| 00:00 | gas to replace 30 your sources of and just get out of treating |
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| 00:06 | We need to recognize that in North and Western Europe, really privileged by |
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| 00:13 | standard of living in our let's just standard of living and all the energy |
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| 00:18 | we have. Ah, woman, at the rest of the world. |
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| 00:21 | example, in India, 100,000 people year die just from indoor air pollution |
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| 00:27 | by stoves burning with Deng just terrible of energy and feel like that. |
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| 00:36 | really body toe on the world's on . We're helping toe lift these people |
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| 00:41 | of poverty. It's over one. want air conditioning. They want, |
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| 00:47 | , those. They want automobiles. why all the things that we have |
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| 00:52 | the developed West? And this is the growth and energy is going to |
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| 00:56 | for the next several decades? a the energy consumption in the West |
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| 01:05 | Northern Europe, and it's really not of the rest of the world. |
|
| 01:13 | , so now let's take a minute just go around the class and have |
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| 01:19 | all introduce yourselves and let me know you want to get out of the |
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| 01:25 | . So maybe maybe we could start Clayton. Yeah. Hey, I'm |
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| 01:32 | down. I graduated from Western Card last spring. Uh, this is |
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| 01:40 | second Spencer you page and taking structural class in undergrad, which was calm |
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| 01:47 | the basis of everything. But I like Thio Get out of this class |
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| 01:53 | gas in particular. Structural. So Okay, Okay. E I |
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| 02:07 | graduated from Western Carleton University as Uh, in school together, |
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| 02:16 | id like thio this class A I've a basic understanding of structural job. |
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| 02:24 | , uh, maybe a more end look at it. Also, |
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| 02:34 | how did the planets thio Petroleum Geology well. Okay, that's really where |
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| 02:40 | emphasis. So this will be on to apply Thio exploration and production from |
|
| 02:47 | next. Uh, my name e from A and I would like it's |
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| 03:04 | same thing out of this course. deeper understanding of A from a different |
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| 03:13 | . The energy. It's my degree today. Yeah, I mean, |
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| 03:24 | works. So my name is Miguel , and I have industry experience of |
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| 03:32 | years, the processing emerging, and thought with the with the current downturn |
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| 03:37 | be a good opportunity to cement the . I never had my post |
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| 03:40 | So here I am, back to . Okay. Well, good. |
|
| 03:47 | of the things they'll talk about is , what we can and cannot get |
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| 03:52 | of seismic data. So now, we go through those points, that |
|
| 03:57 | be very useful. Sure. good. What? James to go |
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| 04:04 | James or Jim, I guess you're about May I usually go by |
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| 04:10 | D. Okay, I'm not sure my name is displayed right now, |
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| 04:15 | anyway, I'm a geologist with a operating company. Not that San |
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| 04:21 | Texas. I did my undergraduate work University of Colorado in Boulder, and |
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| 04:27 | interested in growth fault. Specifically. , we just did our class on |
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| 04:33 | strategic AFI. And I'm interested in structural elements can tie into that |
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| 04:42 | Okay, good. We'll talk about . It's sort of very large |
|
| 04:47 | So, um, three influence is . Hey, good. Daniel, |
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| 05:09 | A Okay, e um structural. it's not a class that has to |
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| 05:49 | with sediment ology so much a e . It's a joke that the strata |
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| 06:02 | markers. A sequence of strata. marketers. They're they're just strained |
|
| 06:06 | Oh, sorry. Oh, Who was your undergrad professor from |
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| 06:14 | E first name? No. Last is Martin. Okay, that doesn't |
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| 06:21 | doesn't ring any bells. Okay? for both of us. Yeah, |
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| 06:30 | . But Joseph. Yes, Yes. I'm a jealous of training |
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| 06:38 | trade. You got my under graduate the University of South Carolina. And |
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| 06:42 | went to work a blood blogger for two years and then was with marathon |
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| 06:47 | about two years after that. And got laid off in April. So |
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| 06:51 | is my last semester for the I've got two classes left, including |
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| 06:55 | one and then my for the for for this, of course, is |
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| 07:00 | get toe understand along false, migration pathways or ceiling mechanisms. Just |
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| 07:07 | hydrocarbon migration. E will spend a of time talking about how false actors |
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| 07:16 | both conduits and steals and put properties the fault rocks caused them to do |
|
| 07:23 | . Geraldine? Yes. So I my name. Sleep here is |
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| 07:29 | Danged, um, I graduated last from the University of Houston downtown, |
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| 07:37 | I currently have been working for a in memorial state for about year and |
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| 07:45 | half now as a geo tech. what we gonna get out of everything |
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| 07:50 | willing to teach? Okay, everyone . I'm satisfied. And then |
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| 08:04 | Okay. No, no, you it. Carolina, Come on. |
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| 08:10 | a joke. Since background, I've working interested for about eight years |
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| 08:16 | BP, restaurant geology, Uh, I've learned on the job so |
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| 08:25 | and I really would like Thio A little bit of money and |
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| 08:29 | I think. Okay. Again in talk a lot about sizing data. |
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| 08:40 | really are our number 12 of the when gas at a time talking about |
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| 08:49 | . All right, so we And today we're gonna talk about |
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| 09:02 | and then someone will talk about Cute. If you see techniques and |
|
| 09:06 | to talk about geo mechanics, these topics are really provide the very thing |
|
| 09:15 | we're gonna do. We'll talk about sales, familiar structural styles, Listrik |
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| 09:23 | , false false heels. As I salt tectonics and then almost have several |
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| 09:30 | on full thrust belts because they're structurally . They give us, um, |
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| 09:37 | really require a lot of structural so we'll spend several sessions on |
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| 09:42 | And then lastly, figs are the Mountains and strikes clips tractors like we |
|
| 09:49 | in a toilet in scaling. Let's Uh, next next next Saturday, |
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| 10:02 | coming Saturday morning after midterm exam. represents 40% of your great. This |
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| 10:10 | be about 40% of material and 40% your grade and told a final |
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| 10:17 | which will represented remaining 60% of your and this book for about 60% of |
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| 10:24 | material. We'll just cut four and we'll have a review in the |
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| 10:31 | session just before the that's. And tried to place the mid to exam |
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| 10:37 | it would be, uh, most and detract leased from other electronic |
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| 10:45 | We're gonna go through so on Saturday camping. Okay, so this is |
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| 10:55 | battle point this afternoon, and we'll about some basic concepts and definitions, |
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| 11:01 | and strain. And then we'll talk how faults are organized in structural styles |
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| 11:08 | way too long the stress orientation, thought geometries the step size of |
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| 11:16 | and we'll introduce a different type of that most people were present who called |
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| 11:20 | fault a lot of places like the of Mexico and passive margins. Excuse |
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| 11:29 | . They don't go on to talk basic fault components and define those football |
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| 11:34 | long, poor damage zones. And were some of the terms that we |
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| 11:39 | throughout the rest of the succession. it's important thio for these to become |
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| 11:43 | second nature. And then we'll talk the geometric rules that false followed. |
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| 11:50 | the false generally can be approximated, is ellipsis usually created than it's almost |
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| 11:57 | created in the hype or by a of 10 or so. The trouble |
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| 12:03 | related. You are on the fault usually, um, actually in the |
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| 12:07 | of that fault. In the middle that ellipse on the length of the |
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| 12:12 | are related, with the length maximum ratio being about 10 to 100 and |
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| 12:19 | helps us constrain our is particularly in . But if you're trying Thio correlate |
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| 12:26 | falls in this today whether five give me the same fault on another |
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| 12:31 | seismic line. So this will be important strength there. Uh huh. |
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| 12:38 | then we'll touch brief them. That's . Memory inspects the faults of creator |
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| 12:43 | to throw ratios because your displacement is the horizontal plane. Um and so |
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| 12:51 | gonna vary from that and we'll talk how false are segmented. Well, |
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| 12:57 | individual segments link up with increasing We'll talk about really random. So |
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| 13:03 | was length false up and how that helped resolve Kenna Matics the displacement in |
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| 13:10 | amount of strain on the false. then last. People talk about some |
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| 13:15 | that are gonna be recurring points in in the other sessions. And that's |
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| 13:21 | a trap. What is three Bill Point. What is the top |
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| 13:25 | capacity and what is a false These are the things that limit the |
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| 13:29 | of hydrocarbons that we could get in particular trap. So it's important to |
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| 13:34 | what each of these represents what each these is in a particular trap and |
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| 13:40 | . At the end of this discussion , we'll do a little quiz discussion |
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| 13:44 | that. Okay, The first basic , the first one is the definition |
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| 13:54 | in of stress. The stress is per unit area ps I pounds per |
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| 14:01 | inch bars or Paschal's. And this the conversion factor from between each of |
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| 14:09 | and we represent the stress by typically letter on stigma and Sigma One |
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| 14:18 | the maximum stress segment to immediate immediate and stigma. Three is the minimum |
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| 14:25 | and these air just different than sage signal little H Signal V is the |
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| 14:33 | stress stigma. H is the maximum compressive stress and signal Little age is |
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| 14:40 | minimum kind of about six. Sigma is usually a rogue easy, just |
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| 14:48 | way of the right column the way the rock and the water column. |
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| 14:52 | in extension, all areas, this be the maximum stress but in, |
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| 14:57 | , compression regime. So we have fault basement caught up with things like |
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| 15:02 | . This becomes the minimum stress Let's take the age. The maximum |
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| 15:08 | stress is, uh this will be maximum stress in strike slip regimes and |
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| 15:15 | compressive regimes and the minimum compressive stress be it will always be less than |
|
| 15:24 | . Need less than weight of the calm. Okay, other important definition |
|
| 15:33 | strain. Okay, this is important this is something that we can measure |
|
| 15:39 | from the rock and It Z. defined as that change in length in |
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| 15:46 | to the applied stress. It's represented E. It's defined as Delta L |
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| 15:52 | L or Delta. L represents the length, minus the initial length, |
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| 15:59 | subscription represents the initial length. So is represented by this formula. The |
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| 16:07 | length, minus the original length divided the original legs and the nomenclature that |
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| 16:14 | use the jargon and that will use that the one represents the maximums trainer |
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| 16:21 | . He, too, is the strain, and he threw the minimum |
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| 16:25 | her extension, and these were represented terms of a change in shape, |
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| 16:32 | the circle to in the lips and lips. It's called the strain lip |
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| 16:36 | , so we take a circle like and to form it into a |
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| 16:42 | Usually we keep the area constant, the maximum strain represents the the diameter |
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| 16:51 | the maximum dimension of the lips. the minimum strain represents the dimension off |
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| 16:58 | minimum radiance from any dimension of and it's it's important. It's very |
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| 17:06 | in geology and structural geology in because we can take something like a |
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| 17:11 | trial by and use that to calculate the strains are. We don't know |
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| 17:16 | kind of stresses are applied to the to get the strains, but the |
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| 17:21 | is something that we can measure directly the geometry of the wrong this'll. |
|
| 17:28 | is something that we call in structural . This is referred to this schematic |
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| 17:34 | , others geometric analysis where you measure change in shapes and when you convert |
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| 17:40 | geometric numbers into strains, that's what call Kinnah Matic analysis. Okay, |
|
| 17:59 | . But if you have comments or , go ahead and just didn't robbing |
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| 18:03 | any point time. Alright, So attacks about how how false are organized |
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| 18:14 | that we use First we'll talk about , orientation, fault geometries and subsidizing |
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| 18:22 | . Right, Okay, so that orientations of what determines the basic fault |
|
| 18:31 | falls are basically shared fractures and they at 30 degrees to the maximum compactness |
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| 18:37 | . They formed a 30 degrees that one. So what if, |
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| 18:42 | if the vertical stress is the maximum stress, you get a falter of |
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| 18:47 | fracture and 30 degrees to that. a 60 degree dipping fault. |
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| 18:53 | in response to that applied vertical Another thing in the case here, |
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| 18:59 | are vertical stress is signal one. know, the football and the hanging |
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| 19:05 | . The minimum stress is Sigma three we get a horizontal extension with normal |
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| 19:13 | . If we flip those orientation So H Max, it's the signal. |
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| 19:20 | Sigma three is the vertical stress. is going to get us falls. |
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| 19:27 | these in terms of train represent horizontal and actually vertical extension. So the |
|
| 19:34 | of what we see here with normal strike slip federals are a little bit |
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| 19:41 | complicated here again, the signage Max the signal one just as it is |
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| 19:47 | . But now the minimum stress saying three is the is the same age |
|
| 19:54 | , and so are our extraordinary are is in this orientation in our extension |
|
| 20:02 | that also in the horizontal organization and signal of D in this case is |
|
| 20:07 | signal to that's our intermediate stress. here of the false depite, about |
|
| 20:15 | degrees, they strike it about 30 to the signage dramatics. It will |
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| 20:21 | that to estimate with the signage. is from the organization Strike slip |
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| 20:26 | It will expansion and horizontal shortening in case. Okay, now just a |
|
| 20:37 | on some garden way talk Normal You talk about a horse and robin |
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| 20:43 | the horse representing outgrown blocks. The represent the down thrown blocks and these |
|
| 20:59 | diagrams relate the stress orientation that stress to default. So with all with |
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| 21:07 | vertical single one in a horizontal signal we get normal fault. What is |
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| 21:14 | extension and sigma to is a is basically in the strike of the normal |
|
| 21:26 | If we swap signal one in stigma Sigma one Sigma three is vertical |
|
| 21:35 | Signature. It's horizontal. Get along the strike of the fault But now |
|
| 21:39 | get trust falls to reverse false and shortening with strike slip Fault Stigma. |
|
| 21:48 | is again horizontal stigma. Three is horizontal. It is also horizontal, |
|
| 21:55 | like in the normal faults the signal we get over the horizontal shortening and |
|
| 22:02 | extension with thoughts that didn't 90 Let's try to get roughly 30 degrees |
|
| 22:08 | the maximum maximum stress. Okay, just don't to Memphis again on |
|
| 22:24 | Normal faults ones were eating like We get extension dip about 60 degrees |
|
| 22:31 | . Talked about what controls that. this horizontal extension. And this is |
|
| 22:36 | what we see, uh, in mid ocean ridges that rift margins and |
|
| 22:42 | continental paths of margins and district normal like the things that we see in |
|
| 22:48 | Gulf of Mexico are a variation of theme. Uh huh. The first |
|
| 22:55 | , typically 30 to 60 degrees gifts all contraction in the place we |
|
| 23:01 | These are convergent margins, transgressive margins in California threats, bubbles. This |
|
| 23:08 | of tectonic setting, strike slip, strike basically nine degrees, beginning with |
|
| 23:16 | horizontal contraction and and the orientation of depends on the amount of strikes looked |
|
| 23:25 | . And I've drawn a strange lives , too. Emphasize that the maximum |
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| 23:32 | and the maximum attraction are oblique to strike slip direction, and you could |
|
| 23:40 | that adds to that strike slip displacement . This strain lives is also gonna |
|
| 23:45 | , is gonna rotate closer and closer the orientation of stress axes. It's |
|
| 23:50 | it's getting longer and longer and skinnier skinnier. And this is what we |
|
| 23:55 | in transfer margins and in strike slip . Okay, Okay. Legal |
|
| 24:05 | I wanted to talk about these uh, not very well recognized types |
|
| 24:10 | folk in our undergraduate text. These typically not discussed it all. And |
|
| 24:17 | air these air basically. Besides, scale mud cracks me. What I'm |
|
| 24:21 | here it is a time slice You're not short lived away. She |
|
| 24:28 | you see the scale of these things sort of kilometer scale, Tom. |
|
| 24:34 | these weren't recognized until we got Seismic. I haven't started looking at |
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| 24:40 | attention to this time. Slices, know, we can learn from those |
|
| 24:44 | slices. The first person recognizes this Cartwright in the early two thousands. |
|
| 24:51 | there a couple of he's got a articles in the a p by talking |
|
| 24:57 | how these four men in why they what they represented. But it's easy |
|
| 25:03 | think of them Simply a seismic scale mud cracks. Uh huh. That |
|
| 25:10 | planned. You hear what they look , Including sides. So you have |
|
| 25:14 | decide decline here. It's in It's 250 milliseconds, two kilometers |
|
| 25:20 | and these are the political falls. what we're looking at before. It |
|
| 25:24 | a time slice basically through here. you see these these little faults and |
|
| 25:32 | out upto They died out down They're they're very, very disconnected, |
|
| 25:39 | they tend to be confined to particular . If we look at this |
|
| 25:44 | we see a lot of these really false. And this is an interesting |
|
| 25:49 | because it changes dip with something that don't see with other types of |
|
| 25:56 | And it's gonna find between this layer this layer. And that's because these |
|
| 26:04 | brittle layers and so they don't have mechanical properties to form. We're gonna |
|
| 26:12 | over too. Transmit these political false the displacement gets pretty large. |
|
| 26:20 | in the United Beat theory on this the form from vertical compaction. Right |
|
| 26:27 | the to further reform are these are are fine grain colonial materials. So |
|
| 26:37 | was before the shales have really been and really turned into, turned into |
|
| 26:43 | Iraq, or even been a compressed , the sediments. This is |
|
| 26:46 | this sentiments were still basically mud, what happens is because of the properties |
|
| 26:53 | fun, great material precedent in one which is what happens to the |
|
| 27:01 | It also contracts into the other So the vertical compassion leads to compassion |
|
| 27:10 | commissions both parallel and perpendicular. To page, we're sort of legal falls |
|
| 27:17 | , um, kind of random orientations regard to he imposed stresses Dr. |
|
| 27:24 | you see here in this cartoon with input of stress with this complexion |
|
| 27:31 | we get an opportunity or of political where we have these fine grained materials |
|
| 27:37 | we have an uninformed in a of course, are more brittle |
|
| 27:42 | And then we get into a lower where we go back into another layer |
|
| 27:45 | fine grained colonial materials. You need get a whole different set of conjugal |
|
| 27:53 | . And so these are These are that are important to recognize in our |
|
| 27:58 | D seismic interpretations, especially looking at water hazard, shallow flow drill, |
|
| 28:09 | , things like that where you need identify where these things are Mhm. |
|
| 28:18 | this is a a cartoon black I want to talk about this |
|
| 28:24 | again political false shown here in red . Viewed here cross sections here and |
|
| 28:31 | , and single 18 is vertical. now our segment two and Sigma 30 |
|
| 28:36 | essentially equal. And so you get random orientation of the political fault like |
|
| 28:43 | cracks as thes are compacted vertically and contracted to horizontal. Basically, we |
|
| 28:58 | these things anywhere. We had a three. Seismic. So this is |
|
| 29:05 | the World Globe maps showing all the occurrences of these legal fault over in |
|
| 29:12 | Bering Sea, wealthy east coast of America, up in Newfoundland as well |
|
| 29:22 | Europe. This is through the North , the Norwegian north city of west |
|
| 29:27 | Sheldon's over here idea of these younger . We see these well off |
|
| 29:36 | Tina, off the west coast of , Nigeria, Ghana, on South |
|
| 29:41 | , here about a gas occur here then over here, off the north |
|
| 29:47 | shelf of Australia, off to New off the southern bite of Australia. |
|
| 29:54 | these different places have a well documented false. Interestingly, one place we |
|
| 30:02 | see them is off. Milk was you here. That's because this is |
|
| 30:08 | a active contraction setting. So our one is towards Donald here or in |
|
| 30:18 | this is a sure to be from one. Trump's the vertical compassion from |
|
| 30:24 | . Easy here. So we don't wherever we have way have toe threats |
|
| 30:31 | we have deepwater contraction on stresses. know. Interesting thing about these is |
|
| 30:44 | we look at these patterns of political . And this is a map of |
|
| 30:49 | organ lining a gas field from offshore and all these light colored lines to |
|
| 30:56 | , you know, individual Republican a on this. The red line here |
|
| 31:02 | the gas water contact. These represent different production platforms. They were, |
|
| 31:09 | , two are anchored off here. . And what's interesting about this is |
|
| 31:16 | we would expect from all these billion to have tremendous fall compartmentalization within |
|
| 31:23 | we would not expect this Well, example, to be communicating with this |
|
| 31:27 | or that Well, we would expect all to be in their own little |
|
| 31:31 | compartments. But in fact, we see that. And what I've got |
|
| 31:37 | is this kinetic cross section showing So you have got three reservoir |
|
| 31:43 | A legal fault here, The same outside on the other side. Uh |
|
| 31:49 | . And the throw on these political is very small. So we get |
|
| 31:55 | Reservoir juxtaposition across all of these and we get juxtaposition of one reservoir |
|
| 32:03 | another restaurant. You see different Jack. Suppose they're different reservoirs juxtaposed |
|
| 32:08 | . And so what the's fault juxtapositions with political false is actually decrease any |
|
| 32:17 | so well, it's like I highlighted and here and here they communicate across |
|
| 32:21 | much bigger area than just the defined the political fault. So these political |
|
| 32:29 | actually enhance the reserve connectivity rather than the restaurants. So when we see |
|
| 32:37 | political false and something like Ormen Lange way don't have to panic about how |
|
| 32:42 | reservoir is going to perform, we still expect large training areas from each |
|
| 32:47 | of the wells speak for component paying all the hang walls. The |
|
| 33:02 | blocked the normal falls. False strike horizontal direction in the fault phone orthogonal |
|
| 33:12 | that and the throw is the vertical . Um, it's different than the |
|
| 33:21 | displacement along the fault. So, example, here the displacement of this |
|
| 33:26 | layer is from here to here, is a little bit less than the |
|
| 33:30 | . And we used these two things and so specific when we're talking about |
|
| 33:40 | throw or displacement Fucking fun. That's about 45 minutes. Let's take a |
|
| 33:49 | state of the statisticians and and then resume in about five minutes or |
|
| 33:57 | Gonna take a quick break |
|
