| 00:02 | OK. Uh session ID, here go. Are you gonna point to |
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| 00:11 | um, mobile app ID? Uh , ignore, uh enter your user |
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| 00:19 | if I don't need to do anything that? Ok. Uh Again, |
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| 00:25 | counts until um, the 31st, I guess is a week from |
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| 00:29 | So, um, yeah, so is your first day, I think |
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| 00:34 | just add it. And of uh yesterday today this is for |
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| 00:40 | So know that everything in this course on campus, right? So you'll |
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| 00:45 | access in a day or two. So, uh so do um |
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| 00:52 | do that get on canvas, explore ? You'll find everything there? |
|
| 00:56 | So, um, as mentioned, are a good practice, right? |
|
| 01:03 | , um, you do have to , um, I thought if you |
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| 01:09 | just choose whatever. So you have register uh, subscription. I |
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| 01:20 | you can get that at the Ok. If you're in c tap |
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| 01:25 | covered, you see how to go the book tomorrow. If you're not |
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| 01:29 | the seat that you have to go the book. All right. |
|
| 01:32 | uh anyway, that's where you're going get that. Ok. Um I'll |
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| 01:39 | . So the purpose right now is decide just quicker work for the, |
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| 01:45 | to, um, um, ease mind and you see your point |
|
| 01:53 | so I'll do that tomorrow for what done this week. So it's |
|
| 01:58 | we can see this year we going be due then you're doing. |
|
| 02:02 | but it's all gonna be er, , uh, once we get to |
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| 02:06 | 31st because they, so when you the 31st conor will be we. |
|
| 02:16 | , um, so two, so will send out an email tomorrow. |
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| 02:23 | I email every Monday and uh, week and then the third Friday. |
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| 02:30 | I'll send it out tomorrow and that contain among other things, uh |
|
| 02:35 | So I got, I got an about two are available uh, campus |
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| 02:41 | all the courses. So if any your previous professor this, but |
|
| 02:47 | I'll forward this to you and a of stuff there. Now you, |
|
| 02:53 | you see it, uh, also a career center. Um, |
|
| 03:03 | I, I know what, either uh, paper but while you were |
|
| 03:10 | out that, uh, there's there's a higher sm icon in, |
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| 03:19 | click on that and get more This is a career fair. So |
|
| 03:25 | don't think you'd be tonight. So , all the information that they |
|
| 03:35 | um, last thing kind of ratings like, uh, or one of |
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| 03:43 | practic pop up, right? You , you want, I guess in |
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| 03:48 | class and that happened? No. . So it's happened a lot, |
|
| 03:55 | , in the last two years but in, mostly in, uh, |
|
| 04:04 | , uh, 22 sec, 100 , sold 100 or something like |
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| 04:12 | But me, I five. So happens. So, uh, so |
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| 04:18 | don't expect it to happen here. , also because it's at four |
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| 04:24 | I think they're gonna be two fire when the 40. So, |
|
| 04:29 | so anyway, so what if it ? You know, I don't know |
|
| 04:34 | you go. Um, all I , I can't political violence although I |
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| 04:41 | to do. But um uh all gonna say do, do leave, |
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| 04:48 | call, I said I take the to have our but, you |
|
| 04:55 | OK, so, um, all . So today is the beginning of |
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| 05:03 | real stuff, I guess you call . So the content, um, |
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| 05:08 | basically I, OK, this is I'm doing today next time. |
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| 05:15 | This is sort of every micro So it's major. You better begin |
|
| 05:21 | here. The microbes are right It is. Um uh I find |
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| 05:28 | , OK, now, uh what do here, we try to, |
|
| 05:32 | course, make it or something that be applicable to you in the uh |
|
| 05:39 | world, you know, if uh but not every single thing is |
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| 05:46 | directly, right? But you are of figure this building block maybe in |
|
| 05:53 | , the really the first act of is um but the microbe is all |
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| 06:00 | , inside and out, OK? they function, of course, uh |
|
| 06:06 | very high percentage of it 100% on . But I certainly 70% 50 to |
|
| 06:16 | . What we're talking about the context bacteria is what animals do you, |
|
| 06:22 | ? Because they're all related on this , right? To some degree. |
|
| 06:26 | So of course, and glucose every . So uh as well as |
|
| 06:36 | So I think this first half from 1st 3rd of course, kind of |
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| 06:42 | this this but the of a So then we can use that and |
|
| 06:49 | of say, well, here is you call the disease, this |
|
| 06:53 | Now that phenomenal, right? So is a method to. So um |
|
| 06:59 | yeah, once you get that, going to look at historical stuff, |
|
| 07:03 | not too much enough and they ask to memorize things of different events. |
|
| 07:09 | I think that's just I mentioned some the major you have to. So |
|
| 07:18 | and then because this kind of um that come forward uh there is fruit |
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| 07:27 | this with respect to that, that might, might, might be positive |
|
| 07:35 | whole pathway, certain microbes can Um Then how do we, how |
|
| 07:43 | we stop regular support for vaccine? uh this is OK? Because I |
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| 07:53 | to do with it. We'll see get the uh we, we do |
|
| 07:58 | and three. Here, we'll do , these three sections today and you |
|
| 08:02 | last three for the next one. then you, you know DNA. |
|
| 08:08 | by, you know, discovering um , and we can manipulate the genetic |
|
| 08:15 | of microbes, microbes are, were in studying this and establish how we |
|
| 08:21 | out basic things like how proteins of , it's how um uh um I |
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| 08:31 | divide. So here, these basic process I I take for granted, |
|
| 08:37 | ? Was ST and the so uh a lot of information like this um |
|
| 08:47 | is only like relatively not that long , right? In the 50 |
|
| 08:52 | right? So um the uh and of course, we use that |
|
| 08:59 | right? For the construction of a vaccine is rely on this kind |
|
| 09:06 | knowledge in the area then that we so much time here of disease that |
|
| 09:17 | have to make the good, Because, because this is far, |
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| 09:22 | , far outweighed uh that right? uh it's like we, we need |
|
| 09:29 | like and then end up with little disease. Um And, and uh |
|
| 09:41 | is a little bit, not too , but we're gonna come back to |
|
| 09:44 | second half. Focus on that so um every lecture notes, um |
|
| 09:55 | young lady asked around the 10 miles campus, did you hear that? |
|
| 10:02 | right. Um I got a lot walk too. I'm more, I'm |
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| 10:05 | about location across the street. So like it anyway. Nobody cares about |
|
| 10:11 | . OK. Um All right. before you know, I don't put |
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| 10:16 | up, I'm just gonna get you know, you use this as |
|
| 10:19 | kind of OK? You everyone else example, you know, OK, |
|
| 10:25 | know it's kind of worried but you , it's, it's, it's kind |
|
| 10:29 | this tiny but uh over kind of . OK. Um All right. |
|
| 10:39 | we, we got a bunch. sent a quick question. OK. |
|
| 10:45 | is, this is a quick OK. Um And I'll put up |
|
| 10:50 | like this that aren't necessarily a quicker question just to throw out the |
|
| 10:54 | . So uh just to start with really easy. OK. So micro |
|
| 10:59 | has a field really. Um but know, for the most part, |
|
| 11:07 | you see this particular thing, This is definitely microbiology. OK. |
|
| 11:13 | is that thing that you probably think ? You start? Oh Yeah, |
|
| 11:17 | in a microbiology. Yes. Uh well, you can really see |
|
| 11:28 | , right? What would you use see though the microscope? See a |
|
| 11:32 | in live? OK. Uh Two involved in that. OK. So |
|
| 11:38 | is really the the advances in my that you be using stuff like this |
|
| 11:43 | uh the lab modern, right? And there's many types that are in |
|
| 11:49 | category of modern, right? Um earlier and so really the how do |
|
| 11:56 | micro types that were able to over 100 of years change of original |
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| 12:03 | I thought it was changed because it a large part through the advances and |
|
| 12:08 | we treat. So, uh I with something like this, this weird |
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| 12:20 | , and they will use the He uses that little thing there is |
|
| 12:26 | can get uh he got like 300 . It seems the same, |
|
| 12:32 | But nevertheless, he did. Uh yeah, he changes the power performing |
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| 12:38 | through the. But uh nowadays, , it's really fancy course microscope as |
|
| 12:46 | probe, it actually was sticking liquid you can be like a suspension of |
|
| 12:53 | DN. This is all time. like um members contract and all uh |
|
| 13:04 | facts. So um but yeah, course, it's kind of what the |
|
| 13:11 | . So um so OK, this a little different you have and that |
|
| 13:17 | should mention that don't wig out, see something slightly different like the content |
|
| 13:22 | going back, the content is 500 not right when I'm showing you here |
|
| 13:29 | , or maybe, but if something better that you don't have the will |
|
| 13:33 | after five. So you always you always have access to the stuff |
|
| 13:37 | maybe, you know, but I so anyway, so here is about |
|
| 13:46 | I'm sure you know that for right? Man, civil human |
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| 13:53 | you uh bread and wine and Um and, and, and uh |
|
| 14:00 | course, microbes is possible for right? And of course, it |
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| 14:06 | dominated that what was causing this So, so we had these interactions |
|
| 14:12 | microbes, right? Doing various things us even though we know did, |
|
| 14:19 | . So, um but obviously this really good, this is bad. |
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| 14:26 | killed millions in the uh middle right? Hopefully killed over a million |
|
| 14:33 | . So uh certainly there are some bad, right? So how are |
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| 14:39 | today? We use, you microchip models to study basic type |
|
| 14:46 | So uh so and so they're, both first one gets credit for being |
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| 14:55 | first to life when he gets credit actually discovering microbes. And they, |
|
| 15:03 | ? So Poke's thing was because he have a super high power, they |
|
| 15:09 | basically looking at it, tissue plant , tissues or have you that you |
|
| 15:17 | like that you did coined the term . OK. With the that actually |
|
| 15:22 | very popular micro but very good. um so, but everything is called |
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| 15:32 | the thought of um so it just 16 hundreds, right? So this |
|
| 15:40 | this question. OK. So this um this is a good question. |
|
| 15:45 | me this on. OK. So gonna read the statements. OK. |
|
| 15:52 | we'll see. So you may not it's fine media prior to ask this |
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| 16:15 | , does anybody here ads everybody on the cell phone? OK. |
|
| 16:28 | makes sense for you. OK. down from for a sec. |
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| 16:39 | Have a little bit of reading to , right? Count down from |
|
| 17:04 | We got. Oh yeah, everybody's you. OK. Uh But actually |
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| 17:12 | a slight margin, the majority 42 are correct. Um None of these |
|
| 17:20 | true statements. OK? So you see this term here, ubiquitous. |
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| 17:26 | talk about microbes because that's the opposite of what we are. Ubiquitous means |
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| 17:33 | everywhere, right? All of this your own cells uh are outnumbered by |
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| 17:45 | you have in your life right You I think the one your yourself |
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| 17:54 | your micro, right? Uh green supply um 50 to 80% of the |
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| 18:06 | in the oceans, the photosynthetic bacteria oceans. Um uh the vastness of |
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| 18:13 | ocean, right? Well, um be done so, but uh my |
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| 18:22 | as well. So it's my right? Um convert, it converts |
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| 18:32 | than 90% of earth. So the two next year is mostly uh brought |
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| 18:38 | the fire through the action of And uh that a cycle you see |
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| 18:45 | , that's one of those cycles that life depend on. OK? Because |
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| 18:51 | if you're not a plant as great they are or algae or, or |
|
| 18:57 | bacteria also there they um uh there some water they can't foster for |
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| 19:11 | uh they can't make those. And they, so um so, you |
|
| 19:19 | , in indirectly weed, right? you may not always eat just |
|
| 19:24 | Right. We eat animals. But they too, if they |
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| 19:30 | Right. So we're all dependent. . Nest is one paper. |
|
| 19:38 | right. So, um, then talk about knife. That's one of |
|
| 19:43 | things I made. Of course, because of the, ok. |
|
| 19:50 | most all numbers are in the high , maybe 0.1%. How would I |
|
| 19:57 | ? But there are ways we can find what we can't focus what we're |
|
| 20:01 | to in microbiology. Historically is you get a sample or whatever and you |
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| 20:08 | to grow it, right? And that's where you learn how to, |
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| 20:13 | know, tradition, stuff like but only very few actually grow like |
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| 20:22 | . Um because frankly, we don't because and you can use things, |
|
| 20:29 | , culture, one organism away from else, right? But in the |
|
| 20:35 | world work very far part of everything that's surrounding the company's market, |
|
| 20:42 | So everybody's competing with some people who working together, right? Because |
|
| 20:47 | you can't possibly hold all those So you don't know what's he |
|
| 20:54 | I mean, so happy and you got no work and you |
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| 21:04 | we get them, you will not to grow and I'll show you what |
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| 21:09 | about. So anyway, so none of these are two states, |
|
| 21:13 | ? Let's do this, right? takes to kind of Yeah. |
|
| 21:23 | So microscopic observation. So you get sample looking under the microscope and you |
|
| 21:29 | a microbe, that's one by 10 with no discernible organelles. So um |
|
| 21:46 | idea type type I 21 B So if you answered G, who |
|
| 22:29 | G oh, well, it's good very important but you know, |
|
| 22:43 | eight is 1.7. Yeah, a . So it is D as a |
|
| 22:53 | go for, right? So I for my Yeah. Uh So when |
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| 23:02 | find a microbe it's uh you pretty basic, right? You have |
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| 23:07 | microscope to see it. Uh So um but what are you? |
|
| 23:13 | it's gonna be the aster is there indicates that pricing. OK. So |
|
| 23:24 | got our this is and um if they are capable of reproducing. |
|
| 23:34 | Yeah. By themselves, I go contrast with like a a muscle |
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| 23:45 | the skin up like, yeah, actually able to see them but because |
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| 23:49 | part of the heart fishing, These are not micros, right? |
|
| 23:56 | can take a muscle cell cell throughout environment, sort of replicate it and |
|
| 24:00 | able to survive. Yeah. Very your cell, very specific |
|
| 24:06 | right? And they can't survive OK. Uh As in nature is |
|
| 24:15 | . So um but even though so multicellular forms, OK. Um they |
|
| 24:25 | have arrangements, some of them still be arranged a cluster or other |
|
| 24:33 | you have different shapes for and so . So um but, but these |
|
| 24:41 | still OK. So it's size where shoes can throw side. Ok. |
|
| 24:49 | the asterisk comes in here. We about viruses. The viruses are not |
|
| 24:57 | , right? You don't micro micro all microbes uh in micron size, |
|
| 25:10 | ? Um I'm sorry, scale as less than the micro. Ok. |
|
| 25:19 | , when it program 2030 40 there's . Mhm. I need some bacteria |
|
| 25:29 | can be as small as name. virus is as big as account. |
|
| 25:40 | yeah, these are like outliers that that's gonna go for option and everything |
|
| 25:46 | in a nice basket where there's no , almost every game option gonna be |
|
| 25:54 | . So um now we have a I uh limits. Could we have |
|
| 26:05 | , you think you find it still that would be like a uh uh |
|
| 26:12 | nanometers in size if that's possible be small 5 million liters, you find |
|
| 26:28 | meter size cell in years, 500 size. So what you gotta do |
|
| 26:39 | look at the sizes down here, down here 5 to 10. So |
|
| 26:47 | is about there. So now we're the size limit for when our models |
|
| 26:52 | like in the twenties. Um uh A chromosome is gonna be kind of |
|
| 27:06 | as well. So there's gonna be minimum size limit just because can't. |
|
| 27:15 | it's feasible. That's why viruses are the small end, right? There's |
|
| 27:22 | above that threshold, right? But why they also a lot of stuff |
|
| 27:26 | virus is, that's why it's not right? It's like a sack, |
|
| 27:30 | pro the SAT all and I this because I'm rooting for. So, |
|
| 27:40 | so, you know, we should general knowledge and basic science. Oh |
|
| 27:49 | . No, let's see. so let's look at this question. |
|
| 27:55 | we're gonna get into now the different of microbes, right? What are |
|
| 27:59 | representative types of micro? You, hear the micro, you know how |
|
| 28:04 | know how we define it now? what's out there that we call micro |
|
| 28:09 | play? It is, well, only what they are, what do |
|
| 28:14 | do? How do they do they these things based on, you |
|
| 28:21 | if the virus uh as like what can you do this me virus |
|
| 28:31 | ? How we start this? So are, these are all they are |
|
| 28:43 | on this list. Well, I'll you later, tell you in a |
|
| 28:49 | . Um OK. We cut down 15. All right. 2162. |
|
| 29:17 | . OK. Um What, who G GG? What, what are |
|
| 29:25 | two bacteria and virus? This one is, right? What's the other |
|
| 29:44 | ? Yes. Yes. OK. That's correct. So all, so |
|
| 29:51 | of the terms we have metabolism coming in uh I believe so, one |
|
| 29:56 | the things that people will get confused is this term. OK. And |
|
| 30:02 | don't have, so there's troph and , we'll talk about that next time |
|
| 30:07 | the context of uh we do a bit here in chapter one on, |
|
| 30:10 | , ecology. But, um, , you're a hero, you're a |
|
| 30:18 | . Because why did he, what know if you eat you the 500 |
|
| 30:30 | by this element on the periodic anybody know what element that would be |
|
| 30:41 | . Anyway, phosphorus, oxygen, , the sea sources, plant |
|
| 30:50 | CO2, right? You, you eat CO2 mean things like, |
|
| 31:00 | salad, like complex, more complex modules and CO2. Ok. |
|
| 31:07 | ok. So how do you are this day? You go? |
|
| 31:13 | bacteria is correct. Bacteria are viruses are nice. Um IKEA not |
|
| 31:23 | found in not moderate. It's just we offer during extreme of science. |
|
| 31:28 | mean kind of on the extremes of ph um salinity, uh temperature, |
|
| 31:38 | ? Uh horizons are not frozen, , right? They are type of |
|
| 31:46 | all that kind of group together. let's um, look at the |
|
| 31:53 | Ok. So we have, I them as sailor and non sailor. |
|
| 31:59 | . So we have these four uh Easter Mos um, for his |
|
| 32:06 | allergy, uh both bacterial types. don't have a picture of a, |
|
| 32:12 | these two are pro Caros. And so I'm sure you've seen this |
|
| 32:17 | , the difference between the basic, basic differences, right? The |
|
| 32:26 | the um, but they do have of different types of, they, |
|
| 32:35 | can eat like us, but they also to eat all kinds of weird |
|
| 32:40 | they can eat, for example, eat so for energy and so all |
|
| 32:46 | of um the uh um and both , listen at the other, |
|
| 32:56 | Uh again, uh uh in terms uh right Soros, generally one circular |
|
| 33:07 | which makes them happy, your right? Uh You, you have |
|
| 33:17 | sets on each parent, right? your loss of DNA compared to the |
|
| 33:23 | . And so, of course, um uh bacteria built by at least |
|
| 33:29 | 800. So, you know, I just, I really just |
|
| 33:40 | so in terms of a right? that's what is, so um the |
|
| 33:51 | is of course, but then also other types that um what we call |
|
| 34:00 | and times, OK. I won't about that whole group um in the |
|
| 34:05 | section. But um viruses of course protein, take acid but virus and |
|
| 34:12 | very right. There are only one only. That's it, that's what |
|
| 34:19 | is, right? So, so infectious protein and RN A and both |
|
| 34:29 | those types cause diseases uh viro plants well. Um That have, |
|
| 34:41 | So it can affect humans as well a neurological condition. But relatively rare |
|
| 34:50 | you need because it's just a protein infected. Gen. Yeah. |
|
| 34:54 | We'll talk about those um uh in few weeks. So um OK, |
|
| 35:02 | just a little bit about our key mentioned there, we call them extremo |
|
| 35:05 | . OK. So you can take our in the three groups, |
|
| 35:13 | So one of them, the third , right? So, so this |
|
| 35:24 | I have that. So even within group, you have super to be |
|
| 35:31 | hyper reason about how it comes more water. OK? Um It's in |
|
| 35:38 | hand of have I so to go they, their temperature tolerance or actually |
|
| 35:48 | tolerant, they love it. they, they eat it actually. |
|
| 35:53 | that um that's often the context of always want to treat Prime Minister there |
|
| 36:03 | uh that day, right? So day is actually a um very important |
|
| 36:09 | greenhouse gas. OK. So like is one of those where I uh |
|
| 36:20 | probably works. OK. Uh methane um out and uh besides to the |
|
| 36:34 | ? And I think, OK, , um and you can't combine some |
|
| 36:40 | these creatures like you get and you be like a you can be able |
|
| 36:47 | eat like high salt. Um And can, so you can see how |
|
| 36:56 | halo with salt. So they love salt, right? So, and |
|
| 37:01 | high salt, very high salt, ? And so um uh we talk |
|
| 37:08 | them and very different type of right? We know how to plant |
|
| 37:15 | the design right now. This is . Wait, doesn't even. So |
|
| 37:21 | I believe to be probably the first of this. But anyway, uh |
|
| 37:28 | unique um to this evening are natural of water that I saw like Red |
|
| 37:35 | uh very soft, obviously. Uh got time. So um and of |
|
| 37:42 | , you know, being and get whole proportion of art uh that requires |
|
| 37:52 | involved, specific all life is kind a moderate temperature. Although what's going |
|
| 38:03 | in these days, we're, we're gonna die. Um uh that, |
|
| 38:11 | um you have to have system and they do um to our |
|
| 38:24 | So self does any, not so there are environment marginalized. |
|
| 38:36 | OK. The argument for a being is what we have argument to say |
|
| 38:42 | margins are alive. It, it . OK. So you could argue |
|
| 38:55 | they're alive if you consider it, their environment. So in what environment |
|
| 39:01 | they be in? I mean, like who sell in that environment, |
|
| 39:09 | know? Yeah, that's why because reproducing when it's outside the host, |
|
| 39:16 | go go, it's not here. not, we produce, that's why |
|
| 39:23 | this army those. So um so , I'm not sure on that door |
|
| 39:28 | back there, there is viruses sitting there, on that door handle |
|
| 39:32 | the viruses sitting on there. What it's still viable, viable, meaning |
|
| 39:41 | . So there's a susceptible cell you get into. There you go. |
|
| 39:47 | , it's a lot the viruses can , let's call it in outside their |
|
| 39:55 | . But that lifetime that we require very. So, I mean, |
|
| 40:01 | all kind of say about COVID and then and I think they, |
|
| 40:05 | saw value of something like the COVID the best for several days to |
|
| 40:15 | declined to join. Um, not so much to fit you sexually |
|
| 40:21 | disease virus like in or BP, , virus. Uh, those are |
|
| 40:29 | susceptible to lying out and generally they a longer time outside the post. |
|
| 40:37 | , uh, this is, but they have this kind of |
|
| 40:43 | right, the center of the storm really have. Um So all |
|
| 40:54 | let's do this this. So as , as with, as I mentioned |
|
| 41:01 | biology, you can't always put everything a box because they usually gray |
|
| 41:05 | right? So you kind of got about that when um you consider the |
|
| 41:14 | . So which would you consider mhm bacterial mass, see different bacterial cc |
|
| 41:32 | that's my uh I get a skin . OK. OK. Count down |
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| 42:15 | . So uh let's see what we here. Hm. OK. BBC |
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| 42:22 | H all neck and neck. Let's . Wait, I read that |
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| 42:30 | AC and H OK. AC NH the above. OK. So um |
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| 42:42 | if you answered and you, so so I was going through my book |
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| 42:53 | else is either that's my issue um days microbes bigger than if you call |
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| 43:07 | . So I'm like, right? similar biofilm with mass bio. |
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| 43:15 | that the of course the price microbes . But um if the itself is |
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| 43:28 | uh sea monkeys around in the fifties , like, what was only in |
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| 43:38 | ? Oh, it is? this is a true one trip and |
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| 43:44 | and some like, uh, right. You have your own |
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| 43:51 | right. So, uh, I to see her as a kid. |
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| 43:55 | see the athletes and the actual five old, two months or adult. |
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| 44:01 | , um, turns out the guy did this is a millionaire people. |
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| 44:08 | there's no much extra future life. when we talk about, you |
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| 44:13 | kind of the gray areas in terms a microbe, right? So, |
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| 44:20 | , um super decide ourselves. All . So this one, I don't |
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| 44:26 | read it back to you say how talk that. So that's it right |
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| 44:39 | . Uh As the OK. So is called the out here, apparently |
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| 44:46 | um So you got employees uh those have a required to, but |
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| 44:52 | this is a single cell actually. , I take up space to keep |
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| 45:08 | and they form more. OK? So you're gonna see this every now |
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| 45:13 | then. OK. The microbial world still that have these kind of |
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| 45:22 | This guy basically fills up uh with . So we talk about metabolism. |
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| 45:34 | ? So nitrate gas fills up in set up. OK? And it |
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| 45:41 | it as a food source, And so it uses it and actually |
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| 45:48 | goes on is it uses sulfur, , as a food source. And |
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| 45:56 | there's a word right here in in called oxidation. OK. So when |
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| 46:01 | happens, electrons are taken from H S and they get in this case |
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| 46:08 | , let me put this down here nitrates. OK? So nitrate, |
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| 46:14 | takes them and now you make so becomes oxidized, one becomes reduced |
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| 46:24 | and say go so what, Well, in our world putting this |
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| 46:28 | our world, OK? Into and sorry, nitrate has a role that |
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| 46:36 | has in our system. We breathe , you eat food, we have |
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| 46:43 | food, why we do that or we do that. And but uh |
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| 46:54 | what we call the payroll, we for enrolling. But anything, most |
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| 47:01 | are a like they use something a oxygen just like very hot, |
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| 47:08 | E Coli in um but uh but also use something like this in organic |
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| 47:17 | two I, that's a weird way eat. That's actually what we |
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| 47:23 | we learn this next time. So call it a lit of prof troph |
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| 47:28 | means rock eater, right? So eat things like H two S ammonia |
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| 47:35 | . Really weird stuff, right? uh that's how it gets his |
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| 47:40 | OK. So um so they're gonna like weird really different metabolism you're not |
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| 47:46 | to seeing in the bacterial world in here. So the right? So |
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| 47:54 | , you know, itself is we have but you would call bio |
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| 48:04 | OK? Uh microbes, OK. calling plate. OK. Um and |
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| 48:14 | , right? Just to get a of water, the multicellular channel, |
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| 48:20 | , right? Uh the dust m well, right? So um think |
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| 48:34 | they got or they assemble the roots you can just um all right, |
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| 48:45 | right can, can be, So one thing you got, you |
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| 48:51 | lives and you put this one in box, this one in that |
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| 48:54 | So, all right. So um mean, there is a new name |
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| 48:59 | that. That's why everything right of and classification system, somebody can have |
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| 49:07 | disease or trying to isolate it. we, because we go to, |
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| 49:18 | . So um so historically, uh all based on technology at hand, |
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| 49:27 | ? Um for a long time, was just what it look like. |
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| 49:31 | mean, the features are the same to come more, let's come. |
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| 49:41 | then of course, this going be and be able to sequence that becomes |
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| 49:47 | scam, right? Because the you may look at a feature and |
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| 49:54 | OK. Well, can you eat or not, right? All |
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| 49:58 | That's one thing. But if you at DNA, right, it can |
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| 50:03 | a million base pairs, right? so that is 1 million points of |
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| 50:12 | or similarity that you can now look , right? Very powerful, |
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| 50:17 | So um if what we use, know, if you focus and |
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| 50:26 | OK. Uh And basically, it's very specific segment. You mean look |
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| 50:32 | this second taxonomy, you know, is really driven by micro taxonomy is |
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| 50:39 | by advances in the micro, that's causes the change as. So this |
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| 50:50 | everything, not just microbes, one or OK, that is the first |
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| 50:57 | for like like no living things. so um and he was my guy |
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| 51:11 | in the mid 18 hundreds, you older like and this is not um |
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| 51:19 | . The microbes are there microbes are in one group. Yeah, that |
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| 51:28 | blaster through um being hung around but was saying stuff and I was like |
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| 51:36 | in 18 66 but it was the of so um so then her, |
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| 51:47 | ? And actually have the same name didn't hear but then the other ones |
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| 51:58 | what we call protests, right? Pro, right? So they became |
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| 52:05 | , so you carry those. So again the advance here. Now this |
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| 52:17 | the 19 thirties, right? See fine detail with it like stroke like |
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| 52:29 | thirties. So that he had he had that with a now you |
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| 52:38 | see, oh yeah, I think and what time then um in, |
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| 52:53 | the sixties and it was, in they took out the bungee because then |
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| 53:03 | so, so basically these are the types I heard, OK, now |
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| 53:10 | last piece of this concern this So in the seventies eighties really that |
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| 53:23 | using a different mole, I'm using different segment with the. So uh |
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| 53:34 | at this box in biochemistry, because guy, they made this discovery looking |
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| 53:42 | these in between now knows our and they looked at, they picked a |
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| 53:49 | of DNA that code for. So gonna just, I don't expect you |
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| 53:56 | this, right? But for the of understanding this better, let me |
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| 54:00 | flash forward to hear. So if recall the ribosome, right? That's |
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| 54:06 | synthesis. OK. So largely these are comprised of a bunch of |
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| 54:12 | and R and RN A. So remember that uh DNA applied to |
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| 54:21 | , genes co right? Some not a protein. That's, that's |
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| 54:33 | things like was on a transfer, are the end product, right? |
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| 54:41 | they use the sequence that corresponds to market, right? So the question |
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| 54:47 | now why take this, right? so they wanted to pick something that |
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| 54:54 | know would be in every organism on earth are every organism on earth. |
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| 55:04 | ? Because the cell has an group OK. So organisms have, that |
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| 55:11 | you can go way back in So it's, it's like domin bear |
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| 55:18 | me. OK. So let's say wanted to at the history of |
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| 55:36 | early man. OK. What might the issue you you pick? |
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| 55:45 | we exactly right. We haven't changed there was about 10,000, right? |
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| 55:54 | hasn't changed. So there is there a trend you can look at across |
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| 55:58 | area. And you can't remember what change that occur. I assuming like |
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| 56:05 | actual new mechanism I shop over. but you have to create a |
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| 56:12 | right? And the function soon waiting the on the same night, everything |
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| 56:19 | the same name, trace it back time and going with the transportation |
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| 56:24 | right? We can, we can certain certain points in the evolution of |
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| 56:30 | . You know, this primitive car 5000 BC here is evidence and we |
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| 56:40 | a wheel from the stage coach, ? 18 hundreds, right? And |
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| 56:44 | you can date even you have to the money change occur in a period |
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| 56:49 | time, you can do the same to run myself. All right. |
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| 56:55 | uh so that's where it became really and that's what we probably heard of |
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| 57:00 | tree of life. I that particular say I have a OK. So |
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| 57:11 | is just, don't worry about the , this is kind of shows you |
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| 57:14 | so by them is they found within fundamental difference, you see two differences |
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| 57:21 | that sequence. This is just the a way out, you see the |
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| 57:26 | there. So the arrows are the they look at, these are areas |
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| 57:31 | the seas that actually change more. these parts don't, but they're very |
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| 57:37 | function. So they compare here to these different came back. Oh |
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| 57:44 | We have, we have two groups there carry out we are here |
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| 57:56 | So that was a big thing at time that it took a while for |
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| 58:00 | to become accepted. OK. So turns out that a kea have features |
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| 58:08 | are very similar to in the um information stuff like protein synthesis and a |
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| 58:22 | in that part. And bacteria of , right. So anyway, so |
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| 58:28 | is now we have a rough. now we have a larger group of |
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| 58:37 | , right? So if you carry uh and bacteria, you, you |
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| 58:43 | the right here is the the here , right? And uh the three |
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| 58:51 | there with similarities between our key area you see that bacterial so called |
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| 59:02 | Didn't hear the OK. Um So , so again, having this, |
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| 59:14 | tax on framework, again, as mentioned is important in terms of, |
|
| 59:17 | know, again, if you tie back to infectious disease, you |
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| 59:21 | the ability to diagnose a particular disease what's causing it, you can't possibly |
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| 59:26 | that unless you have a framework of place and that's what taxonomy gives |
|
| 59:32 | OK. So um OK, back this one. Nope, this |
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| 59:39 | OK. So now I'm gonna switch a little bit and um so uh |
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| 59:51 | , so let's um let me start saying to micro, OK. So |
|
| 59:57 | they look 16, whatever, 16 whatever, then we had some pond |
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| 60:07 | the pond where you look at. . Well, there is some |
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| 60:11 | maybe there may be some, what do you see? So the |
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| 60:22 | of 1600 is the mindset of 2023 ? All kinds of, I believe |
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| 60:32 | the science wasn't as entrenched. That's interesting now. But um you |
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| 60:39 | people thought things occurred from very weird . Yeah. So one of these |
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| 60:46 | the graphic 15 52. So you these particular patch of plants called, |
|
| 60:55 | ? The growth of these tree. these are common by uh bodies of |
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| 61:01 | or happen to be the the fruits these trees talking in water and they |
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| 61:08 | me there and uh connection, You things ta roots, right? |
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| 61:17 | know you're going, I know it insane to you from the first century |
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| 61:20 | you know this, this was So not only that one but uh |
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| 61:27 | creates leaves and it arrives with rotting , ok? Um The rest of |
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| 61:34 | can use mice is actually created in 16 hundreds by this guy, |
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| 61:38 | Place underwear and husks of heat and mouth within 21 days of sweat penetrates |
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| 61:47 | husk of meat and both their I don't know part of that. |
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| 61:54 | So um that someone like that used , right? We're gonna have |
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| 62:01 | I assuming one these days. And what we do now we're |
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| 62:08 | you know, next day if that you're gonna go to, right? |
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| 62:12 | you gotta, so obviously, so question here. So these are examples |
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| 62:23 | what, now the answer may not there. So if it's not then |
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| 62:33 | . OK. Yes, it If you try that recipe, you |
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| 62:53 | mice. Uh Now Mr Speaker. . Ok. 10 seconds. |
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| 63:29 | Can I get my hint worked a bit? It is not the |
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| 63:35 | So it's not spontaneous combustion. It's there. Right. Right. Uh |
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| 63:41 | not violin, it's just, it's , it's just, and of |
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| 63:45 | it's not how the world operates, ? So, um so again, |
|
| 63:51 | back to looking at where does this come from as a natural question? |
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| 63:58 | ? And so that's what kind of us to at that time down the |
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| 64:04 | that must have been OK. So of the things about it is |
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| 64:13 | we held the spontaneous generation for OK. In my to hear |
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| 64:22 | So the idea was that any kind to give rise to life as long |
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| 64:29 | you provide what they call I, is this basically air, right? |
|
| 64:36 | so you provide air and you have organic materials that should produce light, |
|
| 64:44 | ? And so um here's a history and they would all start off |
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| 64:54 | right? And he thought he saw full form of human. OK. |
|
| 65:06 | yeah, you part of this movement uh they were called sperms, |
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| 65:13 | Who believed that men were the because have a fully formed human in their |
|
| 65:25 | only use the is to have it throughout the right one that believed |
|
| 65:32 | right? Uh So yeah, this crazy. OK. So um |
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| 65:40 | so this is kind of where so once it gets better way, proven |
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| 65:49 | , obviously, but it really sets stage for microbiology, really take off |
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| 65:55 | a lot of stuff, right? the question is how do we, |
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| 66:00 | do we debunk this? Right. think of it as um producing life |
|
| 66:06 | parents, right? Because all these come from a so that lies, |
|
| 66:13 | ? And so there's typically uh I think their parents are not, |
|
| 66:21 | ? So you're talking about life, they're being parents. So, |
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| 66:25 | So um kind of disproving, it that harm from you. Look at |
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| 66:31 | you can see you really good So of course, this time before |
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| 66:37 | and the car is hang out there you know, you think like |
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| 66:43 | how many and maggots do we often ? Ok. So of course I |
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| 66:50 | the meats were live, they And so this Brandon said, |
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| 66:55 | well, that's easy enough. see for me. OK. And |
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| 67:04 | . Well, yeah, but what the spontaneous generation of people say? |
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| 67:10 | no good gotta have air. That's it's not working. All right, |
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| 67:15 | air. Need that Bible force. , OK, I'll put some cheese |
|
| 67:19 | on it. He, he's very . Air comes in and flies can |
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| 67:23 | little maggots still, right? that pretty much. Right. They |
|
| 67:31 | settle on people if he gets. not. Right. Because of course |
|
| 67:40 | can, uh, take broth and broth and me. But they like |
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| 67:44 | . Yeah. And you, you can open, you can eat |
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| 67:49 | , have everything in there. They open. Of course we just, |
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| 67:58 | in, they thought no, there in there that during life. So |
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| 68:10 | do this. I eat raw like sea. You don't worry unless you |
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| 68:17 | it. The strangers on the this work no line because you allow air |
|
| 68:26 | there for plantation and that you do off. You get. All |
|
| 68:34 | So again, yeah, I didn't to that extreme they believe to |
|
| 68:41 | here. So that has over 100 years. Yeah. Right. The |
|
| 68:50 | really had an ingenious design experiment. an end to that, right? |
|
| 68:56 | paste uh with a chemist. Uh if you've taken chemistry, maybe you |
|
| 69:03 | . He if you know the chirality molecules left hand and right handed side |
|
| 69:08 | this, of molecules, he discovered um the uh but he went into |
|
| 69:15 | and wore many different hats, uh metabolism, et cetera. |
|
| 69:22 | And so his first kind of, know, and being a canvas, |
|
| 69:27 | sure help. OK. And so first kind of work is in this |
|
| 69:32 | is in um we're in a wine in France. Of course, he |
|
| 69:37 | French and French loved their wine and the wine was off not tasting |
|
| 69:43 | it better and um, lock it and he studied the process. So |
|
| 69:50 | , you have a question that a a completely, uh just chemical process |
|
| 69:58 | , not involved at all. And being a chemist, he would |
|
| 70:03 | the right thing. That's what he . So let me know of |
|
| 70:08 | uh, that um, wine, take grapes. OK? And um |
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| 70:17 | in that yeast and then uh you , you exclude oxygen and over time |
|
| 70:25 | , you get alcohol. It's So the question here is not gonna |
|
| 70:39 | , that cell cell is occurring as is made. Mhm So the first |
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| 70:50 | he's establishing does not, it should a bionic temporal process. It's the |
|
| 70:57 | of the due to the both in never before. OK. So you |
|
| 71:05 | a growing number during marvel? So they're the ones doing the |
|
| 71:12 | right? So of course, they have yeast, yeast worth the yeast |
|
| 71:23 | . And that, that open up history using to make bread and cheese |
|
| 71:28 | things or micro over the micro, wasn't actually there uh uh on the |
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| 71:38 | of the grace. And so that's the OK. And so now the |
|
| 71:46 | off taste occur, the big, that would came from bacterial contamination, |
|
| 71:56 | occurs. So basically in a nutshell so germs it back in the |
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| 72:03 | germs were used as a word Mhm. And so what does he |
|
| 72:14 | certain bacteria can ferment end products. just to see the uh different types |
|
| 72:23 | organic south of nature. And so said that the bacterial tax permit can |
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| 72:34 | the amount of income produced. For , the amount of growth they growing |
|
| 72:43 | do these type of organic materials and were produced. So that was a |
|
| 72:53 | deal. And the yeah that honesty um tanks. Uh We're not there |
|
| 73:05 | . We'll talk about it the next . But the conversion of organic materials |
|
| 73:09 | microbes. You you are aware of of micro disease, right? So |
|
| 73:19 | idea that from these bodies or organ , like because of this idea that |
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| 73:28 | can transform an material into vampires, microbes can transform either antibodies into a |
|
| 73:37 | state. That's what kind of raised idea about. Hm I got a |
|
| 73:45 | path with it. Well, so so that, that we're gonna um |
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| 73:56 | it up one next time. Thanks |
|
