| 00:00 | Oh, what the hell was Jeez, sorry about that. Some |
|
| 00:05 | had wireless up to like max Goodness good Lord. That's too, |
|
| 00:17 | better. Ok, sorry about Um, uh, let's see. |
|
| 00:27 | me turn this off here. All right. Fantastic. No. |
|
| 00:37 | . And we are recording so we , um, all right. |
|
| 00:43 | uh, next week, no classes . So we have spring, what |
|
| 00:49 | you call spring holiday for whatever. So, uh, so, |
|
| 00:57 | so usual stuff. So they is his new one and a smart |
|
| 01:03 | So, but make note of this opening coming up this Friday, you |
|
| 01:11 | , you got to the 18th to . So, I mean, you |
|
| 01:17 | the Monday when we come back. , same, uh, the |
|
| 01:24 | Ok. No, that's due to that. So the last time |
|
| 01:32 | um, and see we just finish today and go into viruses. |
|
| 01:42 | the, uh, according to the , uh we, uh, it's |
|
| 01:48 | open style 14. So in two before 28 to 14 land in the |
|
| 01:57 | , that was nice too, Um Let's see, what else? |
|
| 02:08 | that example is 28 in June, , to the second. Uh, |
|
| 02:15 | , it's only got 3346, starting to sleep and then what |
|
| 02:24 | So that's what I, uh, announce, try. Um, |
|
| 02:31 | I can get that. I want one so better react quietly, but |
|
| 02:38 | expect to be back. I don't any reason not to be back. |
|
| 02:42 | , so, but anyway, that's be happening Thursday morning. So I'm |
|
| 02:46 | gonna be Thursday or Friday. Um the office hours to receive your planning |
|
| 02:52 | that. Uh So if you're starting unknown in LA, well, we |
|
| 03:00 | last week. All right. So be doing uh look at your plates |
|
| 03:06 | two, you see two types, ? So number one, those things |
|
| 03:12 | have to be super pretty, Hot points for being pretty just need |
|
| 03:16 | get accomplished the mission which is get , right? You two, |
|
| 03:21 | you just get one, you victory, right? 11 of each |
|
| 03:25 | , one, a colony you will more than that. Uh I got |
|
| 03:29 | couple of those mixture you got and works. I saw a beautiful |
|
| 03:34 | right? That's me. I've done million plates probably in the last 30 |
|
| 03:39 | , right? So I can do plates with my clothes. So |
|
| 03:43 | um so it's, it's if you're seeing separation, it's not the fault |
|
| 03:50 | the culture because it works. All . So it's operator, right? |
|
| 03:57 | in any case, uh it's gonna obvious two types of that. |
|
| 04:02 | all right, enough of that, uh recap a little bit about |
|
| 04:09 | So kind uh back up here. we are uh looking at growth. |
|
| 04:16 | of course, that the part very , right? And we saw those |
|
| 04:22 | um, nutritional tops, right? we take, we know what we |
|
| 04:27 | to grow and we know what nutritional it is, Ieie A is, |
|
| 04:33 | it a hetro, is it a blah, blah blah? We know |
|
| 04:37 | know that then we know what we to supply, right? So we |
|
| 04:40 | together a bunch of ingredients, Um Of course, the overriding thing |
|
| 04:47 | NPS, right? Supply forms of uh what forms depend on the nutritional |
|
| 04:54 | . So do that and then it's . What, what kind of media |
|
| 04:59 | we wanna use and what, what type, what uh what's the |
|
| 05:03 | That's what I'm trying to say. the purpose of what we're doing |
|
| 05:06 | We're just trying to get lots of or we're just trying to, to |
|
| 05:10 | uh kind of diagnose something. Are trying to um get a cure |
|
| 05:15 | So that's gonna determine solid media, media, selective differential, et |
|
| 05:21 | right? So there's different types and then we looked at excuse, looked |
|
| 05:27 | growth in terms of so we get these things, put them together with |
|
| 05:33 | , they put a solid and then maybe some OK, how many quantity |
|
| 05:43 | , big numbers, right? And look at that equation, uh |
|
| 05:49 | generations uh from point of view point future of close uh anesthesia. Uh |
|
| 06:02 | want to get films all that Uh so um so then there was |
|
| 06:12 | a OK. C uh we can calculate quantitate the numbers that we're |
|
| 06:20 | Uh what else? Well, then last part of that was growth, |
|
| 06:23 | ? The growth stages of growth, ? So um we uh take mass |
|
| 06:31 | , all that continue. But uh , right? Great media do not |
|
| 06:41 | and then do nothing else other than and, and, and measure grows |
|
| 06:46 | either or that way uh that with number, right? In case you |
|
| 06:57 | a number of cells over time. right? And so the lag |
|
| 07:05 | OK, those stages occur and they've growing. Uh but the difference of |
|
| 07:12 | is um sure the water plan, is very good. All all of |
|
| 07:18 | actually vary plans. OK? So you're gonna have the higher your |
|
| 07:24 | in your life. So they gonna those four P just to make |
|
| 07:32 | right? So, OK, so match, bro, which is um |
|
| 07:38 | against enough mero blog that this one just want I say DNA or something |
|
| 07:45 | don't really care about once the boy not the pain, the state and |
|
| 07:50 | you got more cells than what to with. And that's typically enough |
|
| 07:56 | right? But if uh that OK. And so that's where you |
|
| 08:07 | , then you need to employ more control. We wanna get more control |
|
| 08:12 | this, right? And that's what especially bioreactor growth uh can get |
|
| 08:18 | Uh but also fed batch growth, ? Can't increase your cell numbers. |
|
| 08:24 | so that's uh uh so one so we talk about this at the |
|
| 08:29 | , I, I mentioned one thing that uh the death. So the |
|
| 08:34 | p pretty much out of we're out internet and we move this thing out |
|
| 08:42 | the way. So we're out of basically. OK. Here. So |
|
| 08:48 | part of the curve here. So is pretty much what you focus on |
|
| 08:54 | you are interested in the effects of treatments to reduce micro, that fact |
|
| 09:02 | your temperature, whatever, whatever yeah, that be. So, |
|
| 09:13 | I broke on it. We have growing culture that you intrigue of some |
|
| 09:19 | , and this is that way, be able to see how it |
|
| 09:23 | And then you're looking to see that a and um that's kind of what |
|
| 09:33 | , you know, the rest attack . Let's talk about physical chemical was |
|
| 09:41 | temperature. Uh But we should be on that. OK. So I |
|
| 09:48 | see persistence, right? So we about this briefly in um as, |
|
| 09:54 | a strategy for antibiotic. So um physically work best. It's not a |
|
| 10:02 | fact to typically grow. I for grow and that's what this enormity persistence |
|
| 10:18 | . It kind of stays in like stage from p it's alive, |
|
| 10:22 | But it's not growing, right? to remain a lot, having enough |
|
| 10:28 | to maintain that. Yes. So we sustain the level of that |
|
| 10:36 | Then, of course, with the PP. But, and so that's |
|
| 10:40 | um Sim should offer for a period time. That's a belief, |
|
| 10:51 | I think you earlier and that the All right, Black Farm Station, |
|
| 11:08 | look at uh IV first pre so is basically like this, my name |
|
| 11:18 | to impact growth. But now instead taking sentence out to measure growth in |
|
| 11:25 | to that, right? And so that is kind of you kind of |
|
| 11:32 | time that time your your growth, decision of new things. Um So |
|
| 11:43 | that's kind of when I really active going like crazy. So usually it's |
|
| 11:49 | here in the gro uh gross curve you add your nutrients because then you |
|
| 11:55 | that there's not gonna be much of slow down. And of course, |
|
| 12:02 | main when you add. So in lucre means so a real need some |
|
| 12:13 | and in his stomach more in that that you see, so increasing after |
|
| 12:21 | add and that can go for a . OK? But that a little |
|
| 12:29 | class, then you can add more , but then it comes to a |
|
| 12:34 | where there's too much uh those products use too cur and shows grow |
|
| 12:41 | And so again, this, this a um and so you really have |
|
| 12:49 | . That's so there's a question So we gonna f hatch, |
|
| 12:55 | So we just have not way. they grow, you get, buy |
|
| 13:00 | the water place and we add more and they continue to grow. You |
|
| 13:06 | even do it more than once that D that like long way. |
|
| 13:15 | it really only works if you do . But if I have um if |
|
| 13:23 | add, I'm gonna add 10 g liter of glucose. OK? So |
|
| 13:32 | start with the medium enhanced grater right? And it goes, we |
|
| 13:37 | to grow right? And when we to Midlo, I add it. |
|
| 13:42 | right. So it grows again. say I added more here, |
|
| 13:45 | And it keeps growing up, And I add it again. All |
|
| 13:49 | . So I can keep doing do the additions like here and here |
|
| 13:53 | here. OK? Um That will years. Let's say we have uh |
|
| 14:03 | have 10 million, one, So that's 4 to 4 times two |
|
| 14:12 | three coast. But we do need it won't grow up, it won't |
|
| 14:26 | get out of it. Uh If have area in the clock, |
|
| 14:32 | This area, OK. Um Which the pass? But why not? |
|
| 14:39 | I don't know if he's going to doing why? 40 Gras straight |
|
| 14:46 | So why would that work for Uh I don't want to like in |
|
| 14:57 | of I was gonna later welcome to . The letter is o I moved |
|
| 15:14 | so, right. So the the of my meeting was versus a medium |
|
| 15:22 | but it doesn't taste, I know I I get ready. You need |
|
| 15:32 | that the group and then you're gonna , oh yeah, and then in |
|
| 15:35 | front, you know, editing matches the period of no. So I |
|
| 15:41 | to worry about coming in at 31 um Right. You find out it's |
|
| 15:47 | , it work. It was a for the women. You got |
|
| 15:52 | right? It's a high sight it's fighting water loss, right? |
|
| 16:03 | . That's why you think, I um makes sense rest. Um All |
|
| 16:20 | . Uh So if that was for , uh I don't know. Um |
|
| 16:26 | it like a like a room like grow? And we said throughout. |
|
| 16:34 | do you do the that actually what pretty quick is just me, |
|
| 16:46 | So it's growing and you do, we keep the allow us? I |
|
| 16:55 | this. I think another thing for on the list. What do I |
|
| 17:04 | that sets and what, what is hero person? Great. So you |
|
| 17:13 | have uh I think A B MD the so very quickly. Uh This |
|
| 17:22 | last week I film on here. stuff um you know, the grows |
|
| 17:26 | time. That's actually some, something like this kind. It may go |
|
| 17:35 | that for a bit and then I of just levels out and just goes |
|
| 17:40 | a rate but not exponent. And because if you, if you have |
|
| 17:52 | , yeah, you save us, ? So if you do everything that |
|
| 17:57 | don't have a lot of control over , yeah, I put these things |
|
| 18:02 | the f crank up the artery in machine. Does that is there? |
|
| 18:09 | uh I uh last year I wrote flask or used to be flat on |
|
| 18:19 | you can buy plastic, have built here, but it's called plas. |
|
| 18:26 | that creates more, more, more it's around a little 90 things up |
|
| 18:35 | couldn't shake it. It really creates lot of turns and earrings so that |
|
| 18:40 | can. Uh so I would take of your options. OK. Um |
|
| 18:47 | . So what are you doing? I'm show ph IP H to |
|
| 18:53 | well, you actually do you have case in figure that turns yellow and |
|
| 18:58 | acidic. He said you were able ask some base to it. It's |
|
| 19:04 | right color, right? I I know that this will shake fast |
|
| 19:11 | trying to control the stuff very quickly a pain, right? Because they |
|
| 19:16 | , you think the world your time a slave to their right? And |
|
| 19:22 | the demand you have to go, , I have to ask your face |
|
| 19:24 | this, I have to go a . So very quickly you wanna go |
|
| 19:28 | something like a and computer control right? So, um as you |
|
| 19:36 | see here, this, this uh , right? So you see |
|
| 19:41 | the glass vessel, um they ok, two wire. So |
|
| 19:46 | the uh p over here are coming as they fall control. So you |
|
| 19:51 | various probes, you go out there , foods sticking in here, |
|
| 20:00 | Concentration for PH temperature. So you to be monitored by computer and you |
|
| 20:07 | it all set at it. Just temperatures at 37 maybe. Uh PH |
|
| 20:13 | um you have the, you say like uh at, at, at |
|
| 20:18 | when we get six as we get uh about seven so 66 or 7.5 |
|
| 20:25 | something rank like that. Um temperature . So you would have uh ar |
|
| 20:34 | , right? That's what, that's uh sort of eats the rubber lines |
|
| 20:39 | . And that's what that does. , it's cool water that r this |
|
| 20:43 | um bioenergetics, right? You're eating , any kind of bioenergetics process and |
|
| 20:49 | you eat. So this thing grow like nuts and you know, |
|
| 20:55 | So you and now, right? what food, right? You an |
|
| 21:02 | . Um 22 things he did at um it's called color be in the |
|
| 21:10 | broke his face back and that creates . You have, I think it |
|
| 21:15 | far right t of meal, same of food. So you, all |
|
| 21:21 | air comes in through there and you to start because the little bones cy |
|
| 21:27 | better than the fat bones. So the larger they can mix the |
|
| 21:32 | in there off of that, that then that combined with the spinning |
|
| 21:37 | Um And so that we also like all, all when your was dropped |
|
| 21:44 | the vessel, your, your probes so you have like a cut off |
|
| 21:50 | , cut off value. So if say Neo gets below 20% or |
|
| 21:55 | so if you increase the speed of mixing and to increase the amount of |
|
| 22:03 | both control uh helps your, so , all the stuff is controlled and |
|
| 22:11 | of parameters. Um Is there a person that's running one of these things |
|
| 22:16 | there when you run on this yet the audience? So hope you run |
|
| 22:26 | um uh this is not, this either of the stuff on the top |
|
| 22:31 | the class and um because they don't , that's good if I ran the |
|
| 22:45 | , I pay my job. um OK, I I'm not gonna |
|
| 22:54 | crazy in terms of they have you a bi reactor on an exam or |
|
| 22:57 | like that. That was kind of for you, you know, |
|
| 23:02 | that information when you get a right? So I figured I'd give |
|
| 23:04 | my knowledge about that. All So let's look at this. This |
|
| 23:10 | , let me open that and let's . All right, this is |
|
| 23:16 | this is typically a stress driven phenomenon by a depletion of nutrients from other |
|
| 23:25 | . OK. All right. And take us into our last two |
|
| 23:41 | . Chapter four. OK. Let's . Let's kinda speed this up a |
|
| 23:53 | bit. Account number 10. Yeah. It's def definitely in those |
|
| 24:11 | formation. So, so kind of , these two phenomena, this answer |
|
| 24:20 | that, oh here's I forgot when in there. All right, let's |
|
| 24:25 | the answer to this one. This an easy one and a surface and |
|
| 24:30 | ability to attack the absolute mars for while, the requirements for what the |
|
| 24:42 | take this off catch attach. We just just about answered right. |
|
| 25:18 | . OK. Yeah. So this what we're going to finish up with |
|
| 25:21 | in this section. Um So first bio formation. So both these |
|
| 25:30 | right? So in those formations about and or under stress, uh the |
|
| 25:42 | of the attack, so he starts trigger in those cold. And so |
|
| 25:50 | is also called a nutrient phenomenon. of the box, because the one |
|
| 26:03 | , two things to characterize bio as mentioned, the question, the |
|
| 26:07 | is all about a service, And so um in order to uh |
|
| 26:21 | typically uh those that are, I have the be a great stop, |
|
| 26:30 | could go with 57, right. Those are trigger eye that aren't necessary |
|
| 26:36 | them to cause disease. It helps stick your intestines. Uh over five |
|
| 26:43 | back. I don't cause illness. , I tell you, but so |
|
| 26:50 | phone attached a lot. So probably switching motility in relation to that. |
|
| 27:00 | , so if my information beyond the of anything else, it's much status |
|
| 27:09 | and we get to more and more to go around and clock. And |
|
| 27:13 | initially, uh what we call micro form on the surface and then um |
|
| 27:21 | that spreads out too mentally, then many cells uh develop in a room |
|
| 27:28 | lift up so that we mentioned they the same, right? Do crazy |
|
| 27:35 | . So uh medical aspects, um have any form of uh they can |
|
| 27:41 | you a lot for uh it really the mishandling of medical devices, things |
|
| 27:49 | a cat, um really to um device like a um they even a |
|
| 27:59 | part of it. Ok? Make that it's all I can because things |
|
| 28:04 | know, the character, the, after I put the mind and |
|
| 28:11 | No, I'm still right. And you ever hand your staff, he |
|
| 28:18 | a staff development for a bio film the um body as a service go |
|
| 28:28 | there and the bio film, uh break off from the world. And |
|
| 28:35 | these kind of things can be pretty uh away from ourselves and FBI don't |
|
| 28:47 | . So, so, um and important last one is this is |
|
| 28:55 | I think so. Uh So very world attitude. I, my handling |
|
| 29:01 | these kinds of instrumentation and those pain a song. Um Other things, |
|
| 29:09 | kind of, you know, the that sticking through the mouth that to |
|
| 29:14 | the BT. Um the uh this something you see in uh um in |
|
| 29:24 | world where we used to really have uh go to the soda station and |
|
| 29:30 | out records once and all. Uh of you that work in the, |
|
| 29:35 | you noticed uh a couple of IC T cancer and serve and most |
|
| 29:39 | the t to the, the truly , right? And that can't lead |
|
| 29:47 | growth of these types that form a of films design too, not a |
|
| 29:53 | . So customers go oh I ex on this. So spend some to |
|
| 29:58 | A B and so I feel I feel they are pretty expensive in |
|
| 30:10 | OK. Um You know, can buy not today into the world and |
|
| 30:21 | uh that uh but very often because stays in lot. So typically the |
|
| 30:29 | that part is the perfect place because know, you have a flow of |
|
| 30:34 | going through and then form a surface then to the to grow something. |
|
| 30:42 | there is a process to it. it's not just a random coming together |
|
| 30:46 | and so how to grow and we're happy together, that kind of |
|
| 30:50 | right? It's a, it's a relevant process if you will. Um |
|
| 30:56 | certainly service service and so many traffic that service. Right? And if |
|
| 31:04 | require so in this situation, so we look at this in terms of |
|
| 31:13 | we call freeing ourselves and then they to the surface, so they call |
|
| 31:22 | stick, right? Swimmer, swimmer sts, right? So they settle |
|
| 31:28 | a surface and again, for I a pretty important process. OK? |
|
| 31:38 | at some point, they produce the glue kind of the glue that holds |
|
| 31:43 | together, right? That's what makes bio from. It's kind of sugary |
|
| 31:46 | be a sugary protein combination back where forms. And uh that's yeah, |
|
| 31:54 | many teams you have to, of . Um but this break off, |
|
| 32:08 | elsewhere, some floors again, find c attached to and continue this |
|
| 32:14 | OK? So um let me kind car you. OK. So we |
|
| 32:22 | , so swim around. This is of these phenomenon called a form |
|
| 32:29 | right? So this is about and is a, the lieutenant is selling |
|
| 32:38 | president. So in um government uh for whos and 700 people they |
|
| 32:48 | you can do whatever, it's not , right? So here it's kind |
|
| 32:54 | a similar thing where it's self density the cell is present, then the |
|
| 33:00 | step and of course, it's all . So here we have it on |
|
| 33:11 | on surface, we have a I call micro colonies. OK? |
|
| 33:19 | it is then of course the recipients me, OK. So uh if |
|
| 33:26 | snow, so oh electricity, chemicals presumably more. So the big on |
|
| 33:37 | surface that's the negative of OK. is a favorable environment. That's why |
|
| 33:43 | and more of settle. We reach threshold where OK, now spirit the |
|
| 33:51 | step. So it's not again of present and of cells means you can |
|
| 33:58 | enough, people say they produce and reach the threshold value where OK. |
|
| 34:05 | . Yeah. So that's uh uh the next step is it. So |
|
| 34:11 | that, so not growing two, began very quickly. OK. And |
|
| 34:20 | um so in this environment, now can become quite complicated cells, they |
|
| 34:29 | on the periphery, right? To a film like out here, |
|
| 34:35 | Versus cells are more interior. So can set up some differences metabolically between |
|
| 34:42 | two types, right? Or maybe ones inside aren't growing as much when |
|
| 34:47 | outside are because they have that's what often see or but you get |
|
| 34:59 | better access to all ourselves, but do see differences and you can see |
|
| 35:05 | . It's a type of t you this in um resistance. And so |
|
| 35:13 | that's a hard time to penetrate plus some types have been in the center |
|
| 35:18 | the spot from the periphery. Uh creates problem. So the final film |
|
| 35:24 | of our performers uh I'm getting he's of the body, the heart |
|
| 35:40 | These are all circuses and easy to on. Um So, so remember |
|
| 35:47 | uh this kind of snake here at the surface there are physical on that |
|
| 35:53 | , right? So the pill I the pas and moves it to its |
|
| 36:01 | and so with it. So that of be jerky movement. Uh You |
|
| 36:06 | that in you? Um let's see . OK. What about five? |
|
| 36:20 | All right, let's switch to end , of course. And so they |
|
| 36:25 | sport. So they all high sports uh across all all. Uh we |
|
| 36:35 | do things like uh local schools like year for element students um are basically |
|
| 36:46 | for um for the world. Uh also have these consists of material similar |
|
| 36:57 | or whatever they're all similar, do of normal, right? So until |
|
| 37:05 | proper conditions are met, they don't uh an an she so you going |
|
| 37:13 | in the water. So I performance viral that the when we put the |
|
| 37:25 | first as a very specific need back it's, it's that way because of |
|
| 37:34 | level of resistance that it can resist , high temp and many other chemical |
|
| 37:42 | . And um they can, they be viable for a law. This |
|
| 37:47 | so weird. Um 250 million year uh bacteria in those more forms you |
|
| 37:55 | that because these are the ones OK. That uh and so actually |
|
| 38:04 | different forms. This is a cell it in those four, this is |
|
| 38:07 | free pre endospore here. OK? And you can see them here as |
|
| 38:15 | . And so that structure here is endospore, the white blob kind of |
|
| 38:21 | the middle of the cell there. so um oftentimes when OK, to |
|
| 38:37 | very, very used to uh she ground water germination you can pop |
|
| 38:43 | right? So, germination means the wars, then they germinate. How |
|
| 38:50 | you grow? So, um so can they to show why the wrong |
|
| 38:59 | . And so the in the sport gave special time, right? With |
|
| 39:05 | two groups as soon as they're right? Um They're, they're differentiated |
|
| 39:12 | the mechanic but 113 are strictly and the president spoke to OK. |
|
| 39:24 | Australia is full of these tech and cetera. OK. GRE to all |
|
| 39:31 | time. Um So this is for most part, pretty benign. Uh |
|
| 39:36 | there are those that sell on soil grow, right? Uh We |
|
| 39:42 | talk more about a certain again. um But, but you see they |
|
| 39:50 | those performance, they have these um retract kind bodies like odds really into |
|
| 40:00 | for so uh so the flow itself one of the things that makes it |
|
| 40:08 | resistant to conditions, one of the that kills living things. Um uh |
|
| 40:16 | going out is the work? So water. Uh if you eat |
|
| 40:25 | , so that water. Yes. to. So, so nice for |
|
| 40:38 | . So they can minimize damage and maintain more favorable four by the |
|
| 40:46 | of four. Um, that's part the process and that is what to |
|
| 40:54 | . Um Now, correlation is not trivial thing is involved in the |
|
| 41:00 | It takes a while. Ok. actually a point where it can |
|
| 41:05 | OK? It reaches a certain you know, it has to kind |
|
| 41:09 | commit to it when it can But usually there's a an all or |
|
| 41:16 | point where the case uh it takes while to do this, right? |
|
| 41:22 | they don't all do the I can to each other, right? When |
|
| 41:27 | look at it in this form, will see a more different class. |
|
| 41:36 | And the other thing about correlation is is it is time car. He |
|
| 41:45 | when they not be uniform and the compartments tend to those cans in terms |
|
| 41:50 | cost that that's the mother cell, floor compartments. I'll show you here |
|
| 41:59 | . So as I mentioned, we at a microscope and this far we |
|
| 42:04 | differently, right? So this um gotten the trigger to publish those forms |
|
| 42:14 | make certain experiences to express that if see the result that those four forming |
|
| 42:23 | , that's more of me. Anything I see that help you your normal |
|
| 42:31 | c you're not, you're not talking those sports, you just kind of |
|
| 42:35 | that is growing, right? Um you can have that so that the |
|
| 42:43 | to the UN. That's why you . So that, then you have |
|
| 42:49 | , it's free, they're not in process they believe now free. So |
|
| 42:55 | proportions of these see was the state the, ok. Well, if |
|
| 43:03 | see, if you don't, that me, OK, this day |
|
| 43:10 | you know, it's, it's gonna some stress in the house all in |
|
| 43:14 | it could be just done by four . I could even see, I |
|
| 43:21 | long and not as much of the , you can get engaged for where |
|
| 43:28 | at even if it's um so and , you know, some are talking |
|
| 43:36 | batch grows and all that, that that's bigger, that's what that |
|
| 43:44 | Um, don't even know this, screw it anyway, just to show |
|
| 43:48 | that you can actually, or as way to need different birds uh because |
|
| 43:53 | will, these species is unique. us what they can be uh |
|
| 44:02 | you see how it pops up Um It can be on one end |
|
| 44:06 | the other terminal, it could be terminal that's near and not happening. |
|
| 44:12 | in the middle fiction of these you'll always see, you see a |
|
| 44:18 | positive this uh it kind of like and there it goes more of his |
|
| 44:29 | . Yeah, they want to move , after themselves. Uh Yeah, |
|
| 44:38 | is from the um so like um , so this is a, you |
|
| 44:49 | consider this a this imagination. So benefit itself is differentiating and multiple. |
|
| 45:00 | gonna be a process to um And the first step is really to copying |
|
| 45:05 | . Uh And we're gonna kind they call uh a, the a |
|
| 45:14 | , it really is straightened out, that. But then uh we have |
|
| 45:21 | compartmentalization. So the smaller one is be the four, that's where the |
|
| 45:27 | port would actually form, right? one is called the mother settlement, |
|
| 45:33 | ? And so that's gonna have, the arrow was basically the mother cell |
|
| 45:41 | produced, it's, it's um and that regular information of the sport, |
|
| 45:49 | ? That's what's going, going over to the force pressure to, to |
|
| 45:56 | the process done because that's why I the, but it will just, |
|
| 46:05 | pop over this team, the only be left with the sport. |
|
| 46:12 | Uh uh So before that happens, indulge that fourth order. So that |
|
| 46:20 | the formation of that very resistant uh . OK. That's how that functions |
|
| 46:27 | double membrane. They see their, they produce cell wall through and they're |
|
| 46:36 | , they see how the DNA of mother cells disintegrate. It's uh is |
|
| 46:46 | away to disintegrate it. And when left with, so this uh diy |
|
| 46:56 | , so you need a chemical uh and, and calcium and the deposit |
|
| 47:03 | this cover and they kind of help uh getting the water out. This |
|
| 47:11 | can help find into the DNA and it. Ok. So real thick |
|
| 47:17 | crude uh these are mixed with programs no, but a small toe was |
|
| 47:24 | within his knees that hot and uh . Uh and it can remain at |
|
| 47:31 | kind of peaceful world. 34 and what you see and last for |
|
| 47:39 | months, years, decades, but uh unbearable conditions in the |
|
| 47:48 | go back to it. OK. uh happy himself. So um there |
|
| 47:58 | something so, you know, great . So starts with copying the DNA |
|
| 48:12 | uh but 44 by four events, eventually then goes away, right? |
|
| 48:21 | our left for the four or becomes member and eventually is, is set |
|
| 48:30 | , basically everything around it, the out for the free. Uh I |
|
| 48:36 | , this is why we have to an auto plane to, to um |
|
| 48:41 | things because that's what we're clear me is uh auto and provide style as |
|
| 48:49 | super and stay under pressure and that we hot steam and penetrate the |
|
| 48:58 | . So, so there are, they can be or are you um |
|
| 49:16 | . Um Yeah, it was uh . So let's go back uh in |
|
| 49:32 | to OK. Listen to this. . OK. Up. Uh and |
|
| 49:43 | more for nation for uh it will triggered in space they make off and |
|
| 49:52 | that's a insurance. And so, actually one of the comments of work |
|
| 50:06 | , we used the sales process and wanted them to go into in those |
|
| 50:11 | because that's how we added it to product and it would save different stages |
|
| 50:20 | percent English wars. They create the and then when they were, when |
|
| 50:26 | was used, they would germinate and do their thing. So, uh |
|
| 50:30 | yeah, it would be. And . OK. So that, |
|
| 50:40 | so that closes out chapter four and last chapter before the test is chapter |
|
| 50:48 | . So. Mhm. All So let's look at this question |
|
| 50:55 | There we go. All right. first, so what we're gonna do |
|
| 51:01 | you um read this? Um So glasses. Oh Yeah, |
|
| 51:12 | Um So let's see, what do remember from talking about DK one, |
|
| 51:23 | ? Uh If you think on their and function is generally, um I |
|
| 51:31 | think uh having gone through, I want to say the P word, |
|
| 51:38 | you know what happened in 2020 It was kind of all the time |
|
| 51:44 | to one way or another on, viruses, at least of certain |
|
| 51:48 | right? Whether we wanted to or . Um So we're gonna go through |
|
| 51:55 | of what the virus is that basic cycle and um more or less kind |
|
| 52:04 | defining it? Ok. So let's here. Which defining is false. |
|
| 52:16 | OK. So very likely most of species on earth have, have a |
|
| 52:21 | that infects. That's, that is . That is probably pretty much |
|
| 52:26 | Ok. Nothing is immune from a . Ok. And you even found |
|
| 52:33 | , viruses that affect other viruses. sounds. Ok. Um, |
|
| 52:41 | um, the genome may be the A. That's true. Their size |
|
| 52:48 | . That's true. Very tiny. All that's true as well. All |
|
| 52:56 | . So uh they're not included within three domains of life. They |
|
| 53:01 | they can infect all three domains of , but they're not themselves, theyre |
|
| 53:08 | set made himself was year to No. In fact, in |
|
| 53:21 | all, all members of all three these domains. Um All right, |
|
| 53:29 | quickly about um the basics, We're talking about this in chapter one |
|
| 53:34 | little bit. So the uh viruses on sale, they were called o |
|
| 53:44 | computer functions. Uh the super tiny the most o uh and inside the |
|
| 53:53 | are. But uh they can, course, cha their own to cha |
|
| 53:59 | own. All right. Um You , they, they pesticides to produce |
|
| 54:08 | own proteins that extends to. But because they two time the |
|
| 54:19 | so they do have some problems but , but they don't uh you can't |
|
| 54:23 | a virus and, or glucose or virus and say grow, it's not |
|
| 54:27 | do that. Ok, um discovered uh so back in the day, |
|
| 54:39 | been uh discovery was like in the and nineties or so. Um And |
|
| 54:45 | course German, the is not stop in German. So we were aware |
|
| 54:51 | mas to talk, uh but we they were ok to deliver the |
|
| 54:59 | So we did the uh tobacco dessert of tobacco farming. Very big game |
|
| 55:07 | still big name. But um this affected the things and these can have |
|
| 55:15 | these uh discoloration and uh no, . I agree. So, so |
|
| 55:24 | was an easy experience. Let's just pro pos, right? Let's take |
|
| 55:29 | disease leaves, right? Crunch them , filter it people, they can |
|
| 55:35 | it through a filter. OK? we'll take F so and two the |
|
| 55:44 | pro disease. So, so that be great part still attract the bacteria |
|
| 55:56 | the disease and they can take that between cells, the white amount of |
|
| 56:02 | to battle with that issue with You do and where 100 times and |
|
| 56:10 | the stuff track on a filter. could never be disease. Let's take |
|
| 56:22 | . That's the thing. Yeah. they saw that I knew they're gonna |
|
| 56:27 | getting some no secret plan and it really until 30 minutes later they actually |
|
| 56:33 | a visual of it. OK. that's the um this one right |
|
| 56:40 | What? Here's a size range there ? Um So super to right electron |
|
| 56:48 | had to develop, see, So um since this time, of |
|
| 56:58 | , uh I talk about cause quantities and the specter of itself. |
|
| 57:11 | um ok, but since that so that, that's the case when |
|
| 57:18 | grew up. Ok, start to the baby grow on the bar, |
|
| 57:24 | ? That's in control. In in various types, um they can |
|
| 57:29 | the operation science. So they yeah, the all time as |
|
| 57:40 | our web affected by natural viruses. , thanks, you guys see. |
|
| 57:51 | Now, uh OK, so they expand pretty wide size range as |
|
| 58:01 | right? So from Supert to Ebola on the large end of the |
|
| 58:06 | and I'll mention this uh next time time after that, the uh viral |
|
| 58:16 | one half uh uh it's pretty So the virus. So uh |
|
| 58:22 | you can take an effect on wes things like that. Uh So |
|
| 58:27 | quite right? So uh let's Let's look here, let's look at |
|
| 58:33 | question. OK. So which of following could not be used as a |
|
| 58:40 | to identify viruses? The two down one. OK. Um If you |
|
| 59:41 | b you are correct. So you , like I said earlier, you |
|
| 59:51 | , I, so uh but certainly can imagine that a CD and E |
|
| 59:59 | be a way to differentiate from viral . OK. So, uh so |
|
| 60:06 | , real quick, the you have properties that sells you um the uh |
|
| 60:19 | host, hence the term in the uh f. Um And so uh |
|
| 60:26 | most basic pro covering surrounding genome of sort and it can be um single |
|
| 60:34 | , double stranded DNA R, That it runs, they're all |
|
| 60:39 | right? Um The 13 code of have very multiple here. Um It |
|
| 60:52 | over, it basically takes over the and uh basically a fire application, |
|
| 61:01 | we will see cops that, that do that immediately, a certain type |
|
| 61:06 | this kind of go out and do . We can, OK? But |
|
| 61:11 | at some point take in a viral cycle. OK. So we see |
|
| 61:16 | of both types of that. Um Let's look at this question, |
|
| 61:20 | we'll go into kind of a, um a generic uh application cycle. |
|
| 61:28 | if you go through it, um all of our facts but I point |
|
| 61:37 | 79. Uh So this question, following is not necessarily the requirement replication |
|
| 61:47 | all wild plants. OK? I can tell you that um it's |
|
| 62:03 | f OK, let's see here. . So uh not necessarily a requirement |
|
| 62:41 | application of all viral types. So integration is actually the answer |
|
| 62:46 | OK. But not all viruses do . So we have what are called |
|
| 62:51 | Mitic viruses. Um Those are called pro page of your bacterial virus or |
|
| 63:02 | if you're an animal virus, Full face provirus are the types that |
|
| 63:08 | do that. Why virus? Not cold virus, uh, HIV |
|
| 63:15 | uh, here runs a little different . So we got a few, |
|
| 63:23 | , in certain beings. Absolutely. all that. Yes. Um, |
|
| 63:32 | , for consensus was here to the . That's, that's one of the |
|
| 63:35 | things they get from the host is to do that, uh, reputation |
|
| 63:41 | viral genome. Absolutely. Every That's how you sell the dude. |
|
| 63:50 | , this is true. But then also realized, um it may, |
|
| 63:56 | also made me, yeah, you actually be, you definitely argue that |
|
| 64:04 | may be correct as well. For reason I understand. Well, there |
|
| 64:14 | that, but I think in terms , yeah, because uh parents, |
|
| 64:27 | , they didn't go and the whole both but, but the arts were |
|
| 64:32 | having the need to have. So , I, that we already, |
|
| 64:40 | , the arts that I would say A N A virus. So |
|
| 64:50 | it's a genome learn survival. That's , yeah, that's, that's |
|
| 64:57 | OK. Um All right, let's at a basic viral cycle. So |
|
| 65:04 | you're gonna see here is applicable to virus, but I'm gonna point out |
|
| 65:10 | uh variations and uh yeah, as goes to that silence of other Myers |
|
| 65:18 | so it begins or ends here the . OK. Um You know, |
|
| 65:27 | was sitting on that door hanging over , uh whether it affects you or |
|
| 65:33 | anything you all depends on and AC can recognize the the modules on |
|
| 65:42 | That's what it's about modules on the surface modules on both sub surface that |
|
| 65:48 | , they have that. Um And once again, the host, the |
|
| 65:53 | has to this bears right? With viruses have their own any virus which |
|
| 66:00 | any virus, others very promo um chronic. Um uh of course, |
|
| 66:08 | virus trn a nuclear times, they get, it's not comfortable. Um |
|
| 66:19 | again, the building house, so the cycle here. So we were |
|
| 66:33 | for getting the virus inside. So may be cha so would you see |
|
| 66:44 | or maybe it's just only the that's what you see in that, |
|
| 66:49 | the genome. But um once it come in, you know, at |
|
| 66:54 | point, it's gonna c because you to remember what's coming in here and |
|
| 67:00 | going out, right? So I'm keeping it simple. We have one |
|
| 67:05 | on more than one thing but one continue the end game for that virus |
|
| 67:12 | I wanna take lot of viral. let's in my out. So when |
|
| 67:22 | go there now make all this stuff . What's that from you? So |
|
| 67:32 | but it may not be this it may go back, the virus |
|
| 67:38 | do that. OK. The uh virus does that, which um |
|
| 67:46 | but you, it's in that state a great state, there's not many |
|
| 67:53 | themselves. Just kind of see at point, you will have you a |
|
| 68:01 | and um so basically, so promise factory, you can just say, |
|
| 68:06 | it was uh um so translating right? So you put the post |
|
| 68:16 | arm. Um they, they are good at the center, right? |
|
| 68:24 | we um a with anti virus in cell can be the process of the |
|
| 68:33 | happening. Now, I this is like that for my old, remember |
|
| 68:41 | making stuff to the surface of the last 10. Um, ok. |
|
| 68:50 | you know, and, and all stuff going on the sign post cell |
|
| 68:57 | takes. All right. So the are doing this and happy about it |
|
| 69:07 | this energy is being used to, think about it. So, of |
|
| 69:13 | , it's been so, so, , but, you know, we'll |
|
| 69:18 | cases where the whole cell can kind live along and be viable and still |
|
| 69:23 | making viruses. Ok. But there's where not often. Ok. So |
|
| 69:32 | that different effect on the hook at certain what is going on that. |
|
| 69:41 | , I mean, those rates of , of this supposed to really look |
|
| 69:46 | that there is a right. um, so again, in part |
|
| 69:54 | , right, so, uh, the basic, you know, uh |
|
| 70:01 | very period of viruses that um, this or don't do this, |
|
| 70:07 | But certainly all this process here is same for any viral type. It's |
|
| 70:13 | , it's very right. OK. we're gonna see. Um OK. |
|
| 70:26 | . So it all begins and ends fire in Africa who se for |
|
| 70:34 | Right? So lot of bacteria relates what, well, what you might |
|
| 70:40 | an interaction is going on here what is interaction between these two |
|
| 70:53 | viral post post surface molecules? That ? So we talk about post two |
|
| 71:04 | uh post called to, right? very exciting host specificity versus tissue. |
|
| 71:17 | is that the post first. So can be both of these can be |
|
| 71:24 | Park only once. And so uh is a classic example for ra really |
|
| 71:36 | of the Wow. Yeah, And that's the only the weather, |
|
| 71:48 | very narrow road. OK. Now that to uh and so now as |
|
| 71:55 | look at TSU, so of this is for a but nonetheless, |
|
| 72:03 | so now we're in in Singapore change baby. All right. Now he |
|
| 72:09 | his baby artists have a broad mir . This is better narrow. So |
|
| 72:18 | viral skin is to only invest cells the second most, they all ski |
|
| 72:27 | stuff like that going through the type cells getting close to it. And |
|
| 72:36 | V for example, basically why? you you're effectively old, you have |
|
| 72:43 | a chance of dying but it infects cells over your front, your we |
|
| 72:52 | ourselves um hospitals. And so uh the whole of that also foods uh |
|
| 73:01 | pretty, pretty horrific. So the here is how many different issues within |
|
| 73:07 | house and different hosts in that whole ? Ok. Um So I think |
|
| 73:18 | is a definitely a good uh place stop and we'll figure up next |
|
| 73:24 | folks. Thanks, we'll finish up |
|
