| 00:08 | So let's see. Do we Hm A is not here? |
|
| 00:27 | I'm really glad you're here today, . So, um, I think |
|
| 00:33 | is where we started or where we . At least this is where my |
|
| 00:36 | turned off and, um, fix . They're having trouble with this. |
|
| 01:27 | my cursor. But anyway, so does everybody remember stopping about right |
|
| 01:34 | ? Where did we go way past ? Did we do that slide? |
|
| 01:39 | don't think we did. Ok. . So, uh, I |
|
| 01:48 | I think I mentioned this a lot times when I was working on |
|
| 01:52 | I didn't like to put the Ist the Gama together. I, I |
|
| 01:56 | never figured out why, maybe because costs more but, uh, they're |
|
| 02:04 | passive, uh, reporters, passive reporters. So, um, |
|
| 02:11 | one of the things that you noticed I pointed out and I don't want |
|
| 02:14 | keep walking. So I really, need to get this cleaner at |
|
| 02:18 | My knee has really been killing me it's down here in the dark. |
|
| 03:02 | . Um, can you see the A log on there and, |
|
| 03:08 | you've got the SP log on the , you've got the gamma on the |
|
| 03:12 | and you look at the uh uh that's looking at the uh gloin unit |
|
| 03:18 | uh does it say, I bet of you realize this, but there's |
|
| 03:25 | on this log to tell me it's Canada. There's only one place I |
|
| 03:33 | in just about the whole world where an Atraco line marker and that's in |
|
| 03:39 | . Uh So that's why I know one. But uh if you look |
|
| 03:42 | the, the gamma log and the SP log, what do you notice |
|
| 03:46 | the upper part of it? So you can see this is definitely looks |
|
| 04:04 | it's flying upwards, that one looks blocky, right? And of |
|
| 04:12 | I've been told the the is always uh the ability to uh to compare |
|
| 04:18 | two logs gives you more information than normally would get. No. Um |
|
| 04:23 | gamma is uh based on why you the gamma, the gamma log is |
|
| 04:29 | uh a disc discriminator between um things hold gamma uh radiation and, and |
|
| 04:38 | things that don't and the SAS tend have less in them. And this |
|
| 04:45 | , this is even closer to a tool because it has to do with |
|
| 04:50 | the fluid flow and uh the, narrowing of um the port throat systems |
|
| 04:56 | that kind of thing. So the based on shale content which would be |
|
| 05:03 | in um um radiation is limited up , but at the same time, |
|
| 05:14 | for some compositional reason, it's not you a higher gamma, it doesn't |
|
| 05:20 | higher in the over there. But can also here and see the permeability |
|
| 05:26 | dropping off because of the uh because the fact that we probably have uh |
|
| 05:31 | e lamination of shales uh inter collided the, with the sand. And |
|
| 05:37 | why you're seeing the fighting upward Sequels than this one and not them. |
|
| 05:41 | it may have a little bit to with uh there is, there are |
|
| 05:45 | in there that, that have cars them. And uh that's also uh |
|
| 05:50 | excluding some of the potential uh gamma and some of the finer grain sediments |
|
| 05:56 | have carbonates in them rather than uh players at the beat, which would |
|
| 06:04 | a higher hammer response. But what's thing this could be, which is |
|
| 06:08 | important is that this could be indicating there's oil in the system. I |
|
| 06:13 | think so here. Uh because the is relatively uh low and uh the |
|
| 06:20 | spikes up here at the top of head. But what do you think |
|
| 06:23 | , what do you think that might ? I mean, they tell you |
|
| 06:30 | there on the, on the there's a coal in there. |
|
| 06:33 | So the reason is going way up oftentimes in a place where there aren't |
|
| 06:38 | beds, you're also gonna have uh like this because uh as I mentioned |
|
| 06:45 | week, sometimes when you get these pore sands, uh the tops of |
|
| 06:50 | , like the Chandler Islands will be with seashells will be sandstone, winnowed |
|
| 06:56 | from the deltaic sediments that are primarily but have sand in them. It's |
|
| 07:02 | and these little barrier islands gets And then, then uh when there's |
|
| 07:05 | enough of that, the shells, , the mollusk that die uh end |
|
| 07:09 | becoming shell hash on top of these . OK. So, so |
|
| 07:16 | not just these logs, but many . When we, when we look |
|
| 07:19 | them together or cross plot them, we can see more things than we're |
|
| 07:24 | to be able to see normally in . So there's a lot of detail |
|
| 07:27 | able to compare two different logs that would normally just call rock logs that |
|
| 07:32 | trying to discriminate between sand and shale finding upwards versus coarsening upwards. And |
|
| 07:38 | sort of thing. A lot of when you have Sulic clays heavily mixed |
|
| 07:43 | your sands, you will see the up uh sequences very clearly in the |
|
| 07:49 | log, but in this case, not seeing it. OK. |
|
| 07:54 | um so that's it on our two tools which are SP and uh and |
|
| 08:00 | log. But now we're gonna talk resistivity logs which are often called fluid |
|
| 08:05 | . And uh the main thing that trying to discriminate there. Of |
|
| 08:09 | they measure different things. But what trying to, uh, indicate |
|
| 08:14 | is really the difference between, fluids that and I use fluid, |
|
| 08:21 | liquid, but it could be, , uh, gas, uh, |
|
| 08:27 | or water normally. And, excuse , I think I just said that |
|
| 08:33 | the end didn't, I, I it's a gas, oil and |
|
| 08:38 | Oh, ok. Yeah. How's going? Good to see you. |
|
| 08:45 | . So, um, we basically two types and in the past, |
|
| 08:54 | I think the inductions were used a . I think we use later logs |
|
| 08:57 | now. And, and uh the logs were a way to uh to |
|
| 09:01 | deeper into the formation. I think of the ladder logs now have been |
|
| 09:05 | to get very, uh very deep the formation. So, uh don't |
|
| 09:10 | , quote me on any product, specifications from slumber or whatever logging tool |
|
| 09:16 | is. But, but uh uh normal resistivity logs never went very deep |
|
| 09:21 | the formation. But they, uh the later logs and the induction logs |
|
| 09:26 | designed to get deeper and deeper into formations. We talk about unconventional. |
|
| 09:32 | , there's some latter logs out there that, that go way into the |
|
| 09:37 | into the uh formation, which helps see just by chance a little bit |
|
| 09:42 | of the drill bit by when it's in at an angle, we can |
|
| 09:45 | of see ahead of the drill Ok. So formation water is |
|
| 09:52 | When is it not conducive? Why formation water usually conducted? It's a |
|
| 10:09 | Sky. It's a, it's sailing we, we know that with |
|
| 10:13 | those, those uh solute, the and the chlorine tend to uh increase |
|
| 10:20 | concentrations. Not always, but they . What happens if we hit a |
|
| 10:25 | a it's still conductive. There's a to test that, but don't do |
|
| 10:37 | . You can drop a, get a hot bath, bathtub and drop |
|
| 10:39 | uh hair dryer in it and you'll out it's very conducive. And uh |
|
| 10:48 | , um so it's conductive, but a whole lot less conductive than so |
|
| 10:55 | . And that's important too for distinguishing um formation water and also uh water |
|
| 11:02 | we're using in the system uh in of uh uh our mud system. |
|
| 11:08 | other words, the mud's mixed with . Sometimes it's fresh water as opposed |
|
| 11:12 | uh saline water. OK? And oil and gas are not conductive formation |
|
| 11:20 | is not conducted. Clay binds um and an uh that reduces the |
|
| 11:29 | Uh But uh oftentimes the uh resistivity very low because, because it's still |
|
| 11:37 | to at least conduct the electricity. . So here's uh basically the difference |
|
| 11:46 | these things. Um uh The one the left is, is normal and |
|
| 11:52 | have uh electrodes and you have a measuring electrode. And uh most of |
|
| 11:59 | things are actually measuring uh current and and of course, the opposite of |
|
| 12:05 | is, is resisted the numbers of . And, uh, you see |
|
| 12:13 | that the, uh, from A X, you're me basically measuring |
|
| 12:17 | uh, current, um, between two points. And of course, |
|
| 12:23 | , if they're very close, it get very far out. If they're |
|
| 12:26 | apart, that current can flow a bit farther away from the, |
|
| 12:31 | uh, the good beer, bed resolution that you see in the |
|
| 12:35 | log here. And also dual ladder is um has has focusing fields that |
|
| 12:41 | of push a current out into the rather than having it uh wrapped from |
|
| 12:47 | uh electrode to measuring that receive And uh the uh induction log is |
|
| 12:58 | little bit different and it has ground in the middle which creates like a |
|
| 13:02 | field that forces uh the transmitted current go out here like this. And |
|
| 13:08 | can't get back around until it gets that uh that magnetic field, so |
|
| 13:13 | speak. And uh and that's sort the, the difference in the three |
|
| 13:18 | how they operate. Uh Like I , most of the time we use |
|
| 13:22 | logs. And uh and um a of the examples we're gonna see |
|
| 13:27 | are gonna have letter logs in induction uh was uh one of the best |
|
| 13:33 | to get the, the deepest uh . But now we have lateral logs |
|
| 13:39 | are a little bit more sophisticated. can go deep and very deep |
|
| 13:45 | OK. Also, because of this uh effect, the lateral log has |
|
| 13:50 | really good bed resolution and kind of way it works is like this, |
|
| 13:56 | it creates these focusing currents on currents either side and it pushes uh this |
|
| 14:02 | out into the formation. And uh it, it basically relates to um |
|
| 14:11 | movement of the current away from the . And uh and uh this kind |
|
| 14:18 | pushes it out of the way. just keeps going out of your |
|
| 14:21 | And you can get an idea of the uh measured current is. And |
|
| 14:27 | of course, it reaches out really and uh more powerful. It is |
|
| 14:33 | farther out into the formation it can . Then when we have the uh |
|
| 14:42 | um loop, uh if you have transmitter has the current has to go |
|
| 14:51 | here and come back into here to out there. So, so it |
|
| 14:53 | you see there's a lot of uh that goes into these machines. But |
|
| 14:58 | it, when it goes from here to here, you're actually measuring the |
|
| 15:03 | uh system. And uh but if have a shorter one that measures less |
|
| 15:08 | a system, so, uh even you'll, you'll be getting uh that |
|
| 15:13 | resistivity out here on a, on distant one, if it's formation water |
|
| 15:17 | lower resistivity, if it's, if ground is smaller and it's measuring something |
|
| 15:21 | up. Same with the other If you're measuring something close up, |
|
| 15:25 | gonna, you're gonna see, mm, less of what the true |
|
| 15:30 | resistivity is versus the mud, resistivity and the invaded zone resistivity. |
|
| 15:40 | it's, you know, it's an thing. Ok. So here's some |
|
| 15:46 | responses. We have something permeable and has high resistivity and it's got an |
|
| 15:52 | log there. So you can all that it's permeable as relatively high |
|
| 16:00 | Um Then here you have the type and uh why would a carbonate or |
|
| 16:10 | higher resistivity? But you know what means, you know, when I |
|
| 16:21 | at Mobile, they always spelled TT TB on logs. Then I went |
|
| 16:26 | work for a and I thought I know how to spell the word |
|
| 16:30 | After that horrible misspelling was entered into head. Um I then got insulted |
|
| 16:38 | being the one that came up with to spell. But nevertheless, uh |
|
| 16:46 | out there must have a rough idea this plane had high it, but |
|
| 16:57 | , when that happens, what do do with the fluid which is |
|
| 17:07 | OK. Can be, yeah, it's compacted. But why uh uh |
|
| 17:12 | , it could be compacted, it be cemented but there's no, there's |
|
| 17:15 | , there's limited fluid inside of So, so why would, why |
|
| 17:19 | it be low resistivity because there's no water in it to carry the |
|
| 17:25 | OK. And so that's why it's . No, the shales. |
|
| 17:34 | here you can see the shales looks same as this. Um They pretty |
|
| 17:42 | have the same resistivity, which is none. There's conductivity and uh that |
|
| 17:49 | is there because there's formation water in and the cat ions and ions can |
|
| 17:52 | it even though it's tight. It's not, it's not related to |
|
| 17:56 | current uh or a blow up It's like the, is she, |
|
| 18:03 | she just that contact between? So shales, the resistivity in a marine |
|
| 18:09 | anyway, with the coate water being chloride dominated the uh you're gonna get |
|
| 18:16 | low resistivity. OK. So here we have uh an example and |
|
| 18:25 | of the problems with your uh your filtrate your fluids and your muds if |
|
| 18:32 | resistivity in the mud, yes, is greater than resistivity of water or |
|
| 18:42 | true rod. You look at that right there, but sometimes your mud |
|
| 18:49 | can have really high reasons to And therefore you can see that |
|
| 18:55 | the shallow log sticks way out So there's all sorts of things that |
|
| 18:58 | switch, switch the polarity of, this problem around. And that's one |
|
| 19:03 | them. Here's um here's AAA shallow where the mud filtrate. This is |
|
| 19:10 | we shoot for is trying to get mud filtrate to be close to what |
|
| 19:13 | RT the true rock resistivity is. uh and uh when uh, when |
|
| 19:20 | do that and into the water and you do that can measure the, |
|
| 19:24 | , the rock resistivity and the And so here you're seeing something that |
|
| 19:32 | much follows along the same line uh, here the, the canines |
|
| 19:38 | canines are, are hang, hanging to the charge. Here, you've |
|
| 19:44 | the larger grading particles. And uh, still have some permeability in |
|
| 19:50 | and, and you still have, could have water in there. But |
|
| 19:56 | uh but it's showing you that you've uh some resistivity hope that and here |
|
| 20:01 | got, here's the deep log and of a sudden the resistivity goes up |
|
| 20:08 | high and the shell along and And uh that of course is where |
|
| 20:15 | , the mud fil trade has less than the true rock. How would |
|
| 20:19 | happen? What's a good example of of how that might be? You |
|
| 20:30 | salt mud with the formations and OK. So there's a lot of |
|
| 20:37 | rules of thumb like in this which is what we normally see. |
|
| 20:45 | there's also complications between the relate the relative oh salinity essentially of the formation |
|
| 20:55 | , the mud build trade and the . So you have to remember, |
|
| 20:59 | not always, it's not always gonna like this, but it's, but |
|
| 21:05 | things can change and things can be . Uh One thing that just uh |
|
| 21:13 | think it is important to see here in the sandstone, the resistivity is |
|
| 21:18 | up. But if the resistivity in any case, the san, |
|
| 21:23 | resistivity has gone up in the So higher resistivity suggests that you might |
|
| 21:28 | a little bit of a sandstone there of a shale. What else? |
|
| 21:32 | that's course. But what else what, what if the reason went |
|
| 21:36 | high on it? That would mean might have hydrocarbons. So no matter |
|
| 21:46 | kind of conditions we have, when you have hydrocarbons in this, |
|
| 21:50 | resistivity is gonna go up. Uh gonna be higher than it would have |
|
| 21:54 | in the uh invaded zone and it's be higher than it would have been |
|
| 22:00 | out in the formation because there's no out there, even if it's fresh |
|
| 22:05 | be even more resistant than it. , what I want you to understand |
|
| 22:10 | for quick. Look, I'm trying teach, quick. Look, have |
|
| 22:14 | guys had petro physics yet? Somebody , no, every, nobody's gonna |
|
| 22:21 | in the summer. Oh, you're , ok, you're, yeah, |
|
| 22:29 | probably know this. If you're gonna Petro physics when they teach Petro |
|
| 22:35 | you won't, you won't be able look at something and understand what it |
|
| 22:38 | . You'll have to cancel. I to have a T I 59 |
|
| 22:44 | We calculate the programs for doing But uh, but anyway, uh |
|
| 22:50 | something I want you to understand is , that when we see a Samsu |
|
| 22:55 | we see res resistivity of the resistivity way up there. It's almost |
|
| 23:00 | no matter what the overlap of these is, it's almost always gonna be |
|
| 23:07 | oh hydrocarbon indicator. Uh This could just differences in the water, the |
|
| 23:15 | composition. But if, if you really high stuff, it's gonna be |
|
| 23:21 | . OK? Because there's some you know, rule of thumb things |
|
| 23:24 | we do with uh with regular logs like here, you can see this |
|
| 23:31 | this just shows you something, So you can look at this and |
|
| 23:53 | can see the sands shall the tight and you can get it, get |
|
| 23:58 | um handle on what's going on. Green water is displaced by hydrocarbon. |
|
| 24:07 | that uh in the deep, here's deep one. This is normally the |
|
| 24:12 | of overlap we're looking for, but doesn't always happen because our mud, |
|
| 24:16 | mud concentrations could be different and that of thing. But, but when |
|
| 24:20 | see these spikes where it comes way like this, um you can see |
|
| 24:26 | a tight sandstone is not as, not as, as uh resistant as |
|
| 24:31 | . Oily rockets. So when, we see something going far to the |
|
| 24:37 | on a uh resistivity log, no what the overlap is, it's, |
|
| 24:43 | almost always gonna have something to do um presence of oil and uh if |
|
| 24:54 | gas, it's gonna go even more gas is even more. Yes, |
|
| 24:58 | like just blowing everything up. But , uh this overlap right here, |
|
| 25:04 | fact that this crosses over the deep over, uh with the shallow, |
|
| 25:11 | , given the right combination of the resistivity and the format, the normal |
|
| 25:19 | formation resistivity. Normally, when you that overlap, it's almost always a |
|
| 25:26 | indicator. It's like a, almost a, a direct the, but |
|
| 25:36 | , regardless of where those two if you see it shooting to the |
|
| 25:41 | here, you can see they're about same, this type here, there's |
|
| 25:45 | kind of separation that's telling you there's that is more resistive here and there's |
|
| 25:51 | and permeability. OK? And those just simple rules of thumb. |
|
| 26:03 | This is, this is always a test question. Almost every test I |
|
| 26:08 | . And I like students to understand . And in the words, a |
|
| 26:15 | of people forget un invaded the transition flush. But try to remember |
|
| 26:23 | this is flush, this is the time and this is the, if |
|
| 26:28 | can remember those things, you can the question in a few seconds and |
|
| 26:32 | get at least five points on the just for them. OK? But |
|
| 26:37 | what is flush there? What is flush zone? Can somebody tell me |
|
| 26:41 | that is? W right. So you can see with this diagram is |
|
| 26:53 | of an important one to, to uh any time you're in the oil |
|
| 26:58 | . Um, and it can be if you're doing or, you |
|
| 27:02 | looking for water resources too if you're a, uh a drill rig that |
|
| 27:07 | has a light system. But uh mine system has a couple of important |
|
| 27:12 | aspects to it. One of it that it's supposed to invade the formation |
|
| 27:21 | it invades the formation, but it's in, is flushing the true rock |
|
| 27:29 | out of here. And uh and gonna end up in the transition zone |
|
| 27:34 | there's a little bit of this and lot of that. And then there's |
|
| 27:38 | zone where there's none of this or of that actually, all of |
|
| 27:45 | So, uh but when this when it's cold, it might filtrate |
|
| 27:50 | , because it actually gets filtered here it leaves some, the clay particles |
|
| 27:54 | the side of the. And it's creating a mud cake uh casing if |
|
| 28:01 | will around that well or so that the hole is still open and you |
|
| 28:05 | have steel in it, you it, it keeps the hole from |
|
| 28:10 | . And in the Gulf of Mexico we're drilling in uh unindicted rocks, |
|
| 28:15 | that haven't been cemented, it's really , you know, to, uh |
|
| 28:20 | get and uh and I'm sure it in uh unconventional wells as, as |
|
| 28:26 | , but it's probably a slightly different uh with the uh the gravity |
|
| 28:33 | Uh You know, you're on your rather than straight up and down like |
|
| 28:38 | . So will be more pressure Ok. But because of that, |
|
| 28:45 | contaminating everything. So, in, the past, almost all of our |
|
| 28:51 | was based on what water and, , often it could be marine water |
|
| 28:57 | , it could be fresh water offshore . Sometimes they would put water out |
|
| 29:02 | . But, uh, but it the drill of its, the drill |
|
| 29:08 | and the, the drilling rate if have oil in it. So now |
|
| 29:11 | lot of it is oil based. what do you think is the worst |
|
| 29:15 | thing about oil based muds? What be, what would, what would |
|
| 29:27 | oil based mud due to this street water dramatically increasing? Ok. Sometimes |
|
| 29:39 | healthy but also contaminates your formation because invaded zone uh is now gonna have |
|
| 29:46 | in it. And what are you for? You're looking for oil. |
|
| 29:49 | it could be a messy sling and butter based mud is pretty much 99.9% |
|
| 29:57 | the time. The best thing for geology for uh for any of our |
|
| 30:04 | tools. But uh it's, but is the best thing for the |
|
| 30:10 | So, uh when you have an , you should stick to water. |
|
| 30:14 | also, uh messes up a lot other uh analysis that you might do |
|
| 30:18 | it. Like if you take oil or carro samples and, or uh |
|
| 30:24 | fossil samples that can mess up certain of fossils. OK. So, |
|
| 30:33 | this is in all the petroleum geology . This one's from selling, |
|
| 30:37 | this one's actually out of selling a of books that have been published last |
|
| 30:42 | , probably have this diagram and they or not tell you. But |
|
| 30:45 | he's the first one that, actually started putting it in the |
|
| 30:50 | Of course, the uh, excuse me, Schlumberger Halliburton and all |
|
| 30:53 | companies dress her at was, uh are by itself that was by |
|
| 30:59 | They all had diagrams like this in operating manuals. And uh this is |
|
| 31:03 | of the classic thing that we're looking . Again, it's the overlap between |
|
| 31:08 | shallow and the deep, the goes in the deep and uh with this |
|
| 31:13 | separation here tells us that there's no here. So it's a little |
|
| 31:20 | this is a little bit elevated in just because of that. And uh |
|
| 31:26 | , it's kind of a rock discriminator some consensus. But what it's really |
|
| 31:29 | to do is self explain the And what do you think that point |
|
| 31:33 | there? What do we call There's a lot of clues on the |
|
| 31:42 | , it, that's it, oil comes from. And uh if that |
|
| 31:49 | went off the page, uh it be, you know, a gas |
|
| 31:53 | content. OK. And so, , that separation right there is telling |
|
| 32:06 | the ability in it. It's not , um, conducted and, |
|
| 32:16 | sort of a constant blow has, a lot to do with the ground |
|
| 32:21 | that we get, uh, a of, uh, surface near surface |
|
| 32:26 | that we do too. And BP . Yeah. Uh, and then |
|
| 32:32 | see, uh, this overlap here that's, that's a clear cut, |
|
| 32:37 | , thing that we're looking for. again, um, the resistivity of |
|
| 32:46 | rock is greater than the be in . And we put oil in |
|
| 32:54 | in the mud that it could be little different. But both of them |
|
| 32:58 | gonna be to the right, here's log. And um I, I |
|
| 33:06 | usually go through this one because you of have to look at it closely |
|
| 33:10 | I don't want to bore you with , but you can, uh you |
|
| 33:12 | take a look at this on your uh and read it and, and |
|
| 33:17 | will give you a little bit more in how these uh the deep ladder |
|
| 33:21 | and the shallow uh uh lateral log uh can be used to, to |
|
| 33:29 | recognize this overload. And here is uh resistivity logs. And um |
|
| 33:41 | is the deep resistivity way over The shallow resistivity is way over |
|
| 33:47 | This is the reverse of what we . But what's ha what we normally |
|
| 33:51 | , but what is happening here? the resistivity are way over here. |
|
| 33:58 | . That means I don't care what is there's a lot of resistivity in |
|
| 34:03 | mud. There's a lot of resistivity the true rock. And uh you |
|
| 34:10 | there might be hydrocarbons in here and can see some things are going on |
|
| 34:15 | about here, can also see um we're seeing some suppression of the sp |
|
| 34:22 | of the uh presence of hybrid And again, you're not supposed to |
|
| 34:28 | able to do that, but that's happens with these wonderful logs that measure |
|
| 34:33 | completely. None of these logs are what we're trying to find. |
|
| 34:38 | there isn't a log that says this sand, there isn't a log that |
|
| 34:41 | this is shale but there, but are properties in the rock that help |
|
| 34:45 | uh indicate that. So they're sort proxies for uh what we're looking |
|
| 34:57 | OK. The next group of logs porosity and permeability tools. And before |
|
| 35:01 | go to that, I just want go back here and whenever there's three |
|
| 35:07 | to something, they make really good questions. And that thing in the |
|
| 35:16 | there, rock mythology, poor space fluids. Um So for the purposes |
|
| 35:26 | this course, I'm trying to teach that these are primarily primary and fluid |
|
| 35:36 | and the gamma are here. The logs are here. And now we're |
|
| 35:41 | talk about blocks that are in this , this uh category um that |
|
| 35:49 | we call fluid identification tools. And the way, um the resistivity ones |
|
| 35:57 | here. I just said this this is resistivity. This is the |
|
| 36:01 | that we're gonna look at. I just looking at the order of the |
|
| 36:07 | . Normally I have the list in order of how I present it, |
|
| 36:10 | it looks like it's not. So, um a geophysicist and somebody |
|
| 36:30 | had rocked physics and is right away these tools too, right? |
|
| 36:37 | And um they use different uh proxy measure them. But um we'll go |
|
| 36:52 | that just briefly but the sonic log kind of almost exactly what J physics |
|
| 37:00 | with uh reflected seismology. He what you think that has to do has |
|
| 37:13 | do with what the sound waves, sonic waves, no velocity of what |
|
| 37:24 | energy waves, right? OK. . So why would that be good |
|
| 37:31 | ferocity and permeability? OK. And remember the ga the gamma log, |
|
| 37:53 | me, uh just a minute, get back to you. But |
|
| 37:55 | the SP log helps us see But we really call that a rock |
|
| 38:02 | tool because initially, it was designed look for sand shall sequences in the |
|
| 38:07 | of Mexico. And uh and uh the but uh these all of these |
|
| 38:16 | , no matter how they do, are trying to figure out how |
|
| 38:21 | really how dense the rock is. , you know, the density law |
|
| 38:25 | is looking at something that relates to . The neutron tool is looking at |
|
| 38:30 | that needs to vero and this one looking at really uh density as well |
|
| 38:39 | um as geologists, I think everybody this room knows that the higher, |
|
| 38:44 | higher this the uh density of a , what happens to an energy wave |
|
| 38:49 | a high density rock versus a low rock goes faster? So what happens |
|
| 38:55 | you put ferocity in there? slows it down. OK. So |
|
| 39:03 | we, if, if the pro lower, what, what normally happens |
|
| 39:08 | the permeability that also goes down? , um so density has a lot |
|
| 39:16 | do with. It's a really simple . It's really easy for geophysicists to |
|
| 39:20 | this because the density of the rock something that they can see all the |
|
| 39:28 | uh when they're doing a two-way travel on the terms, the only complication |
|
| 39:33 | won't be a complication with just looking the philosophy of rocks. Mhm |
|
| 39:43 | they're not all the same and therefore travel time can be averaged between very |
|
| 39:49 | things and, and very porous OK. And, and uh at |
|
| 39:55 | point in time, we'll probably, weekend we'll, we'll talk a little |
|
| 39:58 | about um travel time and how it's by a good velocity versus a uh |
|
| 40:06 | , a sort of an average velocity . OK. So, um let's |
|
| 40:15 | on with it. Um I don't into this in great detail, but |
|
| 40:20 | , this chart is one that helps . Uh understand that all of these |
|
| 40:27 | , uh, have their own inherent and uh there's a big range but |
|
| 40:33 | sandstones of forest, some aren't same limestones dola less. And, |
|
| 40:40 | some of these other things, it's not a whole lot of |
|
| 40:47 | a light. Uh And then, know, that's, that's all for |
|
| 40:52 | . Essentially. There's no rock So, uh, so that's |
|
| 41:00 | um, fluids are gonna be very . There's no rock transport on top |
|
| 41:05 | that. Since you guys are really . Uh geologist, what type of |
|
| 41:15 | actually will be transferred into the I know it's real simple to |
|
| 41:25 | I was trying to, that's The um the S wave, the |
|
| 41:29 | waves don't, don't get transmitted I think. OK. And |
|
| 41:35 | that becomes a good tool. Now we've gotten to the point where sometimes |
|
| 41:39 | do offshore stuff, we can uh put a, a receiver on |
|
| 41:44 | ocean floor and then it can transmit the rocks. It doesn't see the |
|
| 41:48 | in the rock. Uh And because that, it doesn't see gas clouds |
|
| 41:52 | all sorts of things. And so can give us detail that we wouldn't |
|
| 41:55 | without it, it's very expensive. if we can find something that's valuable |
|
| 42:00 | the drill bit and the P then we can justify that expense. |
|
| 42:08 | . Here's, here's just showing you typical Sonic log against uh some |
|
| 42:14 | And uh these are basically um sand sequences with some tight sands and some |
|
| 42:37 | no, it doesn't care what I . OK. This says forest underneath |
|
| 42:45 | . OK. OK. Here is , here is the density log. |
|
| 42:55 | And again, that has to do velocity. Uh The density log of |
|
| 43:00 | has an active gamma source uh which something you don't want to drop in |
|
| 43:04 | . Well, that happens every now then and uh season 1 37 is |
|
| 43:12 | a good marker around a major uh events that help us look at recent |
|
| 43:20 | and take a at uh it 1960 60 somewhere in there. Now we |
|
| 43:31 | pick this fight. But when there a whole lot of uh nuclear bomb |
|
| 43:36 | and uh and it, it goes the way around the world and you |
|
| 43:39 | see it in all the shallow marine and stuff like that and, and |
|
| 43:45 | in your backyard. Uh but they have this act of sorts, |
|
| 43:50 | a little bit powerful you don't want drop in the words uh but it's |
|
| 43:55 | good gas detector. And um and , uh right, some of it |
|
| 44:05 | to um the process and permeability in case, is looking for things that |
|
| 44:12 | suggest that there are fluids in there than water and just water. And |
|
| 44:17 | and that's a useful thing as And this kind of uh sort of |
|
| 44:29 | slide that I like to use that compares uh the density log to a |
|
| 44:38 | rod which uses a different type of . And uh I'm not gonna read |
|
| 44:45 | out to you, but all I tell you is that the less I |
|
| 44:50 | , probably the less confusing it's gonna because if you understand all the |
|
| 44:55 | it gets kind of confusing even for . Um even, even when I |
|
| 45:01 | uh only 50 years old, it confusing for me. Um sometimes uh |
|
| 45:07 | to explain, but um both of , they're trying to measure the same |
|
| 45:12 | . So what you see here, come up, they have different ways |
|
| 45:15 | measuring the um some of them get from hydrogen and some of them get |
|
| 45:22 | from town uh other other parts of the molecules that we're gonna see |
|
| 45:30 | here. And uh I think it's just to I'm trying really hard not |
|
| 45:37 | tell you the detail. This um think the important thing is when you |
|
| 45:41 | a log like this, this is . OK. And this is also |
|
| 45:54 | measure of porosity competence. We don't the numbers up here, but in |
|
| 46:01 | cases, ferocity is really low over . It's really high over here. |
|
| 46:10 | doesn't matter what these units are, , these numbers will be lower. |
|
| 46:15 | you see the numbers plotted, these will be higher, but they're |
|
| 46:20 | both of them are lower or higher in this direction. Everybody get |
|
| 46:26 | OK. Both of them in this are lower, bro. This one |
|
| 46:31 | measured in density. This one actually measured in a bro unit. |
|
| 46:36 | But there are different things in in the molecules then overexcite them or |
|
| 46:42 | excite them depending on the source. one's looking at neutrons, one's |
|
| 46:49 | And uh because of that, both them, when you have in a |
|
| 46:59 | , uh the water that's measured in of them as an issue, the |
|
| 47:05 | that's measured in another one has an because there's too much hydrogen. The |
|
| 47:09 | one has uh 222 little water. so, uh this overlap is as |
|
| 47:17 | result of that. So again, coming along here, uh you got |
|
| 47:24 | shells, the shells do this, stuff and you can see uh the |
|
| 47:32 | log is out here because the shales be denser. But like, you |
|
| 47:35 | , it's pretty much the same But then all of a sudden you're |
|
| 47:38 | something that's not dense, there's porosity um whatever is in here, uh |
|
| 47:47 | not offsetting what's being measured by these different tools when you get into |
|
| 47:53 | Um Because there's a lot of methane there, it displaces water and it |
|
| 47:59 | has a lot of hydrogen in which is another uh important thing about |
|
| 48:05 | amount of neutrons you have, how neutrons are in, in a anybody |
|
| 48:24 | . So, that's right. But every but imagine. But |
|
| 48:31 | for example, has, how I mean? Yeah. So h2o |
|
| 48:35 | has, has proton, eight protons eight neutrons, right? What am |
|
| 48:46 | doing? OK. So those are things that are, that are affecting |
|
| 48:52 | 22 things. So one of the density log, it's affect |
|
| 49:02 | same rock, same fluids, except we have a lot of methane instead |
|
| 49:09 | oil and that methane instead of oil water tricks the density log and making |
|
| 49:17 | think it's nothing but ferocity. So almost goes off the scale hy |
|
| 49:26 | the neutron log, which is the line. Uh Again, because of |
|
| 49:32 | molecular uh composition of a lot of versus either of these fluids. Uh |
|
| 49:40 | gets an error and it says it's low. And so you have this |
|
| 49:44 | overlap and um and you probably don't excited about this as much as I |
|
| 49:50 | . But when two tools are they end up giving you one of |
|
| 49:56 | best indicators of hydrocarbons, especially natural that we've ever seen. And I |
|
| 50:00 | think that's so cool. Uh I what it kind of underscores is |
|
| 50:05 | you know, when we're worried about measuring things and there's air, sometimes |
|
| 50:09 | air is actually helping us get a . And so, so whenever we |
|
| 50:15 | any of these tools that are actually of what we're trying to measure, |
|
| 50:19 | because they're not measuring exactly what we're for they could be actually telling us |
|
| 50:24 | what we're looking for in this, case is one of the sure best |
|
| 50:29 | to know that you have gas in , in a, well, that |
|
| 50:32 | have those two logs. The problem a lot of times people only run |
|
| 50:35 | Sonic sometimes I don't even do And other times they'll run the density |
|
| 50:39 | the neutron if they do that, fantastic to be certain if someone's looking |
|
| 50:44 | for natural gas because there's very little anyway, they're probably gonna do both |
|
| 50:49 | those logs. Ok. And in cases, uh, you're lucky and |
|
| 50:54 | have, uh, the, the department in your company is just gonna |
|
| 50:59 | a whole suite. They don't care much it is. They want to |
|
| 51:01 | that information out and you'll see all logs and you'll see this. |
|
| 51:08 | And, um, this is just one of these cartoons, uh, |
|
| 51:13 | we use to kind of see what supposed to see, uh, when |
|
| 51:16 | get gas and you can see that is always there for gas. |
|
| 51:22 | you can see, uh, the diagram just showed when the water is |
|
| 51:27 | like this, but sometimes this can and you see a little bit of |
|
| 51:34 | , uh, with the oil, , this is more or less |
|
| 51:39 | uh, gas, oil contact. might be, this might be |
|
| 51:44 | gas associated. Ok. Ok. here we are. Um, |
|
| 52:00 | this is just another example. I'm really gonna go into this, but |
|
| 52:04 | , you can look at this, can look at the resistivity, the |
|
| 52:07 | ray, the density, the Yeah, they have the V player |
|
| 52:13 | shale. Um Let's see, what they have here? Yeah, you |
|
| 52:28 | have clay carbonates but you play size . But I I don't know if |
|
| 52:33 | is just a misname thing or they to be V shale because normally if |
|
| 52:37 | V shale, we're looking at silicate . OK. So what are some |
|
| 52:45 | purposes of uh wire line tools besides fluids and porosity permeability? What other |
|
| 53:01 | can we do with, with these line bugs that are geologically useful? |
|
| 53:08 | right. Did you look at the ? OK. Now, you're |
|
| 53:17 | I'm, I'm just teasing you. . Um What, what's another possible |
|
| 53:28 | ? Actually? That was, that a really good answer and uh you |
|
| 53:32 | would have picked something else if you the, the slides first, if |
|
| 53:37 | want. Yeah. And, and would, what would you be doing |
|
| 53:46 | you were looking at Strat graphic spinning two Ls? It sounds like you're |
|
| 53:52 | about two wells correlation. So we these tools for correlation and uh they're |
|
| 53:59 | , really useful for correlation. Um geologists, the geophysics can see between |
|
| 54:11 | automatically. Unfortunately, they don't always them lined up with the whips. |
|
| 54:19 | uh and that, that's, that's problem with acquisition But on the other |
|
| 54:24 | , how do geologists see between how do, how do geologists know |
|
| 54:29 | going on between two wells correlation? you said, that's why you might |
|
| 54:35 | Strat graphic spinning, you might see , all sorts of things. |
|
| 54:40 | um logs are critical for us predicting seeing beyond the well board well bores |
|
| 54:48 | , you know, just single points information. And when we correlate |
|
| 54:54 | we're able to uh at least to certain extent, see what's between |
|
| 55:00 | Not always but a little but in in many clever ways. What's another |
|
| 55:06 | that we could do? These are of the main things that we |
|
| 55:13 | you said structure uh correlation. Here's thing. Uh It's also used, |
|
| 55:21 | is one of the things that I a lot of people are a little |
|
| 55:25 | space in interpretation. Uh Does everybody here know what a face is? |
|
| 55:35 | you all had uh sediment or Lius or stratigraphy? It's just ridiculous and |
|
| 55:42 | not OK. Well, for a depositional environment might be a um |
|
| 55:52 | delta, but the delta has different to it. There's places that have |
|
| 55:58 | sand, places that have more shale that have a mixture, places that |
|
| 56:03 | plants mixed in places that don't, that are pure clay that's been carried |
|
| 56:10 | . And um and so that's what faces are. They're, they're different |
|
| 56:15 | of a depositional environmental system. And um and in the rock record |
|
| 56:23 | gets more complicated. But, but can, but you can do some |
|
| 56:27 | interpretation with it. There's also, I don't talk about a few later |
|
| 56:33 | when we get the production. but there's some, um, in |
|
| 56:39 | , um, to talk about flu moving in the reservoir, that sort |
|
| 56:45 | thing. And one of the logs I don't talk about which probably would |
|
| 56:50 | , uh, a petro physic Um, anybody want to think of |
|
| 56:56 | one that has anybody in here worked logs starting to? Ok. How |
|
| 57:14 | , well, temperature is something that's there too. We need that for |
|
| 57:17 | lot of reasons we need, we , um, sometimes we give you |
|
| 57:21 | , pressure so we'll talk about that production. One log that I haven't |
|
| 57:27 | about that almost always goes down in . Thank you. Leave it up |
|
| 57:35 | the right. Ok. What is Caliper lock? Do you know? |
|
| 57:40 | mean, I know like exactly if all of a sudden the diameter |
|
| 57:48 | the well shrinks or, uh, dramatically, you've got some kind of |
|
| 57:53 | , something's blocking it or there's a in it. And if you do |
|
| 57:57 | deviated, well, uh, a out is a real big problem because |
|
| 58:00 | logs can fall down into the, the wash up. And if you |
|
| 58:05 | a wash out, um, while have open hole, you also have |
|
| 58:09 | from somewhere to that point, which create problems including blowouts. OK. |
|
| 58:18 | of course, we use them for and this is, uh, the |
|
| 58:22 | that I, that I like to out is, uh, fay interpretation |
|
| 58:26 | logs. We all know, think everybody in this room is aware |
|
| 58:32 | , but a, uh, this upward sequence typically looks like, |
|
| 58:39 | it's something that we'd see at a bar in a meandering stream, sort |
|
| 58:43 | a classic, but it's not always because it might be a bigger |
|
| 58:48 | And uh you might drill a well through the foul wag. Anybody know |
|
| 58:53 | the foul wag is. It's the part of the champ where a lot |
|
| 59:01 | stuff, uh you have a lot traction, uh flow of, of |
|
| 59:06 | where it's just kind of rolling along bottom but not balancing. And, |
|
| 59:13 | , and that will be all the stuff. So you might hit that |
|
| 59:17 | in, in the same river, a big enough river. You might |
|
| 59:21 | it go like this. And when get to a distributor channel, distributer |
|
| 59:26 | is this channel and flow becomes almost jet, get a delta front and |
|
| 59:33 | and therefore a lot of it is much like a, it usually becomes |
|
| 59:38 | . And so you have that ring all the way up. So you |
|
| 59:41 | a block with the distributor channel But these shapes that we look for |
|
| 59:47 | upwards blocky, uh There's one that's bell shape, which this one kind |
|
| 59:52 | is. And uh when you get , we attribute them to certain |
|
| 59:57 | but they're not always uh spot on even the faces have variations within, |
|
| 60:04 | know, if you're looking at the channel. But, but if, |
|
| 60:07 | you had enough logs, you could pick out the point bar side and |
|
| 60:11 | eroded side because you'd see a deposit one and then the point bar in |
|
| 60:17 | and then you'd be in the So there's a lot we can do |
|
| 60:22 | this. Um uh This is just you uh some more of these things |
|
| 60:29 | call motus. And uh it even it in this slide, it says |
|
| 60:37 | right here. I was, I trying to sit by the desk because |
|
| 60:42 | Tessa pointed out, it was really information was that she couldn't hear me |
|
| 60:46 | lot of times uh on this especially, especially when I got up |
|
| 60:49 | walked away from it. Is that ? Like, yeah, I |
|
| 60:57 | I know I used to carry one . Um I don't know why this |
|
| 61:03 | doesn't. But my, my older , the microphone is amazing. You |
|
| 61:06 | get across the room and it still everything and if somebody drops something, |
|
| 61:12 | another. But uh but yeah, think you're absolutely, it's really |
|
| 61:18 | Uh But anyway, these are the log motifs and these kind of tell |
|
| 61:21 | what they are and um this you know, sometimes too much |
|
| 61:29 | I remember when people started looking we said every month, put out |
|
| 61:34 | , you know, had different You have to put these things in |
|
| 61:39 | content. You know, if you're deep letter, it's probably gonna have |
|
| 61:43 | to do with, to even you're shallow, you know, you're in |
|
| 61:46 | water. It might be uh some of system or a deltaic system or |
|
| 61:53 | offshore fire system. And of both, all three of those things |
|
| 61:57 | have similar motifs, but you still to sort out where you're at in |
|
| 62:01 | realm of things, you know, my, in my uh before the |
|
| 62:06 | , I'm gonna at the shoreline or a delta kind of thing. You |
|
| 62:09 | to kind of figure that out before start making interpretation. Uh Sometimes when |
|
| 62:14 | , when we would hand these to , um, and even experienced |
|
| 62:21 | uh they would just start following that like it was, you know, |
|
| 62:24 | word uh in every case and and you can't do that. It's |
|
| 62:28 | same thing with the logs. Uh Those overlaps on the uh shallow and |
|
| 62:34 | resistivity don't always mean exactly the same . Ok. So now we're gonna |
|
| 62:42 | to the exercise. So this will a good time to break and uh |
|
| 62:48 | we can kind of start looking at exercise. Oh, yeah, still |
|
| 63:01 | for me. Hey, you guys take a 10 minute break. You |
|
| 63:10 | are real excited. You wanna get |
|
