| 00:04 | Okay so. Okay. Mhm. . Welcome folks. Um Just the |
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| 00:45 | reminders I sent this out earlier this or today. Uh So I'm getting |
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| 00:52 | blackboard please. This player this week was cover, we're gonna start and |
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| 00:58 | chapter three This week. So that's what the quiz will cover. Uh |
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| 01:03 | no smart work assignments due this Um There will be a couple of |
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| 01:08 | following week but this week nothing. see. So a couple of things |
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| 01:14 | so the confiscate or some interest last . So this thursday it opens so |
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| 01:24 | sure you won't be able to sign unless you have a unless you're registered |
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| 01:30 | causes and make sure you do that to reserve a seat, there will |
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| 01:34 | multiple times. You can sign up The 17th and 18th when it becomes |
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| 01:43 | . Uh The last thing um next last thing. So turning point |
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| 01:49 | So remember that um the stuff that's up there and it's still up there |
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| 01:55 | disappear right? Because it doesn't count anything. A way to check to |
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| 02:00 | sure that your type of working and functional and you can see your |
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| 02:04 | Okay so that will disappear. It be replaced by Uh huh. You |
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| 02:11 | starting today. Okay as well the uh this week. But remember you |
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| 02:20 | the attendance thing is not not a high bar. Right? So you |
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| 02:23 | like eight days built into that where can choose to come or not to |
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| 02:27 | without any consequences. Okay so um then finally so this is about what's |
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| 02:36 | on next monday. So remember we four of these During the semester we |
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| 02:41 | four of these what we call flipped . Okay. 1, 1 for |
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| 02:45 | unit. And basically what you're gonna is um although I assume mostly be |
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| 02:52 | before you come here anyway. But is kind of the the mastery of |
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| 02:57 | information is kind of gonna be on that prior to next monday when you |
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| 03:04 | to class. So that's it's only , it's only over chapter four part |
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| 03:10 | and so that's available now. so it's just a video lecture lecture |
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| 03:16 | and kind. So whatever it is do to to learn the material as |
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| 03:20 | you can just do that. Look the lecture video and go to electron |
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| 03:26 | , read the relevant book pages, have you. And then next monday |
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| 03:32 | be heavily just a clicker questions. , testing on the subject, you |
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| 03:37 | , mixed in with you know, that will cover certain concepts and |
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| 03:42 | So if you have questions certainly that would be more heavily skewed toward |
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| 03:47 | questions and content but certainly will cover of the main concepts. Yeah, |
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| 03:53 | not briefly at least. So, that's next monday. Okay, um |
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| 04:02 | questions call me. So we're gonna through interpreter three. Hopefully through all |
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| 04:10 | the lot of a lot of Cell wall cell cell membranes. Cell |
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| 04:14 | bacteria. Okay. And last time looked at kind of the overview of |
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| 04:19 | what so it looks like we kind do the various parts. Not in |
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| 04:24 | great detail. Just more here's what what it has, here's what it |
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| 04:29 | like. But as we go through today Wednesday will cover many of those |
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| 04:36 | in greater detail. Um the terminology that the term bacterial cell problem is |
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| 04:44 | I say cell envelope, okay, have to talk about material cell won't |
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| 04:50 | we'll do that shortly. So gram gram positive. And there's other |
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| 04:56 | Right? There's something that you don't call gram negative quality. Um |
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| 05:02 | we instead of using the terminology of , what kind of cell wall that |
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| 05:06 | bacteria have which is not really Okay, you say what's the nature |
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| 05:10 | the cell envelope of the bacteria? heat? So, again, it |
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| 05:16 | to anything refers to what's the chemical the components. This is the inner |
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| 05:24 | here to me change color. so here's the inner membrane or cytoplasmic |
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| 05:35 | . Okay, that's what's going on here. All right. What is |
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| 05:39 | chemical nature of that environment outside the membrane membrane? What's going on out |
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| 05:45 | ? Okay. And as we'll see would be different things. Right. |
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| 05:50 | primitive bacteria. It is a cell but it's a certain way that it |
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| 05:55 | . Okay. So that's when I cell envelope. That's what we're talking |
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| 05:58 | . Okay, there's some bacteria that have. So All right. so |
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| 06:02 | what's the what what are the components the inner membrane? Okay so um |
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| 06:10 | we kind of skipped over this last last time. But the main thing |
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| 06:15 | here are what are the systems e the proportion of components In Karelia |
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| 06:24 | What your typical of most bacteria? certainly water is going to be the |
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| 06:29 | abundant molecule. Right. That's gonna true for any living thing, 70% |
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| 06:33 | . Right? Uh then collectively about called informational D. N. |
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| 06:42 | Different RNA type molecules tr NH Robertson RNA is and then we launch proteins |
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| 06:48 | that category as well. Probably the varied right? Most variations of |
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| 06:54 | More than 4000 types proteins. Um then of course there's A D. |
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| 07:01 | . A. Which is only 11 of that. But it's a very |
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| 07:05 | . Alright so double stranded nucleic the other components. About 5% related |
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| 07:14 | the salon work. My actual peppers can um fossil lipids, other envelope |
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| 07:23 | components. Okay. And then after or is everything else? Right. |
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| 07:28 | I'll leave your chemical intermediates and metabolic that we call metabolites, different types |
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| 07:36 | ions, calcium potassium ions et Right then this group of what's called |
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| 07:42 | a means uh these here um have functions. They are charged molecules. |
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| 07:51 | long molecules um rolled in. So DNA binding a lot of different roles |
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| 08:01 | those important molecules for bacteria. Um we look at people I can okay |
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| 08:10 | is e coli. Right so that's of the values here. We look |
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| 08:14 | the components in a bacterial procreate cell cells that um that can vary. |
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| 08:22 | so staphylococcus says actually probably twice that . If not a little more than |
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| 08:28 | . Why would that be? Why staff have more and more of that |
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| 08:34 | here guests. What kind of basic types we talk about in regards to |
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| 08:44 | envelope graham and gram negative. So color is actually gram negative fair for |
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| 08:51 | gram positive bacteria. And grand positives well. See I have a lot |
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| 08:57 | pepper look like. So grand positives characterized by very fat layer thick |
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| 09:04 | Uh Grand neighbors. Not so much but they have other gram negatives have |
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| 09:10 | things besides that small that gives them properties. But staff staff and other |
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| 09:19 | posits would have a number of That's much higher than that because of |
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| 09:23 | type of cell envelope. They have more cell wall material. Um Okay |
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| 09:28 | we begin with we're gonna look at of the nature of the cell |
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| 09:34 | And I'm not gonna spend a lot time because you had this before intro |
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| 09:39 | uh remember the fluid mosaic model. that term? So the fossil lipid |
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| 09:45 | layer. So remember that fossil lipids this a structure that part of it |
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| 09:51 | water loving polar part of its non like water associated with other non polar |
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| 09:58 | . Okay so your foster lipids have structure of a glycerol molecule to which |
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| 10:06 | acids are bound. Which is a hydrophobic parts of the molecule. And |
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| 10:11 | a chemical group bonded with phosphates pants lipid. So the chemical group here |
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| 10:17 | can vary softly called as well. chemical structures. Um The fossil lipids |
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| 10:26 | have of course variations as well in of length. How long is double |
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| 10:31 | may be introduced into it? Um talk about that shortly. Uh So |
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| 10:37 | you combine these fox olympics in a solution, they'll grouped together. And |
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| 10:43 | the hydrophobic portions nonpublic portions stick together polar parts facing water as you see |
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| 10:51 | possible lipid by layer. Okay. so we draw the always cities drawn |
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| 10:57 | these figures like this typically. Where that's the public part of the |
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| 11:05 | . And then these are are the polar fatty acid chains. Kind of |
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| 11:11 | your honor. Of course now. And so it's that hydrophobic core of |
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| 11:18 | . Right this part. It's basically here very hydrophobic. We also see |
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| 11:24 | molecules called hope annoyed. Okay. our membranes we have cholesterol this is |
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| 11:30 | of the equivalent. Is there a like molecules there which means they're very |
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| 11:38 | polar and associated with the fatty So it kind of helps to stabilize |
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| 11:44 | those those um fossil lipids um the hop Androids are unique to precarious. |
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| 11:52 | . And so like cholesterol is unique the animal cells and we'll sell |
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| 11:57 | So the um selective permeability is the you always here. Okay. And |
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| 12:06 | due to the fossil different arrangement the lifted by their So that will keep |
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| 12:13 | really non polar molecules. And uh me, polar molecules. Okay. |
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| 12:22 | certain molecules are able to come in that. Okay. Um It's all |
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| 12:29 | to the chemistry. Right. What polar, non polar nature of the |
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| 12:33 | that are trying to enter or Uh And so we have to for |
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| 12:38 | of those molecules that our transport. it's quite a help. Right. |
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| 12:43 | that's where proteins come in. So proteins will help to bring about |
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| 12:49 | use functionality from one to the right are can be enzymes, they can |
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| 12:55 | transport proteins that can be involved in between cells. So, in roughly |
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| 13:02 | about 50 50, 60 40 protein's , fossil lipid ratios. Okay, |
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| 13:11 | of proteins in the member. And , it's the proteins that give that |
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| 13:19 | functionality. Okay, so membrane proteins they're having involved in metabolism might cell |
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| 13:28 | . Uh the proteins in a in of your skin cells, let's say |
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| 13:35 | a set of membrane gonna be involved more things like transport. Maybe connection |
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| 13:40 | cells. Okay, so there are functions of the membrane depending on what |
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| 13:44 | protein. And so the saluting the fossil imprints here. And the |
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| 13:53 | you see in So you see your what you see in all kinds of |
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| 13:59 | . Are are these kinds of vehicles these are saturated fatty acids. |
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| 14:07 | No double bonds right, completely straight . Right. So a unsaturated like |
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| 14:17 | . It's supposed to be uh trying on saturated have a double bond |
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| 14:25 | And in this configuration called sis creates band in the chair and that's significance |
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| 14:32 | terms of how that membrane comes Okay. The spacing between the memory |
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| 14:41 | you could bacteria also as well as . Have we called this cyclist. |
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| 14:48 | create a second ization of molecules example propane um that 10 cemented a straighter |
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| 14:59 | a little bit more stability. And so really the the whether the |
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| 15:06 | is straight or bent by the double consists double bond that affects the functionality |
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| 15:13 | members. Okay. In very uh that Archaea that are resistant to high |
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| 15:23 | . So your thermal files and They had applications the temperature because of |
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| 15:29 | attempts membranes can fall apart. So the interactions that hold them |
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| 15:34 | It was too high temperature there was connected energy and so forth. Will |
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| 15:40 | those molecules apart. They don't associate of course destroys the membrane kills the |
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| 15:46 | because everything everything comes out. And the integrity is completely destroyed. So |
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| 15:52 | is the thermal file deal with this ? They want to make their uh |
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| 15:59 | acid changed with Apostle. That could straight so they can packed tightly together |
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| 16:04 | have lots of associations. So we're about hydrophobic associations. Okay so There |
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| 16:12 | two possible of its side by And camped. This is the water |
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| 16:18 | non polar polar part. Right? water interacts here. But here this |
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| 16:26 | or it's the fossil lipids interact with other. So they exclude water. |
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| 16:34 | then but then they have affinity for other. Okay. And so that's |
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| 16:38 | those hydrophobic actions actions keep them together anything you can do to enhance that |
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| 16:44 | in pack them tightly together. It a lot more associations between them than |
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| 16:49 | there's space depart. Right? So you have this a bench chain right |
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| 16:57 | there then that creates spacing between. now whether it's absolutely straight or they're |
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| 17:07 | . There's a proportion of those, proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids |
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| 17:13 | the fossil records of the members. . And that proportion you know whether |
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| 17:18 | one or the other or maybe almost . Okay, it's all dependent on |
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| 17:24 | like temperature heavenly influences that and what temperature that those cells are in um |
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| 17:31 | can affect it. For sure fact environment around around that. And so |
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| 17:38 | have to remember that the membrane integrity critical because it's a membrane that defines |
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| 17:43 | sell it becomes a part then this dies because everything that comes out. |
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| 17:49 | so maintaining the right membrane fluidity. , because you don't want um I |
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| 17:58 | , it's cool, you don't want to fall apart. He wanted to |
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| 18:01 | function. And so um the get area so you want uh to keep |
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| 18:10 | functional membranes and they're also functional. so if it gets too hot or |
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| 18:15 | cold, that's gonna have damaging And so we're looking at um the |
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| 18:23 | Arky a membrane. So the kind hydrocarbons they have are these what are |
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| 18:29 | die uh die ether molecules cholesterol die . Michael's very long. He's gonna |
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| 18:34 | able to 60 carbons long. And have the ether linkage rather than the |
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| 18:40 | linkage linkage is more stable. Less prone to hydraulic ISIS. |
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| 18:47 | And so they can memorize the cc , the polarization to an even larger |
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| 18:57 | . Okay. And so and so these all stacked together in a membrane |
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| 19:03 | gonna get a lot of hydrophobic interaction will allow it to maintain itself in |
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| 19:08 | very high attempts. Right. Hypothermia can exist at above 80° centigrade. |
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| 19:14 | , so there has to be adaptations be able to live in these |
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| 19:18 | So they too have cycle ization. here's cyclo painting again. Sorry to |
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| 19:25 | it straight chain plainer enable close package these chains. Okay, so this |
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| 19:35 | then explain this question is kind of to reinforce this. This idea of |
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| 19:41 | and saturation. So e coli can withstand the variety of actually ranges of |
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| 19:50 | and ph Okay, um and so can adjust the proportions of saturated unsaturated |
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| 20:00 | , right to maintain proper membrane integrity as as external temperature changes. |
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| 20:08 | So this is a dynamic situation, the temperature can fluctuate, right? |
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| 20:14 | so it will adjust to let the of saturated unsaturated uh depending on the |
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| 20:21 | temperature. Okay. Um and so 32. Okay, this is what |
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| 20:28 | like. Again, right? You see the proportion notes Unsaturated, the |
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| 20:33 | with the kinks in them that bent legs below and saturated, which are |
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| 20:38 | straight. Okay. And so if expose it to 42° for a |
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| 20:43 | Okay, it will change. So when you look at it at |
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| 20:50 | , what would be the trend you it would go to? So |
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| 20:53 | So what I'm asking here is what it look like when it's made it |
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| 20:59 | ? Right. Because it wants to the proportions to maintain membrane integrity. |
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| 21:04 | . And so they will want to which way, which which one a |
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| 21:10 | B is going to be an optimal to have? Right? Mm |
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| 21:17 | Okay, so kind of um compared 32 and 42. But again, |
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| 21:23 | it looking like after the cell has ? Trying to do to maintain his |
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| 21:30 | ? Okay, so um let's see you can put the other two |
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| 21:37 | Is it gonna look like a efforts itself. Mhm. So, |
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| 21:50 | don't pick the picture Based on this what's gonna look like at 40 to |
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| 21:55 | the picture that's gonna look like when cell has adjusted itself. Okay. |
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| 22:01 | two different things, man. I , this this is certainly isn't just |
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| 22:23 | astuteness. I mean, plants that in cold weather, same thing. |
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| 22:28 | a poor proportion of saturation. They're acids. Ok, Jump in now |
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| 22:46 | then stopping at 1/2. Yeah. , here we go. Okay. |
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| 22:57 | much better than the other class I And uh more people got this right |
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| 23:05 | . Didn't The other class was like to 70% picked B So, thank |
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| 23:10 | for that. Um The Okay. why who picked a Why do you |
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| 23:21 | that? Mhm. Just give me best shot. I was just thinking |
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| 23:37 | . Right, increases. Okay. . Um Anyone else? Yeah. |
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| 23:50 | Yeah, because assistance. Mm adjusting, adjusted. Yeah. |
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| 24:07 | that's it. A little attempt to that as best it can, |
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| 24:10 | Because it's fighting temperature to do High temp remember the high temps? |
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| 24:14 | kinetic energy, right? It's gonna to break apart those interactions. So |
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| 24:18 | gonna wanna without adjustment. That wants it's gonna it's gonna be expanding, |
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| 24:23 | ? The spaces in between are gonna more and so stuff will leak out |
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| 24:29 | stuff will come in. It's gonna of course not good for the |
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| 24:32 | right? If it continues then it just completely fall apart. So the |
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| 24:36 | is yeah, it is too make saturated fatty acids, increase the proportion |
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| 24:43 | saturated fatty acids. That makes the change. They can pack together with |
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| 24:47 | top. Okay. And so it's never really though an all or |
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| 24:53 | Uh Probably all saturated. There's always proportion of each type. Okay, |
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| 24:59 | so we're going to be more naturally an unsaturated as temperature gets elevated. |
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| 25:08 | ? Um So because again, if if it doesn't try to make yourself |
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| 25:14 | more two more decrease that spacing, ? Because temperatures is finding the high |
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| 25:21 | , right? And make more of hydrophobic straight. Change to keep everybody |
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| 25:27 | and there is an optimal value. of saturated, unsaturated to keep the |
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| 25:33 | happy that are in the membrane and functioning right. Okay. Um That |
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| 25:39 | sense. Alright, completely insane. . Alright. Um Alright. So |
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| 25:47 | look at a little bit about This question is meant to kind |
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| 25:52 | you know, cover transport and not so much. Not too many slides |
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| 25:56 | . So, let's just look at first one here. This concept uh |
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| 26:00 | aquatic bacterium which is a little little . There maintains an inter sailor sodium |
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| 26:08 | concentration of 0.1 millimeter while living in pond blue blue blob that contains sodium |
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| 26:16 | at point oh five millimeter, evidently ions are sharing a cell by. |
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| 26:22 | , so let me reset this thing . Okay. Taking over here. |
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| 26:31 | um again, like with the temperature with the temple external temperature, you |
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| 26:39 | , appropriate healthy environment like everything Or just at the whim of whatever |
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| 26:44 | environmental conditions are okay with the temperature have you. Um They have to |
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| 26:50 | to that situation or they'll buy. so um in terms of the type |
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| 26:56 | solvent molecules, ah the levels of are gonna obviously be I'm gonna |
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| 27:04 | Okay. But it's gonna need those sort of modules and you have to |
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| 27:10 | different ways to bring them in. . Um and so there's this of |
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| 27:19 | responses and there's four of these Everybody does too to do that. |
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| 27:26 | . Oh, pero psychosis is really eukaryotic cells. That's how put water |
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| 27:34 | the flight to brian that's more reserved eukaryotic cells. So don't pick |
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| 27:39 | Okay. But pinot psychosis is more cell process. Not pro curio. |
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| 27:46 | . Yes, mm hmm, mm , mm hmm. Alright. So |
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| 28:22 | , it's it's definitely active transport. , So if we look at same |
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| 28:30 | , of course they're gonna be all of different ions being transported here. |
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| 28:35 | we're just looking at once sodium So remember that it's all about the |
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| 28:41 | . Right, So concentration gradient. , so Michaels will diffuse down the |
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| 28:51 | hide. Low. Okay. But in this instance. So you |
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| 28:56 | think, okay, hide. Low that way. Well, no, |
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| 29:00 | it's saying it's holding on to It's maintaining a concentration that's higher inside |
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| 29:07 | outside. Okay. Even though the would be for those sort of minds |
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| 29:12 | come out of the bacterial cell That's greater is going but it's continually |
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| 29:17 | them in. Okay, So it's up to the great. That's an |
|
| 29:21 | process requires energy to do that. , so um passive processes um down |
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| 29:29 | grade. Okay. And in fact energy. Okay. And so we'll |
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| 29:36 | how well combined processes that require energy processes that release energy. Right? |
|
| 29:43 | ? Let's talk about that. We about that a lot in in the |
|
| 29:46 | unit. Okay, so up or the gradient. Right, So this |
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| 29:52 | releases energy that requires energy. One thing I harp on over and |
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| 30:06 | again. Especially unit two. Is combining these processes. One that |
|
| 30:14 | when they combine that required. It all the time. All right. |
|
| 30:20 | So this talk about transfer quickly. , uh So, simple versus facilitated |
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| 30:28 | . Both are passive processes moving just really release severity. Simple are reserved |
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| 30:38 | gasses, small non polar molecules. can travel this way. Okay, |
|
| 30:45 | michael's get um more polar. bigger. Alright, charged. |
|
| 30:54 | These cannot pass through by simple They require help help in the form |
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| 30:58 | protein. So hence the term. you. So male acid sugars molecules |
|
| 31:05 | this type. Okay, um osmosis is reserved for a while? |
|
| 31:13 | And water molecules move toward the area high side. Okay, so water |
|
| 31:21 | to the area of high salute to to stabilize them. Right to hydrate |
|
| 31:25 | . That's that's the way water Okay, so we have the terms |
|
| 31:30 | hyper tonic HIPPA tonic. Right? remember these are relative to each |
|
| 31:36 | So it's isotonic. Of course, on both sides. But if it's |
|
| 31:42 | tonic on the outside then of course interior is hippo time. Right? |
|
| 31:49 | vice versa. Hyper tonic interior, can assume that outside hip a |
|
| 31:53 | Right? So water moves toward the solid side toward the hyper tonic |
|
| 32:00 | Okay. And co create cells. advantage of them. They tend to |
|
| 32:07 | themselves interior hyper time slightly hyper So that water moves in, |
|
| 32:14 | It's part of helping maintain their Right? We've heard of this with |
|
| 32:17 | cells. Right. Turtle, Right? Plant cells have a cell |
|
| 32:22 | . Water comes in and just saw internal sign concentrations fill out water to |
|
| 32:28 | in a little bit because they have say wall to help request. |
|
| 32:33 | And so what it was in then membrane kind of swells up and then |
|
| 32:37 | up against the cell wall. And the of a plant bacterial cells do |
|
| 32:43 | same thing. Um I own So it goes back to this concept |
|
| 32:52 | energy combining energy releasing processes with an requirement process and ion gradients are a |
|
| 32:58 | to do that. Very common. also um the proton pump. Very |
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| 33:07 | way to do this. Okay, in pumping protons out. All |
|
| 33:14 | we're going again from low the high required. Hence http. Right? |
|
| 33:22 | the energy molecule. Okay, approach gradient is used for many different |
|
| 33:31 | Bacterial cells used to uh multi use too. Um help transport molecules use |
|
| 33:42 | for all kinds of processes. As well as to make a TPS |
|
| 33:47 | we'll see. Okay. And so of the ways is to combine it |
|
| 33:53 | bringing another molecule. So here's sucrose to high. It's coming in this |
|
| 34:01 | . Right again, the energy required . So there's another option here. |
|
| 34:08 | could actually use if it wanted It could use a TP over |
|
| 34:14 | Right. Hydro lines that http and use the energy to pump sucrose |
|
| 34:21 | Right. But what have you Have you used a TP here and |
|
| 34:26 | ? Okay, let's be more efficient that. Alright, let's not waste |
|
| 34:31 | do that. Let's use the energy . Get rid of this. Use |
|
| 34:37 | energy release you get as protons move down the greatest. That's what the |
|
| 34:45 | to bring suit process. Okay, you don't have to use another 80 |
|
| 34:49 | . So you take advantage of If any mature or anything, they're |
|
| 34:53 | . Right. So they're gonna do the most efficient because of course we're |
|
| 34:58 | competition with thousands of other species out . So this can this is certainly |
|
| 35:05 | to do it this way. This what we call um a sim |
|
| 35:11 | We're transporting molecules in the same direction . You can have anti porch where |
|
| 35:21 | where it's combined with another module that's out. So I'm going in. |
|
| 35:27 | so the concept here is the combining energy releasing with energy requiring processes. |
|
| 35:34 | a couple of other kind of transport . Common and precarious ap abc |
|
| 35:41 | So you have kind of two component . So you have a Saudi binding |
|
| 35:49 | specific for a certain select molecule that with its transporter. Energy requiring process |
|
| 35:56 | to both active transport processes. You here the um group transportation for a |
|
| 36:04 | . And so this takes advantage of property of science diffused independent of each |
|
| 36:12 | . Okay, so and look at and mannitol. Both same mechanism. |
|
| 36:18 | mechanisms. If you see glucose here it comes into the cell is quickly |
|
| 36:25 | Glucose six phosphate. Mannitol, one phosphate. And this can go |
|
| 36:30 | away into like all citizens sell Okay, So it's if it weren't |
|
| 36:39 | as it comes in. Okay. say we had 10 in glucose molecules |
|
| 36:43 | here. And if it weren't modified we keep coming in until when Maybe |
|
| 36:52 | and 5 right. Equal amount on sides then it would stop. |
|
| 36:57 | But because we're modifying it continually comes . Right? So the amount of |
|
| 37:03 | unmodified glucose is tiny. Vanishingly small it continually gets modified gets lost. |
|
| 37:12 | so for that reason because he keeps in. All right. So you |
|
| 37:16 | expand any https or anything energy but you keep modifying the molecules that comes |
|
| 37:23 | and and continues to come in as as you do that. Okay, |
|
| 37:28 | group group translocation. Very common for types of sugars I think, you |
|
| 37:34 | , assets to oh the membrane permanent acids bases. This is this is |
|
| 37:41 | problem. Precarious. Right. This something that's an issue for them can |
|
| 37:47 | um so we're looking at a weak weak base. Right? So weak |
|
| 37:52 | over here weak base over here. is a kind of generic generic form |
|
| 37:58 | example, This could be acidic asset example. Okay, that's a weak |
|
| 38:06 | . Right? So Protein eight protein 8s. Right. And we |
|
| 38:13 | C. O. So we have and then we have that. |
|
| 38:19 | so this would be the H Forum for example. Right. And |
|
| 38:24 | this would be the 8 - and plus of course. So, um |
|
| 38:30 | the point is it's on the other is a weak base. So you |
|
| 38:33 | think of this as maybe ammonia. . And it accepts a proton to |
|
| 38:39 | ammonium ion. Okay, increasing the of hydroxyl lowering the level of on |
|
| 38:49 | and so's space. Right. So other case, the point here is |
|
| 38:53 | this form? Right. So you these are partially dissociated. Right? |
|
| 38:56 | like a strong answer. Hcl in goes all to protons and corridor. |
|
| 39:05 | . Nothing else here. We have species in solution here here and |
|
| 39:11 | Okay. It's this one or this that's neutral and it's small. And |
|
| 39:17 | can penetrate through the membrane and so neutral molecules can diffuse. And when |
|
| 39:26 | do inside the cells of protoplasm they partially to associate and then either create |
|
| 39:35 | or becomes more basic. Right? so internally the ph drops or rises |
|
| 39:41 | on this is a weak acid or is coming. And we are. |
|
| 39:47 | so there's there's different types of drugs are designed this way to have this |
|
| 39:51 | effect um all different types of food preservatives to prevent spoilage. Work |
|
| 39:58 | way like citric acid uh para amino , P. A. B. |
|
| 40:03 | you see that a lot of Mhm. Because they will inhibit growth |
|
| 40:09 | microbes in Iran the food. And then do it by this kind |
|
| 40:12 | mechanism. This is growth inhibitory. . Uh Of course the bacteria can |
|
| 40:19 | to counteract it through the use of and primarily in that's going to the |
|
| 40:27 | of the medial acids and amino acids both uh acidic and basic properties and |
|
| 40:33 | can they can active active effect internally it's not too much um Any questions |
|
| 40:45 | . So uh Okay. So here's question we're gonna get this again for |
|
| 40:50 | . I just kind of take a at it and we'll um see it |
|
| 40:55 | at the end. Okay so we'll upon these things. Look at the |
|
| 41:15 | . Yes. Alright. 10 Mhm. Okay. A little over |
|
| 42:27 | over the map there. Okay I the data storage, let's go |
|
| 42:31 | We'll come back. We can see question here a little bit as we |
|
| 42:35 | those points. So um All right alone. So um so as we |
|
| 42:45 | through this there's going to be different as we'll see um of course the |
|
| 42:51 | and negative then there's some variations we'll at. Okay um The terms here |
|
| 43:01 | acute back three. Um these kind these are number one. These are |
|
| 43:07 | groupings. Okay there's like Oh I eight or 9 major taxonomic groupings among |
|
| 43:16 | . And These are two big Really. Proteus bacteria is a big |
|
| 43:21 | . But what classifies characterizes both of is the fact that all grand natives |
|
| 43:25 | lumped into. Program bacteria all ran into from acute. Okay um I |
|
| 43:33 | it because I've seen these terms on professional exams, I think we're going |
|
| 43:41 | pop up there so it might be putting the back of your head. |
|
| 43:45 | . Um Alright so let's go get structure here. So so what what |
|
| 43:51 | it do? Well don't think of cell wall as this immovable brick |
|
| 43:59 | Okay so it's actually very dynamic. it's this flexibility to it but it |
|
| 44:05 | does provide uh integrity to the It is porous. Okay, you |
|
| 44:12 | the cytoplasmic membrane china controls the activity what comes in and the proteins in |
|
| 44:19 | so that the surrounding cell wall tends to be very restrictive in terms of |
|
| 44:24 | continued comes out. Okay. But the main function for really structural support |
|
| 44:30 | much. Okay. And so it's like the D. N. |
|
| 44:36 | Will translate the sugar phosphate backbone. . And then you have the typeface |
|
| 44:42 | attached to that kind of similar here the core of the backbone of these |
|
| 44:47 | sugars in the cellar moronic acid and can't And in between you have a |
|
| 44:57 | that cross bridge link them together. . Languages will occur here with this |
|
| 45:04 | shirt. I mean in the cell acid, it's those that are in |
|
| 45:10 | and his cross bridges are important to structure. So the you have to |
|
| 45:16 | the the underlying inner membrane right? push through and eventually lies. |
|
| 45:26 | And so this cross bridges are important keeping it together. Okay, and |
|
| 45:30 | lot of your antibiotics are what work different parts of cell wall synthesis, |
|
| 45:35 | this cross bridging interfering with that can so remembering the license to sell to |
|
| 45:42 | . Okay, like penicillin for Um and so when we look at |
|
| 45:48 | cell wall structure. So this would a a rod shape sell of |
|
| 45:53 | Okay and so it's basically one continuous house this paper look like him |
|
| 46:01 | Okay. And that in combination as mentioned earlier, the osmotic pressure. |
|
| 46:08 | slightly hyper time water will flow in . And so that will help to |
|
| 46:15 | shape. Okay. And so like like a water filled balloon in a |
|
| 46:21 | box. Right? The box is cell wall believable? Is the cytoplasmic |
|
| 46:26 | and pushes against that box and it to kind of help maintain shape. |
|
| 46:32 | , um one term I need to because it was on the slide is |
|
| 46:38 | porn. Okay, so aqua por are specific for water movement. |
|
| 46:48 | so I started reading that water can move across the membrane. Okay, |
|
| 46:55 | if the cell needs rapid movement of , right? So if it's under |
|
| 47:00 | stress for example. Okay. And needs to be gotten rid of in |
|
| 47:05 | of solute concentrations around the cell, can pop out aqua por into the |
|
| 47:10 | and get rapid movement that typically occurs , it's under kind of some kind |
|
| 47:15 | a osmotic pressure stress. Okay, too much water can come in and |
|
| 47:20 | can cause it to break up so tries to control that. Okay, |
|
| 47:27 | the cross bridging. Okay, so the peptide sequence that forms the cross |
|
| 47:37 | five Amino acids. OK um this a very common sequence you see in |
|
| 47:45 | . Okay, but there are variations as well, Careful not necessarily all |
|
| 47:51 | same. There's sometimes they have all peptide mall five amino acids are the |
|
| 47:56 | . But the point is there's very can be variation. Okay, now |
|
| 48:01 | is an unusual uh amino acid dynamic acid. You only see it in |
|
| 48:08 | cross bridges. Okay. And it's the actual linkage forms. Okay so |
|
| 48:14 | see a kind of a segment of cell wall and the linkage occurs in |
|
| 48:18 | fashion where when it binds that this other element at the end is |
|
| 48:26 | . Okay so um then you form cross bridge and again the cross bridging |
|
| 48:33 | at the in the Seattle Gramick This is also um in the ceiling |
|
| 48:41 | acid, N. A. For short. Okay. That's where |
|
| 48:44 | cross breeding occurs. Or their proximity parallel strands. Um Now, so |
|
| 48:53 | uh there are a number of targets this process for antibiotics. So it's |
|
| 48:59 | just one enzyme that carries out, multiple enzymes that carry out cell wall |
|
| 49:05 | and many of these are targets for . Okay, so penicillin um is |
|
| 49:14 | he's one of those. It targets enzyme that produces these cross bridges. |
|
| 49:19 | But there are bacteria though very common the resistant resistant types that produce what's |
|
| 49:26 | the which basically destroys and it's something . It's kind of really some basic |
|
| 49:34 | in which resistance occurs. One is . The bacteria can have a breakdown |
|
| 49:39 | all together like this it can have mechanism where it pumps out the |
|
| 49:46 | Um Speaking of a mechanism where where alters the target for the antibiotics. |
|
| 49:53 | altering the target means the antibiotic can't . Can't bind to the target. |
|
| 50:00 | Any one of these can it can . Okay and so with vancomycin resistance |
|
| 50:09 | Vanco Myerson um meet back up here mason and antibiotic actually binds the terminal |
|
| 50:20 | . Okay right here and so in so that terminal is part of the |
|
| 50:28 | the where the enzyme binds to make cross help make the cross bridging. |
|
| 50:33 | and so a bank of mines is there then that enzyme can't properly occupy |
|
| 50:40 | end of the of the peptide to the cross bridge. And so it |
|
| 50:45 | with its activity. Now there of are maximizing resistant factory. Okay so |
|
| 50:53 | might be the logical change? They have to counteract the effect of life |
|
| 51:00 | buddy. How much the bacterium change counteract that. Yeah well I |
|
| 51:13 | Amen you can do it. What change? And we're banking Myerson. |
|
| 51:25 | couldn't buy it. Maybe it's not but cannot bind what would have happened |
|
| 51:35 | that guy. It was no longer anymore. You can't buy it mutation |
|
| 51:46 | that changes that too a different molecule amino acid. Uh I've seen where |
|
| 51:56 | can be a change to back to it okay you can put that so |
|
| 52:05 | put something else there then. Bank doesn't recognize it can't buy it. |
|
| 52:10 | now you've developed resistance there already has resistance. So um one of the |
|
| 52:17 | here is that um the presence of antibiotic itself does the presence of the |
|
| 52:28 | self of the antibiotic itself create the . Yes or no the presence of |
|
| 52:36 | intercompany onyx itself create the resistance. or not. Why? Um Somebody |
|
| 53:01 | consumers. This is already the resistance already in a member or members of |
|
| 53:09 | population. Right so um that's how works. Right so the environment itself |
|
| 53:21 | not changing the organism to become Yeah if you said change order in |
|
| 53:27 | population. Okay what happens what the does is it can um promote the |
|
| 53:36 | of those types that have the clerical and then they become the predominant |
|
| 53:43 | Effort resistance is all that. Okay the bank of minus and resistant |
|
| 53:49 | Hypothetically in that population were already there are numbers enhanced in the presence of |
|
| 53:57 | the bank of because they had the the change that enables them to survive |
|
| 54:02 | that environment. Okay then the other dwindle out. Okay and they become |
|
| 54:08 | predominant once um the um because with bacteria they grow so fast. Yeah |
|
| 54:19 | can have a calling on player which 10 many of them more cells in |
|
| 54:25 | colony. They have a spontaneous mutation of about 1%. So you know |
|
| 54:31 | gonna be a significant number that have types of changes in there. Maybe |
|
| 54:36 | of those changes. One that's can to be resisted. Okay. Um |
|
| 54:42 | that's why because maturing grows so fast and they have mutations can can appear |
|
| 54:47 | then they they may enable him to adapted to the situation. Okay so |
|
| 54:54 | so remember that. Okay it's not environment that's directly causing the change. |
|
| 55:00 | the tunes already. Their environment can their growth. Okay. Um yeah |
|
| 55:08 | in terms of synthesis in fact so is varied from type the type but |
|
| 55:17 | is synthesized uh in a complex. so M. R. E. |
|
| 55:23 | . Okay we'll talk more about that time. But it's a sido |
|
| 55:30 | so you carry out like us of a very complex sino skeleton. We |
|
| 55:36 | remember the terms activation. Um I two bills uh micro filaments, intermediate |
|
| 55:45 | , these are all part of our of skeleton in ourselves. Very complex |
|
| 55:51 | of bikers. Right? The bacteria have some of that, not to |
|
| 55:55 | same degree of complexity but they do analogous types of molecules. The |
|
| 56:01 | R. E. B. Is of those. Okay and it forms |
|
| 56:05 | kind of uh scaffold if you will kind of hold this synthesizing complex can |
|
| 56:14 | ? And so in rod shaped cells this guy there will be arcs of |
|
| 56:22 | M. R. E. B throughout the cell length of the |
|
| 56:27 | Okay. On which synthesis is Okay then don't then don't do that |
|
| 56:35 | meet up joints, meet up and one continuous strand around the cell. |
|
| 56:41 | . Um Other cell types like a shaped cell like a caucus Right, |
|
| 56:48 | is only coming from the middle of cell. They called the septum. |
|
| 56:54 | talk about that later. Um But the middle of something but other types |
|
| 56:59 | at one end. Okay. And that can bring about um some unusual |
|
| 57:08 | morphology is when you have growth predominant at one end you get kind of |
|
| 57:13 | odd maybe branching forms like this can uh more kind of non uniform |
|
| 57:21 | Okay. But certainly the rod shaped koksal itself when they divide the out |
|
| 57:27 | rods are all cocks or they're all of uniform. Okay but when you |
|
| 57:32 | the type of the bottom or only one end or the other, then |
|
| 57:37 | can get some of these unusual That's what we call metamorphic. Don't |
|
| 57:41 | about that yet. That's where that comes from. But um it's uh |
|
| 57:50 | this is one thing but then it's much of it's occurring because that's kind |
|
| 57:53 | distinction between gram positive and gram Right? The level a pep talk |
|
| 57:58 | hand formed. Right? So the state itself has been around for 100 |
|
| 58:08 | years I think since 1905 or something that. And of course it still |
|
| 58:12 | utility today. We haven't dropped it it's still useful. It can serve |
|
| 58:18 | a the first step in identifying the . Gram positive or gram negative even |
|
| 58:25 | not everything stains properly with the gram stain. Many. Many do. |
|
| 58:31 | . And so it may serve as as the first point identification. It |
|
| 58:36 | is part of the part of the . Okay. In identifying factor it's |
|
| 58:41 | positive. Redneck exists in terms of you associate the cell morphology is a |
|
| 58:47 | of congress or what have you so . But diagnostically it can have importance |
|
| 58:54 | the gram stain in the context of medical diagnosis in some cases. So |
|
| 59:00 | strep throat you have grand positive cox in chains. That's pretty much indicative |
|
| 59:06 | strep throat. Um A gram negative shaped cell that's kind of beam shape |
|
| 59:16 | are stuck together in pairs diplo cox find that in cerebrospinal fluid that's indicative |
|
| 59:24 | meningitis. Um S. T. . S. Various types of gram |
|
| 59:31 | can indicate gonorrhea or syphilis and so . So it still has a relevancy |
|
| 59:39 | . Okay. Um and so we at it's actually pretty obvious the differences |
|
| 59:50 | gram positive. Probably the easiest because only have very I think so. |
|
| 59:57 | right. That's pretty much a thick wall. Of course they both have |
|
| 60:02 | other member and now mm hmm referring the same structure here. It's the |
|
| 60:10 | were the first membrane, the cytoplasmic right at the boundary of the side |
|
| 60:15 | . Okay, now we put inter on Grand negative only because it has |
|
| 60:21 | out of memory associated with it. ? So, time to distinguish the |
|
| 60:25 | . The grand pas It has only little plastic membrane. All right. |
|
| 60:31 | the Grandpas began very thick, pepper can gram negative or thin layer, |
|
| 60:37 | or two layers thick typically anchored to outer membrane. A lot of sugar |
|
| 60:44 | material. Hence the term LPS for liberal policy saccharine layer. Okay. |
|
| 60:50 | even the rid of the just the membrane, the two halves of the |
|
| 60:56 | even differ. So we split that You can see that this even looks |
|
| 61:01 | from this part. Okay, and you have these long what are called |
|
| 61:08 | policy um that are part of that . Okay, so side by side |
|
| 61:20 | very different. Okay, so the negative is a three layers. |
|
| 61:25 | I remember in a membrane in between the cell wall material. Right? |
|
| 61:29 | positive. Police one layer. But you have the s layer which is |
|
| 61:37 | certainly part of it but not its is still somewhat in question. But |
|
| 61:43 | look at closer at at each of . Okay, so the grand positive |
|
| 61:47 | probably the most simplest. So, iconic assets don't need to memorize the |
|
| 61:52 | of this. I just want to you what it looks like. So |
|
| 61:55 | of you familiar with construction, maybe heard of rebar, rebar and concrete |
|
| 62:00 | reinforced concrete. Similar. Right? type of acid span the width of |
|
| 62:08 | technical I can to help reinforce Okay, so yes, you have |
|
| 62:13 | cross bridges between the strategy. Also these micro gas expanding the whole width |
|
| 62:20 | it as well. Okay, you you do have a slayer up |
|
| 62:25 | Think of that as kind of a a net a net of proteins surrounding |
|
| 62:35 | cell wall. Okay. Um for it's kind of array of proteins like |
|
| 62:41 | . Okay. The function is I'm not quite sure in all cases |
|
| 62:50 | it's been hard to study when you cells, bacteria in culture and you |
|
| 62:58 | transferring them to keep them alive. ? They sometimes can lose selling their |
|
| 63:03 | and one of them is loss of that can occur after you've done this |
|
| 63:08 | few times. Okay. Uh, can actually also happen with, they |
|
| 63:14 | lose a few time, especially if keep them happy with lots of |
|
| 63:19 | Right? They don't have any need move. It's all right around |
|
| 63:22 | So they tend to confuse a after times. So it's not hot. |
|
| 63:28 | for this layer, it has proven be difficult to kind of nail down |
|
| 63:33 | it actually does because for that but there is some evidence in some |
|
| 63:38 | that it may serve as attachment purpose some cases um may be in some |
|
| 63:48 | the variance factor it's thought. but there hasn't been a blanket all |
|
| 63:53 | function found for it. But in types that are lacking it, they |
|
| 63:57 | certain features. So it's ah it's that's kind of where it stands. |
|
| 64:03 | . Now the gram negative a little complicated. Right? It has um |
|
| 64:12 | that again, too late for the outer membrane, the right hand is |
|
| 64:18 | in the middle by these little perfect connecting it to the outer |
|
| 64:26 | The inter task with the outer And uh because we have a space |
|
| 64:33 | , so we have the outer membrane memory and a space that contains the |
|
| 64:37 | lighting. So it's called a Okay. The pair of plasm contains |
|
| 64:43 | sell wrong here, you see the hand time and the linkage to that |
|
| 64:50 | protein that anchors it within here. , um Outer membrane. Right. |
|
| 64:57 | we have these what are called old sacrifice long sugar farmers um a structure |
|
| 65:07 | anchors it into this outer membrane called core police sacra ride and it's liquid |
|
| 65:11 | material. Okay, um the right. Remember that the itself is |
|
| 65:21 | is very porous. Not not necessarily selective. Okay, if you have |
|
| 65:26 | layers of a gram negative uh that provide some selectivity that's out of |
|
| 65:32 | Certainly the molecules out here are a less specific. Okay. In terms |
|
| 65:40 | what comes in more selective as you to be proteins that are allowing marshals |
|
| 65:50 | the that means that this can also a problem. Remember in terms of |
|
| 65:57 | that that may be able to enter set. So remember you test |
|
| 66:02 | antiseptics antibiotics. You always test gram , gram positive. Cause there will |
|
| 66:07 | be the difference between the two really to differences in the. Okay, |
|
| 66:14 | if somebody buys they can have an time getting through this than others. |
|
| 66:20 | , so that that that would influence reflection. Antibiotics, if you know |
|
| 66:25 | you're dealing with a certain type of are negative. There are some that |
|
| 66:31 | broad spectrum that can attack both Um but the uh lipid amateur. |
|
| 66:39 | this is a question that relates to guy over here. Okay, this |
|
| 66:47 | here specifically this lipid a material. , and this is a problem potentially |
|
| 66:54 | any kind of gram negative infections. , so here patient has except to |
|
| 66:59 | the perfection. Okay, that patient fever and nausea. Thanks. The |
|
| 67:10 | . Prime action is given to stop infection. Mhm. However, a |
|
| 67:15 | hours later the symptoms continue to So what does par maxim do? |
|
| 67:20 | inhibits cell wall synthesis. Okay. bacteria question was well, is that |
|
| 67:26 | working So they tested and tested outside patient and go, yep, it |
|
| 67:31 | and it works against Klebsiella. So going on? Okay, uh when |
|
| 67:37 | was successful. Okay, so the words here are well certainly gram |
|
| 67:48 | Okay, except the scenic. there's another .1. And the effect |
|
| 67:56 | see here, it's called Indo toxin . Okay. And um it's the |
|
| 68:07 | a material I just circled. That's out of memory that when that stuff |
|
| 68:13 | released that can cause what's called a effect, basically it stimulates your over |
|
| 68:20 | your immune system. Okay, and we'll learn later in the semester, |
|
| 68:27 | immune system cells are meant to respond more of a localized fashion. Actually |
|
| 68:33 | an infection in a certain part of body. Your immune system cells respond |
|
| 68:37 | certain kind of rules and so But when it becomes a body wide |
|
| 68:42 | then that's too much for your body and we know it's body wide because |
|
| 68:46 | septicemia. Right? That means the has gotten into blood and travel throughout |
|
| 68:51 | body. And the effect of the action was to kill the cells but |
|
| 69:01 | proved themselves and released that liberating because wasn't septicemia infection, that material is |
|
| 69:07 | everywhere, stimulate the immune system cells the chart. So your body goes |
|
| 69:11 | shock is too much. Okay, it directly relates to because it was |
|
| 69:16 | septicemia infection going everywhere. Okay, what did plan makes indeed. But |
|
| 69:22 | actually binds, it binds any Okay, so it binds that lipid |
|
| 69:30 | material so that counteracts the effect. , so so after an accent and |
|
| 69:38 | do its effect kill the cell because know you have we have to play |
|
| 69:42 | and be there to bind up that floating material. So it doesn't cause |
|
| 69:46 | issues. Right? So it's often you give to antibiotics. One does |
|
| 69:51 | thing for you, one does another for you together. They work |
|
| 69:56 | Yeah. And so again this is every gram negative. This could be |
|
| 70:04 | potential issue this and talk to them they don't have the material. |
|
| 70:08 | And if if they die then that can be released if they're LISZT of |
|
| 70:13 | it's it's is there a pathogen types are going to be the ones that |
|
| 70:17 | do this? Okay cause infections. uh so gram negative infections is kind |
|
| 70:23 | an extra thing to worry about in context but but particularly if it goes |
|
| 70:28 | become a set of systemic infection. it's not that then it's not as |
|
| 70:32 | of a dangerous or but it's when spreads throughout the body and it can |
|
| 70:36 | become a problem. Okay and so and looking at the LPS later |
|
| 70:45 | the endo toxin part is this Right here lipid a material. Okay |
|
| 70:54 | in that cell license and release that is what can stimulate the immune |
|
| 70:58 | Okay so term old policy. Right refers to o antigen. Okay so |
|
| 71:08 | Equal at only 5 7. That's the one I call the chipotle |
|
| 71:13 | coli. Okay there's been a number outbreaks in the last three or four |
|
| 71:19 | to produce a different kinds of lettuce Tainted with E. coli 0157 causing |
|
| 71:25 | poisoning. Okay. And so the . Comes from the particular type of |
|
| 71:31 | policy saccharine. This this the pathogen . Right, so you have what |
|
| 71:36 | called O. And H. Is of flagler. So probably 30 |
|
| 71:42 | 40 more years ago this was found to be a way to identify certain |
|
| 71:48 | of really E. Coli and salmonella through the O. And H. |
|
| 71:53 | that's what we call a zero VO for serological immunological, what does that |
|
| 72:03 | response? So a serological variant. so there we have there's different oh |
|
| 72:09 | H engines that we have antibodies to if we have a special suspected e |
|
| 72:14 | outbreak we can you do a test indeed of the determinant over 57 based |
|
| 72:20 | that particular That old engine. similarly we do the same thing for |
|
| 72:26 | H2. A change in the okay mentioned parafoil already. So the outer |
|
| 72:34 | is selective but not as effective as inner membrane. Okay, Para plasm |
|
| 72:39 | space in between. We have different of proteins and enzymes in there. |
|
| 72:44 | may not see in the cytoplasm. they function in the para plasm. |
|
| 72:50 | you do see some of these uh . Okay um okay I'm gonna |
|
| 72:57 | I'm gonna come back to that question time. What I want to do |
|
| 73:01 | just kind of go over quickly. a typical cell walls. Okay so |
|
| 73:11 | so here are kind of variations from typical gram negative gram positive Pablo. |
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| 73:18 | so the you know probably the most difference is one that doesn't have a |
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| 73:25 | wall at all. Michael plasma. . They are among the more |
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| 73:30 | From the smaller have a micron in . Okay, very small. Um |
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| 73:38 | lack of cell won't. Okay, I'd say roughly maybe half archaea may |
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| 73:46 | to sell while others don't. so it's not as common as it |
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| 73:50 | in bacteria but those that do have , it's not chemically identical to the |
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| 73:55 | type. Hence the term pseudo Mirian like an old term for pepper |
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| 74:00 | Okay, we have kind of a variation of that structure now make a |
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| 74:06 | . So don't confuse, don't confuse two because they have the same prefix |
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| 74:12 | right? Michael bacteria very different from plasma. Okay, so when you |
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| 74:19 | at the growth, it its features features are really due to the nature |
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| 74:24 | salami. Right, so in liquid they kind of grow at the top |
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| 74:29 | the air liquid interface on a they kind of have disappearance. So |
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| 74:35 | think of this very hydrophobic cells kind stick together right and um they enough |
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| 74:41 | to the type of cell envelope they So tuberculosis is mycobacterium type leprosy is |
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| 74:47 | by mycobacterium. They have these very lipids and the first thing to note |
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| 74:54 | this there is pepper look like Okay, it does have that but |
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| 75:01 | can't really stand it with the gram because that this big thick layer up |
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| 75:07 | , it doesn't allow it to stay the same way it does with other |
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| 75:11 | of programs staying with because that very layer prevents those diets from actually coming |
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| 75:19 | properly. Okay, so you can't on that. So they do what's |
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| 75:23 | an acid fast stain with different chemicals often involves heat to drive the stain |
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| 75:28 | . Okay, but you see how this material is compared to pepper like |
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| 75:33 | . Okay, a lot of again is my colleague acids very long. |
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| 75:38 | 60 carbons, gives it a very waxy consistency, which I um and |
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| 75:47 | you stick a few stuck a wire in this car, you wouldn't know |
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| 75:51 | because the detectors are very like a wax almost. Okay. And so |
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| 75:58 | now because of that cell envelope, makes it they grow slow and that's |
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| 76:06 | they do that thick envelope. So have a tough time diffusing into |
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| 76:12 | And so nutrient modules they need take while to diffuse in and get through |
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| 76:17 | membrane across the membrane so that they of they grow slow because of that |
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| 76:23 | that reason. But also it can can restrict the movement of antibiotics into |
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| 76:28 | cell as well. So you have be very careful types of antibiotic use |
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| 76:31 | light that they'll be able to penetrate very thick layer. Okay so um |
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| 76:38 | again they have they have happened like right, but in terms of proportion |
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| 76:45 | much more of these my colic acids these kind of waxy materials external to |
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| 76:52 | people like him. Um The and said the acid fascinating. Yes, |
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| 76:59 | can't do grand things with these They don't don't stain properly. So |
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| 77:03 | get what's called like a grand variable . And so you see some purples |
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| 77:08 | some pink so it's not consistent. this is a better way to do |
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| 77:13 | . Okay um Any questions with Alright so you guys got to go |
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| 77:21 | lab so I'm gonna stop there and finish up next time. |
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