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00:25 That's nice. Oh yeah, Okay folks. Welcome. So let's

01:17 the usual announcements regarding usual stuff. quiz this week coming up, mastering

01:30 next week. So schedules, the of schedule opens friday. Okay,

01:36 remember you need to sign up for time to take the exam, which

01:41 not until the 30th october 1st, 30th october 1st. Okay, so

01:48 still a ways away. But do remember to sign up uh this friday

01:54 friday but that it probably means I'm it means midnight friday. So um

02:02 uh I'll send I'll send this email again later this week to remind you

02:08 then see today. So we're gonna up, we're gonna continue five,

02:13 it up on Thursday and then get Chapter six. Alright. # six

02:17 also one of these flip things um has been up since last week.

02:23 uh do look through that before Uh six is about growth, so

02:30 and growth. So those two things hand in hand. Okay, so

02:34 look of course in chapter five we're about how microbes um used nutrients to

02:43 , get energy and of course it's of the main things is to

02:47 right, divide replicate and those that's those two things go hand in

02:54 Okay, so um let's look at few things, I've kind of put

03:02 of these things together, we talked last time. Okay, so um

03:08 the most basic simplest terms I can . Okay, all of this is

03:16 this idea of coupling an energy requiring with the energy of releasing. Can't

03:23 it any simpler than that. trying to um There's different ways that

03:29 . Okay, if you driving a and you want to go uphill steep

03:33 , you gotta step on the That literally means you're having to supply

03:37 energy, more little explosions of the in your engine to get your pistons

03:43 your engine block. If you're you , those kind of things that makes

03:47 ultimately makes the wheels go right and go up the hill, that's energy

03:53 put to use. Okay, Because an energy requiring process. Of

03:58 So simply with molecules, right? simply you can have two groups,

04:02 lumps. Alright, those processes reactions require energy, those that don't and

04:08 gonna be some some require more energy go than others. And some give

04:13 less energy than others. But you more or less loosely make those two

04:17 . Okay. And so, you , metabolism and if life is anything

04:23 life in general, whether you're a , human or a cockroach,

04:28 Um It will benefit you to be . Right? Because you're competing with

04:36 kinds of other life forms. Anything you can do that makes you

04:39 efficient and increases your chances of Right, reproduce, etcetera, the

04:45 evolution thing. Right? So um of course it's efficient to combine energy

04:52 energy requiring processes. One makes the go right, So we look at

04:55 in different ways. And so one the main ways is the use of

05:01 ? Think of this as the universal currency, right? It's not dollar

05:09 , but it's a tps, And we convert there's two forms,

05:14 ? There's forms to make a teepee there's others where you have to break

05:19 down. Okay? And both of are different in terms of energy,

05:24 ? A tv hydraulic sis breaking down tps that releases energy to make them

05:30 have to uh use energy. And so and you're doing this millions

05:37 times a second while you're sitting Okay? And forming and reforming a

05:44 , uh using it, breaking it and over and over and over.

05:50 . And it enables you to do things you can do when they're just

05:55 there thinking or sleeping or whatever. . And so, so as we

06:02 into more of a molecular dive deeper this, on the molecular level,

06:08 , um how the role of a , right? Whether it's to make

06:12 or to break them down, and it how it fits into your

06:17 Right? So cata bolic processes release , right? And that energy is

06:24 ultimately to make a TPS similarly anabolic to build stuff takes energy and build

06:30 house. You gotta put bricks together in to Brickhouse, that takes

06:34 And so how do you feel that often? This isn't the only way

06:38 do it. But it's a very way to take a tps break them

06:42 . At least the energy. so combining these processes. So this

06:47 similar to uh this is the old reduction. Right? So yeah,

06:51 similar to this on the blackboard I'm not showing the whole thing

06:55 But the point is how where is energy capture coming from? We're talking

07:01 capturing energy in this metabolism. How we do that? It all comes

07:06 to where the energy is act in molecule, right in those bonds,

07:11 . And electronic hold bonds together. so if you're carrying electrons you're carrying

07:15 . Okay. And so maybe you that to use somehow. And that's

07:19 we do in metabolism. Okay. so in those processes you what we

07:26 oxidation reduction. That's where we capture in the form of electrons typically as

07:31 H. S. Right as H . Right. This is how we

07:35 it because that equals one electrons and . So we are capturing energy from

07:41 through transferring hydrogen atoms. Okay, can see that here. Very

07:46 So here is a molecule we'll talk today in the context of like colossus

07:51 respiration, pyro bait. Okay. so uh in A. D.

07:56 . Is one of those molecules we a lot in the metabolism. It's

08:02 can act as a donor of electrons becomes oxidized in the process.

08:08 Where the electrons they're going to Remember reduced. Doesn't mean to make

08:13 it means to pick up electrons in context. Right, so pirate.

08:19 you can see that where they're going right across this bond here. Here's

08:24 H and H. Right? There electrons being transferred to it. So

08:30 so correctly, prior has been reduced a th oxidized. You always have

08:37 two things occurring alright together. Something oxidized. Something's being reduced right now

08:44 that's it. And nothing's happening to . All right. Nothing's happening to

08:49 guy. This is just the end . Okay, of this becoming

08:55 Right? Nothing's happening with lactate. just the end product, pirates become

09:01 . And that product is lactating. lactase not being oxidized is not being

09:06 . It's just the end product. with a D. Okay, um

09:11 are things that people often get confused . Okay, the only action going

09:17 here is pirating in a th one oxidized, one being reduced.

09:21 And so and this is is in D. H is an energy

09:27 Okay. And we're we're actually gonna is we're going to accumulate these we're

09:33 to accumulate these forms. Okay. these processes right here, Okay.

09:39 cell respiration. We actually make a of these. Okay, and that's

09:45 energy molecule it carries electrons. we're going to take advantage of this

09:50 because we're gonna accumulate a bunch of . And another one that we call

09:56 A D H actually F A t two. So those are kind of

10:00 energy molecules we're gonna make in our . This is where the energy captures

10:04 in the whole thing. Okay. we went through this last time and

10:08 of just general terms. Right? glucose. Which we'll see a lot

10:12 and the next time. But this usually the model for what we to

10:17 this process. Okay, so um captured through redox reactions, right?

10:24 going to produce these any D H F H two is along the way

10:27 eventually take advantage of those. And so in the process we're breaking

10:32 this six carbon molecule, 2 to carbon molecules, the C 02.

10:37 ? So we're breaking it down and capturing energy along the way.

10:42 so this is metabolism glucose to CO and water using oxygen. This is

10:49 we do. Okay. And that release energy that will use will capture

10:54 these forms and a couple of places we form a teepee directly.

11:00 But we'll take all that and then gonna do something with it and do

11:04 with the parts that we're going to about today. But the point to

11:07 away now is this is how we're the bulk of energy energy captures is

11:12 we're doing it by creating these in redox reactions. Okay, as we

11:19 down glucose or it could be another . It could be a fact that

11:24 be a protein could be a it be a nucleic acid actually it could

11:28 any of those things that can be down. Okay. And used as

11:32 source. So we're making these guys these electron carrying molecules. The source

11:38 those is right here glucose. And so hence determine electron source.

11:45 ? This is what it is what ate for lunch. I think of

11:48 as an electron source. Okay. eventually you're gonna break that down and

11:53 oxidizing from lots of these and they're to do something with those as

11:56 See. Okay, so this is of thing where we ended last

12:00 Kind of looking at this process. again this is the psychologist and cell

12:05 . The overall reaction. Okay, we saw that glucose was oxidized to

12:11 two and oxygen reduced as a Okay, so both those go hand

12:17 hand. Okay And produce lots of . Okay, so but again it

12:22 be other compounds here besides glucose, same thing's gonna happen. Okay,

12:30 um so we went through these electronic . Um so these are your energy

12:36 molecules that will form okay, as break down glucose um and let's see

12:44 think any questions about this. So not we're gonna go through But if

12:48 anybody has anything now I can get it. Right, But we'll go

12:54 next I think is a question. , respirations. Take a look at

12:59 . Think about it. Okay. so we're gonna spend the bulk of

13:04 focus today on respiration. Next next we'll finish up with photosynthesis and it'll

13:10 the end of chapter four. But five. Excuse me. So,

13:15 . Respiration is a specific things to . There's two levels, right.

13:20 and beauty breathing in and out. right. I'm not talking about that

13:25 , although it's obviously related. Because we use that oxygen component.

13:31 . As we re spire that this respirations. What goes on in

13:36 mitochondria or in a bacterium occurs on cytoplasmic membrane. Um So which of

13:46 is not required if there is such thing. Okay. Um, and

13:54 actually just gave away one of the . Okay, so let's speed it

14:03 a little bit. Camp down from . You're not sure. Just take

14:10 step. All right. For Does not require. All required,

14:21 ? Yes, Majority rules. Yeah, they're all required.

14:26 I mentioned membrane right. In the carry out occurs on the psychopathic membrane

14:30 on mitochondrial membranes. And you. . Um, but electron transport system

14:36 involved. proton motive force, 80% all that is part of respiration.

14:41 , so, um so, generation a teepee. Right, don't be

14:48 by this diagram. You're gonna ask a question based on it. But

14:52 we're gonna go through this diagram. will explain a lot. Okay.

14:58 so generation of 80 P. Right, that's one of the main

15:02 we're doing here in as a product metabolism, using that energy to make

15:07 teepee. So um this is one to do it. Okay. But

15:12 all involve this, what's common is phosphor relation of A. D.

15:20 . And it's how we're letting that , that kind of differentiates the

15:25 Okay, so this is one Okay, so the question is,

15:31 motive generation does the above diagram represent box? What's going on? It's

15:39 of those A. B. Maybe two of them, but it's

15:44 uh but we're talking about what's in box, the overall what's the

15:50 the term you would put on that time is going, mm.

16:35 let's count down. Fine. Okay. Alright, so we got

16:46 . And D. A. And . So um if you answered a

16:52 correct. Okay, it is oxidative correlation. Okay, um there would

16:58 to be um light involved. They're to be photo phosphor relation.

17:05 so photo foss relation does involve some the same parts. Okay, so

17:10 is this thing over here, this T. P synthesis. Okay,

17:15 worry about it yet, but that's also in photo relation. Photo relation

17:20 involves this, right? This generation a the proton radiant we call

17:27 Okay, but the difference is it's that kind of gets this going

17:34 Hence the term photo. So this you're seeing in the box is only

17:38 Okay. Um so substrate phosphor relation the simplest of this whole thing.

17:45 the simplest process here. Okay. so we're gonna we're gonna revisit this

17:51 here in a second. So let's show you this part. So

17:56 the generation of A. T. . So this is substrate level false

17:59 . We're gonna see this in a of spots. I call it the

18:03 direct way to make an A. . P. Okay, it's very

18:07 . All you're doing is taking a which has already has a phosphate group

18:11 it. Okay. And you'll see we go through the process of

18:17 but there's a couple of steps where have a phosphor related molecule, substrates

18:23 just a fancy word for molecule. . And so we're gonna take that

18:28 in that step and just add it an ADP. And that's literally all

18:33 is to it. Right. Very . Very basic. Right? Nothing

18:37 involved. And so um of course catalyzed by enzyme. But but that's

18:43 . There's not there's not all all this. This obviously has a lot

18:47 stuff going on in here. So none of that's involved in,

18:51 level of phosphor relation. Okay. so during like causes to aspiration you

18:56 I think like 4 80 P. by this process. Okay. The

19:04 process we just looked at oxidative correlation make like 30 to 80 PS 32

19:13 four big difference. Okay. So so actually in relation to the false

19:22 we see in photosynthesis of course. both of these rely on this process

19:28 keamy osmosis. Okay. And we'll about that shortly. So this is

19:34 this involves a proton gradient. so um now, back to this

19:42 . Okay, so this is what on in your model. Congo

19:46 It's what goes on in a bacterial . The membrane is essential part of

19:53 whole process because it's what allows you create the gradient. Right? They

19:57 a gradient of molecules, you have have sides, right? You put

20:03 on one side and less on the . And then that's what creates the

20:06 . Right? That's what the gradient more a an area of where you're

20:11 from high to low in terms of molecule. And so you need a

20:14 to kind of differentiate the two Right? So membrane is critical.

20:19 so the membrane is where the components what we call electron transport chain.

20:25 about that in a little bit. . But this is kind of where

20:28 action is happening, so to Okay, so lots of stuff happening

20:32 this. Okay. And so it relies on as you might guess from

20:37 name electron transport chain. It relies having a steady supply of electrons gotta

20:44 feeding it. Right. And so does that come from? It comes

20:49 ? The stuff you eat, The you eat is what supplies it?

20:53 , oxidation. Right. So if us, right, we can rely

20:59 organic sources like pick whatever food you today. That's a source organic

21:05 Um you don't use you don't eat like ammonia or H two S as

21:12 food source. You just not built that. Right. But there are

21:15 that do, Right? And that's little atrophied atrophied difference there.

21:20 And you're a hetero trope obviously. , so then, but the thing

21:24 remember here is that the source, the source is. Right. That

21:29 does not directly interact With the electron system. Okay, it doesn't just

21:35 here here here my electrons. This in a series of stages,

21:39 Like because there's literally like 70 or reactions that occur. If you look

21:45 the book, you'll see all these . Right? There's like 60,

21:48 reactions. Chemical reactions occur between these points. OK The molecules that interact

21:54 that are the things we produce at stages in ADHDH two. These are

21:59 electronic caring molecules are going to produce as a result of different oxidation oxidation

22:05 reactions. Okay. And so these be the ones that will physically interact

22:10 the transport system. Okay. And um then the big thing here.

22:17 molecules become alternately reduced. They pick electrons like you see here and they

22:23 oxidized. Right? So these become at the chain to give up.

22:28 trying to fill this up with Okay, so these guys become oxidized

22:32 the chain giving up electrons. The important thing is flow is to keep

22:39 train running. Okay, keep it , going, going. It's all

22:44 flow. Right? Because what's going here is a bunch of components are

22:50 in this thing. Okay. And member um picks up electronics and then

22:57 it off to the neighbor. Then guy takes them to the next one

23:00 then the next one. And so alternate that way. Okay, so

23:03 alternate that way. But there has be a driving force to keep the

23:08 going. Okay, so one thing need, of course, I think

23:13 it as front and back. So up front we gotta have somebody

23:20 in electrons. Right. And so comes from the oxidation reactions.

23:25 that produce these these reduced carriers that become oxidized there. There are the

23:30 feeding it with electrons. Okay, part one. So part two is

23:35 we keep them going. Okay, you need like something here, we

23:41 it terminal except er okay, that a very strong affinity for electrons.

23:50 ? It's a it's a what we a highly active electron grabber if you

23:57 just not using scientific terms, So, um in chemical terms it's

24:03 we call a molecule with a high potential, very strong ability to become

24:10 . Pick up electrons and become Okay, I don't need to worry

24:14 much about that term. But that's terms. That's what we call

24:17 So that molecule at the end is very high strength of give me

24:22 Right, so we call a very oxidizing agent. So oxidizing agents like

24:29 grab electrons and become reduced and oxygen that in biological systems is the

24:35 It's the strongest one. Um and it's a weave. Right? So

24:40 have 02 sitting here and that strength wanting to get electrons plus feeding it

24:48 of electrons. That's what keeps us , keeps it going okay. And

24:52 again back to the energy releasing energy thing. Right? So as we

24:57 we alternately take electrons and then hand to the neighbor. Right? So

25:02 components in this chain and alternately doing , pick them up, hand them

25:06 , pick them up, hand them that too. Its energy. So

25:11 are energy and if you grab them then hand them off, you have

25:14 energy release. Okay, and so have energy being released out of this

25:19 this chain. Okay. That we to do this. Okay, to

25:25 protons out. Okay. And so energy to do that comes from these

25:31 transfers in that chain. Okay. so that's why. And so your

25:38 for as long as you can is to maintain that gradient. And

25:44 of the mitochondria in all yourselves in body that have mitochondria. And so

25:52 your what is the most active tissue your body that really relies on

26:01 Not quite brain most active. Super . Okay. And can only use

26:08 actually. You can't use these other of organic forms. Okay? So

26:14 you can put that to the If you don't believe this, you

26:17 take a plastic bag put over your in and you're literally interfering with that

26:27 , right? You're blocking that You're not letting this happen. You'll

26:31 what you have you have before you the bag on your head.

26:35 And but once that goes away then got nothing here. So, what

26:39 ? Whole process gets backed up. doesn't go up, right? So

26:44 lose even though you may have maybe reading a sandwich where you have your

26:48 over your head, right? So providing the source, but it can't

26:53 anywhere because you're not providing the terminal . So the flow is blocked

26:59 You can't then sustain the proton It it goes away. Okay?

27:04 this you have like eight minutes, think is what you have before you're

27:07 brain dead. Okay. And so it happens quick. And so and

27:13 of course this proton gradient then is , is put to use so

27:19 back to the energy releasing energy coupling . Right? So, this proton

27:28 is a form of stored energy, ? Think about if you have a

27:33 and you have just one person in back of the van. Got lots

27:36 room, right? Then you try stuff 50 people in the van.

27:42 , very crowded. Right? There's lot more room for change. That

27:46 happen in that crowded van. You so stuck to the doors and blow

27:50 and everybody falls out, right? don't have that same capacity for change

27:55 there's just one person they're very Right? So, it's the same

27:59 of idea here. Right? by by stuffing these protons at high

28:04 , be bouncing off each other a , a lot of energy there.

28:08 , But we have to provide a to get that energy to capture.

28:13 ? So, remember, in terms transport, right? Protons are charged

28:20 they won't easily pass through the Right? Because the membrane is very

28:24 , water hating, right? Something a charged molecule isn't gonna get

28:29 So, what do you do? provide a tunnel for it?

28:34 The tunnel is this thing 80% Right. So, remember protons move

28:41 , anything going down, the gradient energy. And so now we have

28:46 energy release from protons going down in coupled to the formation of a tps

28:51 you see here. Okay, so all this whole thing for making a

28:57 . Again, this is oxidative false . What's going on here? It's

29:02 predicated on maintaining a ph graded. is based on having a source of

29:08 which is based on having a trouble to maintain the flow to maintain the

29:12 . So it all connects. So obviously if you do the reverse

29:18 the, let's take the bag off head, but then don't provide a

29:24 . Right? So you can you live along with um um without oxygen

29:31 you can live longer without a food . Okay, because we don't supply

29:35 , you can just begin to break your own tissues and use that for

29:38 while. So it'll be a longer before you're dead that way. But

29:42 can just eliminate the source. You die. Just be longer processed and

29:47 just coming off their oxygen. But nonetheless, they're all related interconnected

29:53 . Okay. Um So the uh again, this is all encompasses

30:01 It all also encompasses oxidative phosphor These are all the things you need

30:07 membrane. It can be synthesized a of protons etcetera etcetera, electron

30:13 internal etcetera. So all of these related to respiration. Oxidative phosphor

30:17 Okay, um fermentation which we'll talk in a bit. Does not does

30:27 involve anything above that line. There's 80% is involved in making a

30:36 P. S. There's no There's uh no electron transport chain of

30:42 involved in fermentation. Fermentation is very by comparison. Okay, so um

30:49 go into that later, but that's of in a nutshell, all the

30:53 going on here. Okay. And really what we're focusing on the rest

30:56 the time is the stuff that's going between here in here. Okay,

31:04 are those stages. So that encompasses colossus um what we call a pirate

31:12 to a silk away. That's another . And then the Krebs cycle.

31:18 . And then finally to electron transport . So we're going to cover

31:21 I break it down the four So three of those are what I

31:25 circled there. What's going on between source and and here. Right,

31:32 that block those are three of the . And so um then we'll focus

31:38 the transport system and kind of how relates to this proton gradient thing.

31:43 ? We'll take that as one Okay. Um many questions.

31:53 How exactly, for pandering? Uh , just simply the concept of energy

32:04 to energy requiring it takes energy to a Tps. So we're gonna do

32:10 by taking those protons and giving away get across the membrane because we know

32:15 do because it's high out here and here. Okay. And so if

32:26 just give them a conduit to get , then they release energy, like

32:29 molecule would go down the gradient. so uh 80 p synthesis is is

32:37 tunnel? Okay. So as as for for protons. So, I

32:43 go through the energy release is coupled forming a Tps. That's really all

32:49 is. That's as simple as I make it. It just but it's

32:53 same concept over and over again. ? Because we're gonna see it also

32:57 um in uh well, we'll see in a second. We're talking about

33:00 holes. So it won't be the time you hear it, You're gonna

33:03 it over and over. Okay, we'll start a carbohydrate metabolism of

33:08 And um and so what we just through is really what's what's shown

33:15 all these steps. So this breaks down and now into the actual kind

33:19 kind of the steps here. So we have like collis is here

33:23 we have the formation of acetyl coa from piru bait heroic acid and the

33:29 cycle. And so we're gonna look these individually as we go through.

33:33 note all the energy carrying molecules we're here, right, N A D

33:40 N A D. H. All these. Right? So that's what

33:44 accumulating along the way. Okay, . We are forming some 80 P

33:51 the way, like here. And actually here as well,

33:55 we form one couple. Okay. the bulk of the energy captured through

33:59 formation of these guys electronic carriers. . That will then, ultimately the

34:05 from that ultimately gets produced in the . T. P. S.

34:09 you see here. But we do using the electron transport chain. Right

34:14 ways. So this guy here, T. P. This guy up

34:18 , that's that substrate level phosphor Right. This guy is being made

34:22 oxidative phosphor relation. Okay. And fermentation again is anaerobic. Right?

34:29 do it in your muscles. when they get start for oxygen,

34:33 muscles ferment produce lactic acid. but by contrast, you see how

34:40 it is by comparison. Okay, we do use soap, ironic

34:45 The product like colossus is um it's of a fork in the road and

34:50 one way or this this way or way. Okay, so if you're

34:53 fermentation, then you form the small acids. Also alcohols like ethanol.

35:02 , these are the end products. , so there is unlike on the

35:10 with respiration. Right? So you C. 02 as a byproduct by

35:18 . There's energy left in these right? This can be their bacteria

35:23 can actually eat that and get energy it. Okay, that's how we

35:27 the term incomplete oxidation. On the is a complete oxidation already,

35:32 02. You can't do anything with . 02. Right? It's too

35:37 . It takes too much energy. can't break it down. Okay.

35:41 too much energy. And so that's . That's the complete oxidation. This

35:45 incomplete. There's still still some meat on the bone, so to

35:49 Okay. Can you can still get from that? But that's the nature

35:53 a fermentation. Right. But again talk about that in a bit.

35:58 we're talking about stages of respiration. what's going on on the left?

36:02 . So we have like colossus the stage here, a set of kuwait

36:08 stage here Krebs cycle and then find transport. Okay, so again,

36:14 don't expect, you know, don't individual reactions. Right? But just

36:19 stages these four stages what goes what goes out? Okay. And

36:24 is how what's the energy capture going ? Okay, so again here's another

36:30 of that. Right. So real overview. Okay, these are kind

36:34 the terms to know. Okay, see here. Right. Um and

36:42 we started like Carlos is breaking it to pira bait oxidizing pyrite. So

36:49 have 16 carbon to to three carbon away. Then energy production.

36:59 80 P. And th then again fork in the road. Do we

37:03 to respiration when we go to On top fermentation is an incomplete oxidation

37:12 . Of course it will go through intermediate to leave options. Co two

37:20 molecule here, go to the Krebs . Further energy molecules produced.

37:26 and then we collect all of these and take them to the like kind

37:33 transport. So this this guy, guy these guys Okay, we'll go

37:42 hear. Okay. And we'll form that to form a T.

37:47 S as we saw a few slides . Okay, So um so

37:53 this is really what you need to . Right, are the four

37:57 right? 1234. And then We'll talk about separately. Um what's

38:03 on? What's coming out? And so um All right, so

38:09 start with like causes and so the for that E M B for

38:16 actually left off one of the names B no E M B M

38:22 Sorry goodness. Okay. Not that really need to know that, but

38:27 Meyerhoff is how I learned it. there is a P in there for

38:30 other guy. Often left off Parness regardless. So this is like cause

38:35 that, you know, I'm sure seen before. And so we're breaking

38:41 down to prepare bait. Okay, , what what may be confusing likely

38:48 confusing is we're talking about metabolism, energy, metabolism, releases energy.

38:55 , of course it does. Net net release. Okay, so the

39:01 I use here is the rock up top of the hill. Okay.

39:09 potential energy. Right, So um the rocks sitting here. Okay.

39:22 of potential energy as the energy matter as a as a result of its

39:29 . Right, Is there more potential there or here? Okay, I

39:36 you'll agree that there's more potential energy top, right? There's more capacity

39:40 cause change. Right? If you that rock and roll downhill, you'll

39:45 note that, Right? You stand , you literally see the effects of

39:49 change as the rock mose you Right? So, down here,

39:58 less capacity for change. So, do we? So this means there

40:03 be an energy release. Right? this is this is a metabolism here

40:11 on from here to here. But even even in the best catalytic

40:18 , you often have to put a bit energy into it because, you

40:22 , the net result is much Okay, that's the case here with

40:26 say energy investment. So glucose needs bit of a kick in the

40:31 Okay, to make it more reactive make it go into psychosis.

40:37 So, similarly, if we put two by four here, all

40:41 to kind of wedge it and get going right? That's gonna be some

40:44 expenditure, but we know we're gonna a surplus of that back. So

40:48 what's going on here. And so are that way some are a molecule

40:53 different energy states. Sometimes it's in state that's really good. You

40:57 we'll go right into the process. a little bit of help. And

41:02 what glucose needs a little bit of . Okay. And so what we

41:05 is we use a Tps actually here here. Too fast for like that's

41:12 energize it. Okay. And so , you don't worry about these

41:17 I'll mention a couple of them. don't worry about it. You should

41:21 this process just you need to know , empire bait and then A.

41:25 . P. And A. H. Being made in the

41:27 Okay. So we produced this phosphor um intermediate which then becomes too of

41:38 me get this out the way becomes of these. Okay, this

41:46 Okay. And so with this phosphoric intermediate, you can see what's coming

41:53 , we're gonna take that phosphate from substrate. Put it on A.

41:56 . P. Right substrate level phosphor . So that's what's happening here.

42:06 . And so we form do that . And because we formed two of

42:11 intermediates from the breakdown of glucose, goes through twice. So we're doubling

42:17 what we're making here. So we two for A. T.

42:23 Okay. And 12 and A. . H. Okay, that's the

42:30 we gathered from this process. And so even though we used to

42:37 the net the net gain is still a Tps and to N A.

42:41 . H. Okay I think I it here. Okay so the thing

42:48 the process is it's a anaerobic, don't need to have oxygen present to

42:58 this. Okay um if you do oxygen present it still occurs but then

43:05 takes this on the road to right? If oxygen is never present

43:10 all then it goes on the But that's what happens with the end

43:14 here. Okay. The way it that of course where it goes it's

43:22 by the presence or absence of Okay. But that's irrelevant for the

43:28 process itself. Okay. Doesn't require role of oxygen anywhere in the

43:33 Okay so um so that's what caused . That's the E. M.

43:40 there's different ways to do this. , that's what this next slide is

43:44 . So um um here. this is what we just looked at

43:49 . Is that E. M. . Pathway. Okay, amount of

43:53 produced. Now there's a couple of types that you'll see in the microbial

43:58 . Okay. This one e. . for short is uh basically a

44:05 to know is it produces some not as much as the guy calls

44:11 . We know. Okay but it it's able to use these kinds of

44:18 . Okay. What we call those called even mentioned here but they're called

44:25 acids. Okay so there's different types carbohydrates based on what the end of

44:31 looks like. You may remember you're what an alga hide looks like it

44:37 a C. O. H. the end of carb oxalic acid.

44:43 I don't need to know this has car box late group. Okay so

44:48 an alba hide. That's a core elite C. 00. H.

44:53 ? That's the difference between a sugar which ends with one of these and

44:59 al dose and alba hide sugar. what glucose is. Is an alga

45:03 sugar like that. Okay now what's big deal like that? Well the

45:06 deal is you see lots of sugar in the intestinal lining. So your

45:15 produce a lot of mucus material to food pass through and in that are

45:20 lot of these sugar acids. So lot of your gut bacterium like

45:24 Coli eyes etcetera can do this pathway it enables them to then use that

45:34 and get energy from it. So it's and they'll have now if they

45:39 bacteria that have the E. Pathway will also have like Alice is

45:45 this is just like an extra like bonus they have this in addition to

45:49 . So they can use these kind other sugars that are present in their

45:53 . Okay um now we as well many other types have this third

46:01 Right so the E. D. to my knowledge it's only found in

46:07 and archaea. Not in us or you curios. Okay now in this

46:13 at the end that is found in and other micro us and other life

46:18 including microbes the pintos phosphate shunt and when you see that yes it can

46:24 some energy but its main role is bio synthesis providing building blocks like

46:33 Okay to make other molecules like um acids, nuclear ties etcetera. Okay

46:41 there there there there it's used to building blocks for these kinds of things

46:45 it can if needed can follow to some energy. Okay but primarily it's

46:49 in bio sentences providing raw materials for . Okay um so again just a

46:55 of additional ways that these carbohydrates can processed. Okay um Alright uh any

47:05 that Okay so um right so once get out out of let's say we're

47:13 of the my calluses and we've got pirate bait. Now where is it

47:19 ? So if we're in the presence oxygen or you can never forget that

47:27 also are able to use other things than oxygen. Right so if oxygen

47:32 some other terminal accepted is present it go this route. And so this

47:38 gonna be respiration. Okay and so we do there is a big pile

47:42 bait and this is another step where so let me go back to this

47:49 again. So here's our rock Okay let's say that was glucose.

47:56 we put some energy into it. got the ball rolling And we made

48:00 80 p. And in A. . H. Okay now we're back

48:06 to kind of lower energy state. so we think of this as energy

48:14 down back kind of a low energy and now we got to build this

48:18 . This is a pirouette down here we gotta pump this up again.

48:25 so we can be easily get through process and then get energy more energy

48:29 it. Right? So how do do that by the way we

48:32 It is with this guy over here is called Co. A. So

48:38 just kind of thinking as it's kind analogous to putting a taking a teepee

48:44 and putting it on taking the philosophy to give with energy. Okay Except

48:49 using Co a right if you ever at a look at your cereal

48:54 Okay and ingredients, if you like eat cereal, look on your ingredients

48:58 uh and you'll see a bunch of like that. I mean I can't

49:05 some of the others but a lot these are involved in respiration. We

49:08 them in different stages here. One them is panto authentic acid. If

49:12 see that in your inclusive ingredients which will. Okay. Pan ethnic acid

49:17 what actually ends up being made into way. Okay so it's one of

49:22 energy molecules that can put it on that gives us some energy. So

49:26 what we're basically doing here in a . okay, so trying to get

49:30 pumped back up so we can then it get into enable it to get

49:34 the next stage. Okay. And that's what that's really what's going on

49:39 . And so in the process we capture some energy in A.

49:43 H. Get rid of a 02 in the process. Okay.

49:48 then this is is what can then funneled into the Krebs cycle.

49:52 So this is what this is what into the Krebs cycle. Okay,

49:56 Krebs cycle or the T. A cycle um Now there's a third

50:03 , I can't remember now, but any case it's this is a is

50:08 process okay, if you don't really any need to. But if you

50:13 looked at a we'll call a metabolic which basically shows all the metabolic processes

50:18 the cell, you'll see the Krebs , there'll be arrows growing out from

50:26 going into it from various other It's what we call a central point

50:31 metabolism the Krebs cycle. And it's a lot of the intermediate series service

50:38 blocks for other things to make things amino acids and vitamins and whatnot.

50:42 also it's also a collecting point for processing of other molecules, for example

50:51 when they're broken down fats when they're down they follow into the crib

50:55 So like I said, it's a like a train station stuff coming in

51:00 going out. Okay. To various pathways. So but for our interest

51:06 terms of respiration, it's where we a lot of energy, Right?

51:10 in the form of N A D . Okay, here, F A

51:14 H two and a th again so. And even again, that's

51:21 is substrate level of correlation. So we're collecting again a bunch of

51:26 energy carrying molecule, right? Especially the Krebs cycle. Okay, so

51:30 terms of the terminology here, so that we form for for a glucose

51:38 , right? Per glucose, We formed two of these para baits

51:44 are then oxidized to see Luca So each one is going through the

51:52 . Right? So for each glucose through the Krebs cycle. Right?

51:57 because you're forming two acetyl coa ways each one goes through once.

52:01 so you can look at it in of per earn one turn wanna settle

52:07 going through you get three and A H one F A T H and

52:12 80 P. So 1231 and Okay, Obviously if you if you

52:19 you go per glucose you're forming two these. So it's 22 times

52:24 Okay, so we just double the . Okay, so again, a

52:28 of energy capture occurring in the Krebs . Okay. And so as I

52:33 mentioned earlier about how this is like central point metabolism stuff coming in intermediate

52:40 as building blocks to make other That's what that term means. Empty

52:45 refers to a metabolic checkpoint if you that serves both metabolism and an apple

52:55 um kind of links those two things . Okay. That's what we call

52:58 three bolic pathways. They go they on both sides of the fence,

53:02 to speak. Okay. So in end the take away here from the

53:05 cycle is the last of the 02 because remember one glucose,

53:14 is going to make broken. It's be oxidized two six C.

53:23 Okay. And the last of that produced in the Krebs cycle.

53:27 So we completely oxidize glucose by that and we've captured energy in the form

53:34 these in A. D. S. And F A T.

53:36 . Two's a lot of it in Krebs cycle. Um And then plus

53:41 we what we got from up here production and we got like awesome.

53:49 we're gonna put it all together. ? And add it all up.

53:53 we're not done yet because we're gonna all these electron carriers and do something

53:58 it. Okay. And that's where transport comes in. Okay. So

54:04 these carriers are going to do their at the electron transport chain. Give

54:11 their electronic okay, so um so is this is an example of electron

54:21 chain, This whole thing. And so here, right, is

54:29 N A D And FADH. That's these are the ones we accumulated

54:34 the process. And um that's where going to do the work.

54:42 So they're gonna become oxidized and give their electrons. And so these components

54:46 the middle right here are what we . Don't worry about the actual names

54:51 these things. Okay, we're just I'm just gonna use the term

54:55 Okay. Cyclones are big molecules they in the membrane. Okay. They

55:03 the properties of being able to receive then hand off electrons, that's what

55:08 do. And very often they'll have like iron um uh and other metals

55:17 in their central part of their structure that's the part that actually picks up

55:21 hands off electrons. Okay. And also have so in between set of

55:27 Okay, we'll have things called like shuttles, shuttles in between. They're

55:32 smaller organic molecules. They're not where of chrome's are a combination of

55:40 hydrocarbon chains and um and protein. sure protein as well and very

55:48 Right. By contrast, quinones are small. They're kind of like the

55:53 of electrons between between these. So see it here, right, there's

55:56 Q for queen in so it kind goes back and forth. Okay,

56:02 electrons from this first part and then first one is an enzyme complex and

56:08 is where it interacts with these electron . This is where these guys all

56:14 at the beginning. Right then Queenan in and kind of shuttle them back

56:18 forth. Um And so the actual components all with the abbreviation C Y

56:28 . Right here here here, here this can be quite diverse. Bacteria

56:35 have different types of these depending on environment and what they're interacting with.

56:41 , especially at the end, We called the terminal cytochrome here is

56:48 with oxygen. Right. And so one can change, Right, depending

56:55 what's the terminal accepted. So bacteria can can do this without

57:00 They can have other molecules there and have specific side of crumbs for them

57:04 interact with those. Okay, this just these are just the enzyme

57:09 Okay. And so um and so uh this is this is what makes

57:16 this electron transport chain complex. And , electronic transfers are accompanied by the

57:22 of energy. Okay, so we're form we're gonna use the energy and

57:27 that to pumping protons. Right? to make the gradient takes energy,

57:32 energy to do that comes from electron . Okay, so again, to

57:38 the whole thing running, make sure got a source that can be oxidized

57:42 form these N A DHS and FBI then they'll come here become oxidized.

57:47 up electrons. Alright, that's feeding feeding the engine terminal except er

57:53 To keep the flow going okay. then that can be used to maintain

57:57 gradient. Okay. And um Okay, so here's a question.

58:07 . The electron grabbing ability of the in this chain. So as we

58:13 from left left to right, right and a D H appeared to oxygen

58:19 the end is the electron graham ability as we're going to the right or

58:30 anybody say true. Yeah. Why it why is it going why is

58:36 increasing? Yeah. Right. That's right. That's right. So

58:46 all about maintaining the flow. So gonna have these components organized because there

58:51 not just randomly thrown together. From from a chemistry standpoint, they're

58:57 the order of of being more and greater affinity for electrons. Right?

59:04 we call um greater and greater reduction . So their ability to grab electrons

59:13 as we go to the right. , so what? This is not

59:17 you know, but but the order what we call strong donors of

59:22 So molecules are built can be built be really strong giver uppers of

59:27 That's their thing. They're better at . Others are the opposite. They're

59:30 grabbing electrons. Okay. And so order them in that way. The

59:35 that easily give them up towards the and stronger in terms of taking them

59:40 that's what enables the flow, keep flow going okay. And so there

59:45 an order to it, a logic it. So, um okay,

59:49 we've got the this setup, we're protons uh then what? Okay,

59:56 , this is the essence of the oxidative phosphor relation. Okay. And

60:02 , it's in terms of um the of how this worked, It's the

60:08 in photo false relation, right? that involves a gradient that involves this

60:13 synthesis components. So that's basically the , that osmosis mechanism. It's just

60:18 driving in photosynthesis is light and this all based on these chemical oxidation.

60:26 , so here is a simplified version our chain, right? And all

60:30 stuff we just saw before. And so electrons coming from this is

60:35 saying chlorophyll, but let's just kind ignore that for now. We'll talk

60:37 that on thursday. Okay. And we're just gonna we're talking strictly about

60:44 foster relations. So, um so electrons from an A D H D

60:49 two. Right? And so, , production of the proton gradient.

60:55 so what happens is um, you or may not know that the this

61:03 true for I think the most limited on Earth selves ourselves as well,

61:10 the inside of ourselves is negatively Okay, we have a negative charge

61:16 the inside of our membranes. And um the main reason again,

61:23 need to know this, but the reason is because of the proteins we

61:27 in ourselves, The proteins are charged at the ph they operate in ourselves

61:32 have a negative charge. Okay. because proteins don't really leave our

61:37 that kind of stay there, that persists. Okay, So, that's

61:42 . Most most. And there's other that contribute. But the bulk of

61:47 negative charge comes from the proteins in cell. But regardless, that's important

61:53 there's two forces that are working on protons out here. Right.

61:59 we've used the transport chain to create gradient. Okay. And so

62:06 it's gonna be high here, Low . Okay, So, we've got

62:13 got that call it the chemical The diffusion force high, low it

62:19 to It wants to go back Right? That's that's the thing.

62:23 right. Go down the gradient. , that's the chemical force.

62:26 Because you see electrochemical gradient, So, that's that's where the chemical

62:32 comes from the diffusion of molecules down gradient. The electrical force comes in

62:39 of the positive charge attracted to the charge inside the cell. So,

62:46 also a driving force. Okay, , you got two things that that

62:52 to have that make those protons want come into the cell. Right?

62:57 , it's a force that makes them to come into the cell positive

63:00 like negative charge. Right? you have that. So, that's

63:03 you have these two things, The charge attraction. And then the chemical

63:09 principle, Right, juliana gradient. again they can't do it on their

63:15 right there positive charged ions. They pass through the membrane. The membrane

63:21 later kicks them out. Okay So got to give them a tunnel to

63:25 through and the tunnel is the T. P. Sent face.

63:30 . And so again energy release protons down the gradient driven through by charge

63:38 concentration difference, energy release. And a couple to making A T.

63:43 . S. Okay. And so that's that's coupling those to process their

63:48 release of one used to provide energy make A T. P.

63:53 Okay. And so again uh that's sound like a broken record but um

63:59 know it's all about maintaining that gradient again the A. T.

64:06 Production difference. Right? Theoretical yield like 34 of these. Okay.

64:13 it this way versus four from just substrate level. Foster relations. Did

64:19 twice in electrolysis and once in the cycle. Right? But 34 persons

64:25 , it's a big deal big Okay. Um and so you couldn't

64:31 you couldn't sustain a human body with alone, Right? Because fermentation gives

64:38 only like four A tps per glucose . Okay. You need much more

64:44 that to sustain these big bodies. so um so this don't uh don't

64:52 about these names here so much. But this is just kind of how

64:57 set up. This would be e it could be a mitochondrial membrane.

65:04 but the component's gonna be similar. you have the N. A.

65:08 . H. D. H. with this first complex and I should

65:13 the A. T. P. . D. C. Over

65:15 Okay. For each in A. . H. You get three

65:18 Tps for each F A. H. 22. Okay. And

65:22 only because the entry point for F . D. H. Two is

65:27 that for N. A. H. Okay. And so these

65:32 protons proteins, cyclones enzymes are some them are both electron transfer type

65:41 but also proton pumping. So you how both transferring electrons and also pumping

65:50 . Okay. And so you have three associated with an A.

65:56 H. Oxidation to with F T. H. That's why you

66:01 a little bit lesser energy output using . A. D. H than

66:05 A. D. H. For that reason. Their their location

66:08 the process. Okay, so here's A. T. P synthesis and

66:13 P production. And of course the scepter. Right, Because that's a

66:19 part of this. Right? The source and the end. Ok,

66:26 that flow going. Right. And of course the pumping of protons.

66:29 , so um Alright, so here's of tallying everything up. Um So

66:40 Alright, So four stages, 1, 2, 3,

66:44 So trade level oxidative false relation. , so false relation. Total of

66:50 , as I mentioned, oxidative 2-6 then we take them down electron transport

66:57 and a total of 10 and And then of course that gives us

67:01 or so or more A. P. S. Okay. As

67:05 see here. Okay, so all the importance of respiration,

67:13 Using oxygen or if your back jeremy can use something other than oxygen as

67:18 . Okay, so this is theoretical . So, I should say in

67:24 in precarious ourselves that do this. The actual yield is much less by

67:35 less. I mean generally in the of twenties, low to mid twenties

67:42 18 to 24. Maybe it's kind the range and the reason being is

67:50 the proton generator, The proton being gradient. The proton gradient is used

67:56 things other than making a tps, ? It can be coupled to transport

68:01 molecules that can be coupled to moving flagellum. So, there's other uses

68:06 the proton gradient, which is why don't really achieve the theoretical yield of

68:11 Tps because it's used for other things other to couple it with other energy

68:15 processes. Okay, so but that's worry that much about that. But

68:20 but that is true. Okay. also remember that although we're focused on

68:27 respiration, which we've been looking at basically all the different components. The

68:33 principle applies the proton gradient etcetera? teepee formation it's all the same.

68:40 what's um what's happening is we're having other than oxygen. So it can

68:45 nitrate is very common among bacteria. sulfate and nitrate. Um as a

68:54 source not oxygen but nitrate and sulfate its place. Okay and and they

68:59 just fine. Okay. Um in I think the it's it's there's there's

69:04 more life on earth that's anaerobic or we call faculty of anaerobic live with

69:12 that option. That's actually more common than the way we breathe.

69:16 We re spire. Uh So so don't think this is something very

69:21 It's actually very common. Okay this respiration. Just not common among humans

69:27 but certainly in the microbial world it . Okay. Um Any questions.

69:35 so let's look at the contrast. we just went through all of

69:41 Right so what about on the other ? Right so fermentation. Okay so

69:50 again from the bacterial perspective when you've para bait from whatever whatever your source

69:57 , glucose or other sugar, what you? It's then what which way

70:01 it go? Of course it all on the capabilities of the bacterial

70:06 E coli can actually do three things can re spire aerobically re spire and

70:14 and it can ferment. So it do all three. So which way

70:18 goes totally depends on what kind of terminal except ear's that are present.

70:23 oxygen there over that route is nitrate and not oxygen will inspire and aerobically

70:31 neither of those there. Well we'll . So it all depends on the

70:37 . Okay so the thing about fermentation there are exceptions but for the most

70:44 it relies totally on the like colleges make its energy. That's it.

70:51 that's why none of this other stuff saw over here is involved.

70:57 None of that. But it So it relies on black colleges for

71:01 production which means you don't get a of energy right because there's only a

71:08 of a tps you produced this Okay and that's it. Right so

71:14 you gotta do what you gotta So um So again fermentation results in

71:20 production of these small organic acids, alcohols, organic alcohol. So these

71:26 typically like one 24 Carbons Long. um Small typically have odors. Something

71:37 and typically has an odor to Okay because they just give off these

71:40 of odors. These small molecules. So the other thing required is you

71:49 to have a source. So the here of course is the sugar typically

71:53 what's fermented. Okay so you have have that right source say glucose for

72:01 but it can be other sugars of or other. Okay and then we

72:11 um the production of so we have D. H. Being produced.

72:17 well if we're going to make this going round and round. Okay we

72:23 to somehow use that and take it to N. A. D.

72:31 so it can be then used in colossus right? Cause because this depends

72:35 being present to make an A. . H. Right? So you

72:37 to keep funneling back in, you to somehow transform this back into

72:43 A. D. That is actually essence of the fermentation is maintaining.

72:48 is to continually make sure you have . So this can go back in

72:54 black colleges and then keep like because it has to rely on sustaining like

72:59 because that's how it's going to make energy, right? And the way

73:02 do that is to have a source to keep regenerating N. A.

73:06 . Okay because if it doesn't Kind of like if you just if

73:11 accumulates then pretty soon it's gonna be because there's there's your you're losing and

73:19 to using like analysis. So glycol so you have to have a way

73:23 keep making N. A. Okay and so that's really what the

73:28 of these fermentation is. Right these . So here's what I mean.

73:33 here's here's the glucose like colossus here's energy production, right? And you

73:39 N. A. D. To an A. D. H.

73:42 this is just what happens invite kopassus of course you make power bait.

73:51 That's like colossus as we know. ? Um Let me didn't like

73:57 So we go like this so that like, right so we have to

74:02 our source right? Have that can a way to make this go back

74:09 any D. That's the essence. these additional reactions are the makeup fermentation

74:14 for that purpose. Right? So take pyre of eight and we reduce

74:20 to lactate in the process. We and A. D. H.

74:23 bam there comes RNA D. So can keep keep it going because that's

74:28 only way it's gonna make energy. ? So we keep oxidizing any th

74:34 make any D. And that keeps causes going we do that by in

74:37 ways. That's what the fermenter that's fermentation is differ is how are they

74:43 this this example lactate fermentation. That's happens here. Here's a different

74:48 Right? Alcohol fermentation. Right. here's here's still pie relate.

74:54 Same thing. Well let's take 02 out first. Right? And

75:00 acid towel to hide. Okay. then oh that's a car in a

75:07 . So again you have to Right? And A. D.

75:10 so we'll just reduce acid talbot. to ethanol. Right? That's another

75:15 . Right? There's many types of that are done. And each with

75:21 end products. But the the common common part of this. Is this

75:28 ? Doing that regenerate the N. . D. Right? And that

75:33 to keep producing energy. That's really fermentation. That's all. There is

75:37 . Okay. Any questions? All . So we'll see you on

75:44 finish this

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