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BIOL 2320_Microbiology for Non-Science Majors - 2320_9_19_23_CH04_05
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00:00 Oh, I, yeah, with average, right? And yeah.
00:30 . Ok. Ok. Folks. , like, ok. Um,
00:51 we've got uh, two days to up, uh, chapter six.
00:58 , so IE we got plenty of . Ok. So we're just gonna
01:01 it out over a couple of which means I doubt we're gonna be
01:06 here an hour and 15 minutes. . So, um, and
01:11 uh, Thursday, we, we'll finish up a little early but,
01:16 know, I'll, you know, questions you have about any of
01:21 um, stuff coming up on the . That's, that's a good time
01:26 just throw it at me. All . So any questions you may
01:30 So, uh, so we we still have, you know,
01:34 finish up on Thursday. So that's finishing up unit one right then.
01:38 , we start the next unit on . So obviously none of this stuff
01:44 week is on the exam, Ok. So, uh, since
01:49 got a lot of time, between now and of course the
01:53 So a week, a week Ok. So if you haven't,
01:59 know, obviously sign up for the exam. Um If you forgot how
02:05 back on my last couple of emails sent out about all how to,
02:10 to um because the interfaces, interfaces the the cost is a little different
02:15 terms of how it interfaces now with . So, but anyway, you
02:18 any issues, let me know um else? So uh this week or
02:25 Friday is one of these unit So you've been taking weekly quizzes,
02:30 only difference here, these things are . Ok. Think of it as
02:34 of it as a practice exam if will. Ok. So these will
02:39 it, it'll cover and it will um because we're gonna finish six.
02:43 it will cover all that, So, uh so something like 25
02:51 25 plus or minus questions, we'll like 45 minutes to complete it.
02:56 So longer and more time. So , so, um then there's one
03:03 mastering assignment due uh for this unit then uh we'll sorry. So I
03:09 , I haven't put up anything regarding unit two, but I'll do that
03:14 this week uh tomorrow more than likely start putting stuff up there. So
03:20 , so that's the plan. Um anything else. Um Of course,
03:26 you have, you know, remember can always come by during office
03:28 you can make office hours, just me, you know, I'm available
03:32 times and days. Ok? Any questions about anything administrative or otherwise?
03:41 . So uh let's like we always , let's go with uh with just
03:48 on not working. OK. Let's with um a recap. OK.
03:57 of events. OK. So we finished up uh basically the metabolism
04:07 uh closing out chapter five. So went through previously to, to last
04:15 we went through all the restoration. we kind of focused on fermentation and
04:20 last time. OK? So just , you know, just kind of
04:25 , put this all in the right? So to you as a
04:32 health care worker, right? What you care about metabolism? OK.
04:36 should you care about that? I'm sure because I know a number
04:39 you are nutrition majors. So you about it from that aspect,
04:42 Because a lot of the um uh you're familiar with they, your
04:48 vitamins, your B one B six 12, et cetera, panic
04:52 right? Look on a cereal You'll see these things, right?
04:55 are all relevant in your respiration. they have their roles in different aspects
05:00 respiration. OK? Um as well other nutritional supplements. But um uh
05:08 care. Well, now we have think in terms of the pathogen,
05:12 , pathogens in your body and they they cause disease, right? So
05:17 obviously have to compete with your own , right? For nutrients and
05:24 right? Because the pathogen is gonna damage to you. It's gonna have
05:28 multiply and travel around, right? it's gonna have to define nutrients and
05:32 , right? And so metabolize And so uh as we get into
05:38 is basically kind of an extension of , obviously because if you're growing and
05:44 in nutrients, you got to metabolize , right? So there's a connection
05:47 there and as they do, they grow, right, Get energy from
05:51 food they eat right? And they and multiply uh et cetera. So
05:55 so again, so remembering really the between fermentation and respiration, you can
06:02 see how complicated. So remember, , as you're studying this stuff for
06:07 exam, as I said, last , don't get down cotton, the
06:11 , OK? And get an overcomplicate for yourself. OK? Because I
06:16 present it that way, right? stages, right? Because anyone comes
06:21 , right? So look back over video lectures, right? And points
06:29 you want to. But I go you know about exactly that don't get
06:34 bogged down with all the details, ? Because I didn't do that,
06:38 there's certain points, certain things you to go in a little bit,
06:41 overall don't get overwhelmed with it. ? So anyway, the comparison respiration
06:50 fermentation, right? There's not, is the only energy producing part of
06:54 is the glycolysis, right? Look respiration, all kinds of energy
06:58 Remember you have a TP. But all these are also quote energy molecules
07:03 ad fa DH two because we're going get a TPS from them,
07:08 When they go to right over right, to the uh electron transport
07:13 uh give up their electrons, the came osmosis thing, proton pump and
07:17 TP. So that's how we get energy from these molecules. OK?
07:22 lot more. All right. And that, so you see the term
07:26 phosphorylation, right? It relates to , right? And this mechanism,
07:31 , that all all together, Fermentation, none of that.
07:38 Or mutations, only energy production is here, right? That cause this
07:42 glucose to prate then to these other of one or two reactions,
07:47 And we use those to regenerate the ad to make this OK. So
07:54 . So knowing these basic comparisons, . So then we went into light
08:01 , right? Trophy using light. the the way algae plants cyanobacteria photosynthesize
08:10 the same like this, these two systemss which are simply just arrangements of
08:16 of different proteins, chlorophyll, the absorbing pigment, other light absorbing pigments
08:23 kind of spread the range of light they can absorb like oranges and and
08:29 uh reds and those kind of So um so they're arranged in two
08:34 systemss in this oxygen, oxygen forming , right? The that's here is
08:42 water, right? Water is the take electrons from water oxidize it.
08:48 what feeds the system, right? then uh eventually going to an AD
08:53 and AD ph OK. But then , so the contrast between how plants
09:01 cyanobacteria photosynthesize like this. OK. one system uh um uh um combined
09:10 a TP formation. And this, is the same as this. Different
09:16 are making up the electron transport But the mechanism is to say this
09:22 all about a proton gradient and a and the ETPS. But it's different
09:28 that it's light energy that's driving OK. Um OK. So then
09:33 looked at two other systems right here here, right? So we're just
09:40 the difference being it either has polar two or one and I cut that
09:46 there but um either one or the , right? Not both right
09:52 So that's this is one type, green sulfur bacterium, OK.
09:58 And so things like H two S it, right? We oxidize that
10:05 the electrons go here. And so don't form oxygen like we do,
10:12 , like we do over here, ? So we, that's why it's
10:18 and oxygen no 02 produced, And so it's tied to the NDP
10:25 formation. OK. The uh what they call the purple non sulfur
10:30 And others have only photo system And that's linked to a TP.
10:37 . So basically the, the three , 123, all right? And
10:42 , only bacteria have these are in two groups. OK? Uh
10:49 algae and one type of bacteria, bacteria do it this way.
10:56 So three times. All right. and then of course, what,
11:02 common about all three of those? course, is the energy,
11:06 The energy produced, right goes to CO2, right? Fixing CO2.
11:15 the carbon cycle, right? So main thing is to remember there um
11:21 is a cycle to it. Because we have to regenerate this and
11:28 um sorry, regenerate this molecule, ? That's that let me get that
11:35 out there. That's that ribis bi . This is the molecule that CO2
11:41 hooked on to, right? So gotta make sure we keep resupplying that
11:46 keep fixing CO2. So that's one is this intermediate, right? This
11:51 three P for short, right? three P, right? So
11:58 so the building block to make that by phosphate comes from this guy,
12:04 this is also the building block to these complex sugars, right? Because
12:09 the essence of an autotroph, The CO2 to make these things,
12:15 ? Because it can use these to its own molecules then, all
12:18 Um So again, we're going to way and then we're going that way
12:22 regenerate the the fixing molecule co2 fixing . OK. So um OK.
12:30 questions about that? See like blaring my eyes, OK? Um All
12:37 . So then we talked about right? And so again, using
12:43 the metabolism, metabolism things we've been about, right? Uh That's how
12:48 organism uh will utilize nutrients um in ways to produce energy for the things
12:56 has to do. Growth being one those main things, right? Going
13:00 one cell to a bazillion takes a of energy. OK? Building
13:06 OK. So we went through uh of the physical factors. We talked
13:13 these, we talked uh a little of, we began talking about
13:18 OK. So chemical physical factors come . Um you, you provide,
13:25 you have to provide the right sources these forms of these depending on what
13:30 want to grow. OK? Uh then we'll, for the rest of
13:35 day, we'll talk about uh 02 as a um uh there's different responses
13:43 oxygen and we're gonna see the the various responses, OK? Um
13:48 media formulation. So growth media So you, you combine different
13:55 micro and macro simply just means macro, nutrient is one that's in
13:59 in larger quantities, micro, small , rose factors. Um We'll talk
14:06 that in a second. Uh But combine these into a medium formulation.
14:11 . In the lab, it, things basically come pre pre um packaged
14:18 you will uh in a powder. right. And all you do is
14:22 the powder of water, boil auto clave it, you're done,
14:25 ? Pretty simple. But you're, providing these uh new nutrients in the
14:31 . Ok. So then of you can, you can define media
14:36 different ways depending on what it Uh complex defined. We'll go into
14:42 and then you can get even more if you will um by manipulating ingredients
14:50 make a medium selective. They get restrictive, some types grow some
14:56 OK? Uh Differential which means they look different depending on their metabolic
15:02 OK? Uh You may want to a medium that you want to grow
15:08 specific type. OK. Very particularly if you have an environmental
15:15 you're gonna have a lot of stuff there. Number one and many of
15:20 types will just overgrow if you're trying maybe grow something that's not so
15:25 OK? But you can make it your advantage by manipulating the growth
15:31 So, enrichment, you, you nutrients that only those few that you
15:36 grow can do can utilize and then favor their growth over the other.
15:40 there's there's ways to do that. you can use a medium as a
15:44 to test a particular type of uh activity. Uh very often that involves
15:50 a color change on the medium if want to see if a bacterium can
15:55 one thing uh your staph staph which is a opportunistic pathogen staph
16:02 Right. Uh, many of the types there have this property of,
16:06 , clotting blood. Right. It's a coagulate enzyme. You can check
16:11 on a growth medium and see typically a color change or something of
16:17 sort and that tells you, that's what it is. Ok.
16:20 they can be, they can tell certain things about it. The cells
16:24 . Ok. And a general that's what those in lab have really
16:29 been exposed to um nutrient, And that's a general purpose meat,
16:34 know, lots of things grow on . But remember there is no one
16:39 formulation that will grow every single type organ that just is impossible. There's
16:45 many different nutrient types, metabolic types there, right? Some can even
16:50 glucose, they need CO2, Auto. So anyway, um
16:57 So we'll talk about this next time Thursday, gross rate growth curve cell
17:03 , et cetera. We'll do that time. Uh So really today is
17:07 a 02 and media formulation, that of thing. OK. So
17:11 just to recap from last time we through the different physical parameters. Uh
17:17 is not physical ph is chemical, temperature is a physical parameter. Uh
17:21 could extend it although your book, don't think does, but you can
17:25 there's certain types that require a certain atmospheric pressure to grow. There's
17:31 at the bottoms of the ocean subjected I don't know, three or four
17:36 of pressure and that, that's what need to grow. Ok.
17:40 Um uh but I mean, those , those are pretty, you
17:44 on the fringe types, right? not a lot of those but you
17:48 , for most other things, This concept here of tolerance versus optimal
17:53 . You can, we have temperature , you could put in ph you
17:55 put in the osmolarity, right? it's gonna be optimum ranges for a
18:03 microbe in terms of what it right? And by that, I
18:07 , where it grows the best, ? That's why you see growth rate
18:11 this axis here, right? So peaks are the optimal, right?
18:17 what it likes the best. It the fastest at whatever that temperature is
18:25 temperature or that one, right? so that kind of defines what they
18:30 , right? Thermoph file, Um uh me meso files,
18:38 That's what we are, we like temperature, but even within the meso
18:44 range, you've got a range of , right? X is pretty
18:50 right? It has a pretty narrow range, right? You can tell
18:53 the shape of the graph why there's wider tolerance, right? And so
19:00 not growing out here like gangbusters, hardly at all, but it's not
19:07 , it's survivable, it's surviving, tolerating, right? So tolerating versus
19:13 optimal temperature, what it grows like at. So to speak.
19:17 So just, you know, remembering concept. OK. And again,
19:20 doesn't have to be temperature, it ph you can put, you can
19:23 similar profiles, right? Uh salinity well. OK. Uh What
19:31 Um I think that's what I wanted say, have any questions about this
19:36 . OK. All right. all right. So we ended
19:41 I think last time. So we the carbon having the most uh biggest
19:46 in terms of if you want to a nutrient to a growth medium and
19:50 the biggest change or influence in terms blowing up in numbers and carbon.
19:57 right, it's number one right. of dry cell weight, carbon is
20:01 the highest amount. So if you're OK, if you want cells to
20:06 , add more carbon, OK? that's what their molecules are made
20:10 right? It has that carbon I call it right? Or carbon
20:16 life forms, right? That's why is number one, right? And
20:24 uh we add different elements to the chain, put an NP,
20:30 You make the various biomolecules here, ? DNA RN A lipids,
20:35 carbs, what happen, right? so then breaking these four down.
20:39 essential nutrients, these the cell cannot you, you have to supply
20:45 OK? So you know these are like carbon source, right? You
20:49 to provide that to it for it grow, for example, OK?
20:54 have to provide a nitrogen source, ? So these are essential nutrients.
20:59 micro again, this refers to quantity big micro small. OK. Um
21:05 usually refer to Macron as you add in grams per liters. This micronutrients
21:12 per liter typically. OK. Um cho NPS are macro nutrients,
21:20 Micronutrients, things like copper, uh tungsten, you, you actually find
21:30 tungsten is w on the periodic Um uh things like um a manganese
21:37 these other kinds of typically metal type are in the micro category. Um
21:44 uh iron, I've actually seen iron both categories. Uh I tend
21:48 it's kind of, I call it of in between. But um
21:52 that's one of those nutrients, speaking pathogens and growing in your body,
21:57 uh mentioned that earlier. Uh iron one of those things that your body
22:03 with, with pathogens in your It's a one of those nutrients that's
22:07 critical. Um It's in a bunch different types of enzymes involved in like
22:13 reactions. For example, uh we it of course, like in
22:18 right? That's, that's one of main iron sources. Um and other
22:22 iron molecules. Uh And so we it and pathogens needed to grow.
22:28 , um fever, when you get fever, fever actually lessens the ability
22:34 pathogens to grab on the iron. . So it's a fever is meant
22:38 kind of slow them down and also away some of their nutrients and so
22:42 the ability to grab them, so speak. And so uh this is
22:46 of those critical ones. Ok. , uh growth factor. So these
22:52 typically nutrients that um you add because microbe type um can't make it on
23:04 own typically. So often, uh like it may be adding amino
23:09 adding vitamins. These typically fall in growth factor category. Uh Blood is
23:17 when you add. Um No, because they're vampires, they're because they
23:22 basically pathogens. They, you find blood, a lot of stuff in
23:26 , a lot of different types of and other things. And uh and
23:33 oftentimes when you grow a pathogen, know, adding blood helps them
23:39 but you don't necessarily go in and out what is it in the blood
23:41 it needs? You just know that is a, is a something in
23:46 or maybe several things in there to it grow. So we call those
23:49 growth factors. OK. Um So oxygen, so this topic we
23:58 to as would refer to this is what we call arrow tolerance.
24:07 Obviously, arrow referring to air, ? So bacteria, Akea will have
24:15 call it behaviors if they're exposed to . OK. Uh So do your
24:21 . OK. So what's that All right. Well, so this
24:27 I put this picture in down here , to make that make that
24:30 So here's the simplified version of aerobic respiration. OK. So
24:40 so you see it here being So this is respiration. Oxygen is
24:49 actively is a substrate, it's being in the process, right? So
24:54 can actually interfere with components of the transport chain. OK. And by
25:02 means it can go in there and oxygen is very reactive. OK.
25:07 so it can interfere with other molecules the process form these what we call
25:20 species. OK. Singlet oxygen superoxide radical. OK. And so simply
25:28 the interaction of oxygen, oxygen with other molecules and electron transport chain.
25:35 . So um and I'm not saying , it produces an overwhelming amount that
25:40 overtakes cell. No, but it produce enough of these byproducts and these
25:46 damaging. OK. These same with , especially super oxide, these will
25:53 with your proteins with nucleic acids and them, right? So you may
25:57 heard the nutritionists out there have heard um superfoods and those foods ability to
26:07 antioxidant activity. It relates to OK. So this is believed to
26:14 one of the contributing factors to The the the the fact that you
26:20 these as part of your metabolism and can cause damage. OK. Now
26:25 got protection. OK. Any anything in an oxygen world. OK?
26:32 it's using. So this the the here of this diagram is it's using
26:40 . I think this is you, you need to just, this is
26:42 down here. OK? Using But there's many microbes that don't use
26:50 . All right. But if it's a world where it's present, all
26:55 . This can still interact with the in here. OK? It could
27:00 an anaerobic re spiral. OK? maybe the oxygen that comes in is
27:06 affecting it and you're still getting the of producing these molecules, damaging
27:11 So whether you use it or you use it, you could be susceptible
27:17 the effects. OK. So you protect yourself, right? Uh Your
27:23 have protection. OK? And the is in the form of this
27:29 These things, OK? Uh Superoxide . These are all enzymes.
27:36 So sod for short catalase and perox , you've got all three in your
27:42 , right? So if you ever a cut, then you pour hydrogen
27:45 on it, you saw it bubble , right? That's because your cells
27:50 catalase and that causes that reaction to . OK. So um so and
27:57 don't need to memorize these reactions. what happens is uh so here is
28:02 uh uh super oxide of radical superoxide produces takes it and forms hydrogen
28:10 This is still toxic, not as , but then it can be neutralized
28:15 the effect of cat. So here's oxygen, those are the bubbles that
28:18 . If you add hydrogen peroxide to cut. Ok. Uh You can
28:23 have peroxidase that forms the water. obviously, water is a benign
28:29 right? So, essentially have been with the damaging effects. Ok.
28:35 if you are a microbe that either oxygen or you live in the presence
28:42 oxygen, you're gonna have to have in the form of these enzymes.
28:50 ? Or you can't, or you live in the presence of 02.
28:55 ? Because the damage would be too and it would kill it.
29:00 So remember uh life on this planet variation, right? So even though
29:08 cells have all three, we all and we may have slightly differing amounts
29:15 these that we produce um in the world. You may have some that
29:20 all three. So they have all , maybe just produce that low amounts
29:25 intermediate amounts or maybe they're lacking one these. OK? And that will
29:30 an effect in terms of how they in the presence of oxygen.
29:34 So if you have full protection, , then bring on the 02,
29:38 can handle the full amount. Maybe I only have half the amount
29:44 I'm missing one of these. then you better not give me the
29:47 amount of vote too. I don't I won't be able to handle
29:50 Too much of these um reactive molecules formed that damage me. OK?
29:56 maybe I lack them all together to of the consequence of that.
30:01 So that's, that's, that's in nutshell. That's the different behaviors,
30:05 growth patterns you see are because of differences in the protection of the levels
30:13 those enzymes or even the presence, , maybe they're gone all together,
30:19 ? And so that sets up these . OK. The first of these
30:27 to do with the way you, way you um test for it.
30:38 . So this is the growth medium use for that? OK. Oh
30:47 Fly, that's what that is. . So, and we'll talk about
30:51 it works, but let's see, to see if you can figure it
30:57 . Ok. So when you've made media correctly, we're gonna have different
31:07 in the tube. OK? And labeled there. Yeah. And there's
31:12 names you put to it. Yeah. Yeah. Right.
31:40 that's good. Email. Ok. . Yeah. The OK, we're
31:55 15, 14, 13 or Just 32, one. Ok.
32:13 . See, I think that's correct so. Um, yeah, so
32:25 type can live with or without Ok. Uh Aerobic types are gonna
32:30 at the top. That's the highest of oxygen. Anaerobic down here.
32:37 oxygen and in the middle is what call micro AOP files. OK.
32:43 let's look at, no, we're do this first. Ok. All
32:51 . So, um, I wish hadn't come up all at once.
32:56 focus over here at first. if you saw that, you just
33:00 the answer. OK. All Um So focus your eyeballs on this
33:06 first. OK. Over here. . So this medium in a
33:15 what you do is this medium is semi solid. It's like a gel
33:21 of like jello consistency. Um It's like this dye in there that is
33:29 is actually pink. It's more pink there's oxygen present, no oxygen
33:33 there's no color. OK? So like an indicator of 02. Then
33:38 got chemicals in there and actually bind . So when you make this,
33:43 , you, you, you boil , you put it in an
33:46 it drives out all of the OK? Then when it begins to
33:51 some of the air comes back in does so because of the chemicals in
33:56 bind oxygen, um it only, diffuses back in but in a,
34:01 a gradient, right? Like you here high to low. OK.
34:06 what you do is you um then a wire loop, right? So
34:14 , if you're in a lab, know what that is, but basically
34:16 just, just take a stick more less wire loop, sterilize it,
34:21 some inoculum on it, right? then you just go up and down
34:27 time through the tube. OK. uh in doing so I'm just going
34:34 and then going back up the same , right? You basically inoculated the
34:39 length of the tube. That's what little blobs here mean, right?
34:43 are cells that have been deposited all the length of the tube.
34:49 So now you're asking the question, you incubate it. All right.
34:55 which in which area of the those cells begin to grow because they're
35:00 gonna grow where they're at their optimal usage, so to speak.
35:09 So if it, if it can't it at all, uh then it
35:14 be down here. OK. But it, where the growth occurs and
35:19 pattern of the growth tells you what it is micro AOP file, aerobe
35:28 aero cult. OK. So the of growth that emerges from this will
35:33 you what type it is. And that's essentially the whole gist gist
35:38 this thing. OK. So um the answer is B um OK.
35:50 again, this goes back to it to the growth pattern, relates to
35:55 , right? The protection protection does have against 02? OK. So
36:01 you are um if you have zero , all right. So basically,
36:06 compared to A NC has the it probably just basically has none,
36:10 ? Has none of these. So , there's no way it can tolerate
36:14 level of oxygen. So it's gonna at the bottom. OK? Where
36:17 no 02, these other patterns, ? Are saying something else Oh,
36:25 here in a second. Ok. let's look at this one. This
36:30 is probably the most confusing the aero ana ok. So let me turn
36:35 on. Ok. Ok. That's aero tolerant aro. Yeah.
37:21 right. Ok. Round 10, , eight 54. Yeah. Counting
37:40 . Yeah, to be. Ok. Uh I remember that.
37:48 I meant I meant to Right. can get a, um, a
37:53 on this one just open. So real quick. The free three
37:57 OK. It's B OK. If see the pole and I see
38:07 like people have answered, see how how faint. OK. The speed
38:35 up a little bit and 10, . OK. Um See results
38:50 oh, I knew it. I it. OK? Oh,
38:55 never get 100% of anything, OK. All right. So uh
39:01 back to this one. OK. uh the consensus was b and that's
39:07 . OK. So let's go through types and we'll explain here.
39:14 All right. So I differentiate I mean, these are the official
39:19 . OK. Uh I differentiate based this. So I, I lump
39:25 in these three categories. OK. , and this is really based on
39:32 . Do they really use oxygen? the aerobe anybody in this category is
39:37 02, they respire using oxygen. . Uh There just happens to be
39:42 tolerance for it. OK. So Aerobe they have the, like they
39:47 the full complement of protection, So they can handle atmospheric concentrations,
39:52 is about 20% 02 in the So they can handle that.
39:57 Micro AOP files can't. So they're likely either a lesser concentration of
40:01 protective enzymes, maybe missing one or . Uh, but they do use
40:07 but they have to um, do at a lower concentration. What is
40:12 , what is it something less than ? Typically? It's 10, maybe
40:16 02 atmosphere. And that's why they this pattern here where they're kind of
40:21 the very top where maximal 02 is but somewhere in the middle.
40:26 And actually, um to be I think most in the bacterial
40:32 most are really micro aero files. and uh or, or facultative
40:39 that's what most of the bacterial world those two types. OK. Um
40:46 they think of, you know, your own microbiome, right? In
40:49 your gut, there's certainly lots of activity. Um Even in your
40:54 you have it, you go how can you breathe through your
40:56 How can there be anaerobic? How be aerobic in your mouth?
41:01 you gotta remember, microbes are tiny they can hide out in the crevices
41:04 the teeth in your gums, In those areas, you can have
41:08 environments that are anaerobic. And so result of that mouse or mouth microbes
41:15 ana ros is fermentation and these the and, and plaque on your
41:19 right? So these kind of Um OK. So in the Arab
41:24 we got two types, um both them, neither one, neither one
41:31 oxygen, right? So, whereas , they both use oxygen, neither
41:36 uses oxygen. OK? But the are total opposites because one is
41:42 Ie here's the name, right? , it can handle 02 and it
41:48 the protection, right? But the aerobe does not. So it's at
41:52 opposite end. So it, it to has to um be completely away
41:57 oxygen. It's toxic to, it , it doesn't have any protection.
42:01 . Um And so the fact that OK, they can use doesn't have
42:08 use oxygen. What it, what does depends on what's available to
42:14 right? And so e coli is facultative aerobe. Uh It can respire
42:21 aerobically, anaerobically and it can So, um it just depends on
42:25 available. And so it grows so the aero tolerant aerobe and the facultative
42:32 grows throughout the tube. Ok, and down the tube. Ok?
42:37 they, they can, uh they grow, they both have protection against
42:44 and it, but it can grow its presence. Ok. The key
42:49 here, right? As indicated to them apart because here by the fact
42:57 arrow, there's more growth at the . Ok. Than there is in
43:02 arrow to arrow. And that's because what, why would there be more
43:08 at the top for the faculty? more oxygen? But that means what
43:15 can respire and that respiration generally gives more energy than does anaerobic respiration or
43:24 ? Ok. So more, more aerobic, more energy translates to more
43:33 . Ok. So effective aerobe can use 02 up here, grow
43:41 The aero to ana rope is not oxygen up there. They can tolerate
43:45 . So there's not gonna be a difference for the aero tolerant ana but
43:49 will be frac type because it can oxygen. Makes lots of more
43:53 right? Uh Using that. And so that's kind of how you
43:58 tell distinguish between these two types. . Um Is there anything else
44:06 Uh Any questions about that? So uh yeah, I'm gonna say
44:14 good port, a good chunk of pathogens that infect you humans as humans
44:22 in this category. Micro air file . I'll be at an aroma.
44:28 ? Um More often than not. . Um All right. So on
44:37 answers, we keep talking, you freebies today. OK? You check
44:43 next time. OK? Uh there you go, go ahead and
44:47 it. Why not? All So uh this is gonna be,
44:55 , it's complex. OK. Um right. So what, what in
45:03 ? And if you're in, you're lab, you know this already.
45:06 in here makes this complex. OK. You la people.
45:13 Peptone and beef. Right. So, um, so nutrient a
45:20 only has, only has these two has really just a couple of complex
45:31 like this. Right. So, , the, the difference between complex
45:35 defined? OK. Yes. If can have a periodic chart and a
45:44 , you can calculate the down to grand promo of every atom in that
45:50 . If it's a defined medium, know, you know, all the
45:57 amounts, amounts of all the elements the medium. OK. That's
46:02 you know, that for some of stuff here, but not everything,
46:07 ? Because these two things, peptone beef extract. Uh soy tone is
46:14 one. It's a soy protein Caine is a milk protein extract.
46:19 lots of different types of these But um the thing is they are
46:24 a defined in terms of their amounts cho NPS, you know,
46:30 you know, they have it. right. Just think meat,
46:34 meat's got everything. All right. got sugars, it's got protein,
46:38 got fats. So, you it's all in there. You
46:40 it has CH one PS, you don't know the, you can't take
46:45 calculator and periodic chart to figure out exact amounts. But so um,
46:51 defined medium, woo not have these , would not have these complex
47:01 It would be all constituents like you above, above here, then if
47:11 , if you will, that's, the defined part of the medium.
47:15 even if you only have, you have all these ingredients up here.
47:21 right, even if you add just of these types, even just
47:27 it automatically makes it a complex OK. So just remember that.
47:34 . So these two things are not here. Selected differential are not applicable
47:41 yet. We'll talk about that in little bit. OK. So,
47:47 , all right. Well, he give away the answer to this one
47:49 . OK. No, never OK. I lost my, I
47:55 I'm losing my mind. Uh OK. Proof maybe it's too much
48:00 . OK. All right. Um is the carbon source in nutri?
48:10 . There could be more than one here. OK. Yeah, let's
48:20 this. Yeah. What else? . Ok. There we go to
48:36 above is. Yeah. Yeah. right. Counting down for 10,
49:16 , five, three one. Yeah, of course. It's pep
49:33 that. Yeah. Uh Anybody argue a third one here might be,
49:41 ? What would be a third? would be a third one? A
49:45 ? But that's pretty, fairly, common, let's say. OK.
49:52 There are bacteria what you call a can actually break down the, but
49:57 , those are really on the So, um, not, not
50:03 common, but nonetheless, certainly Pepin threat. They supply carbon, they
50:10 supply nitrogen source, right? They supply both of them, right.
50:15 , they contain all of it, ? All of them are in
50:20 Ok? And that's why, you , from a, if you make
50:25 defined medium where you're adding every single in whatever form like ammonium phosphate for
50:34 , like calcium chloride for, you , and all this stuff you're
50:37 you're weighing out 50 different ingredients for defining medium, right? You can
50:44 you know, really simplify things for by just adding a complex nutrient.
50:49 you're gonna cover all the bases, know, in one shot or in
50:52 shots, whatever, right? I that's what nutrient does. Basically,
50:58 it has just a couple of complex and that's it and some salt you're
51:03 . Ok. So there it is there. Ah um I redo this
51:12 try, OK. Hold on. stupid. Oh, all right.
51:32 first time I started this semester. . All right. I don't think
51:38 have any more clear questions. Maybe do. We'll see. All
51:41 Uh OK. So um gross All right. So we see here
51:53 three types. 04 types we right? So um defined versus
52:01 OK. So um as mentioned, complex medium has these types of complex
52:13 like this. Um these other two so defined, right? We know
52:20 glucose of course is C six H 06. So we know all
52:26 the atoms in the medium and the . So we can, you
52:30 and defined medium has certainly has its . Ok. If you want to
52:36 , know what the exact nutrient requirements for no reason, you would use
52:41 defined medium, but you want to all the CHO MP S et cetera
52:46 , right? And um uh so have to use it to find meaning
52:51 that. Um realistically a practical you use a combination, although it's
52:59 a complex medium, even if I one for pep to this, now
53:08 becomes a complex medium. OK? I don't have it in there,
53:11 a defining me. OK. So adding that makes it complex. But
53:16 reality, practical standpoint, um you your combination of both, you have
53:23 , you have your um uh defined like you see there for uh uh
53:31 uh phosphorus, sulfur, et those things. Uh and then add
53:35 complex to kind of help boost Uh That's how it's commonly done.
53:41 nonetheless, you know, the two defined and complex. And so you
53:45 provide things like yeast extract, provide of b vitamins that are in there
53:50 are involved in respiration. Um growth factors depends on, you
53:55 some microbes are deficient in what they make, you have to give it
53:57 them. OK. So that's what can do. Um And so the
54:03 , so defined medium has like different to it as well. They,
54:07 all mean the same thing. So you hear synthetic, just think of
54:12 manmade where the human is at is comprising all the CHNP cho and PS
54:18 the medium or minimum medium. So three of those mean the same
54:23 Ok. Now this one aid. . Um, a fastidious person is
54:36 who's very uh probably very annoying. ? Because they have a lot of
54:45 . They're high maintenance. Ok. maintenance people are festivous people.
54:51 Um, so a example of a medium for a fastidious type is something
54:58 that. Ok. So you see stuff, right? Yeah.
55:02 That's, that's a defined medium. OK. But then you gotta add
55:09 this. All right. So you're be there probably all day just weighing
55:13 all these things just to make it . Ok? A lot of requirements
55:17 this organism, right? It can't these amino acids, you gotta to
55:21 them, right? You have to these vitamins. So it has a
55:25 of requirements. Ok? It would very annoying to have to make that
55:30 . Ok. So that's the nature dealing with a fastidious organism. Fastidious
55:34 don't have a lot of, I can't do a lot of stuff for
55:38 . You guys apply it to OK. So, um, all
55:44 . So here I'm gonna do, see if we can get this thing
55:49 here. Uh I got another. . Let me back out on this
55:56 a second and if it doesn't work it doesn't work. But let's try
56:04 . Yeah. Uh Save. Ok. Save I'm behind one.
56:14 I know I'll catch you up uploading these points. All right.
56:18 let's try this again. I start . And the you son of a
56:29 . Ok. All right. All . Screw it. We'll just uh
56:33 it a show of hands. All right. All right. Which
56:41 hold up a card? ABC. . Right. Um Which medium with
56:46 chemo? Chemo Autotroph? Remember what is? All right. Think about
56:52 that is. So you got three . OK? A B or
56:58 OK? Um So remember in that , it's gonna be a part of
57:08 term that's gonna be more important to on than the other. OK?
57:15 anybody pick a hand show of Anybody pick a OK? Anybody pick
57:25 anybody picks C OK? Why did pick C sorry, CO2? Not
57:34 sulfur but the sulfur two because it's chemo Autotroph which is a Leuco,
57:41 ? So Autotroph gotta have CO2, ? You can't grow on that.
57:48 grow on this, right? It's autotroph gotta have CO2. OK?
57:54 And so C Autotrophs lito is inorganic for energy. OK? So your
58:02 oxidizers. All right. So using as its energy source. OK.
58:09 C OK. Um chemo heter troph with the grow an egg. This
58:19 what you are. Can you grow egg? Of course, you
58:25 you can eat trip tone and yeast . You buy yeast extract in a
58:30 store, put on your cereal, ? You can go on trip to
58:33 just meat, right? Trip to meat. Not a fun form of
58:40 . I like eating a steak or could eat a barrel of trip trip
58:44 . OK. Uh has organ, organic, right? Has cho MP
58:49 right? Same here. Glucose. can grow on that. OK?
58:56 So with these, you know, , with, with this type,
58:59 on this, with this type grow that first. Focus on the carbon
59:05 the autotroph or hetro that will guide in the right direction. OK.
59:11 focus on the sea source on these of questions. OK? Um So
59:19 , complex medium defined, right? what that is. OK. Um
59:26 see uh any questions about that medium defined complex? Yeah, you would
59:39 it to me. Oh, what's heros? Are you a head of
59:48 ? I've already said that since the semester 8 million times. You're a
59:52 of truth. Mhm So why can hetero trope grow on eight? What
60:05 ? What does Triptone have? What you take these ingredients like krypton,
60:12 , you basically take meat, cow and you boil it, you add
60:18 , you break it down. that's the, that, that's what
60:22 stuff is. Soy. Tone is materials, boil it or you chemically
60:27 it to break it down. That's ingredients, right? So literally,
60:31 why I put meat, right? literally what it is. It's just
60:35 powdered form of it. Ok? it contains what's in meat, which
60:40 carbon oxygen, oh oxygen in the of not 02, but it has
60:46 the nutrients in there. OK? you're a hetero troph, you eat
60:51 complex forms, you'll eat a, eat B but you can't eat C
60:58 you're some mutant that can fix Does anybody hear of Co fixing
61:04 I don't think so if you are down right now because I wanna make
61:07 million dollars off you. OK? it's just the, the old hetero
61:14 . That's really all it is. ? And I know there any questions
61:19 that. Yeah. Any questions at , right. So ask now because
61:26 don't want to be on the exam question the question. Ask you what's
61:29 Autotroph and you don't know what it . I will literally come over there
61:33 just smack you inside the head. right. Or if the question is
61:37 the header troph my God. You know that even the whole world is
61:43 one or the other, the row . OK. Um All right.
61:50 . So there's no questions. We'll up six on Thursday.
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