| 00:07 | Alright, y'all. So here we , we're looking at the distribution of |
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| 00:10 | second exam. I'll just go ahead say it's not the best scores I've |
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| 00:14 | seen and well it's it's comparable to fall, I'll just put it that |
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| 00:22 | . It's it's a little bit lower it's comparable. Uh remember this is |
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| 00:26 | one exam. So first off is don't panic about one exam. What |
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| 00:30 | do is we ask the question, did we miss and why do we |
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| 00:32 | it? Uh You can see the deviation is very, very wide. |
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| 00:37 | other words, you guys are flattening curve. That was my joke I |
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| 00:40 | to come in with today, you , you know like that joke? |
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| 00:43 | , flattening the curve. That's when standard deviation goes wide, that means |
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| 00:48 | numbers are being spread out further and and further. So that means the |
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| 00:51 | end is getting further away from the end um max and men were about |
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| 00:55 | same. But what happened was we a slight shift and you can even |
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| 00:59 | the shift there in the curve where moved from those upper regions down the |
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| 01:03 | and you can actually see it Um This is actually for the whole |
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| 01:07 | , not for the exam. So anyway, so that's the exam. |
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| 01:11 | what I wanna do is I want show you the two units side by |
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| 01:14 | . Alright, so when I say , this includes all the top hat |
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| 01:17 | connects and just what's going on in you did in the first university of |
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| 01:22 | second unit And you can see I've circled two areas, but for |
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| 01:26 | most part, the two different, not much of a, the difference |
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| 01:29 | those two. Uh, those two , right? The blue and the |
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| 01:34 | are very similar, but you're going the doctor when I see a lot |
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| 01:38 | orange on the front end and that's true. Um, I would |
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| 01:41 | out the big circle here on the . Those are students who have dropped |
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| 01:44 | class but haven't done so yet. . In other words, they didn't |
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| 01:47 | up for the exam. They haven't homework basically forever. So those are |
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| 01:52 | who just haven't dropped the class And so that's one of the things |
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| 01:55 | confidence to pull down just a little , but I point out this other |
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| 01:59 | right here. Um, and I looking at this, I'm trying to |
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| 02:03 | out what that is. Well, have 15 exams missing. So that |
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| 02:07 | be part of it. Um, other is, again, we have |
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| 02:10 | lot of students who have given You know, and you know, |
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| 02:14 | can't make you do work. I make you decide that you want to |
|
| 02:17 | . If you look around the how many you guys know how many |
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| 02:20 | are, are enrolled in this 400. That's, that is 80% |
|
| 02:26 | this classroom should be filled, And granted a 30 class. I |
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| 02:31 | never a morning person if I showed to an eight o'clock class or 8 |
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| 02:34 | class, I was there to I mean, so I'm not dogging |
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| 02:39 | for not showing up, but you expect to do well if you don't |
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| 02:43 | up now, I'm talking to the right now, right? You guys |
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| 02:47 | up, you fought traffic or went campus, You looked out that |
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| 02:51 | saw that thunderstorm wondering whether or not gonna come our way and you're |
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| 02:55 | I'm still going all right. But are people in here who miss class |
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| 03:01 | a regular basis and it's not just classes across the campus, there is |
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| 03:06 | high, high, high correlation between and grades the end, Alright. |
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| 03:12 | doesn't matter what class you take, gonna always be true. And the |
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| 03:15 | for that is humans are experiential I know that you think in your |
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| 03:20 | that you are an auditory learner or learner or whatever type of learner, |
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| 03:24 | your experiential what that means is you all those components and some things are |
|
| 03:28 | appealing to you, right? What you like to learn? How do |
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| 03:31 | like to learn visual auditory visual. , Right. So, you |
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| 03:36 | we like that. But the truth you need all of those and when |
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| 03:39 | get up here and make an asset myself doing stupid stuff and it's |
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| 03:43 | isn't it? Is watching watch the man make an ax out of |
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| 03:46 | right, That helps you understand the . Alright. That's number one and |
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| 03:52 | two is I've talked to you about to go about internalizing information. I'm |
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| 03:59 | talk specifically the freshman. So if a sophomore or junior, this is |
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| 04:03 | your first year in college, you go ahead and just kind of sit |
|
| 04:06 | for a second. Although the message true for you as well. College |
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| 04:10 | very, very, very different than school and you know that already you've |
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| 04:14 | doing it for half a semester, ? But it's incredibly different. You |
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| 04:18 | have as many opportunities to rescue your , right? So you have to |
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| 04:22 | how to study because the expectation is us on our end is we're giving |
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| 04:27 | the information you need to know, got to figure out how to internalize |
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| 04:30 | . So, the presumption is, know how to study. Now, |
|
| 04:34 | been in this game a long So, I know that you're all |
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| 04:36 | in not knowing how to study. right. I got kids in high |
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| 04:40 | right now where I'm just shaking my . I'm like, please listen to |
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| 04:43 | in two years, you're gonna be off to college and you're gonna be |
|
| 04:46 | , I don't understand why I'm not a's and it's like, I know |
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| 04:50 | because you sit around on your butt day and not you guys, I'm |
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| 04:53 | about my kids, right? You do anything. You come home and |
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| 04:57 | never any homework and you're going to out the hard way that you're gonna |
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| 05:01 | to be self motivated. So I you on the very first day of |
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| 05:05 | and I have people who've taken me who've heard this speech over and over |
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| 05:09 | over again. You have to learn to organize information. You have to |
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| 05:13 | time regularly exposing yourself to it in for you to internalize it. You |
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| 05:19 | ? Now I know you guys are and I don't want you to |
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| 05:22 | First off, you guys know when drop date is for those who are |
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| 05:25 | , I gotta drop, I gotta november. What? 14? Oh |
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| 05:30 | goodness. It's actually the 16th. a Wednesday. It's the middle of |
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| 05:35 | week in the middle of november. you don't know how how good y'all |
|
| 05:40 | it right? When I was in , you have like three tests and |
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| 05:44 | you screw up the first one, just like, do I stay, |
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| 05:46 | I go? And the rule of was, well, we're paying a |
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| 05:49 | dollars to go to school. So stay and you work harder, |
|
| 05:53 | The truth is is you have a bit more freedom, right? You |
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| 05:57 | have how much, how much of great have you, have you learned |
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| 06:00 | far? Isn't this is not a question. 50%. Yeah, we've |
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| 06:06 | only done half our class. So still lots of great in front of |
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| 06:10 | . Right? And in fact you another test and a whole units worth |
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| 06:14 | work to actually look and see. this the class that I stay in |
|
| 06:19 | ? I've been trying to figure all , how do I talk to you |
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| 06:21 | because I can be the tough guy say suck it up and start working |
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| 06:27 | I guarantee you there is not a in this classroom who is incapable of |
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| 06:31 | this material. You all got into , You know what that means? |
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| 06:35 | capable, Right, notice was there prereqs for this class? No, |
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| 06:42 | is no prereqs for A and That means anybody and everybody can learn |
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| 06:46 | . We have no requirement to take material. Alright, so right |
|
| 06:52 | if you're sitting there going, I'm getting it, it's not because of |
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| 06:55 | , it's because of other things that getting in your way and you've just |
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| 06:59 | to figure out what those things it may be your study, you |
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| 07:03 | how you study it, maybe what doing. Like if you're like |
|
| 07:07 | my freshman year was a blow off , you know, I went to |
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| 07:10 | really good high school, my first class with my junior year in |
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| 07:15 | right? I've told you guys, was a lazy, lazy, I |
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| 07:20 | , I'm not exaggerating when I say students, You know, I've told |
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| 07:24 | , I mean, I think I you guys the story about my couch |
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| 07:26 | . No. Yeah I never showed to class. Never turned into single |
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| 07:31 | assignment. Didn't do any of the . Can you imagine doing this? |
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| 07:35 | I'm just going to take the tests the first, on that last test |
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| 07:38 | that final exam. I turned it the professor saw me turn in the |
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| 07:42 | he looked at the name, he it was me. So he was |
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| 07:45 | for me. He pulled me aside said you obviously know how to do |
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| 07:49 | but you obviously don't care about I don't want you taking another math |
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| 07:52 | again. All right, no You know I got a B plus |
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| 07:58 | the class right? And I fulfilled math requirements so I was like I |
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| 08:03 | care. Right? That's the type attitude I had when it hit me |
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| 08:07 | my junior year and I don't want to be like that for you |
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| 08:10 | All right now I'm gonna show you and then we're gonna talk about add |
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| 08:14 | because I'm not trying to be mean I know some of you are sitting |
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| 08:16 | in your brain going I've got to the class so it's the end of |
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| 08:19 | life. Oh no. Oh no not there. You're not panicking |
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| 08:23 | You ready? You ready? There we go. Alright so this |
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| 08:31 | what your grade looks like without extra . Right? All the greats that |
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| 08:36 | done so far and what grades you to get, which, you |
|
| 08:39 | A B. C or D. right now in a is about an |
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| 08:42 | . A B. Is about a A. C. Is about a |
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| 08:45 | . A. D. Is around . And everything down below that is |
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| 08:48 | failing grade. Now again, I'm out these right here, those are |
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| 08:53 | students have already dropped the class. not gonna worry about that. All |
|
| 08:57 | , Some of these students right in are students who haven't taken the second |
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| 09:00 | for whatever reason. And I've got got a couple of them have already |
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| 09:03 | me. The rest of my think dropped the class, this group right |
|
| 09:07 | . If you find yourself in the to 40 to 50 range, there |
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| 09:10 | no reason why you can't be up this range. All right. The |
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| 09:14 | thing that's keeping you there right now your own fear of success this Oh |
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| 09:18 | , I can't do it. That's you say that once, then what |
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| 09:22 | done is you've already committed yourself to I'm not going to work hard and |
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| 09:25 | to figure it out. All everyone else is capable and you're sitting |
|
| 09:30 | , there's not a lot of Trust me, there'll be plenty of |
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| 09:32 | by the end of the semester. is this in fact these numbers were |
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| 09:36 | exact same from the fall when I and looked at the grades. So |
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| 09:40 | though there's a slight difference exactly the from last fall. Alright. |
|
| 09:47 | This is is everything that you've done this point. So if you want |
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| 09:50 | calculate your grade, do you guys how to calculate your grade? You |
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| 09:56 | that we talked about on the first of class? Right? Go |
|
| 10:00 | Look at that first lecture. Go . Look in the syllabus. It's |
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| 10:03 | there. You all taken algebra. can you've taken it doesn't even be |
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| 10:09 | algebra algebra. Right? This plus plus this take the average is you |
|
| 10:13 | , it's not hard. Alright. can figure out what your great |
|
| 10:16 | Now. I'm gonna talk about add and we're gonna talk about something that's |
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| 10:20 | interesting. Which is anatomy. But I'm gonna I'm gonna solve this |
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| 10:23 | because a lot of you right now sitting here going, oh man, |
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| 10:26 | not getting that. See I'm not in a nursing school. Oh |
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| 10:30 | I've got to quit. Right. I hearing that? Is that is |
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| 10:34 | the echo that I keep hearing around world? All right. This is |
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| 10:40 | we say to ourselves when we are getting the grade we want. We |
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| 10:44 | not go whoa. Is me. dropping the class A w is an |
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| 10:50 | situation. Alright, When your grade unrepeatable alright? When there is no |
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| 10:57 | and you need to salvage that P. A. Or have to |
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| 11:01 | that you are not getting blocked All right. So that means you're |
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| 11:05 | a D. Or an F. the next grade you're going to get |
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| 11:08 | gonna get you any higher. All . So how many grades do we |
|
| 11:11 | coming in? Still A lot. . So today's not the day to |
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| 11:16 | ? So that's that's the first thing we go alright. So today's not |
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| 11:19 | day to drop. What is The day of getting better figuring out |
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| 11:24 | do I move from where I am where I wanna be? Alright. |
|
| 11:28 | number one. But let's say we we are contemplating the question. The |
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| 11:32 | question we need to ask ourselves is is the lowest grade that I'm willing |
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| 11:36 | take out of a class before I ? Now many of you are sitting |
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| 11:41 | going well, it's an A. right. That's a lie. Your |
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| 11:46 | or the feds or whomever paid for education would be sorely upset if you |
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| 11:50 | the class with a B. And be sorely upset if you drop the |
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| 11:54 | with the C. Those are all grades. Those will all result in |
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| 11:58 | through the university. That will all in you graduating from the college and |
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| 12:04 | the university. Alright. So usually that grade is probably gonna be a |
|
| 12:10 | . Or worse. Now there are if you are a senior and your |
|
| 12:14 | . P. A. Is above 2.0. A. D. Is |
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| 12:16 | fine because that will be enough to you out of the university so you |
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| 12:21 | to graduate with two points or Efs alright we don't wanna get |
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| 12:24 | Alright so that's the first question you to ask that question. You have |
|
| 12:28 | be truthful about it. It's not ego. Keep your ego out of |
|
| 12:32 | . Keep your feelings out of This is analysis. If we put |
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| 12:35 | emotions and our feelings into our analysis gonna skew it in the direction that's |
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| 12:40 | going to be to our benefit. right so we have to put that |
|
| 12:43 | . So number one is what's the grade that I can get? You |
|
| 12:45 | that out? You look at this right here. What's the lowest grade |
|
| 12:48 | can get in the class based on numbers that you see up here right |
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| 12:51 | today, what's the lowest number you get in the class and still be |
|
| 12:55 | 52. Now some of you are wait a second. I don't think |
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| 13:01 | . C. Is supposed to be 52. What did I tell |
|
| 13:03 | On the first day of class we a curve in this class. It's |
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| 13:07 | distribution curve. You need to understand for most science courses. This is |
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| 13:11 | it's gonna look like. It's not . Oh the highest grade was a |
|
| 13:15 | . Everyone gets eight points. That's . That's what they do in the |
|
| 13:19 | arts because they don't understand how to math. Alright. They don't understand |
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| 13:25 | curves and statistics. So they think giving everybody a curve and really what |
|
| 13:28 | doing is they're making themselves feel better making the highest grade equal to |
|
| 13:33 | That's not how it works. So what you do is you say, |
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| 13:36 | if the lowest grade I need for classes of 52 where do I sit |
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| 13:41 | to that grade? Are you above 52 or you below the 52? |
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| 13:44 | you're below the 52 is the 52 attainable? All right. And if |
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| 13:50 | answer is yes then you have to a second question. Is it |
|
| 13:55 | Alright. I'm just gonna give you example. Alright. Let's say in |
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| 14:00 | to get the grade you want, need to get to hundreds on the |
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| 14:03 | two exams and you've never seen 100 your life. What's the probability of |
|
| 14:08 | getting your two hundred's zero. Thank very much. So that's when you |
|
| 14:13 | . Okay, well it might be possible but it's not really mathematically |
|
| 14:18 | Alright. So there has to be realism in this stuff. So you |
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| 14:21 | to be realistic. So let's say have to score 10 20 points greater |
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| 14:25 | you've been doing on the next two . Is that possible? Yes, |
|
| 14:29 | we have to make some adjustments and is the hardest part, right? |
|
| 14:34 | you look at what you've been doing what you can do and what you |
|
| 14:38 | do. The question is, am willing to change what's going on in |
|
| 14:41 | life right now to make that All right. And that's the difference |
|
| 14:46 | being a child and being an All right. And I'm not saying |
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| 14:49 | guys are Children. I'm just saying is the step that you're making. |
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| 14:52 | you say I refuse to be a , I'm now taking responsibility for my |
|
| 14:58 | and so what I'm gonna do is not going to study the way that |
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| 15:02 | been doing because what I've been doing not getting me the grades that I |
|
| 15:06 | . So I've got to make some . And if you don't know how |
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| 15:09 | make the change, then you come to me because I can help you |
|
| 15:12 | that. All right. I've talked you all about how to study how |
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| 15:15 | be successful and doing So using less in terms of your prep. If |
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| 15:21 | spent time I'm just gonna do this . If you spend time doing quiz |
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| 15:26 | you wasted your time studying for the . Alright? You spun your |
|
| 15:31 | Were you busy? Yeah. How How many of you've really worked hard |
|
| 15:38 | for this exam? Come on. your hands up. All right. |
|
| 15:42 | is fun. You don't have to you in. How many of you |
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| 15:44 | just blew it off So that maybe do well, yeah. Okay. |
|
| 15:46 | couple of you. That that was . You know, maybe I'll do |
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| 15:50 | , maybe I won't. All So, I'm not dogging those. |
|
| 15:53 | you worked hard. You felt like worked hard, but you did all |
|
| 15:56 | . Those You felt like you worked . How many of you didn't get |
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| 15:58 | result that you wanted? Alright. , there's a disconnect. You worked |
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| 16:04 | , but you didn't get what you . So, the question is, |
|
| 16:07 | why? All right. So, you have to do is you have |
|
| 16:10 | look back and this is what that credit is. That's gonna be coming |
|
| 16:13 | , right? It's gonna ask the . How did you do on this |
|
| 16:17 | ? How did you study? What you do? And did it give |
|
| 16:20 | a result? If it didn't give a result? If you keep doing |
|
| 16:23 | you've been doing expect the same You've got to change and you've got |
|
| 16:28 | look at how do I organize How do I internalize it? What |
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| 16:32 | is going to be best in terms helping me stick this information in my |
|
| 16:38 | ? All right. That's where we're . Alright. So, if you |
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| 16:44 | you think that it's time to drop , come talk to me. I'm |
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| 16:50 | gonna try to talk you out of . I'm just gonna play the facts |
|
| 16:53 | front of you. All right? job is not depending upon whether you |
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| 16:56 | in the class or not. My job here is to help you |
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| 16:59 | the material so you can achieve your . But if you're gonna want to |
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| 17:02 | achieve your goals. Let's talk about first. All right. I want |
|
| 17:08 | get you into nursing school medical I want to get you into medical |
|
| 17:13 | . I want to get you into school and we got a lot of |
|
| 17:17 | school people up here and I know school over there, Dental school over |
|
| 17:21 | . Anyone else? What do we nurses who wants to be a |
|
| 17:24 | All right. All right. We've to change a little bit about what |
|
| 17:29 | doing. So, if you're not the grade you want, let's talk |
|
| 17:32 | it now. I know there's gonna 50-100 of you trying to talk to |
|
| 17:36 | today. We don't have enough time do all that. But what we |
|
| 17:43 | do is you can keep coming to if there's too big of a |
|
| 17:46 | I mean, I'm gonna be in office day, then you come on |
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| 17:48 | or Tuesday next week and then you on and you come on If you |
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| 17:52 | know what you're doing in terms of to study. If you want to |
|
| 17:54 | changes go back and listen to that day lecture, I didn't just do |
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| 17:58 | to fill up the time. All . I want you to learn how |
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| 18:02 | study. If you need to know to do it from person to |
|
| 18:05 | I can walk you through it. guarantee you if you study that |
|
| 18:09 | My other classes, a junior level , physiology. To talk about much |
|
| 18:14 | the same stuff that we do here a lot more in depth stuff. |
|
| 18:16 | had a student. The class first got a 44 Tough. Right? |
|
| 18:22 | don't know what I'm doing and Blah Blah. Why am I getting these |
|
| 18:24 | ? I never got in these What was me? I need this |
|
| 18:26 | grade. Alright. This one Fine. How are you study? |
|
| 18:29 | told me. All right. That's the way to study. Walk through |
|
| 18:32 | same stuff. I tell you guys goes and does and studies the way |
|
| 18:35 | tell her tell her she comes in she's mad. I didn't get the |
|
| 18:40 | I wanted what I said. What'd get? Well, I got a |
|
| 18:43 | . Alright. Alright. So your went from a 44 to a |
|
| 18:47 | Your grade climbed 16 points from the exam to the second exam. That's |
|
| 18:53 | 33% increase. You're you're you're upset that. Well, I guess |
|
| 18:59 | Said imagine what you're gonna do on third exam again? Probably about the |
|
| 19:03 | thing. This is true. Over over and over. You just gotta |
|
| 19:08 | what you're doing. I said was hard studying that way? No. |
|
| 19:11 | . Okay. So let's keep it . Don't be upset that you saw |
|
| 19:16 | improvement. That's what it was. she wanted she was expecting 100. |
|
| 19:21 | No, no, no, that takes a little bit of time. |
|
| 19:23 | right. So that's what we're gonna shooting for. So if you need |
|
| 19:26 | talk, I'm happy to do it you. But I'm just letting you |
|
| 19:29 | because I know many of you guys panicking right now. What does, |
|
| 19:33 | does the score tell you? It's possible. There's not a person in |
|
| 19:39 | that can't get a B right right? You have half your |
|
| 19:43 | If you're sitting with the 45 you your score then half again you're gonna |
|
| 19:48 | up there. Remember the connects and top hats don't ignore them. That |
|
| 19:53 | padding. That's what pads your It pulls you up. It's like |
|
| 19:56 | test score. So if you're getting on those, well by percentiles, |
|
| 20:02 | pulling everything up. It's not as as you think it is. |
|
| 20:07 | So the grades on blackboard. so here here's the thing about |
|
| 20:10 | Remember it's not a good calculator. have to do your own math, |
|
| 20:13 | the grades on there should be accurate you see on blackboard, A grade |
|
| 20:17 | doesn't look like what you see on actual website. Let me know because |
|
| 20:21 | now and then names flip flop. had another student. Another class. |
|
| 20:24 | spelled his name with an O. on black on casa. It was |
|
| 20:28 | with a U. For some And so he was flipped and so |
|
| 20:32 | like, I don't know why my are all off and I'm like oh |
|
| 20:34 | see. Just fixing. Yeah. that's he was he was really |
|
| 20:39 | Like my grades are not as high I thought they were. I was |
|
| 20:42 | well those your numbers are accurate. me find out where it's going |
|
| 20:46 | So alright but blackboard should have your grades. You just need to do |
|
| 20:51 | math. All right. So if in that range, don't panic. |
|
| 20:59 | get let's get you moving. If in that dish range above 50 let's |
|
| 21:04 | panic. Let's get you moving If you're in that CS range, |
|
| 21:08 | not panic. If you're in the . S. Range, if you're |
|
| 21:11 | the range, you still need to to keep work in that direction. |
|
| 21:15 | right. Let's not be let's not satisfied with with these grades now. |
|
| 21:21 | that mean was I mean sounding I'm trying really hard not to be |
|
| 21:26 | because you know, I've had students mean not mean I want you to |
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| 21:30 | you. I want you to achieve goal. I would rather every one |
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| 21:33 | you get into nursing school than a student from texas A. And |
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| 21:36 | How's that? Or from U. . Especially. Right. That sound |
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| 21:41 | and if your post back and went one of those two schools we love |
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| 21:43 | . But it's No we were Cougars Right. All right. Anyone have |
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| 21:51 | about the test? It will open probably next Wednesday. I have two |
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| 21:57 | who have medical issues that have to the exam that day. So that's |
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| 22:01 | I'll open up. That's when the credit will open up and you'll have |
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| 22:04 | a week to look at them and the extra credits and yada yada |
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| 22:07 | When's our next exam? November So you got three weeks. |
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| 22:17 | Any other things now? Yes. want to learn about muscles. |
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| 22:22 | No. No, I don't wanna about learn about something else instead. |
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| 22:28 | right. Again you don't have to running up here after class saying can |
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| 22:33 | meet with you? Just you know my office is? I'll get there |
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| 22:36 | about 5 10 minutes right after I we closed up shop here. |
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| 22:41 | And I'll meet with as many people I can today. But remember I |
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| 22:45 | class. You know, shortly I've basically office hours and I got another |
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| 22:49 | . So I can't spend my entire with every kid. Every student's giving |
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| 22:53 | kids your adults. Alright. So I wanna do. I don't want |
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| 22:59 | talk about muscles. All right. today what we're gonna do is we're |
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| 23:03 | look at the skeletal muscle and we're look at how it works. What |
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| 23:06 | not gonna do is we're not gonna all the names of all the |
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| 23:09 | All right, we're gonna leave that the lab because um there are muscle |
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| 23:15 | and it's really really hard on a like this to sit there and point |
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| 23:18 | , hey, here's this muscle These are the names of the muscles |
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| 23:20 | that muscle group. So we're gonna kind of just focus in on the |
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| 23:25 | and how they actually work. Um terms of skeletal muscle function. The |
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| 23:31 | that you're most familiar with, the that you're most comfortable with is this |
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| 23:34 | that muscles are responsible for movement. so that is 100% true. So |
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| 23:39 | you think about muscle, that's what can think about. But it also |
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| 23:43 | to protect and support the internal Like think about your gut. You |
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| 23:48 | abdominal muscles that basically hold your gut place and that serves as a form |
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| 23:52 | protection. It's not as good as bone but it's still a form of |
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| 23:56 | , helps To maintain your posture. talked about stabilizing joints when we talked |
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| 23:59 | bones and joints um they helped to heat. So muscles are really, |
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| 24:05 | inefficient engines and so they convert energy not only kinetic energy but they also |
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| 24:11 | into thermal energy and that is the of energy that keeps you warm your |
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| 24:17 | of this when you shiver. But this is Houston. If you go |
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| 24:20 | outside for 30 seconds, you start and that's really because your muscles are |
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| 24:24 | heat as well. Alright. Also an important role in communication. Typically |
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| 24:31 | we don't think about this so but the ability, our ability to |
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| 24:35 | , the ability to produce gestures and facial expressions are incredibly significant in terms |
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| 24:40 | how we communicate between one another and experienced this because if you've ever gotten |
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| 24:44 | of those tweets and got horrible or tweets but a text and you got |
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| 24:48 | offended because you couldn't understand the sarcasm whatever that was in that text, |
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| 24:53 | ? Because you weren't looking at someone's while they're telling you something, |
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| 24:58 | Also your ability to type and Those are also types of movements. |
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| 25:03 | , those are forms of communication as . So muscles are pretty darn |
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| 25:08 | All right. Um there are over names, skeletal muscles in Med |
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| 25:13 | you'll probably have to learn them all you go to nursing school, you're |
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| 25:17 | not gonna learn them all. If dealing with facial stuff, you're gonna |
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| 25:20 | to learn all these crazy things. the idea here is that when you |
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| 25:24 | a single about talk about a single in and of itself, that is |
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| 25:28 | discrete organ. So collectively these 600 organs are collectively the musculature of your |
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| 25:39 | . Great. We'll have to back . I don't know. My buttons |
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| 25:42 | to stick and I don't know There we go. Alright, |
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| 25:47 | what we're looking at this picture here a muscle. So, this would |
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| 25:52 | a named muscle right here. And we call we call it the muscle |
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| 25:57 | . And then if you go you'll see that we have within that |
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| 26:01 | belly, we have bundles of So here, right, there is |
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| 26:04 | fiber that are bound together in a and that's called a physic Ulis. |
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| 26:09 | . And so you can just see , it's just an organization thing. |
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| 26:14 | belly is a whole bunch of fibers have been bundled together into bundles which |
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| 26:17 | bundled together. So, here's the cell that we're interested in. Here |
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| 26:23 | those cells bundled together. And then bundles of the bundles is finally the |
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| 26:28 | belly. All right. And if you're looking at this, these |
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| 26:34 | are the thing that's doing, the is connective tissue. So, around |
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| 26:39 | skeletal muscle, there is not just plasma membrane, but there is a |
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| 26:44 | of connective tissue that separates that muscle from the other muscle cells. And |
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| 26:49 | you take a bunch of those muscle that are wrapped in connective tissue and |
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| 26:54 | wrap that in connective tissue that's going produce that vesicular vesicular that has that |
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| 26:59 | tissue. And then you take a of those physically and put them |
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| 27:03 | And you wrap that in connective that's where you get the muscle |
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| 27:06 | So, we have names for each those layers of the connective tissue. |
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| 27:10 | , so the suffix is missy um missy. Um So you can see |
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| 27:15 | have an indo missy um That's gonna around the individual cell. The |
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| 27:20 | Not to be confused with the which is a microorganism, that's the |
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| 27:26 | tissue around the Oculus. And finally epic museum is the one that surrounds |
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| 27:31 | individual muscles. Now this connective tissue beyond each of these structures and they |
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| 27:36 | and join together and they form what the tendon? Alright. And the |
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| 27:42 | is a structure that attaches a muscle a bone. Alright, so it's |
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| 27:47 | extend beyond the muscle fiber and attaches the curiosity of the bone and it's |
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| 27:52 | the muscle when it contracts it pulls that connective tissue um And that pulls |
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| 27:58 | the bone. So you're not pulling on the bone, You're pulling the |
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| 28:02 | tissue itself. All right. So three layers result in the tendon, |
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| 28:10 | gonna be one of those days, it? Now, what we're looking |
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| 28:15 | and where we're gonna be spending our for the most part is down at |
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| 28:19 | level of the individual cell. The individual cell is referred to as |
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| 28:25 | fiber. Alright, so when you that word fiber? Think oh I'm |
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| 28:29 | about an individual cell. Alright. they first started looking at these individual |
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| 28:35 | , they thought they were special And so they had special things. |
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| 28:38 | so they gave all the parts of cell that we've already learned special |
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| 28:42 | just like they did in the axon of the neuron right there on had |
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| 28:47 | these special names but it's just oh that's the same thing that we've |
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| 28:51 | as, as a generic as this that's the same thing here, |
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| 28:54 | We have a sarcoma. Sarcoma is the plasma membrane, right? We |
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| 28:59 | a sarko plasm. Sarko Plaza is cytoplasm. And what's unique about the |
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| 29:05 | Alright, is that it has a bunch of glasses. OEMs and the |
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| 29:09 | um is simply a glycogen crystal. you guys know what glycogen is, |
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| 29:16 | is it? It's a sugar. why carbohydrates sugar is what we're looking |
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| 29:22 | here. So what do muscles need order to work? Energy. They |
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| 29:28 | to produce energy. So they need to break down to make energy. |
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| 29:33 | the first thing you need to understand is muscles don't have to wait for |
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| 29:36 | to be delivered to it. It stores it up. All right, |
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| 29:40 | stored in the form of glycogen. is really just huge glucose stores. |
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| 29:45 | basically taking a whole bunch of glucose and and putting them into a chain |
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| 29:49 | we usually do that in the liver the muscles the other place where this |
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| 29:52 | . So the muscles already have sugar up secondly it has in it |
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| 29:58 | myoglobin is like hemoglobin and if you're with anything about hemoglobin, hemoglobin is |
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| 30:03 | is to bind up oxygen and to it around in the blood, |
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| 30:06 | It actually it's found in red blood . So myoglobin is a molecule very |
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| 30:11 | hemoglobin found in these cells and it up oxygen. And why do we |
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| 30:15 | up oxygen? And the reason for is because we can use oxygen to |
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| 30:20 | break down glucose glucose. Plus oxygen us energy um in spades it allows |
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| 30:26 | to go through the entire um process breaking down glucose to get us more |
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| 30:33 | more energy. It's the um glad pathway and oxidative phosphor relation for those |
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| 30:39 | you who've taken biology. She said one. Alright then the other thing |
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| 30:48 | there's lots of mitochondria, why do need mitochondria A. T. |
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| 30:53 | It's the battery of the cells. the more cells the more mitochondria having |
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| 30:57 | sell the more energy this thing is because it needs more energy or more |
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| 31:02 | TP to do its job. So A T. P. Is kind |
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| 31:05 | important in these cells. Lastly it's nucleotide most people don't understand or get |
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| 31:09 | . The reason this is multi nucleotides each muscle cell starts off life as |
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| 31:13 | very very tiny. Itsy bitsy singles cell and it's fine another itsy bitsy |
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| 31:17 | tiny muscle cell and says hey let's a bigger muscle cell and so it |
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| 31:21 | together and then other cells merge And so what you end up with |
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| 31:24 | a very, very large cell. you think of a muscle fiber, |
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| 31:28 | is as big or as long as muscle is itself. So using my |
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| 31:32 | as an example, the bicep is to here to there, that is |
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| 31:36 | length. Alright. So each muscle in that bicep is roughly that same |
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| 31:41 | and that's a function of a whole of cells coming together and forming one |
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| 31:45 | , very large cell. This is it's multi nuclear hated. Now within |
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| 31:51 | we're going to see a couple of organs that are unique alright. And |
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| 31:56 | we refer to these internal structures as triad. Now the only thing that's |
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| 32:03 | here is the transfer tubular tubular. t tubules are basically little openings in |
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| 32:10 | cytoplasm that creates a tunnel. So it's it's only open to the |
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| 32:15 | So literally the tube that goes all way through the cell and opens up |
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| 32:18 | the other side. Alright, so like a tunnel through the cell. |
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| 32:22 | these are closely associated with the endo critical. Um specifically the smooth endo |
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| 32:28 | critical. Um And the smooth endo particular job is to to sequester way |
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| 32:34 | hold up calcium and the t tubules right next to the Sarka plasma |
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| 32:39 | Um And the region nearest the T . So here's our T tubules, |
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| 32:43 | yellow thing in our little cartoon going the way through the blue represents the |
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| 32:48 | plasma critical um that stores up the and the region of the psycho plasma |
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| 32:54 | nearest the T tubules called the terminal . E. So the end |
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| 32:59 | the end holding spot. And so is the area where there's an interaction |
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| 33:04 | the T tubules and the cytoplasmic So really this is part of that |
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| 33:08 | they separated out called the triad. right. So, we have this |
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| 33:14 | structure and then if you look at picture, you can see there's a |
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| 33:17 | bunch of other stuff in here that's in there. All right. And |
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| 33:20 | what we're gonna kind of focus on this other material is the are the |
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| 33:25 | , the side of skeletal elements that the cell to do what it needs |
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| 33:28 | do. So, the mile fiber to sell right, all the things |
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| 33:38 | just discussed and within it you can it's just jam packed full of mile |
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| 33:44 | brill's. Alright, so mile five is the term we use for the |
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| 33:49 | of skeleton. There are hundreds of of these in a single muscle |
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| 33:54 | In fact, the stronger you the more mile five grills you |
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| 33:58 | In other words, they're the things make muscles bigger. All right. |
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| 34:03 | , when you work out and and exercising and making your muscles stronger. |
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| 34:07 | you're doing is you're adding more and mild five grills to your mile |
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| 34:12 | which makes it fatter, makes it . Now. The mile five brill |
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| 34:18 | made up of two different Myo You see how all this language works |
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| 34:22 | how irritating it can be. My my oh my or Sarko? Sarko |
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| 34:26 | , Right, so the Maya filaments the structures that make up the mile |
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| 34:32 | . So we have mile fiber is cell. Myo five brill are the |
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| 34:36 | of skeletal elements, the side of made up of little tiny fibers, |
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| 34:39 | we refer to as the Myo There's two types, we got the |
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| 34:44 | filament and the thin filament. And you've ever taken any sort of biology |
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| 34:47 | , you've probably heard these two terms when you talked about muscles. |
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| 34:51 | what we're gonna do, we're gonna at them in a little bit more |
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| 34:53 | depth. The thick filament is a of miocene. And so my son |
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| 34:58 | of has this appearance like a golf , right, has this head. |
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| 35:02 | to it. And actually what you is you have two of these, |
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| 35:05 | have this long long arm and at very end of that long arm or |
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| 35:10 | , you have these two little it looks like someone's trying to box |
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| 35:13 | the 20s, right? You've seen pictures of guys doing this, |
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| 35:17 | that's kind of what it looks And what you have is you have |
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| 35:20 | flexible hinge that sits that allows these heads to move and they're always gonna |
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| 35:26 | moving in opposition to each other. don't move together. It's always like |
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| 35:30 | . So what that means is that can interact with the other fibers or |
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| 35:34 | the other filaments to to pull on . All right. Now, that |
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| 35:40 | , the thing that we're focused on has two things of interest to |
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| 35:43 | The first is that it has an binding site. So it interacts with |
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| 35:48 | active molecule. That means we're gonna to find act in some place and |
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| 35:52 | that's thin filaments. All right. second thing it has, it has |
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| 35:55 | A. T. P. Site. Alright. And 80 ph |
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| 35:59 | you hear a voice at the end . S. E. That's telling |
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| 36:01 | that it's an enzyme that breaks down . T. P. So it |
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| 36:06 | the energy found in that molecule. it's going to use that energy for |
|
| 36:11 | and it's not what you think it . All right, we're gonna look |
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| 36:14 | that a little bit more in The thin filament is acting plus two |
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| 36:19 | molecules. Alright, now, acting on it a binding site that is |
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| 36:25 | to miocene. So we have acting attracted to Miocene. Miocene that's attracted |
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| 36:30 | acting but we don't want them to all the time because the moment they |
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| 36:35 | , the moment they contract, you're to get a contraction and you don't |
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| 36:37 | your muscles always in a contracted You want to be able to move |
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| 36:40 | muscles around. So we have something interferes with that interaction and that's this |
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| 36:45 | right here at. So it's kind like my S. N. But |
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| 36:49 | so that the Troppo part tells you it's not the same molecule. And |
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| 36:54 | it is, if you look at little cartoon it's that green band that |
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| 36:57 | and what it's doing is it's sitting front of the myosin binding site on |
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| 37:02 | . So the act in the miocene come together. It's blocking the |
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| 37:07 | Now obviously if it's blocking the interaction move out of the way when we |
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| 37:13 | to actually get a contraction. So have to have something that pulls it |
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| 37:16 | of the way and that's what that molecule is. Troponin. Alright, |
|
| 37:20 | the way to remember this is my has the name that tells you what |
|
| 37:24 | attracted to, right? It's attracted that bias and binding site but it |
|
| 37:28 | have the same level of traction as actual uh thick filament. Alright. |
|
| 37:34 | it's just closely associated. So we to move it out of the |
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| 37:37 | So the other molecule troponin does that the way we get it to do |
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| 37:42 | is we introduce calcium to this molecule calcium binds to it. It causes |
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| 37:48 | proponent to move like a hinge to the triple mice out of the way |
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| 37:53 | make the mice and binding site Alright, now we're gonna go into |
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| 37:59 | on this in a little bit Alright, so so far are we |
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| 38:04 | me? The mile filaments, thick is my sin. Thin filament is |
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| 38:11 | plus triple minus and plus proponent. the reason we name each of these |
|
| 38:17 | is because we need to know what parts due to help us understand the |
|
| 38:22 | . Alright, so all the parts important. This usually freaks people out |
|
| 38:29 | they see this. It's like oh this is so hard. There's eyes |
|
| 38:32 | their H. S. And they're . S. And their M. |
|
| 38:34 | there's disease and there's all these letters they're not alphabetical and they're scary. |
|
| 38:38 | be scared. The functional unit of skeletal muscle. Remember what I said |
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| 38:44 | a mile fiber has a length to , right? The functional unit is |
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| 38:49 | thing that allows it to make that fiber shrink. So what we're looking |
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| 38:55 | here, we're talking about the functioning the sarcoma. Now each cell has |
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| 39:01 | of Stark years. There's not just sock, there's hundreds if not thousands |
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| 39:06 | thousands of Stark. I'm ears. you can kind of see here the |
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| 39:09 | time they ever did this. They inside a cell and they saw a |
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| 39:13 | bunch of bands. They saw dark and lighter bands and dark bands and |
|
| 39:17 | lighter bands. And here's the dark . Oh wait, there's a pattern |
|
| 39:20 | repeats itself. And so what they is they said, let's define that |
|
| 39:25 | of repetition. So that must mean . All right. And that's what |
|
| 39:30 | did. There just look in the . They don't know what these things |
|
| 39:33 | . It's just light bands and dark . And so they named them. |
|
| 39:36 | found this kind of darkish band sitting by itself and they said, we're |
|
| 39:40 | to call that the Z line. right. Now, I don't know |
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| 39:43 | one they named first. They probably the a band first because it's a |
|
| 39:46 | the front, but they name And so what you have here is |
|
| 39:49 | have the Z line and you go and you see, oh, there's |
|
| 39:52 | again. And so they said, right, the space between the Z |
|
| 39:56 | is what is going to be called circle mirror. And so they define |
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| 40:01 | they are. And then they made of the behavior and then later they |
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| 40:05 | what each of these individual things All right. But what we're gonna |
|
| 40:09 | is we have that that after So, we're gonna kind of walk |
|
| 40:12 | . So the Z line here is a bunch of proteins that you're looking |
|
| 40:18 | from that angle, right? Can see how thick my hand is by |
|
| 40:22 | at it like this? No, just looks like a line, doesn't |
|
| 40:26 | ? But when I move my like, so, can you see |
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| 40:29 | shape of my hand? Right? that's what the Z. Line is |
|
| 40:33 | or the Z. Disc. The Z disc is basically a bunch |
|
| 40:36 | proteins that are in a network or mesh work. That if you would |
|
| 40:40 | at it face on, you'd see it's there. All right. And |
|
| 40:44 | not showing you in this. And So what's coming off that mesh work |
|
| 40:48 | a bunch of active filaments. so you're thin filaments are expanding away |
|
| 40:55 | the Z. Line in both Like. So, and the area |
|
| 40:59 | there's just those thin filaments that's called eye band. Alright, so this |
|
| 41:06 | right here, the eye band goes this direction, it goes in that |
|
| 41:10 | is just thin filaments and then it dark. And the reason it gets |
|
| 41:16 | is because now you have a bunch thick filaments. Now the center point |
|
| 41:21 | the thick filaments, I'm just gonna ahead is over here at the |
|
| 41:24 | Line. The M. Line is the Z. Line, It's a |
|
| 41:26 | of proteins in the mesh work or . But if you turn to look |
|
| 41:29 | you see it like. So, you can't see it because it looks |
|
| 41:32 | a line. So that's the in . So you have the Z. |
|
| 41:35 | which is where the thin filaments The in line is where the thick |
|
| 41:39 | begin and the thick filaments extend in directions. Just like the thin filaments |
|
| 41:43 | . So the area where there's just filaments, that's the H. |
|
| 41:48 | And you can see in little cartoon there. So right there, that |
|
| 41:52 | be the thick filaments extending off. a thin filaments sending off. All |
|
| 41:56 | , So the guy is going over like so the H. Is coming |
|
| 42:00 | the other direction where the to begin overlap. Like that. That's where |
|
| 42:06 | have both thick and thin filaments. the a band. Now to demonstrate |
|
| 42:11 | just so that you can visualize Can you come up for a sec |
|
| 42:15 | quick? She's like, damn. should sit in the front row. |
|
| 42:19 | right, She's gonna be our Line. Okay, so you're |
|
| 42:22 | Line And I want you to put your your arm like. So, |
|
| 42:25 | this is the the thin filament coming , right, I'm your in |
|
| 42:29 | This is the thick filament coming And see there's a point where there's |
|
| 42:34 | overlap over there about her elbow So everything from her elbow back to |
|
| 42:40 | , that would be the I Everything where the tip of my finger |
|
| 42:45 | up to here, that would be we have overlap. So where my |
|
| 42:49 | begin. That's the a band and continues on this way and then the |
|
| 42:53 | where there is no overlap here, the H. Band and then I |
|
| 43:00 | the in line. You see how all works. So you can imagine |
|
| 43:05 | and hundreds and hundreds of these And that's what gives it this darker |
|
| 43:09 | where there's double overlap and when there no overlap there and there that's the |
|
| 43:14 | . And the H. Those are light bands. That kind of makes |
|
| 43:19 | . Yeah. Thank you so Now when we deal with contractions, |
|
| 43:25 | we're gonna be asking is is how we create a contraction? We're gonna |
|
| 43:29 | bringing those Z lines close together. so there's gonna be an interaction at |
|
| 43:35 | a band and that's gonna affect the of those bands. And we'll look |
|
| 43:40 | that in just a moment. Now other proteins in there because those proteins |
|
| 43:45 | and of themselves would kind of fall and kind of go in whichever direction |
|
| 43:49 | they're just filaments. And so there's structures in there. So for |
|
| 43:53 | we have nebula nebula sits inside the filament and basically allows that filament to |
|
| 44:00 | to the Z. Line. And basically creates a stiff structure so that |
|
| 44:06 | thin filament doesn't kind of go down doesn't go up. It just allows |
|
| 44:10 | to remain parallel with each other. you have a whole bunch of them |
|
| 44:14 | parallel. We have a molecule tit that's being shown here these little tiny |
|
| 44:18 | springs. So when I get a you can imagine I'm bringing the yellow |
|
| 44:24 | together, that's the Z. And what you're doing is you're pushing |
|
| 44:27 | together and so that would cause the portion of the molecule to squish |
|
| 44:33 | So if I release tension on that , what would happen? It go |
|
| 44:39 | back out. So your muscles are stuck in a contracted state. When |
|
| 44:44 | muscles relax, they returned back to normal shape. All right. So |
|
| 44:48 | allows us to contract and relax Alright, another one is a muscle |
|
| 44:54 | a molecule called dystrophin. So eventually will happen is the thin filaments come |
|
| 45:00 | up against the wall of the the circle Emma. And if you |
|
| 45:04 | have structure there to keep it you're in big trouble. And so |
|
| 45:09 | kind of what it does. That dystrophin is kind of acts in a |
|
| 45:13 | to make sure that these thin filaments are moving parallel to the wall of |
|
| 45:19 | sarcoma. So it just helps in of organization. And then we have |
|
| 45:24 | 10 in which also cross links um thin filaments to each other. So |
|
| 45:29 | holds it to the Z disk. right, so, we have molecules |
|
| 45:34 | help to organize the other molecules and that their interaction remains in a pattern |
|
| 45:42 | that you can get the greatest efficiency terms of interactions. And so I'm |
|
| 45:48 | you don't need to know this portion you can think of like this for |
|
| 45:51 | thick filament, I have six thin surrounding it. So that means the |
|
| 45:56 | filaments are are interacting in six different . Right. And so what I'm |
|
| 46:02 | is I'm ensuring that there's that all of those interactions are occurring hundreds and |
|
| 46:07 | of times just in the on that fiber. Because you can see again |
|
| 46:14 | this picture. Look at all the and heads, right? All those |
|
| 46:21 | heads, what are they doing? pulling on the rope and they're basically |
|
| 46:24 | , I'm trying to bring these Z together. Alright, I'm gonna pause |
|
| 46:32 | for a second. I'm gonna ask question, are we okay with the |
|
| 46:39 | parts? All right, this is micro anatomy part of it. You're |
|
| 46:43 | have to go back and review with saying it once, it's not gonna |
|
| 46:45 | enough to get it into your right? You're gonna have to go |
|
| 46:47 | and review it. Have you did guys ever, as kids play mouse |
|
| 46:51 | ? You know that game? you played mass trap. I |
|
| 46:54 | I don't think anyone ever actually played game. I think you just kind |
|
| 46:56 | set it up to to do the the ball marble in and see what |
|
| 47:00 | would do. It's basically a rube machine. Alright. If you don't |
|
| 47:03 | the rube Goldberg machine is google Alright. It's basically a whole bunch |
|
| 47:08 | different things to make a simple thing . And what we're kind of doing |
|
| 47:11 | is we're building this rube Goldberg And so we're naming all the parts |
|
| 47:15 | are part of this rube Goldberg All right. So what we just |
|
| 47:20 | we just walk through those parts. what I wanna do is I want |
|
| 47:22 | pause and move away and I want to understand conceptually what a muscle belly |
|
| 47:28 | doing. Alright, What's going on the muscle fiber for a moment. |
|
| 47:34 | . Is that okay? Has to because that's the next slide. |
|
| 47:38 | So, when you think about alright, each muscle cell is gonna |
|
| 47:46 | part of a larger group of muscle that have been joined together into what |
|
| 47:50 | called a motor unit. So motor represent a single neuron and the number |
|
| 47:57 | fibers that are associated with that And so we have different types of |
|
| 48:02 | . We have like delicate activity and activity with delicate activity. What you |
|
| 48:07 | is you have a single neuron going a couple of cells, very few |
|
| 48:12 | . But if I'm dealing with course , I'm gonna have a single neuron |
|
| 48:16 | to lots of cells. So you kind of imagine here I can fine |
|
| 48:21 | activity by recruitment of motor units. the motor more motor units. I |
|
| 48:27 | in with delicate activity. The greater of changes or small changes I can |
|
| 48:33 | . So try to help you better this. Give me an example of |
|
| 48:38 | delicate activity would be delicate muscle Perfect writing with your with a |
|
| 48:43 | Right? So I can do little movements with a pencil or a pen |
|
| 48:49 | I'm using very few muscles at a . But if I need to I |
|
| 48:53 | recruiting more muscles to create broader strokes whatever coarse movement. Give me an |
|
| 48:59 | of course movement. Running. And do you have running? Perfect. |
|
| 49:04 | . It doesn't take a lot of tuning to kind of say lots of |
|
| 49:09 | lifted up my leg, shift my , put my foot down, |
|
| 49:13 | There's not a lot of refinement So movement like course or like running |
|
| 49:18 | an example of like course movement. when you think of a motor |
|
| 49:23 | think about that. I'm dealing with many muscle fibers per neuron are |
|
| 49:31 | We're gonna be dealing with this a bit more. Now the second thing |
|
| 49:34 | need to understand about motor units is not gonna be clustered on one side |
|
| 49:38 | a muscle. So like a name . Like a bicep. You're not |
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| 49:41 | have like all my motor units are the cells of one motor unit are |
|
| 49:44 | be on one side. Because then would when a contraction occurs it would |
|
| 49:49 | that muscle in a different direction, kind of dispersed equally. So that |
|
| 49:52 | you pull what you're doing is you're equally along the length of the entire |
|
| 49:56 | . All right. If you had dispersed unequally then you'd have unequal pulling |
|
| 50:03 | that individual muscle and would be shaped . Alright now this this um interaction |
|
| 50:11 | contraction in a motor unit is what called a twitch actually, it's within |
|
| 50:16 | cell itself. It's called twitch. , when you think of twitch you |
|
| 50:19 | think of something like this, And that's not a twitch, that's |
|
| 50:24 | what it is. But that's not type of twitch. When we're talking |
|
| 50:28 | twitch, we're talking about a contraction a sarcoma here, it's almost not |
|
| 50:33 | , it's not visible by the naked . You can detect it with an |
|
| 50:36 | but you can't necessarily detect it by watching somebody. All right. And |
|
| 50:42 | when we're talking about movement and making do things, we're talking about the |
|
| 50:48 | of twitches. And how many motor were actually recruiting into the situation Now |
|
| 50:55 | that interaction between the neuron and the fiber. So remember motor unit is |
|
| 51:01 | neuron and a number of fibers depending the activity at each of those |
|
| 51:06 | We're going to have what is called neuro muscular junction. Now this is |
|
| 51:10 | different than the synapses we learned about we talked about neurons. Alright, |
|
| 51:15 | it is slightly different because it's a and a muscle cell. It's not |
|
| 51:19 | neuron a neuron but all the things learned about at the synapse are true |
|
| 51:24 | . Okay, we have the synaptic . So that would be the neuron |
|
| 51:30 | the axon terminal, it releases a here. The neurotransmitters. Always always |
|
| 51:36 | under every circumstance. Acetylcholine. That is typically when it's released is |
|
| 51:43 | onto the muscle cell. In this underneath the synaptic knob is referred to |
|
| 51:48 | the motor end plate. And then space in between is just a synaptic |
|
| 51:54 | . And so we have a set colonists rates. We have acetylcholine |
|
| 51:58 | So when the acetylcholine is released, trying desperately to find those receptors and |
|
| 52:03 | it binds those receptors, that's gonna those channels and that's gonna allow sodium |
|
| 52:08 | rush into the cell and produce a potential, that greater potential is called |
|
| 52:14 | in plate potential. It even tells where it's at All. Right now |
|
| 52:20 | play potential and we're going to kind jump ahead here In play potential is |
|
| 52:25 | enough to automatically produce an action So when we learned about action |
|
| 52:31 | action potentials are gonna be in your cells as well as in your |
|
| 52:35 | And so what we're looking at here right up here. This would be |
|
| 52:41 | action potential in a neuron resulted in potential in the muscle fiber. |
|
| 52:47 | if you look carefully at this you can see that this precedes |
|
| 52:52 | Why does it proceed? What at synapse? What do we have between |
|
| 52:59 | moment I released till the moment that next seller responds. What do we |
|
| 53:03 | that? Say it again. It's refractory period synaptic delay. Alright, |
|
| 53:10 | remember what is an action potential and potential is simply a signal. It's |
|
| 53:14 | message, right? It's saying I you to contract and the muscle |
|
| 53:19 | Okay, I'm gonna tell myself to . And then that action potential then |
|
| 53:23 | over the surface of the cell. then what you see here is then |
|
| 53:26 | get a late, right? So a latent period before the contraction begins |
|
| 53:31 | ends. So the first thing that have to kind of step away from |
|
| 53:35 | say to yourself is action potentials are contractions. Action potentials are signals that |
|
| 53:42 | contractions. Okay, action potential is electrical signal, a contraction of the |
|
| 53:49 | getting smaller and then relaxing again. you see we have a contraction phase |
|
| 53:54 | a relaxation phase. Alright, so twitch is simply what we're just viewing |
|
| 54:04 | , that contraction and relaxation in the fiber not enough to do anything not |
|
| 54:10 | visible by the naked eye. Thing if you get a bunch of twitches |
|
| 54:16 | you can get a contraction. You watch the movie, Bugs life. |
|
| 54:21 | ? You guys grow up with Alright, one ant. Not a |
|
| 54:27 | . Thousands of ants hopper. Better out. Okay, that's the same |
|
| 54:35 | here. It's a summation question. ? If I want to get a |
|
| 54:40 | , all I gotta do is get whole bunch of muscle fibers to get |
|
| 54:43 | twitching together when they twitch together. creates a stronger contraction. Okay, |
|
| 54:53 | what this is showing you is how get this kind of summation. |
|
| 54:57 | you can imagine there the contractions themselves eight. Right? So one little |
|
| 55:03 | . Not enough. But if I two twitches together, it makes a |
|
| 55:06 | twitch. If I get three twitches , it makes even a bigger twitch |
|
| 55:09 | so on and so on. And that's what's going on. Right? |
|
| 55:12 | you're seeing there, If I get stimulus, that's happening fast enough, |
|
| 55:17 | what will happen is I get a contraction that can be maintained for a |
|
| 55:23 | of time. Would you like to an example of sustained contraction? Look |
|
| 55:28 | this. I can curl the see . Look how strong I am, |
|
| 55:36 | . Yeah. See I have to the load. Does this have a |
|
| 55:39 | to it? What is the load load is? Does it have |
|
| 55:43 | Yeah. Doesn't have a lot of . Thank you. You know, |
|
| 55:48 | doesn't have a lot of mass. it's about three ounces. Right? |
|
| 55:52 | all I got to do is create contraction and tell the muscle cells overcome |
|
| 55:58 | load and that's what will happen and can move the load and I'm sustaining |
|
| 56:02 | contraction, even just holding it out a sustained contraction. Alright, so |
|
| 56:08 | you hear the word tetanus, what looking at is that sustained contraction as |
|
| 56:11 | result of a series of twitches as result of multiple stimulations occurring fast |
|
| 56:17 | So those twitches are going to remain a contracted state tetanus. That's what |
|
| 56:23 | is. You ever heard of tetanus you step on a rusty nail? |
|
| 56:27 | , Mom doesn't want you playing outside the streets and stuff like that because |
|
| 56:31 | gonna step on that rest now, gonna get tetanus and we have to |
|
| 56:33 | you to the hospital. You got shots in your stomach. That's what |
|
| 56:36 | always used to tell us. I know if that's true. Right? |
|
| 56:40 | why do they call that that pathology ? Do you wanna know what's |
|
| 56:47 | It does, its specific though which it locks up? Get lockjaw. |
|
| 56:54 | . That's why they called it So, you get the luck john |
|
| 56:57 | can on your own. That's a ideology. All right, so, |
|
| 57:03 | force of a contraction is gonna be upon recruitment. Right? So, |
|
| 57:10 | is easy to see I can curl , right? You can see me |
|
| 57:13 | that. Okay, my bag is a little bit heavier. I'm doing |
|
| 57:19 | same action. Are you so handle that have the same action. |
|
| 57:24 | I'm doing a curl. But this is more than that. So, |
|
| 57:27 | did I do that same action? , in the first one, I |
|
| 57:31 | a couple of motor units recruited to that curl in the second action. |
|
| 57:35 | was like, oh, I don't enough strength, enough ability to overcome |
|
| 57:41 | load with the few motor units. did. So I recruited in more |
|
| 57:45 | units and that created enough strength to it and then I get over |
|
| 57:49 | And it's like, oh look, a chair. I can curl the |
|
| 57:53 | because I have more motor units and can keep doing this until I get |
|
| 57:57 | a point where I've recruited all my units and they're all contracting and they're |
|
| 58:01 | able to overcome the load. So could do the table and we're not |
|
| 58:05 | do the table because that would just sad and embarrassing. All right. |
|
| 58:11 | recruitment is how we overcome loads by in more and more motor units. |
|
| 58:17 | notice I'm not changing the direction of muscle because they're all distributed within that |
|
| 58:23 | . They're all pulling in the same . They're just adding more and more |
|
| 58:27 | to do. So now, the thing I'd point out is that the |
|
| 58:32 | that we deal with the question of ? You know the way that muscles |
|
| 58:37 | I'm just I'm tired. I've used all my energy is that there might |
|
| 58:41 | times where I'm not using all my units? Right. So like |
|
| 58:44 | and I could do this all day , Right? But my muscles are |
|
| 58:47 | get tired. So, how do keep doing this? Well, the |
|
| 58:52 | of motor units that are there are in the same way that a 24 |
|
| 58:56 | factory works. Right. I'm just the example of the 24 hour |
|
| 59:00 | So when you have a factory is for 24 hours, how many shifts |
|
| 59:03 | you have? Do you think? each eight hour shifts? Right. |
|
| 59:08 | have a morning shift, an evening in the early morning shift? You |
|
| 59:11 | kind of rotate between those three, ? So you can keep the factory |
|
| 59:14 | all the time. The workers never exhausted and they all get paid for |
|
| 59:17 | good day's work, right? eight is a good day of work, |
|
| 59:21 | ? And so you can keep everybody . And that's kind of what happens |
|
| 59:24 | the muscle to overcome fatigue is basically , oh, I'm gonna recruit some |
|
| 59:30 | units in and then when those get , I'm gonna bring in the next |
|
| 59:33 | of motor units in and let those . I'm just gonna keep reducing |
|
| 59:37 | But if I have recruited more and muscle units to overcome a load, |
|
| 59:43 | do you think is gonna happen? I have enough to do all the |
|
| 59:46 | ? No, eventually, what will is I'll get tired, I'll use |
|
| 59:50 | and fatigue. Each of the motor . To the point where there's nothing |
|
| 59:54 | can replace them with and that's where fatigue comes in. Now, typically |
|
| 59:59 | , what we do is we recruit is called a synchronous recruitment, so |
|
| 60:04 | they're not recruited all at the same , It's just by groups. So |
|
| 60:07 | asynchronous. Alright. But the thing we also have an order in which |
|
| 60:12 | recruit things. So anything any muscle is fatigue resistant and we're gonna learn |
|
| 60:17 | that on Tuesday next week. Those recruited first because we never know the |
|
| 60:21 | themselves. Don't know how long the is that you're going to be doing |
|
| 60:25 | it is that you're doing. So like I'm gonna bring in the fatigue |
|
| 60:28 | ones first because they'll last the And then what will happen is is |
|
| 60:33 | I'll have to bring in the fatigue muscles. Those are the last the |
|
| 60:37 | hurrah as it were. A little and little cheesecake for everybody. |
|
| 60:50 | So, muscle tone. What is tone will simply put it's a continuous |
|
| 60:57 | passive partial contraction. All right now of these have um have muscle |
|
| 61:03 | right? You can look at that it's really obvious on the male |
|
| 61:07 | Okay. And that's just that's that's one of the differences between males |
|
| 61:12 | females is our males are typically more is showing more of their muscle than |
|
| 61:17 | females are. Alright. Doesn't mean they don't have it. It's just |
|
| 61:20 | way that were designed. All right , what is this muscle tone important |
|
| 61:24 | other than that? It's just good look at all right. Actually, |
|
| 61:27 | reason it's good to look at is our brains have been trained to believe |
|
| 61:32 | healthy looking people are healthy, that's that's what it boils down to and |
|
| 61:37 | people mean that you're going to have Children, which means you're gonna have |
|
| 61:41 | species yada yada. That's just the way that it works. Okay. |
|
| 61:46 | , it's like if you see some the big tumor on the side of |
|
| 61:48 | face, you're kind of like, don't know if that's a good |
|
| 61:52 | All right. So, when you things like that, it's like, |
|
| 61:55 | , this is just evolution pointing what do we find as in potential |
|
| 62:00 | producing offspring for the next species or the next generation? Alright, notice |
|
| 62:05 | , does it say that first line body fat does not equal muscle |
|
| 62:10 | Alright, muscle tone is a muscle is in a sustained contracted state as |
|
| 62:16 | passive activity. Alright, So, can have lots of muscle tone and |
|
| 62:22 | have layers of fat over on top it, right? You can also |
|
| 62:27 | no muscle tone and no fat. , those two things are basically. |
|
| 62:34 | , typically what we say is that muscle tone associated with great flexibility at |
|
| 62:38 | muscle and joint. Why remember what the joint stronger is muscles that are |
|
| 62:46 | it and contracting around it? So high muscle tone usually associate with |
|
| 62:52 | usually associated with power. Alright, , that tone itself that you're seeing |
|
| 62:59 | that's gonna be determined by the connective as well as the size of the |
|
| 63:02 | and that's involved, secondly, it's a result of physical activity. |
|
| 63:10 | the more you exercise, the more work out, the greater those superficial |
|
| 63:14 | are gonna pop. And so that's you did it. They have typically |
|
| 63:17 | greater number of motor units that are all the time. So that's why |
|
| 63:23 | look the way they do. All , I think we're coming back |
|
| 63:27 | Oh I really never ever asked questions this, but this is just a |
|
| 63:32 | is a knowledge thing. There's an state of contraction for a muscle, |
|
| 63:39 | ? So there's a there's an efficient . So if you stretch a muscle |
|
| 63:44 | much it's it's not efficient in terms the type of contraction it can produce |
|
| 63:49 | if you squish the muscle too it's already in a contracted state, |
|
| 63:52 | really can't contract really well as And this kind of makes sense if |
|
| 63:55 | think about anyone who's ever done curls you've done those long curls where your |
|
| 64:00 | get overstretched, it's really hard to and then you get to a point |
|
| 64:04 | it's like, oh yeah, now easy. All right, so what |
|
| 64:06 | done is you've overstretched the muscle and now it's having a real hard time |
|
| 64:11 | that contraction happen. Alright, obviously I'm squished up, I can't contract |
|
| 64:16 | that much further, but I don't questions about this contest. It's just |
|
| 64:19 | you should know. All right, what I wanna do is I want |
|
| 64:24 | talk about this contraction, we're jumping into the cell and we're gonna ask |
|
| 64:28 | question, what is going on during contraction. Alright, so this is |
|
| 64:34 | of um there's three steps. We're be looking at what's happening at the |
|
| 64:38 | junction, What's happening here at the and ultimately this cross bridge cycling, |
|
| 64:43 | gonna be happening between the thick and thin filament. Those are the three |
|
| 64:46 | that are gonna be involved here. this is our rube Goldberg machine in |
|
| 64:50 | . So step number one. What's on in terms of the action potential |
|
| 64:58 | we are at the motor inn we have our neuron neuron has that |
|
| 65:05 | going down? It causes the opening calcium channels. Those calcium channels tell |
|
| 65:10 | uh the vesicles there to release their . The acetylcholine goes into the synaptic |
|
| 65:18 | from the synaptic cleft that binds those binds to the receptors. Those receptors |
|
| 65:24 | up their channels. So they allow to come into the cell that produces |
|
| 65:28 | action potential inside the motor or inside muscle cell that action potential then is |
|
| 65:34 | to travel over the surface of the . Okay, now, when you |
|
| 65:39 | of t tubules, that T tubules a tube through the cell, it |
|
| 65:42 | still cell surface. And so the going along the surface but it also |
|
| 65:46 | down through the t tubules. So that's what we're going to see |
|
| 65:52 | , That's step # one. Once get inside the T tubules there's gonna |
|
| 65:57 | a series of channels. There are gated channels and their associated with other |
|
| 66:02 | on the terminal cistern E. Of psycho plasma particular. Um the channels |
|
| 66:08 | are inside the T. Tubular called HP channels the channels inside the terminal |
|
| 66:14 | called ridin receptors. They're basically like they're attached to each other. So |
|
| 66:18 | I open one eye open up the that makes sense. So it's like |
|
| 66:23 | two doors that are connected together if open up one door. Well how |
|
| 66:26 | I do this? Open up one the other one opens like so right |
|
| 66:31 | one volt educated ones tied to the one. So the voltage changes the |
|
| 66:36 | potential that causes the D. P. Channel to open up which |
|
| 66:39 | the right and receptor to open up I open up the right arm |
|
| 66:43 | The thing that's holding in all the inside the circle Plaza in particular is |
|
| 66:47 | longer plugging the hole. So calcium rushing into the south So calcium moves |
|
| 66:55 | the cell as a result of the potential. That's step number two. |
|
| 67:02 | . Step number three is the forming the cross bridge. Now when we |
|
| 67:06 | about muscle cells and their contractions we think about action or think about A |
|
| 67:11 | . P. But it's not a that causes the contraction. When we |
|
| 67:15 | about the thin filament we said we acting we had to compromise and blocking |
|
| 67:20 | binding site and we had Troponin. is what binds calcium. So inside |
|
| 67:25 | muscle cell there's very little calcium when no action potentials. But when an |
|
| 67:30 | potential comes along that calcium gets released the cytoplasm and combined up to the |
|
| 67:36 | . When it binds to the it causes a change in the shape |
|
| 67:40 | the troponin. When I change the of the troponin, I'm pulling on |
|
| 67:43 | triple my assassin and I move it of the way of that binding |
|
| 67:47 | So now acting and Miocene can All right. You can think about |
|
| 67:54 | this. And I apologize because I a mask here in the front. |
|
| 67:57 | say you want to kiss somebody. ? You can't right now. Why |
|
| 68:01 | ? Because it's public And we don't that here. Right? But if |
|
| 68:04 | wanted to what do you have to ? Looking at the mask? |
|
| 68:07 | what do you want to do if want to kiss somebody? You got |
|
| 68:10 | take your mask off. And that's going on here is triple triple My |
|
| 68:14 | is like the mask. And what is is Troponin is the hand pulling |
|
| 68:19 | the mask so that you can do kiss. Okay. And the only |
|
| 68:22 | that hand is gonna pull is if is available. Alright. So, |
|
| 68:28 | step two In step three is All right. So now we have |
|
| 68:34 | interaction miocene and acting can interact. right. And so what you can |
|
| 68:39 | is is now here's my binding this is acting this is my my |
|
| 68:44 | . So, I moved cal calcium coming and I moved Troponin which caused |
|
| 68:48 | to move out the way it's gonna . And when it interacts it's gonna |
|
| 68:52 | a pull, right? Remember, mice and we have that hinge. |
|
| 68:57 | . And so that's what's going on is the calcium allows for the interaction |
|
| 69:01 | that we can pull on the And what we're gonna do is we're |
|
| 69:04 | pull the acting towards the in So that means we're pulling the Z |
|
| 69:08 | towards that in line. But this the only thing that's going on. |
|
| 69:12 | you do know because you've heard already have to have lots of 80 |
|
| 69:16 | How do we know? We need of ATP. What's inside the cells |
|
| 69:21 | every cell of every muscle cell, of mitochondria. Okay, so obviously |
|
| 69:28 | . T. P. Is So, what's it doing? And |
|
| 69:31 | is where it gets a little Alright, so A. T. |
|
| 69:35 | . Is not important to cause the . What 80 P. Does is |
|
| 69:39 | allows for us to break the bond acting and Myson and set it up |
|
| 69:45 | that a contraction can occur. if you look at this picture up |
|
| 69:52 | , it doesn't matter where you But we're gonna start up at the |
|
| 69:54 | because that's kind of what they've they've us up here for and it shows |
|
| 69:58 | that we've we've had the calcium come and we've bound it and we've contracted |
|
| 70:03 | so. Alright, so I've already through that contraction and look at what |
|
| 70:08 | first step is. A. P. Comes along. And what |
|
| 70:11 | it do? It breaks the That's step number one. Alright. |
|
| 70:17 | going from attached to the release Little 80p molecules showing you there. |
|
| 70:22 | what it's done. So eight ep necessary to break the interaction. Why |
|
| 70:28 | I want to break the interaction? I want to create another contraction? |
|
| 70:33 | if I've already contracted, I need be reset. And that's what the |
|
| 70:38 | of the A. T. Does is you break the energy, |
|
| 70:42 | know, break the bond in a . And that resets it and puts |
|
| 70:46 | into place so that it can attach again. Should there be an |
|
| 70:51 | In other words, if there's no minus in the way and then I |
|
| 70:54 | do it again and then I add a teepee again and I reset. |
|
| 70:59 | right, I'm gonna help you learn because this one's kind of cool. |
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| 71:04 | . What happens to a corpse? what's one of the characteristics of a |
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| 71:10 | rigor mortis, it's stiff, we call it that name, right? |
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| 71:14 | we're being gross nasty. Oh look a stiff. Right, so what's |
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| 71:19 | here is that the muscles are in sustained contracted state. Now why does |
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| 71:23 | happen right when you're dead? Right your cells are no longer pumping and |
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| 71:31 | a T. P. Right now do all your cells have a teepee |
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| 71:36 | ? But they're gonna use it It's gonna bind up to whatever it's |
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| 71:41 | up to and it's gonna be used . And so that's what happens in |
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| 71:43 | first couple of state in the first of hours. Is that A. |
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| 71:46 | . P. Is no longer being ? It's like oh look I can |
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| 71:49 | that. And so it binds and basically go through the cycle of contraction |
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| 71:53 | contraction and then it's stuck because there's A. T. P. And |
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| 71:57 | you're in a contracted rigor state. what rigor mortis is. Okay so |
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| 72:04 | purpose of A T. P. to break the bond between the thick |
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| 72:08 | the thin filament, right? Break bond so that I can create another |
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| 72:14 | in response to calcium, calcium allows to make the interaction a tee pee |
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| 72:24 | it and resets is the other way can think about it. Now that's |
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| 72:31 | the power stroke. And what are doing if you look at the pictures |
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| 72:35 | , what you have is you have in line in the Z. |
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| 72:37 | The myosin heads are facing to pull the in line. And what I'm |
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| 72:43 | is I'm interacting with the thin And I'm saying thin filaments you come |
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| 72:47 | direction towards that in line. And what I'm doing is I'm pulling the |
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| 72:52 | . Line towards the in line and a result we're going to see changes |
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| 72:58 | the length of the eye band and H. Band. Alright. We |
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| 73:04 | see it in the in the a . And I'm gonna show you why |
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| 73:08 | ready to come back up and be Z. Line. You can write |
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| 73:11 | stuff down and again if you alright gonna But I want you to visualize |
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| 73:16 | . Alright. So again remember she's Z. Line or she's a |
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| 73:19 | Disc on the in line. All now remember I'm a thick filament and |
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| 73:23 | pulling on the thin filament. Now I'm doing that the Z line moves |
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| 73:28 | me. So see I'm moving and Z line moves towards me? |
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| 73:32 | Alright. Did my arm change But did the distance between us |
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| 73:37 | Yes. So the distance between here here changed and the distance between here |
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| 73:42 | here changed right? But the distance here to here did not change. |
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| 73:47 | that where we overlap is the a doesn't change length but the H band |
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| 73:54 | and the eye band did. And when I stopped contracting the Z line |
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| 73:59 | back to where it started and now back to our original H band. |
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| 74:04 | band doesn't change length because it's dependent the length of the thick filament, |
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| 74:09 | the eye band did. So when look at a contraction, what we're |
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| 74:14 | is we're looking at the distance from to the other Z. Line, |
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| 74:20 | ? We're bringing those closer together, ? But the length of the filaments |
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| 74:27 | do not change. That makes All right. We'll do it |
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| 74:33 | Look, here's the contraction. legal, legal contraction contraction contraction. |
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| 74:39 | it stops. Did she get Did her arm shrink in length? |
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| 74:44 | my arm shrink in length? And then relaxation and off it goes |
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| 74:50 | . So the contraction does not deal the length of the filament. It |
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| 74:55 | with the distance between that Z. . And you can imagine there's one |
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| 74:58 | on that side doing the exact same . Okay. Thanks. Alright. |
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| 75:04 | the result that we see, is that the H. Zone or |
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| 75:11 | H. Band gets smaller? Because bringing the Z. Line and that |
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| 75:17 | filament gets closer. Right saying so you can write it down if |
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| 75:22 | need to write the I. Band smaller because the thick filament gets closer |
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| 75:28 | the line really. The line is closer to the thicker filament but the |
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| 75:33 | from here to here doesn't change because length of those thick filaments stay the |
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| 75:39 | . Alright, So the contraction is movement of the Z. Lines as |
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| 75:44 | function of the mice. And pulling the acting. Are we okay with |
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| 75:48 | ? Does that make? Yes It can But it were really what |
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| 75:58 | done at this point is you've contracted far as you can contract. |
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| 76:01 | But once you get there, it's you're not really most of the time |
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| 76:05 | never really going to get there. , the question is, does the |
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| 76:08 | band really or the H zone? ? Uh does it disappear? And |
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| 76:12 | really never really does. But it . Right. So, for every |
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| 76:21 | , remember, we saw the slope every contraction, we have to have |
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| 76:25 | relaxation. So, how do we things back to normal? What caused |
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| 76:28 | contraction calcium? So, if calcium contraction to get relaxation, let's get |
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| 76:34 | of the calcium. All right. , what do we have? We |
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| 76:37 | a series of pumps. All The name of the pump on the |
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| 76:41 | plasma critical. Um Has a special . It's called circa smooth Endo plasma |
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| 76:47 | . Um calcium pump. That's where name comes from. So, what |
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| 76:49 | it pump calcium? It says right there in the name, I'm |
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| 76:54 | gonna ask you what circus, but just kind of is an easy way |
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| 76:56 | remember. It's like, okay. so, what it's doing is it's |
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| 76:59 | on Alright. It's constantly pumping. like a pump on a boat, |
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| 77:04 | ? It's just sitting there constantly going constantly going when there's nothing going |
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| 77:09 | When there's no action potentials. The of which calcium enter into the circle |
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| 77:14 | in particular is faster than the rate which it leaves? So calcium gets |
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| 77:18 | weight and hidden up in the in circle plasma particular. Um Right. |
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| 77:22 | when there's an action potential that pump still going but there's more channels open |
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| 77:27 | more calcium is leaving. So even it's trying to pump water or pump |
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| 77:33 | back in it can't keep up and why you end up with the |
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| 77:37 | So what we're doing is we're saying look if there's no E. |
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| 77:40 | P. No in plate potential, no action potential. If there's no |
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| 77:44 | potential were not stimulating those D. . P. Receptors and those riot |
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| 77:48 | receptors. If we're not stimulating those in receptors then we're not getting calcium |
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| 77:54 | into the environment. If there's no there's no contraction. So that's what's |
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| 78:00 | on here. And if there's no that means the acting the medicine or |
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| 78:04 | calcium. There's no active in interacting each other. All right. So |
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| 78:14 | the rube Goldberg. I know we some more stuff that we could go |
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| 78:17 | but you know they want to learn in here so we're gonna call it |
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| 78:20 | day. Um Are there questions about ? Yeah. Alright. If you're |
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| 78:29 | , you can't come and see All right. But I'm gonna ask |
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| 78:33 | those hard questions like how are you ? You know that sort of |
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| 78:39 | We'll get it figured out peace Right. |
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