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00:25 | That's nice. Oh yeah, Okay folks. Welcome. So let's |
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01:17 | the usual announcements regarding usual stuff. quiz this week coming up, mastering |
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01:30 | next week. So schedules, the of schedule opens friday. Okay, |
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01:36 | remember you need to sign up for time to take the exam, which |
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01:41 | not until the 30th october 1st, 30th october 1st. Okay, so |
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01:48 | still a ways away. But do remember to sign up uh this friday |
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01:54 | friday but that it probably means I'm it means midnight friday. So um |
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02:02 | uh I'll send I'll send this email again later this week to remind you |
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02:08 | then see today. So we're gonna up, we're gonna continue five, |
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02:13 | it up on Thursday and then get Chapter six. Alright. # six |
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02:17 | also one of these flip things um has been up since last week. |
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02:23 | uh do look through that before Uh six is about growth, so |
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02:30 | and growth. So those two things hand in hand. Okay, so |
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02:34 | look of course in chapter five we're about how microbes um used nutrients to |
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02:43 | , get energy and of course it's of the main things is to |
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02:47 | right, divide replicate and those that's those two things go hand in |
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02:54 | Okay, so um let's look at few things, I've kind of put |
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03:02 | of these things together, we talked last time. Okay, so um |
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03:08 | the most basic simplest terms I can . Okay, all of this is |
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03:16 | this idea of coupling an energy requiring with the energy of releasing. Can't |
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03:23 | it any simpler than that. trying to um There's different ways that |
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03:29 | . Okay, if you driving a and you want to go uphill steep |
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03:33 | , you gotta step on the That literally means you're having to supply |
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03:37 | energy, more little explosions of the in your engine to get your pistons |
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03:43 | your engine block. If you're you , those kind of things that makes |
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03:47 | ultimately makes the wheels go right and go up the hill, that's energy |
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03:53 | put to use. Okay, Because an energy requiring process. Of |
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03:58 | So simply with molecules, right? simply you can have two groups, |
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04:02 | lumps. Alright, those processes reactions require energy, those that don't and |
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04:08 | gonna be some some require more energy go than others. And some give |
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04:13 | less energy than others. But you more or less loosely make those two |
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04:17 | . Okay. And so, you , metabolism and if life is anything |
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04:23 | life in general, whether you're a , human or a cockroach, |
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04:28 | Um It will benefit you to be . Right? Because you're competing with |
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04:36 | kinds of other life forms. Anything you can do that makes you |
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04:39 | efficient and increases your chances of Right, reproduce, etcetera, the |
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04:45 | evolution thing. Right? So um of course it's efficient to combine energy |
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04:52 | energy requiring processes. One makes the go right, So we look at |
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04:55 | in different ways. And so one the main ways is the use of |
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05:01 | ? Think of this as the universal currency, right? It's not dollar |
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05:09 | , but it's a tps, And we convert there's two forms, |
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05:14 | ? There's forms to make a teepee there's others where you have to break |
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05:19 | down. Okay? And both of are different in terms of energy, |
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05:24 | ? A tv hydraulic sis breaking down tps that releases energy to make them |
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05:30 | have to uh use energy. And so and you're doing this millions |
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05:37 | times a second while you're sitting Okay? And forming and reforming a |
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05:44 | , uh using it, breaking it and over and over and over. |
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05:50 | . And it enables you to do things you can do when they're just |
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05:55 | there thinking or sleeping or whatever. . And so, so as we |
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06:02 | into more of a molecular dive deeper this, on the molecular level, |
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06:08 | , um how the role of a , right? Whether it's to make |
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06:12 | or to break them down, and it how it fits into your |
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06:17 | Right? So cata bolic processes release , right? And that energy is |
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06:24 | ultimately to make a TPS similarly anabolic to build stuff takes energy and build |
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06:30 | house. You gotta put bricks together in to Brickhouse, that takes |
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06:34 | And so how do you feel that often? This isn't the only way |
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06:38 | do it. But it's a very way to take a tps break them |
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06:42 | . At least the energy. so combining these processes. So this |
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06:47 | similar to uh this is the old reduction. Right? So yeah, |
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06:51 | similar to this on the blackboard I'm not showing the whole thing |
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06:55 | But the point is how where is energy capture coming from? We're talking |
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07:01 | capturing energy in this metabolism. How we do that? It all comes |
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07:06 | to where the energy is act in molecule, right in those bonds, |
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07:11 | . And electronic hold bonds together. so if you're carrying electrons you're carrying |
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07:15 | . Okay. And so maybe you that to use somehow. And that's |
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07:19 | we do in metabolism. Okay. so in those processes you what we |
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07:26 | oxidation reduction. That's where we capture in the form of electrons typically as |
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07:31 | H. S. Right as H . Right. This is how we |
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07:35 | it because that equals one electrons and . So we are capturing energy from |
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07:41 | through transferring hydrogen atoms. Okay, can see that here. Very |
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07:46 | So here is a molecule we'll talk today in the context of like colossus |
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07:51 | respiration, pyro bait. Okay. so uh in A. D. |
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07:56 | . Is one of those molecules we a lot in the metabolism. It's |
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08:02 | can act as a donor of electrons becomes oxidized in the process. |
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08:08 | Where the electrons they're going to Remember reduced. Doesn't mean to make |
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08:13 | it means to pick up electrons in context. Right, so pirate. |
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08:19 | you can see that where they're going right across this bond here. Here's |
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08:24 | H and H. Right? There electrons being transferred to it. So |
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08:30 | so correctly, prior has been reduced a th oxidized. You always have |
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08:37 | two things occurring alright together. Something oxidized. Something's being reduced right now |
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08:44 | that's it. And nothing's happening to . All right. Nothing's happening to |
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08:49 | guy. This is just the end . Okay, of this becoming |
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08:55 | Right? Nothing's happening with lactate. just the end product, pirates become |
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09:01 | . And that product is lactating. lactase not being oxidized is not being |
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09:06 | . It's just the end product. with a D. Okay, um |
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09:11 | are things that people often get confused . Okay, the only action going |
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09:17 | here is pirating in a th one oxidized, one being reduced. |
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09:21 | And so and this is is in D. H is an energy |
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09:27 | Okay. And we're we're actually gonna is we're going to accumulate these we're |
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09:33 | to accumulate these forms. Okay. these processes right here, Okay. |
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09:39 | cell respiration. We actually make a of these. Okay, and that's |
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09:45 | energy molecule it carries electrons. we're going to take advantage of this |
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09:50 | because we're gonna accumulate a bunch of . And another one that we call |
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09:56 | A D H actually F A t two. So those are kind of |
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10:00 | energy molecules we're gonna make in our . This is where the energy captures |
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10:04 | in the whole thing. Okay. we went through this last time and |
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10:08 | of just general terms. Right? glucose. Which we'll see a lot |
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10:12 | and the next time. But this usually the model for what we to |
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10:17 | this process. Okay, so um captured through redox reactions, right? |
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10:24 | going to produce these any D H F H two is along the way |
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10:27 | eventually take advantage of those. And so in the process we're breaking |
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10:32 | this six carbon molecule, 2 to carbon molecules, the C 02. |
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10:37 | ? So we're breaking it down and capturing energy along the way. |
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10:42 | so this is metabolism glucose to CO and water using oxygen. This is |
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10:49 | we do. Okay. And that release energy that will use will capture |
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10:54 | these forms and a couple of places we form a teepee directly. |
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11:00 | But we'll take all that and then gonna do something with it and do |
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11:04 | with the parts that we're going to about today. But the point to |
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11:07 | away now is this is how we're the bulk of energy energy captures is |
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11:12 | we're doing it by creating these in redox reactions. Okay, as we |
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11:19 | down glucose or it could be another . It could be a fact that |
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11:24 | be a protein could be a it be a nucleic acid actually it could |
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11:28 | any of those things that can be down. Okay. And used as |
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11:32 | source. So we're making these guys these electron carrying molecules. The source |
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11:38 | those is right here glucose. And so hence determine electron source. |
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11:45 | ? This is what it is what ate for lunch. I think of |
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11:48 | as an electron source. Okay. eventually you're gonna break that down and |
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11:53 | oxidizing from lots of these and they're to do something with those as |
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11:56 | See. Okay, so this is of thing where we ended last |
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12:00 | Kind of looking at this process. again this is the psychologist and cell |
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12:05 | . The overall reaction. Okay, we saw that glucose was oxidized to |
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12:11 | two and oxygen reduced as a Okay, so both those go hand |
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12:17 | hand. Okay And produce lots of . Okay, so but again it |
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12:22 | be other compounds here besides glucose, same thing's gonna happen. Okay, |
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12:30 | um so we went through these electronic . Um so these are your energy |
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12:36 | molecules that will form okay, as break down glucose um and let's see |
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12:44 | think any questions about this. So not we're gonna go through But if |
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12:48 | anybody has anything now I can get it. Right, But we'll go |
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12:54 | next I think is a question. , respirations. Take a look at |
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12:59 | . Think about it. Okay. so we're gonna spend the bulk of |
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13:04 | focus today on respiration. Next next we'll finish up with photosynthesis and it'll |
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13:10 | the end of chapter four. But five. Excuse me. So, |
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13:15 | . Respiration is a specific things to . There's two levels, right. |
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13:20 | and beauty breathing in and out. right. I'm not talking about that |
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13:25 | , although it's obviously related. Because we use that oxygen component. |
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13:31 | . As we re spire that this respirations. What goes on in |
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13:36 | mitochondria or in a bacterium occurs on cytoplasmic membrane. Um So which of |
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13:46 | is not required if there is such thing. Okay. Um, and |
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13:54 | actually just gave away one of the . Okay, so let's speed it |
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14:03 | a little bit. Camp down from . You're not sure. Just take |
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14:10 | step. All right. For Does not require. All required, |
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14:21 | ? Yes, Majority rules. Yeah, they're all required. |
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14:26 | I mentioned membrane right. In the carry out occurs on the psychopathic membrane |
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14:30 | on mitochondrial membranes. And you. . Um, but electron transport system |
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14:36 | involved. proton motive force, 80% all that is part of respiration. |
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14:41 | , so, um so, generation a teepee. Right, don't be |
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14:48 | by this diagram. You're gonna ask a question based on it. But |
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14:52 | we're gonna go through this diagram. will explain a lot. Okay. |
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14:58 | so generation of 80 P. Right, that's one of the main |
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15:02 | we're doing here in as a product metabolism, using that energy to make |
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15:07 | teepee. So um this is one to do it. Okay. But |
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15:12 | all involve this, what's common is phosphor relation of A. D. |
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15:20 | . And it's how we're letting that , that kind of differentiates the |
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15:25 | Okay, so this is one Okay, so the question is, |
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15:31 | motive generation does the above diagram represent box? What's going on? It's |
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15:39 | of those A. B. Maybe two of them, but it's |
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15:44 | uh but we're talking about what's in box, the overall what's the |
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15:50 | the term you would put on that time is going, mm. |
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16:35 | let's count down. Fine. Okay. Alright, so we got |
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16:46 | . And D. A. And . So um if you answered a |
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16:52 | correct. Okay, it is oxidative correlation. Okay, um there would |
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16:58 | to be um light involved. They're to be photo phosphor relation. |
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17:05 | so photo foss relation does involve some the same parts. Okay, so |
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17:10 | is this thing over here, this T. P synthesis. Okay, |
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17:15 | worry about it yet, but that's also in photo relation. Photo relation |
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17:20 | involves this, right? This generation a the proton radiant we call |
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17:27 | Okay, but the difference is it's that kind of gets this going |
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17:34 | Hence the term photo. So this you're seeing in the box is only |
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17:38 | Okay. Um so substrate phosphor relation the simplest of this whole thing. |
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17:45 | the simplest process here. Okay. so we're gonna we're gonna revisit this |
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17:51 | here in a second. So let's show you this part. So |
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17:56 | the generation of A. T. . So this is substrate level false |
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17:59 | . We're gonna see this in a of spots. I call it the |
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18:03 | direct way to make an A. . P. Okay, it's very |
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18:07 | . All you're doing is taking a which has already has a phosphate group |
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18:11 | it. Okay. And you'll see we go through the process of |
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18:17 | but there's a couple of steps where have a phosphor related molecule, substrates |
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18:23 | just a fancy word for molecule. . And so we're gonna take that |
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18:28 | in that step and just add it an ADP. And that's literally all |
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18:33 | is to it. Right. Very . Very basic. Right? Nothing |
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18:37 | involved. And so um of course catalyzed by enzyme. But but that's |
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18:43 | . There's not there's not all all this. This obviously has a lot |
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18:47 | stuff going on in here. So none of that's involved in, |
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18:51 | level of phosphor relation. Okay. so during like causes to aspiration you |
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18:56 | I think like 4 80 P. by this process. Okay. The |
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19:04 | process we just looked at oxidative correlation make like 30 to 80 PS 32 |
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19:13 | four big difference. Okay. So so actually in relation to the false |
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19:22 | we see in photosynthesis of course. both of these rely on this process |
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19:28 | keamy osmosis. Okay. And we'll about that shortly. So this is |
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19:34 | this involves a proton gradient. so um now, back to this |
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19:42 | . Okay, so this is what on in your model. Congo |
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19:46 | It's what goes on in a bacterial . The membrane is essential part of |
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19:53 | whole process because it's what allows you create the gradient. Right? They |
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19:57 | a gradient of molecules, you have have sides, right? You put |
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20:03 | on one side and less on the . And then that's what creates the |
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20:06 | . Right? That's what the gradient more a an area of where you're |
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20:11 | from high to low in terms of molecule. And so you need a |
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20:14 | to kind of differentiate the two Right? So membrane is critical. |
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20:19 | so the membrane is where the components what we call electron transport chain. |
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20:25 | about that in a little bit. . But this is kind of where |
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20:28 | action is happening, so to Okay, so lots of stuff happening |
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20:32 | this. Okay. And so it relies on as you might guess from |
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20:37 | name electron transport chain. It relies having a steady supply of electrons gotta |
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20:44 | feeding it. Right. And so does that come from? It comes |
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20:49 | ? The stuff you eat, The you eat is what supplies it? |
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20:53 | , oxidation. Right. So if us, right, we can rely |
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20:59 | organic sources like pick whatever food you today. That's a source organic |
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21:05 | Um you don't use you don't eat like ammonia or H two S as |
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21:12 | food source. You just not built that. Right. But there are |
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21:15 | that do, Right? And that's little atrophied atrophied difference there. |
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21:20 | And you're a hetero trope obviously. , so then, but the thing |
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21:24 | remember here is that the source, the source is. Right. That |
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21:29 | does not directly interact With the electron system. Okay, it doesn't just |
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21:35 | here here here my electrons. This in a series of stages, |
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21:39 | Like because there's literally like 70 or reactions that occur. If you look |
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21:45 | the book, you'll see all these . Right? There's like 60, |
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21:48 | reactions. Chemical reactions occur between these points. OK The molecules that interact |
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21:54 | that are the things we produce at stages in ADHDH two. These are |
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21:59 | electronic caring molecules are going to produce as a result of different oxidation oxidation |
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22:05 | reactions. Okay. And so these be the ones that will physically interact |
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22:10 | the transport system. Okay. And um then the big thing here. |
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22:17 | molecules become alternately reduced. They pick electrons like you see here and they |
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22:23 | oxidized. Right? So these become at the chain to give up. |
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22:28 | trying to fill this up with Okay, so these guys become oxidized |
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22:32 | the chain giving up electrons. The important thing is flow is to keep |
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22:39 | train running. Okay, keep it , going, going. It's all |
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22:44 | flow. Right? Because what's going here is a bunch of components are |
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22:50 | in this thing. Okay. And member um picks up electronics and then |
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22:57 | it off to the neighbor. Then guy takes them to the next one |
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23:00 | then the next one. And so alternate that way. Okay, so |
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23:03 | alternate that way. But there has be a driving force to keep the |
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23:08 | going. Okay, so one thing need, of course, I think |
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23:13 | it as front and back. So up front we gotta have somebody |
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23:20 | in electrons. Right. And so comes from the oxidation reactions. |
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23:25 | that produce these these reduced carriers that become oxidized there. There are the |
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23:30 | feeding it with electrons. Okay, part one. So part two is |
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23:35 | we keep them going. Okay, you need like something here, we |
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23:41 | it terminal except er okay, that a very strong affinity for electrons. |
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23:50 | ? It's a it's a what we a highly active electron grabber if you |
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23:57 | just not using scientific terms, So, um in chemical terms it's |
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24:03 | we call a molecule with a high potential, very strong ability to become |
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24:10 | . Pick up electrons and become Okay, I don't need to worry |
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24:14 | much about that term. But that's terms. That's what we call |
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24:17 | So that molecule at the end is very high strength of give me |
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24:22 | Right, so we call a very oxidizing agent. So oxidizing agents like |
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24:29 | grab electrons and become reduced and oxygen that in biological systems is the |
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24:35 | It's the strongest one. Um and it's a weave. Right? So |
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24:40 | have 02 sitting here and that strength wanting to get electrons plus feeding it |
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24:48 | of electrons. That's what keeps us , keeps it going okay. And |
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24:52 | again back to the energy releasing energy thing. Right? So as we |
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24:57 | we alternately take electrons and then hand to the neighbor. Right? So |
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25:02 | components in this chain and alternately doing , pick them up, hand them |
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25:06 | , pick them up, hand them that too. Its energy. So |
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25:11 | are energy and if you grab them then hand them off, you have |
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25:14 | energy release. Okay, and so have energy being released out of this |
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25:19 | this chain. Okay. That we to do this. Okay, to |
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25:25 | protons out. Okay. And so energy to do that comes from these |
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25:31 | transfers in that chain. Okay. so that's why. And so your |
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25:38 | for as long as you can is to maintain that gradient. And |
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25:44 | of the mitochondria in all yourselves in body that have mitochondria. And so |
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25:52 | your what is the most active tissue your body that really relies on |
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26:01 | Not quite brain most active. Super . Okay. And can only use |
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26:08 | actually. You can't use these other of organic forms. Okay? So |
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26:14 | you can put that to the If you don't believe this, you |
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26:17 | take a plastic bag put over your in and you're literally interfering with that |
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26:27 | , right? You're blocking that You're not letting this happen. You'll |
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26:31 | what you have you have before you the bag on your head. |
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26:35 | And but once that goes away then got nothing here. So, what |
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26:39 | ? Whole process gets backed up. doesn't go up, right? So |
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26:44 | lose even though you may have maybe reading a sandwich where you have your |
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26:48 | over your head, right? So providing the source, but it can't |
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26:53 | anywhere because you're not providing the terminal . So the flow is blocked |
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26:59 | You can't then sustain the proton It it goes away. Okay? |
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27:04 | this you have like eight minutes, think is what you have before you're |
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27:07 | brain dead. Okay. And so it happens quick. And so and |
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27:13 | of course this proton gradient then is , is put to use so |
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27:19 | back to the energy releasing energy coupling . Right? So, this proton |
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27:28 | is a form of stored energy, ? Think about if you have a |
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27:33 | and you have just one person in back of the van. Got lots |
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27:36 | room, right? Then you try stuff 50 people in the van. |
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27:42 | , very crowded. Right? There's lot more room for change. That |
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27:46 | happen in that crowded van. You so stuck to the doors and blow |
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27:50 | and everybody falls out, right? don't have that same capacity for change |
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27:55 | there's just one person they're very Right? So, it's the same |
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27:59 | of idea here. Right? by by stuffing these protons at high |
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28:04 | , be bouncing off each other a , a lot of energy there. |
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28:08 | , But we have to provide a to get that energy to capture. |
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28:13 | ? So, remember, in terms transport, right? Protons are charged |
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28:20 | they won't easily pass through the Right? Because the membrane is very |
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28:24 | , water hating, right? Something a charged molecule isn't gonna get |
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28:29 | So, what do you do? provide a tunnel for it? |
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28:34 | The tunnel is this thing 80% Right. So, remember protons move |
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28:41 | , anything going down, the gradient energy. And so now we have |
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28:46 | energy release from protons going down in coupled to the formation of a tps |
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28:51 | you see here. Okay, so all this whole thing for making a |
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28:57 | . Again, this is oxidative false . What's going on here? It's |
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29:02 | predicated on maintaining a ph graded. is based on having a source of |
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29:08 | which is based on having a trouble to maintain the flow to maintain the |
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29:12 | . So it all connects. So obviously if you do the reverse |
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29:18 | the, let's take the bag off head, but then don't provide a |
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29:24 | . Right? So you can you live along with um um without oxygen |
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29:31 | you can live longer without a food . Okay, because we don't supply |
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29:35 | , you can just begin to break your own tissues and use that for |
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29:38 | while. So it'll be a longer before you're dead that way. But |
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29:42 | can just eliminate the source. You die. Just be longer processed and |
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29:47 | just coming off their oxygen. But nonetheless, they're all related interconnected |
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29:53 | . Okay. Um So the uh again, this is all encompasses |
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30:01 | It all also encompasses oxidative phosphor These are all the things you need |
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30:07 | membrane. It can be synthesized a of protons etcetera etcetera, electron |
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30:13 | internal etcetera. So all of these related to respiration. Oxidative phosphor |
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30:17 | Okay, um fermentation which we'll talk in a bit. Does not does |
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30:27 | involve anything above that line. There's 80% is involved in making a |
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30:36 | P. S. There's no There's uh no electron transport chain of |
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30:42 | involved in fermentation. Fermentation is very by comparison. Okay, so um |
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30:49 | go into that later, but that's of in a nutshell, all the |
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30:53 | going on here. Okay. And really what we're focusing on the rest |
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30:56 | the time is the stuff that's going between here in here. Okay, |
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31:04 | are those stages. So that encompasses colossus um what we call a pirate |
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31:12 | to a silk away. That's another . And then the Krebs cycle. |
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31:18 | . And then finally to electron transport . So we're going to cover |
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31:21 | I break it down the four So three of those are what I |
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31:25 | circled there. What's going on between source and and here. Right, |
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31:32 | that block those are three of the . And so um then we'll focus |
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31:38 | the transport system and kind of how relates to this proton gradient thing. |
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31:43 | ? We'll take that as one Okay. Um many questions. |
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31:53 | How exactly, for pandering? Uh , just simply the concept of energy |
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32:04 | to energy requiring it takes energy to a Tps. So we're gonna do |
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32:10 | by taking those protons and giving away get across the membrane because we know |
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32:15 | do because it's high out here and here. Okay. And so if |
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32:26 | just give them a conduit to get , then they release energy, like |
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32:29 | molecule would go down the gradient. so uh 80 p synthesis is is |
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32:37 | tunnel? Okay. So as as for for protons. So, I |
|
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32:43 | go through the energy release is coupled forming a Tps. That's really all |
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32:49 | is. That's as simple as I make it. It just but it's |
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32:53 | same concept over and over again. ? Because we're gonna see it also |
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32:57 | um in uh well, we'll see in a second. We're talking about |
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33:00 | holes. So it won't be the time you hear it, You're gonna |
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33:03 | it over and over. Okay, we'll start a carbohydrate metabolism of |
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33:08 | And um and so what we just through is really what's what's shown |
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33:15 | all these steps. So this breaks down and now into the actual kind |
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33:19 | kind of the steps here. So we have like collis is here |
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33:23 | we have the formation of acetyl coa from piru bait heroic acid and the |
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33:29 | cycle. And so we're gonna look these individually as we go through. |
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33:33 | note all the energy carrying molecules we're here, right, N A D |
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33:40 | N A D. H. All these. Right? So that's what |
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33:44 | accumulating along the way. Okay, . We are forming some 80 P |
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33:51 | the way, like here. And actually here as well, |
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33:55 | we form one couple. Okay. the bulk of the energy captured through |
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33:59 | formation of these guys electronic carriers. . That will then, ultimately the |
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34:05 | from that ultimately gets produced in the . T. P. S. |
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34:09 | you see here. But we do using the electron transport chain. Right |
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34:14 | ways. So this guy here, T. P. This guy up |
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34:18 | , that's that substrate level phosphor Right. This guy is being made |
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34:22 | oxidative phosphor relation. Okay. And fermentation again is anaerobic. Right? |
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34:29 | do it in your muscles. when they get start for oxygen, |
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34:33 | muscles ferment produce lactic acid. but by contrast, you see how |
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34:40 | it is by comparison. Okay, we do use soap, ironic |
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34:45 | The product like colossus is um it's of a fork in the road and |
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34:50 | one way or this this way or way. Okay, so if you're |
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34:53 | fermentation, then you form the small acids. Also alcohols like ethanol. |
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35:02 | , these are the end products. , so there is unlike on the |
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35:10 | with respiration. Right? So you C. 02 as a byproduct by |
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35:18 | . There's energy left in these right? This can be their bacteria |
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35:23 | can actually eat that and get energy it. Okay, that's how we |
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35:27 | the term incomplete oxidation. On the is a complete oxidation already, |
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35:32 | 02. You can't do anything with . 02. Right? It's too |
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35:37 | . It takes too much energy. can't break it down. Okay. |
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35:41 | too much energy. And so that's . That's the complete oxidation. This |
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35:45 | incomplete. There's still still some meat on the bone, so to |
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35:49 | Okay. Can you can still get from that? But that's the nature |
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35:53 | a fermentation. Right. But again talk about that in a bit. |
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35:58 | we're talking about stages of respiration. what's going on on the left? |
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36:02 | . So we have like colossus the stage here, a set of kuwait |
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36:08 | stage here Krebs cycle and then find transport. Okay, so again, |
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36:14 | don't expect, you know, don't individual reactions. Right? But just |
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36:19 | stages these four stages what goes what goes out? Okay. And |
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36:24 | is how what's the energy capture going ? Okay, so again here's another |
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36:30 | of that. Right. So real overview. Okay, these are kind |
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36:34 | the terms to know. Okay, see here. Right. Um and |
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36:42 | we started like Carlos is breaking it to pira bait oxidizing pyrite. So |
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36:49 | have 16 carbon to to three carbon away. Then energy production. |
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36:59 | 80 P. And th then again fork in the road. Do we |
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37:03 | to respiration when we go to On top fermentation is an incomplete oxidation |
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37:12 | . Of course it will go through intermediate to leave options. Co two |
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37:20 | molecule here, go to the Krebs . Further energy molecules produced. |
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37:26 | and then we collect all of these and take them to the like kind |
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37:33 | transport. So this this guy, guy these guys Okay, we'll go |
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37:42 | hear. Okay. And we'll form that to form a T. |
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37:47 | S as we saw a few slides . Okay, So um so |
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37:53 | this is really what you need to . Right, are the four |
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37:57 | right? 1234. And then We'll talk about separately. Um what's |
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38:03 | on? What's coming out? And so um All right, so |
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38:09 | start with like causes and so the for that E M B for |
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38:16 | actually left off one of the names B no E M B M |
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38:22 | Sorry goodness. Okay. Not that really need to know that, but |
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38:27 | Meyerhoff is how I learned it. there is a P in there for |
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38:30 | other guy. Often left off Parness regardless. So this is like cause |
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38:35 | that, you know, I'm sure seen before. And so we're breaking |
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38:41 | down to prepare bait. Okay, , what what may be confusing likely |
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38:48 | confusing is we're talking about metabolism, energy, metabolism, releases energy. |
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38:55 | , of course it does. Net net release. Okay, so the |
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39:01 | I use here is the rock up top of the hill. Okay. |
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39:09 | potential energy. Right, So um the rocks sitting here. Okay. |
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39:22 | of potential energy as the energy matter as a as a result of its |
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39:29 | . Right, Is there more potential there or here? Okay, I |
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39:36 | you'll agree that there's more potential energy top, right? There's more capacity |
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39:40 | cause change. Right? If you that rock and roll downhill, you'll |
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39:45 | note that, Right? You stand , you literally see the effects of |
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39:49 | change as the rock mose you Right? So, down here, |
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39:58 | less capacity for change. So, do we? So this means there |
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40:03 | be an energy release. Right? this is this is a metabolism here |
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40:11 | on from here to here. But even even in the best catalytic |
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40:18 | , you often have to put a bit energy into it because, you |
|
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40:22 | , the net result is much Okay, that's the case here with |
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40:26 | say energy investment. So glucose needs bit of a kick in the |
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40:31 | Okay, to make it more reactive make it go into psychosis. |
|
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40:37 | So, similarly, if we put two by four here, all |
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40:41 | to kind of wedge it and get going right? That's gonna be some |
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40:44 | expenditure, but we know we're gonna a surplus of that back. So |
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40:48 | what's going on here. And so are that way some are a molecule |
|
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40:53 | different energy states. Sometimes it's in state that's really good. You |
|
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40:57 | we'll go right into the process. a little bit of help. And |
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41:02 | what glucose needs a little bit of . Okay. And so what we |
|
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41:05 | is we use a Tps actually here here. Too fast for like that's |
|
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41:12 | energize it. Okay. And so , you don't worry about these |
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41:17 | I'll mention a couple of them. don't worry about it. You should |
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41:21 | this process just you need to know , empire bait and then A. |
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41:25 | . P. And A. H. Being made in the |
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41:27 | Okay. So we produced this phosphor um intermediate which then becomes too of |
|
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41:38 | me get this out the way becomes of these. Okay, this |
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41:46 | Okay. And so with this phosphoric intermediate, you can see what's coming |
|
|
41:53 | , we're gonna take that phosphate from substrate. Put it on A. |
|
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41:56 | . P. Right substrate level phosphor . So that's what's happening here. |
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42:06 | . And so we form do that . And because we formed two of |
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42:11 | intermediates from the breakdown of glucose, goes through twice. So we're doubling |
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42:17 | what we're making here. So we two for A. T. |
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42:23 | Okay. And 12 and A. . H. Okay, that's the |
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42:30 | we gathered from this process. And so even though we used to |
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42:37 | the net the net gain is still a Tps and to N A. |
|
|
42:41 | . H. Okay I think I it here. Okay so the thing |
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42:48 | the process is it's a anaerobic, don't need to have oxygen present to |
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42:58 | this. Okay um if you do oxygen present it still occurs but then |
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43:05 | takes this on the road to right? If oxygen is never present |
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43:10 | all then it goes on the But that's what happens with the end |
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43:14 | here. Okay. The way it that of course where it goes it's |
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43:22 | by the presence or absence of Okay. But that's irrelevant for the |
|
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43:28 | process itself. Okay. Doesn't require role of oxygen anywhere in the |
|
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43:33 | Okay so um so that's what caused . That's the E. M. |
|
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43:40 | there's different ways to do this. , that's what this next slide is |
|
|
43:44 | . So um um here. this is what we just looked at |
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43:49 | . Is that E. M. . Pathway. Okay, amount of |
|
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43:53 | produced. Now there's a couple of types that you'll see in the microbial |
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|
43:58 | . Okay. This one e. . for short is uh basically a |
|
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44:05 | to know is it produces some not as much as the guy calls |
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44:11 | . We know. Okay but it it's able to use these kinds of |
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44:18 | . Okay. What we call those called even mentioned here but they're called |
|
|
44:25 | acids. Okay so there's different types carbohydrates based on what the end of |
|
|
44:31 | looks like. You may remember you're what an alga hide looks like it |
|
|
44:37 | a C. O. H. the end of carb oxalic acid. |
|
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44:43 | I don't need to know this has car box late group. Okay so |
|
|
44:48 | an alba hide. That's a core elite C. 00. H. |
|
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44:53 | ? That's the difference between a sugar which ends with one of these and |
|
|
44:59 | al dose and alba hide sugar. what glucose is. Is an alga |
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45:03 | sugar like that. Okay now what's big deal like that? Well the |
|
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45:06 | deal is you see lots of sugar in the intestinal lining. So your |
|
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45:15 | produce a lot of mucus material to food pass through and in that are |
|
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45:20 | lot of these sugar acids. So lot of your gut bacterium like |
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45:24 | Coli eyes etcetera can do this pathway it enables them to then use that |
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45:34 | and get energy from it. So it's and they'll have now if they |
|
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45:39 | bacteria that have the E. Pathway will also have like Alice is |
|
|
45:45 | this is just like an extra like bonus they have this in addition to |
|
|
45:49 | . So they can use these kind other sugars that are present in their |
|
|
45:53 | . Okay um now we as well many other types have this third |
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|
46:01 | Right so the E. D. to my knowledge it's only found in |
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|
46:07 | and archaea. Not in us or you curios. Okay now in this |
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|
46:13 | at the end that is found in and other micro us and other life |
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|
46:18 | including microbes the pintos phosphate shunt and when you see that yes it can |
|
|
46:24 | some energy but its main role is bio synthesis providing building blocks like |
|
|
46:33 | Okay to make other molecules like um acids, nuclear ties etcetera. Okay |
|
|
46:41 | there there there there it's used to building blocks for these kinds of things |
|
|
46:45 | it can if needed can follow to some energy. Okay but primarily it's |
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46:49 | in bio sentences providing raw materials for . Okay um so again just a |
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46:55 | of additional ways that these carbohydrates can processed. Okay um Alright uh any |
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|
47:05 | that Okay so um right so once get out out of let's say we're |
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47:13 | of the my calluses and we've got pirate bait. Now where is it |
|
|
47:19 | ? So if we're in the presence oxygen or you can never forget that |
|
|
47:27 | also are able to use other things than oxygen. Right so if oxygen |
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47:32 | some other terminal accepted is present it go this route. And so this |
|
|
47:38 | gonna be respiration. Okay and so we do there is a big pile |
|
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47:42 | bait and this is another step where so let me go back to this |
|
|
47:49 | again. So here's our rock Okay let's say that was glucose. |
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|
47:56 | we put some energy into it. got the ball rolling And we made |
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|
48:00 | 80 p. And in A. . H. Okay now we're back |
|
|
48:06 | to kind of lower energy state. so we think of this as energy |
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|
48:14 | down back kind of a low energy and now we got to build this |
|
|
48:18 | . This is a pirouette down here we gotta pump this up again. |
|
|
48:25 | so we can be easily get through process and then get energy more energy |
|
|
48:29 | it. Right? So how do do that by the way we |
|
|
48:32 | It is with this guy over here is called Co. A. So |
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|
48:38 | just kind of thinking as it's kind analogous to putting a taking a teepee |
|
|
48:44 | and putting it on taking the philosophy to give with energy. Okay Except |
|
|
48:49 | using Co a right if you ever at a look at your cereal |
|
|
48:54 | Okay and ingredients, if you like eat cereal, look on your ingredients |
|
|
48:58 | uh and you'll see a bunch of like that. I mean I can't |
|
|
49:05 | some of the others but a lot these are involved in respiration. We |
|
|
49:08 | them in different stages here. One them is panto authentic acid. If |
|
|
49:12 | see that in your inclusive ingredients which will. Okay. Pan ethnic acid |
|
|
49:17 | what actually ends up being made into way. Okay so it's one of |
|
|
49:22 | energy molecules that can put it on that gives us some energy. So |
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|
49:26 | what we're basically doing here in a . okay, so trying to get |
|
|
49:30 | pumped back up so we can then it get into enable it to get |
|
|
49:34 | the next stage. Okay. And that's what that's really what's going on |
|
|
49:39 | . And so in the process we capture some energy in A. |
|
|
49:43 | H. Get rid of a 02 in the process. Okay. |
|
|
49:48 | then this is is what can then funneled into the Krebs cycle. |
|
|
49:52 | So this is what this is what into the Krebs cycle. Okay, |
|
|
49:56 | Krebs cycle or the T. A cycle um Now there's a third |
|
|
50:03 | , I can't remember now, but any case it's this is a is |
|
|
50:08 | process okay, if you don't really any need to. But if you |
|
|
50:13 | looked at a we'll call a metabolic which basically shows all the metabolic processes |
|
|
50:18 | the cell, you'll see the Krebs , there'll be arrows growing out from |
|
|
50:26 | going into it from various other It's what we call a central point |
|
|
50:31 | metabolism the Krebs cycle. And it's a lot of the intermediate series service |
|
|
50:38 | blocks for other things to make things amino acids and vitamins and whatnot. |
|
|
50:42 | also it's also a collecting point for processing of other molecules, for example |
|
|
50:51 | when they're broken down fats when they're down they follow into the crib |
|
|
50:55 | So like I said, it's a like a train station stuff coming in |
|
|
51:00 | going out. Okay. To various pathways. So but for our interest |
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|
51:06 | terms of respiration, it's where we a lot of energy, Right? |
|
|
51:10 | in the form of N A D . Okay, here, F A |
|
|
51:14 | H two and a th again so. And even again, that's |
|
|
51:21 | is substrate level of correlation. So we're collecting again a bunch of |
|
|
51:26 | energy carrying molecule, right? Especially the Krebs cycle. Okay, so |
|
|
51:30 | terms of the terminology here, so that we form for for a glucose |
|
|
51:38 | , right? Per glucose, We formed two of these para baits |
|
|
51:44 | are then oxidized to see Luca So each one is going through the |
|
|
51:52 | . Right? So for each glucose through the Krebs cycle. Right? |
|
|
51:57 | because you're forming two acetyl coa ways each one goes through once. |
|
|
52:01 | so you can look at it in of per earn one turn wanna settle |
|
|
52:07 | going through you get three and A H one F A T H and |
|
|
52:12 | 80 P. So 1231 and Okay, Obviously if you if you |
|
|
52:19 | you go per glucose you're forming two these. So it's 22 times |
|
|
52:24 | Okay, so we just double the . Okay, so again, a |
|
|
52:28 | of energy capture occurring in the Krebs . Okay. And so as I |
|
|
52:33 | mentioned earlier about how this is like central point metabolism stuff coming in intermediate |
|
|
52:40 | as building blocks to make other That's what that term means. Empty |
|
|
52:45 | refers to a metabolic checkpoint if you that serves both metabolism and an apple |
|
|
52:55 | um kind of links those two things . Okay. That's what we call |
|
|
52:58 | three bolic pathways. They go they on both sides of the fence, |
|
|
53:02 | to speak. Okay. So in end the take away here from the |
|
|
53:05 | cycle is the last of the 02 because remember one glucose, |
|
|
53:14 | is going to make broken. It's be oxidized two six C. |
|
|
53:23 | Okay. And the last of that produced in the Krebs cycle. |
|
|
53:27 | So we completely oxidize glucose by that and we've captured energy in the form |
|
|
53:34 | these in A. D. S. And F A T. |
|
|
53:36 | . Two's a lot of it in Krebs cycle. Um And then plus |
|
|
53:41 | we what we got from up here production and we got like awesome. |
|
|
53:49 | we're gonna put it all together. ? And add it all up. |
|
|
53:53 | we're not done yet because we're gonna all these electron carriers and do something |
|
|
53:58 | it. Okay. And that's where transport comes in. Okay. So |
|
|
54:04 | these carriers are going to do their at the electron transport chain. Give |
|
|
54:11 | their electronic okay, so um so is this is an example of electron |
|
|
54:21 | chain, This whole thing. And so here, right, is |
|
|
54:29 | N A D And FADH. That's these are the ones we accumulated |
|
|
54:34 | the process. And um that's where going to do the work. |
|
|
54:42 | So they're gonna become oxidized and give their electrons. And so these components |
|
|
54:46 | the middle right here are what we . Don't worry about the actual names |
|
|
54:51 | these things. Okay, we're just I'm just gonna use the term |
|
|
54:55 | Okay. Cyclones are big molecules they in the membrane. Okay. They |
|
|
55:03 | the properties of being able to receive then hand off electrons, that's what |
|
|
55:08 | do. And very often they'll have like iron um uh and other metals |
|
|
55:17 | in their central part of their structure that's the part that actually picks up |
|
|
55:21 | hands off electrons. Okay. And also have so in between set of |
|
|
55:27 | Okay, we'll have things called like shuttles, shuttles in between. They're |
|
|
55:32 | smaller organic molecules. They're not where of chrome's are a combination of |
|
|
55:40 | hydrocarbon chains and um and protein. sure protein as well and very |
|
|
55:48 | Right. By contrast, quinones are small. They're kind of like the |
|
|
55:53 | of electrons between between these. So see it here, right, there's |
|
|
55:56 | Q for queen in so it kind goes back and forth. Okay, |
|
|
56:02 | electrons from this first part and then first one is an enzyme complex and |
|
|
56:08 | is where it interacts with these electron . This is where these guys all |
|
|
56:14 | at the beginning. Right then Queenan in and kind of shuttle them back |
|
|
56:18 | forth. Um And so the actual components all with the abbreviation C Y |
|
|
56:28 | . Right here here here, here this can be quite diverse. Bacteria |
|
|
56:35 | have different types of these depending on environment and what they're interacting with. |
|
|
56:41 | , especially at the end, We called the terminal cytochrome here is |
|
|
56:48 | with oxygen. Right. And so one can change, Right, depending |
|
|
56:55 | what's the terminal accepted. So bacteria can can do this without |
|
|
57:00 | They can have other molecules there and have specific side of crumbs for them |
|
|
57:04 | interact with those. Okay, this just these are just the enzyme |
|
|
57:09 | Okay. And so um and so uh this is this is what makes |
|
|
57:16 | this electron transport chain complex. And , electronic transfers are accompanied by the |
|
|
57:22 | of energy. Okay, so we're form we're gonna use the energy and |
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57:27 | that to pumping protons. Right? to make the gradient takes energy, |
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57:32 | energy to do that comes from electron . Okay, so again, to |
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57:38 | the whole thing running, make sure got a source that can be oxidized |
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57:42 | form these N A DHS and FBI then they'll come here become oxidized. |
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57:47 | up electrons. Alright, that's feeding feeding the engine terminal except er |
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57:53 | To keep the flow going okay. then that can be used to maintain |
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57:57 | gradient. Okay. And um Okay, so here's a question. |
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58:07 | . The electron grabbing ability of the in this chain. So as we |
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58:13 | from left left to right, right and a D H appeared to oxygen |
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58:19 | the end is the electron graham ability as we're going to the right or |
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58:30 | anybody say true. Yeah. Why it why is it going why is |
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58:36 | increasing? Yeah. Right. That's right. That's right. So |
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58:46 | all about maintaining the flow. So gonna have these components organized because there |
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58:51 | not just randomly thrown together. From from a chemistry standpoint, they're |
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58:57 | the order of of being more and greater affinity for electrons. Right? |
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59:04 | we call um greater and greater reduction . So their ability to grab electrons |
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59:13 | as we go to the right. , so what? This is not |
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59:17 | you know, but but the order what we call strong donors of |
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59:22 | So molecules are built can be built be really strong giver uppers of |
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59:27 | That's their thing. They're better at . Others are the opposite. They're |
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59:30 | grabbing electrons. Okay. And so order them in that way. The |
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59:35 | that easily give them up towards the and stronger in terms of taking them |
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59:40 | that's what enables the flow, keep flow going okay. And so there |
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59:45 | an order to it, a logic it. So, um okay, |
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59:49 | we've got the this setup, we're protons uh then what? Okay, |
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59:56 | , this is the essence of the oxidative phosphor relation. Okay. And |
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60:02 | , it's in terms of um the of how this worked, It's the |
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60:08 | in photo false relation, right? that involves a gradient that involves this |
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60:13 | synthesis components. So that's basically the , that osmosis mechanism. It's just |
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60:18 | driving in photosynthesis is light and this all based on these chemical oxidation. |
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60:26 | , so here is a simplified version our chain, right? And all |
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60:30 | stuff we just saw before. And so electrons coming from this is |
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60:35 | saying chlorophyll, but let's just kind ignore that for now. We'll talk |
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60:37 | that on thursday. Okay. And we're just gonna we're talking strictly about |
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60:44 | foster relations. So, um so electrons from an A D H D |
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60:49 | two. Right? And so, , production of the proton gradient. |
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60:55 | so what happens is um, you or may not know that the this |
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61:03 | true for I think the most limited on Earth selves ourselves as well, |
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61:10 | the inside of ourselves is negatively Okay, we have a negative charge |
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61:16 | the inside of our membranes. And um the main reason again, |
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61:23 | need to know this, but the reason is because of the proteins we |
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61:27 | in ourselves, The proteins are charged at the ph they operate in ourselves |
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61:32 | have a negative charge. Okay. because proteins don't really leave our |
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61:37 | that kind of stay there, that persists. Okay, So, that's |
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61:42 | . Most most. And there's other that contribute. But the bulk of |
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61:47 | negative charge comes from the proteins in cell. But regardless, that's important |
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61:53 | there's two forces that are working on protons out here. Right. |
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61:59 | we've used the transport chain to create gradient. Okay. And so |
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62:06 | it's gonna be high here, Low . Okay, So, we've got |
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62:13 | got that call it the chemical The diffusion force high, low it |
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62:19 | to It wants to go back Right? That's that's the thing. |
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62:23 | right. Go down the gradient. , that's the chemical force. |
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62:26 | Because you see electrochemical gradient, So, that's that's where the chemical |
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62:32 | comes from the diffusion of molecules down gradient. The electrical force comes in |
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62:39 | of the positive charge attracted to the charge inside the cell. So, |
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62:46 | also a driving force. Okay, , you got two things that that |
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62:52 | to have that make those protons want come into the cell. Right? |
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62:57 | , it's a force that makes them to come into the cell positive |
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63:00 | like negative charge. Right? you have that. So, that's |
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63:03 | you have these two things, The charge attraction. And then the chemical |
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63:09 | principle, Right, juliana gradient. again they can't do it on their |
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63:15 | right there positive charged ions. They pass through the membrane. The membrane |
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63:21 | later kicks them out. Okay So got to give them a tunnel to |
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63:25 | through and the tunnel is the T. P. Sent face. |
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63:30 | . And so again energy release protons down the gradient driven through by charge |
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63:38 | concentration difference, energy release. And a couple to making A T. |
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63:43 | . S. Okay. And so that's that's coupling those to process their |
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63:48 | release of one used to provide energy make A T. P. |
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63:53 | Okay. And so again uh that's sound like a broken record but um |
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63:59 | know it's all about maintaining that gradient again the A. T. |
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64:06 | Production difference. Right? Theoretical yield like 34 of these. Okay. |
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64:13 | it this way versus four from just substrate level. Foster relations. Did |
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64:19 | twice in electrolysis and once in the cycle. Right? But 34 persons |
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64:25 | , it's a big deal big Okay. Um and so you couldn't |
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64:31 | you couldn't sustain a human body with alone, Right? Because fermentation gives |
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64:38 | only like four A tps per glucose . Okay. You need much more |
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64:44 | that to sustain these big bodies. so um so this don't uh don't |
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64:52 | about these names here so much. But this is just kind of how |
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64:57 | set up. This would be e it could be a mitochondrial membrane. |
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65:04 | but the component's gonna be similar. you have the N. A. |
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65:08 | . H. D. H. with this first complex and I should |
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65:13 | the A. T. P. . D. C. Over |
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65:15 | Okay. For each in A. . H. You get three |
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65:18 | Tps for each F A. H. 22. Okay. And |
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65:22 | only because the entry point for F . D. H. Two is |
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65:27 | that for N. A. H. Okay. And so these |
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65:32 | protons proteins, cyclones enzymes are some them are both electron transfer type |
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65:41 | but also proton pumping. So you how both transferring electrons and also pumping |
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65:50 | . Okay. And so you have three associated with an A. |
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65:56 | H. Oxidation to with F T. H. That's why you |
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66:01 | a little bit lesser energy output using . A. D. H than |
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66:05 | A. D. H. For that reason. Their their location |
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66:08 | the process. Okay, so here's A. T. P synthesis and |
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66:13 | P production. And of course the scepter. Right, Because that's a |
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66:19 | part of this. Right? The source and the end. Ok, |
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66:26 | that flow going. Right. And of course the pumping of protons. |
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66:29 | , so um Alright, so here's of tallying everything up. Um So |
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66:40 | Alright, So four stages, 1, 2, 3, |
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66:44 | So trade level oxidative false relation. , so false relation. Total of |
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66:50 | , as I mentioned, oxidative 2-6 then we take them down electron transport |
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66:57 | and a total of 10 and And then of course that gives us |
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67:01 | or so or more A. P. S. Okay. As |
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67:05 | see here. Okay, so all the importance of respiration, |
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67:13 | Using oxygen or if your back jeremy can use something other than oxygen as |
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67:18 | . Okay, so this is theoretical . So, I should say in |
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67:24 | in precarious ourselves that do this. The actual yield is much less by |
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67:35 | less. I mean generally in the of twenties, low to mid twenties |
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67:42 | 18 to 24. Maybe it's kind the range and the reason being is |
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67:50 | the proton generator, The proton being gradient. The proton gradient is used |
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67:56 | things other than making a tps, ? It can be coupled to transport |
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68:01 | molecules that can be coupled to moving flagellum. So, there's other uses |
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68:06 | the proton gradient, which is why don't really achieve the theoretical yield of |
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68:11 | Tps because it's used for other things other to couple it with other energy |
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68:15 | processes. Okay, so but that's worry that much about that. But |
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68:20 | but that is true. Okay. also remember that although we're focused on |
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68:27 | respiration, which we've been looking at basically all the different components. The |
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68:33 | principle applies the proton gradient etcetera? teepee formation it's all the same. |
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68:40 | what's um what's happening is we're having other than oxygen. So it can |
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68:45 | nitrate is very common among bacteria. sulfate and nitrate. Um as a |
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68:54 | source not oxygen but nitrate and sulfate its place. Okay and and they |
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68:59 | just fine. Okay. Um in I think the it's it's there's there's |
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69:04 | more life on earth that's anaerobic or we call faculty of anaerobic live with |
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69:12 | that option. That's actually more common than the way we breathe. |
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69:16 | We re spire. Uh So so don't think this is something very |
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69:21 | It's actually very common. Okay this respiration. Just not common among humans |
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69:27 | but certainly in the microbial world it . Okay. Um Any questions. |
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69:35 | so let's look at the contrast. we just went through all of |
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69:41 | Right so what about on the other ? Right so fermentation. Okay so |
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69:50 | again from the bacterial perspective when you've para bait from whatever whatever your source |
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69:57 | , glucose or other sugar, what you? It's then what which way |
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70:01 | it go? Of course it all on the capabilities of the bacterial |
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70:06 | E coli can actually do three things can re spire aerobically re spire and |
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70:14 | and it can ferment. So it do all three. So which way |
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70:18 | goes totally depends on what kind of terminal except ear's that are present. |
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70:23 | oxygen there over that route is nitrate and not oxygen will inspire and aerobically |
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70:31 | neither of those there. Well we'll . So it all depends on the |
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70:37 | . Okay so the thing about fermentation there are exceptions but for the most |
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70:44 | it relies totally on the like colleges make its energy. That's it. |
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70:51 | that's why none of this other stuff saw over here is involved. |
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70:57 | None of that. But it So it relies on black colleges for |
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71:01 | production which means you don't get a of energy right because there's only a |
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71:08 | of a tps you produced this Okay and that's it. Right so |
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71:14 | you gotta do what you gotta So um So again fermentation results in |
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71:20 | production of these small organic acids, alcohols, organic alcohol. So these |
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71:26 | typically like one 24 Carbons Long. um Small typically have odors. Something |
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71:37 | and typically has an odor to Okay because they just give off these |
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71:40 | of odors. These small molecules. So the other thing required is you |
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71:49 | to have a source. So the here of course is the sugar typically |
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71:53 | what's fermented. Okay so you have have that right source say glucose for |
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72:01 | but it can be other sugars of or other. Okay and then we |
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72:11 | um the production of so we have D. H. Being produced. |
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72:17 | well if we're going to make this going round and round. Okay we |
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72:23 | to somehow use that and take it to N. A. D. |
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72:31 | so it can be then used in colossus right? Cause because this depends |
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72:35 | being present to make an A. . H. Right? So you |
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72:37 | to keep funneling back in, you to somehow transform this back into |
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72:43 | A. D. That is actually essence of the fermentation is maintaining. |
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72:48 | is to continually make sure you have . So this can go back in |
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72:54 | black colleges and then keep like because it has to rely on sustaining like |
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72:59 | because that's how it's going to make energy, right? And the way |
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73:02 | do that is to have a source to keep regenerating N. A. |
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73:06 | . Okay because if it doesn't Kind of like if you just if |
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73:11 | accumulates then pretty soon it's gonna be because there's there's your you're losing and |
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73:19 | to using like analysis. So glycol so you have to have a way |
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73:23 | keep making N. A. Okay and so that's really what the |
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73:28 | of these fermentation is. Right these . So here's what I mean. |
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73:33 | here's here's the glucose like colossus here's energy production, right? And you |
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73:39 | N. A. D. To an A. D. H. |
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73:42 | this is just what happens invite kopassus of course you make power bait. |
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73:51 | That's like colossus as we know. ? Um Let me didn't like |
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73:57 | So we go like this so that like, right so we have to |
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74:02 | our source right? Have that can a way to make this go back |
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74:09 | any D. That's the essence. these additional reactions are the makeup fermentation |
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74:14 | for that purpose. Right? So take pyre of eight and we reduce |
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74:20 | to lactate in the process. We and A. D. H. |
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74:23 | bam there comes RNA D. So can keep keep it going because that's |
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74:28 | only way it's gonna make energy. ? So we keep oxidizing any th |
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74:34 | make any D. And that keeps causes going we do that by in |
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74:37 | ways. That's what the fermenter that's fermentation is differ is how are they |
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74:43 | this this example lactate fermentation. That's happens here. Here's a different |
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74:48 | Right? Alcohol fermentation. Right. here's here's still pie relate. |
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74:54 | Same thing. Well let's take 02 out first. Right? And |
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75:00 | acid towel to hide. Okay. then oh that's a car in a |
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75:07 | . So again you have to Right? And A. D. |
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75:10 | so we'll just reduce acid talbot. to ethanol. Right? That's another |
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75:15 | . Right? There's many types of that are done. And each with |
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75:21 | end products. But the the common common part of this. Is this |
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75:28 | ? Doing that regenerate the N. . D. Right? And that |
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75:33 | to keep producing energy. That's really fermentation. That's all. There is |
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75:37 | . Okay. Any questions? All . So we'll see you on |
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75:44 | finish this |
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