, I could, |
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| 128:03 | could happens often people really get these , these long acreages like this that |
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| 128:13 | narrow and sometimes it might be situated this and, and when that |
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| 128:23 | it doesn't matter where the Sigma Sigma three is you, you just |
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| 128:28 | to go with, with the and might have gone, you know, |
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| 128:34 | does a big stress study and figures what might be the most advantageous, |
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| 128:40 | those things, at least you would to do it in this case if |
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| 128:45 | so well before we go like this that plane, natural fracturing is like |
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| 128:56 | and you'd be shooting into of those fractures and spreading them part. So |
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| 129:02 | would be, you know, with , health, the only time you |
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| 129:06 | don't want to do it is one these natural factions. You really think |
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| 129:11 | might go into an, you don't , don't wanna connect your uh resource |
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| 129:15 | places within their app. One, other words, you want, you |
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| 129:21 | your resource play, you want it be the source, you want it |
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| 129:26 | be the reservoir and you also want be, uh, there's a sandstone |
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| 129:35 | it or below it, uh below or above it. If you're gonna |
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| 129:39 | an issue and you, uh, , and just to, uh to |
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| 129:47 | problem or, uh but the, practical issue that, that most uh |
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| 129:53 | themselves in is that company has done , another company does this and another |
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| 130:07 | will do this and once somebody starts their lads, they give them direction |
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| 130:13 | much stuck on. But I don't if it's always that way, but |
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| 130:16 | know we had a city, which was a pretty good company of |
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| 130:21 | the money but, uh, spent of his time, uh, working |
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| 130:25 | how to arrange these things and, uh, 95% of the time, |
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| 130:29 | direction we had to drill in. is always, uh, pretty, |
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| 130:34 | determined by the acres that it's You know, you had a bunch |
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| 130:39 | stuff like this at one spot, bunch of, you know, the |
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| 130:42 | that might be available is something part this. And, um, and |
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| 130:48 | what you have to do. So have to, you know, just |
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| 130:51 | do a lot of life. Cause everybody else to do. |
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| 130:58 | you could do it. But they, they'd find out. |
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| 131:06 | So, um, this was normal . These are the stress fields, |
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| 131:12 | , that you'd see with a reverse . And here, of course, |
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| 131:18 | signal one is gonna be that thrust and, uh, almost the |
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| 131:26 | And, uh, in fact, axis is different. And then here |
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| 131:31 | the, um, wrench faulting. . And, uh, this, |
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| 131:39 | shows you, you know, you've things going like this. It's a |
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| 131:43 | bit like the, uh, uh, what do you call |
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| 131:48 | The, um, the reverse the fields are almost the same. |
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| 131:54 | can see here uh the, the Sigma two and Sigma three switch around |
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| 131:59 | you can see here that and, that's to allow for uh the expansion |
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| 132:05 | gonna be required uh when you shift this way on a block and you |
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| 132:09 | that offset. Uh So, uh I like to ask a test question |
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| 132:17 | uh let's say, you know, gonna build a horizon about clarify |
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| 132:22 | I would say something like, oh you're trying to, that, this |
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| 132:28 | one. They not want that. yeah, so when I write a |
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| 132:40 | I like this. Um don't never nuts. Don't ever, don't ever |
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| 132:47 | in your head. Yeah, that's true. But yeah, |
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| 132:50 | don't add it here. OK? sure you don't add words to, |
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| 133:06 | . OK? And so, uh wasn't a whole lot of uh of |
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| 133:12 | , but I do want to show this one here's a, this is |
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| 133:20 | reverse fault and just in case you think they can create mountains. There's |
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| 133:26 | Grand Tetons and uh I wish, wish I had some pictures from uh |
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| 133:41 | funded when I worked at Amico. I funded a bunch of people at |
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| 133:46 | uh and uh and also um Duke to go over and um do some |
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| 133:55 | in uh in some of these things , and they had great pictures |
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| 133:59 | of the ranges weren't this big, they had, uh, mountain ranges |
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| 134:03 | either side of the rift basins, , like Lake Turkana. And, |
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| 134:11 | , they had a picture of, , um, a water spout off |
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| 134:19 | the bow of their vessel. there were four water spouts and, |
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| 134:25 | , did, you know, water are dangerous if you're in the water |
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| 134:28 | them, they're really dangerous. uh, I thought, you |
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| 134:33 | as I was growing up, you , we'd see water spouts in the |
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| 134:36 | Bay. We go, yeah, it gets on shore, it's just |
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| 134:40 | go away. Don't worry about So I was out on a guided |
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| 134:43 | destroyer one time. I don't know I got in the Navy. Somehow |
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| 134:45 | got in the Navy and I was on a guided missile destroyer in the |
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| 134:51 | and a water spout pops up. , uh, this is one of |
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| 134:56 | first cruises I was on and, , and to a person, everybody |
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| 135:02 | running for their life jacket and we on a, a 300 ft plus |
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| 135:08 | . And, uh, so water are not insignificant things if you're out |
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| 135:12 | the water. So they had this , these four water spouts on their |
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| 135:17 | . And, uh, but, , there's, there's a shot was |
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| 135:21 | at the bow. So you could the water spouts, but just in |
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| 135:24 | of the, uh, the you know, moving towards the water |
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| 135:29 | when the picture was taken and you see just off to the starboard |
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| 135:34 | there's a 14 ft crocodile swimming with waiting for them to fall in the |
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| 135:44 | and uh talk about a safety And uh when our safety guys |
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| 135:50 | were watching this uh presentation from uh , the research, they're a little |
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| 135:54 | worried about them being out there in boat with water spouts and alligators. |
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| 135:58 | then one of the professors used to an underwater demolition team guy. And |
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| 136:05 | he uh I don't know, I think I need raw fish, but |
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| 136:10 | draw picture. So here's Lake Chicago bigger than this. And um so |
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| 136:30 | they have this, uh they call the, yeah, the, the |
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| 136:35 | flowers. Um But uh it was so get over the sea. |
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| 136:48 | and they were backing it into the and um you know, the bounds |
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| 136:54 | here, the bound is very They couldn't quite get it. So |
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| 137:00 | guy had, they had dynamite charges being the and um So he just |
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| 137:09 | just put some charges like this. Can trace around it so that you |
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| 137:17 | kind of kind of just drop the into the, into the water. |
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| 137:21 | was uh OK. That sounds a thing, right? We actually had |
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| 137:26 | picture taking a picture of the the going on there. A student standing |
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| 137:33 | where you are and there was big her out of all of them. |
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| 137:39 | . Got it. And then it worse down in Burundi in the town |
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| 137:46 | Jin Borough, which is the He stored all of his dynamite in |
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| 137:52 | warehouse in the middle of downtown. uh we had to get rid of |
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| 137:59 | and that was a pretty, pretty wild rid anyway, I'll stop |
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| 138:06 | . You guys wanna take a little of a break and then, then |
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| 138:10 | can finish up in an |
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